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Antholon* ' i Karl J.H. Hildon

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Calendar 1984 JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S 12 3 4 5 6 7 12 3 4 1 2 3 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 29 30 31 26 27 28 29 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 APRIL MAY JUNE S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S 12 3 4 5 6 7 12 3 4 5 1 2 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 29 30 27 28 29 30 31 2-3 25 26 27 28 29 30 JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S 12 3 4 5 6 7 12 3 4 1 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 29 30 31 26 27 28 29 30 31 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 OCTOBER | NOVEMBER DECEMBER S M T W T F S s M T W T F S S M T W T F S 12 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 1 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 28 29 30 31 25 26 27 28 2S 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Calendar 1986 JANUARY FEBRUARY S M T W T F S 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 APRIL S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 MARCH S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 MAY S M T W T F S S M T W T F S 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 JULY 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 AUGUST SMTWTFSSMTWTFS 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 OCTOBER S M T W T F S 5 6 7 12 13 14 19 20 21 26 27 28 1 8 15 22 2 9 16 23 3 10 17 24 4 11 18 25 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 NOVEMBER S M T W T F S 29 30 31 2 9 16 23 30 3 10 17 24 4 5 11 12 18 19 25 26 1 6 7 8 13 14 15 20 21 22 27 28 29 JUNE S M T W T F S 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 SEPTEMBER S M T W T F S 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 DECEMBER S M T W T F S 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Calendar 1985 JANUARY FEBRUARY 1 MARCH 1 S M T W T F S SMTWTFSSMTWTFS 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 APRIL MAY JUNE S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Calendar 1987 JANUARY S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 FEBRUARY MARCH S M T W T F S 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 APRIL MAY S M T W T F S S M T W T F S JUNE S M T W T F S 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 JULY S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 AUGUST S M T W T F S 5 12 19 26 6 7 13 14 20 21 27 28 1 8 15 22 29 2 9 16 23 30 3 10 17 24 31 4 11 18 25 OCTOBER S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 2 9 16 23 30 3 10 17 24 31 4 11 18 25 5 12 19 26 1 6 7 8 13 14 15 20 21 22 27 28 29 7 8 14 15 21 22 28 29 2 9 16 23 30 3 10 17 24 4 11 18 25 5 12 19 26 6 13 20 27 SEPTEMBER S M T W T F S 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 NOVEMBER S M T W T F S DECEMBER S M T W T F S 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Hildon, KarlJ.H. The complete Commodore inner space anthology ISBN 0-9692086-0-X 1 . Commodore computers. 2. Mathematics - Tables. L Title. QA76.8.C64H54 1985 001.64 C85-098599-4

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The Complete Commodore Inner Space Anthology Karl J.H. Hildon The Making Of. . . What you see before you is the collection, culmination, and collation for every fraction. This exact science of typesetting was the perfect of almost 5 years of information about Commodore Computers, ltall answer to the question of how the next generation of compact began with The Best of The Transactor Volume 2 and a photocopier reference material would be created . with a reduction feature. It occurred to me that if all my most referenced facts were together on one page they would be infinitely MerLat>°ut ei9ht months of P**** I decided it was time. Four more useful. Memory maps, conversion charts, machine code ™ ~ lhe *** ^««e Issue of T^e Transactor (Volume tables, and everything else went into the copier over and over until 4' « ** "** eamed * ** nickname' thev were small enough to paste together on one sheet. But the ™euBrown Bible and tt wasn>t long before many were referring to it photocopier had its drawbacks; each new reduction meant a drop in f5 ™ m^ Pn°K>cop>ed magazine of all time'. Everyone seemed to quality and the distortion factor of the copier had the top lines slanting te happy ** * excCpt me down and the bottom fines slanting up. ft was about six months later when Attic Typesetting took delivery of the first Quadex Preview in Canada, a fabulous device that shows on After I departed from Commodore to run The Transactor indepen- a screen exactly what the type machine will produce. Typesetting: dently, 1 was thrust into the world of the phototypesetter. the ultimate the Science, became Typesetting: the Art. It was then I decided the printer. At first I was totally consumed by the superb quality of the next generation was within my reach. Although the Preview simplitype, but that didn't last long. I began experimenting with point sizes fied the task by easily ten-fold, the amount of target material had (character size), leading (line spacing), and the over 300 other more than tripled. After eight months of organizing (in the time commands that are available including an entire text programming between making magazines) and almost two months of double shifts language. With vertical spacing down to Vs76th of an inch and at the type shop, I now find myself writing this paragraph. The horizontal accuracy to V1296 th of an inch. I found myself accounting Complete Commodore Inner Space Anthology is finally finished. Acknowledgments Special thanks to Richard T Evers and Chris J. Zamara: two very special talents inside two very special individuals. Invaluable assistance lacked a true definition until you guys. Extra special thanks to Jim Butterfield: Jim was responsible for the memory maps of all the computers, each one a masterpiece of information dissemination. The original idea of the SuperChart was also Jim's. Your influence and inspiration are exceeded only by your generosity, three quantities 1 could only hope my appreciation might one day equal. Attic Typesetting, namely Phyllis Fast and Nate Redmon: your patience and understanding are outweighed only by your typesetting equipment. Special thanks to Bill Maclean: for backing me up, all the way. Others I wish to thank include Len Lindsay for providing COMAL memory maps and other valuable data; Jim Gracely of Commodore for providing the Computer Club feting; Nick Sullivan. Editor of TPUG Magazine, for necessary data to create the Chord Derivatives; David Berezowski for rinding me a MOS Data Catalog; Domenic DeFrancesco for his help with hardware problems; Jim Yost, Louis Sander, and Cofin Ameld for sending in thennotes that allowed for improvements; and Raeto Colfin West for setting the standard with Programming the PET/CBM. Cover Design by John Mostacci Printed in Canada ISBN0-9692086-0-X P March 1985 by Transactor Publishing Incorporated. 500 Steeles Avenue. Milton, Ontario. L9T 3P7 (416-876-4741). Although the information in this book is public domain, the presentation of said information may not be duplicated. Photocopying or visual reproduction of any kind for other than personal use will not be tolerated without written permission from Transactor PubBshing Incorporated. Although accuracy is a major objective. Transactor Publishing can assume no liability for errors. Dedicated to John A. Hildon, my dad. Commodore MOS Technobgy PET. CBM. VKT 20. Commodore 64. B Senes. . 4. C16. 4040. 8050. 1541. Super E«wdo. and Easy Scnpi areregstered trademarks of Commodore Bu*n«Macrmes CafcRe.uh and Supersaipi arc regoiered trademarks of Hand* Software PapcrCbp 4 a registered trademark of Batterws Incited WordPro. WordPro 64. and PAL are registered trademarks erf Prel_me Software Lid Soeedscnpt M a registered trademark of Compute' Magaang CompuServe is a regilWed trademark ol CompuServe Inc VinCak: 1* a registered trademark of VrttCorp Z80 is a registered trademark o( Slog Incorporated

The Complete Commodore Inner Space Anthology SuperCharts 29 BASIC 2.0/4.0 SuperChart 37 VIC 20/Commodore 64 SuperChart 73 TRUE ASCII Conversion Chart 73 Binary Conversion Chart 73 Parity Tables 73 BCD Conversion Chart BASIC Section 1 Commands and Statements 2 String Functions 2 Arithmetic Functions 3 Arithmetic Operators 3 Special Symbols 3 Hierarchy of Operations 3 Reserved Variables 3 BASIC 4.0 Disk Commands 4 BASIC RAM Memory Allocation 4 BASIC Text Line Structure 4 Variable Formats 4 'FOR' Stack Entry 4 'GOSUB' Stack Entry 4 Reserved Variables: ST, DS, DS$ 5 Additional B Series Commands 5 Additional +4/C16 Commands 6 B/ + 4/C16 Escape Key Sequences 7 BASIC 2.0/4.0 Error Messages 8 B Series/ + 4/C16 Error Messages 9 BASIC Abbreviations 10 C64 Super Expander Commands COMAL Section 11 Reserved Variables 11 COMAL Commands 12 Sprite Commands 12 Turtle Graphics Commands 12 COMAL 2.0 Library Descriptions 13 COMAL 2.0 Memory Map 15 COMAL 0.14 Memory Map 16 16 16 16 17 19 20 21 21 22 22 22 22 23 25 25 26 27 27 28 31 33 35 39 41 43 45 50 54 57 Printer Section Matrix Printer Control Characters Matrix Printer Format Characters Letter Quality Printer Commands Greek Alphabet Characters Business Software Section Wordprocessing Reference Guide Spreadsheet Commands +4: 3 + 1 Software Commands Machine Language Section Machine Language Monitor Commands Assembler Commands CPU Model Pocket Op-Codes Chart 6502 Extra Op-Codes Hexadecimal Conversion Table Instruction Set Summary Instruction Set Descriptions Addressing Modes User Callable ROM Routines BASIC 2.0/4.0 Kemal Routines VIC 20/Commodore 64 Kemal Routines Keyword Tokens and Entry Points Memory Maps BASIC 2.0/4.0 RAM, ROM, I/O BASIC 2.0/4.0 Zero Page Contents VIC 20 RAM. ROM, I/O Commodore 64 RAM, ROM, I/O VIC 20/C64 Zero Page Contents B Series RAM, ROM, I/O +4/C16RAM,ROM,I/0 4040 Memory Map 8050 Memory Map 1541 Memory Map

Disk Drives Section Telecomputing Section 47 Disk Specifications 75 Network Phone Numbers 47 Directory Header Formats 77 CompuServe Commands 47 Directory Sector Formats 78 CompuServe Category Index 48 Block Availability Map Formats 79 Bulletin Boards by Area Code 48 Sector Recording Format 84 Time Zone and Area Code Map 49 Data File Format 85 Bulletin Boards in Alphabetical Order 49 PET/CBM Disk Access Routines 90 Computer Clubs 49 Utility Command Set 49 User Command Jump Table 49 LED Error Diagnostics Hardware Section 49 49 Track/Sector Distribution Table GCR Codes 97 97 Tape Recording Format Cassette Port 50 4040 Memory Map 97 F.EE Standard Definitions 54 57 8050 Memory Map 1541 Memory Map 98 98 EEE 488 Bus Signals IEEE Byte Transfer Sequence 98 IFFF Cable Connector Pinouts 98 IFFF Port Pinouts Music Section 99 PET/CBM User Port 60 Music Symbols 99 6522 Registers 61 Note Frequency Table 99 Commodore 64 User Port 61 Chord Note Derivatives 99 Commodore 64 Expansion Port 62 CB2 Note Values 99 VIC 20/C64 Keyboard Matrix 62 VIC 20 Note Values 100 VIC 20 I/O Ports 62 Commodore 64 SID Note Values 100 Commodore 64 I/O Ports 62 Commodore 64 ADSR Envelope Values 101 6520 PIA Registers 62 + 4/C16 SOUND Values 102 6522 VIA Control Registers 103 6526 CIA Control Registers 104 Commodore 64 Board Layout Video Section 104 Resistor Colour Codes 63 VIC 20 Screen and Border Colours 104 Transistor Lead Assignments 63 63 6845 Video Chip Registers Colour Codes 105 106 RS 232 and ACIA Control Registers B Series I/O Ports 63 8032 Screen Control Characters 107 Chip Pinouts 63 Secondary Address Table 109 Semiconductor Testing Guide 64 VIC 20 Screen Memory Addresses 64 VIC 20 Character Base Addresses 64 Commodore 64 Screen Memory Arithmetic and Mathematics 64 Commodore 64 VIC II Chip Addresses 111 Inch Fractions 64 Commodore 64 Character Base HI International System Of Units 64 Character ROM Contents 112 Names For Large Numbers 65 Sprite Design 112 Roman Numerals 66 Programmable Character Design 112 Constant Values 66 PET/CBM 40 Column Screen Map 112 Boolean Truth Table 67 VIC 20 Screen and Colour Table Maps 112 Force Formulae 69 C64 Screen and Colour Table Maps 112 Mathematical Functions 70 80 Column Screen Map 112 Trigonometry Rules 71 B Series 80 Column Screen Map 113 Unit to Unit Conversion Tables 72 + 4/C16 Screen and Colour Table Maps 118 Geometric Areas and Volumes 73 Decimal Page Boundary Addresses 121 Periodic Table Of The Elements

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y go < CO e < u « & fa i e I J ! I BASIC - Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code Commands and Statements Command/ Statement CLOSE CLR CMD CONT DATA DEF DIM Example END FOR FRE GET GOSUB GOTO IF... GOTO IF ..THEN INPUT LET LIST LOAD NEW NEXT ON... GOSUB ON GOTO OPEN PEEK POKE POS PRINT READ REM RESTORE 10 CLOSE n CLR CMDD CONT 10 DATA 1,2.3.4 20 DATA TOM, SUE 30 DATA ' DOE. TOM " 10DEFFNR(X) 10DIMA(n) 20 DIM A(n.m.o.p) 30 DIM A(n),B(m» 40 DIM A(N) 50 DIM A${n) 999 END 10FORI-1 TO 10 PRINT FRE (0) 10 GET C 20GETCS 30GET*d.C 40GET*d.C$ 10 GOSUB n 10 GOTO n tOlFX-tOGOTOn 10IFX-10THENY-3 10INPUTA 20 INPUT AS 30 INPUT A.AS.B.BS 40 INPUT #d. A 50 INPUT #d.a$ 60 INPUT #d, A.A$.B.BS LET X- 10 LIST LlST-n LIST n-m LISTn10LOAO 20 LOAD * NAME " 30 LOAD" NAME \d 30 LOAD "NAME'.d.C NEW NEXT 10 ON A GOSUB 1. m, n 10 ON A GOTO I. m.n 10 OPEN a 20 OPEN a. d 30 OPEN a, d. c 40 OPEN a. d c. "NAME PEEK{a) PEEK POKE a. b POKE A. B 10 PRINT P0S<0) 10 PRINT A 20 PRINT A$ 30 PRINT A. AS 40 PRINT #d. A 50 PRINT *d. AJ 10 READ AS. B$ 10 REM Comment 10 RESTORE Purpose Closes logical file 'n*. Sets vanaoles to zero or null. Keep leee device 'D' open lo monitor bus Continue program execution after a stop commana No program changes are permitted Specifies data to be read left to right Alpnabetics do not need to be enclosed m quoies if strings contain spaces, commas, colons, or graphic characters, the string must be enclosed in quotes Defines function R' Specifies maximum number ol elements in an array or matrix Specifies maximum number o* dimensions in an array Number of arrays limited by memory May be dimensioned dynamically. Strings to be dimensioned Terminates program execution. Begms repetitive loop, specifying loop variable and number ot intended terations (in this example T for 10 iterations) Returns number of bytes of available memory. Accepts single numeric character from keyboard Accepts smgie string character from keyboard. Accepts single character from specified logical He Accepts specified single siring character from logical lile Begins execution of a subroutine which begins on line n' Transfer program execution to line n Transfers execution io l-ne n' rl result of condition is true Code talowing THEN is executed only if result ol condition is true. May also be followed by line number to transfer execution Accepts value of 'A' from keyboard Accepts value of string variable 'A' from keyboard. The string does not have to be enclosed m quotes. Accepts specified values Irom keyboard Accepts value of "A" from logical lile d'. accepts specified string from logical file 'd'. Accepts specified values and stnng from logical lile 'd\ Strings do not have to be enclosed m quotes. Optonai Assigns variable X the value ol 10 Lists current program. Lists current program through line n\ Lrsis lines 'n through m of current program Lists current program Irom line n' to end. Loads next encountered program from tape unit into memory. Loads program or lile NAME' into memory Irom tape unit. Loads specified Me 'NAME from device 'd' Loads specified file 'NAME' from device a" lor command 'c' {VIC/C64 only - c - 1 lor direct memory loao) Deletes current program m memory, sets variables to zero. Indicates end of code contained m a FOR/NEXT loop. Begins execution of subroutine which begins on specified line (m this example. T.'m', or "rY ) aepending on value of index "A' Transfers control to specified line T.'m'. or n depending on value ol index 'A' Opens logica] file 'a' for read only from tape unit Opens logical file a" for read only from device d\ Opens logical He a" for command 'c' Irom device 'd\ Opens iog»cal He a' on device d' f? device d' accepts formatted files, file name is positioned lor command Returns byie value from address 'a*. Address can be dynamic. Puts byte 'b' into address a' Parameters can be dynamic. Prints next available print position (position ol cursor on screen) Prints value A' on display screen Prints specified string on screen Prints specified values or strings on screen, beginning m next available print position (ore-tabbed positions are In columns 10.20.30.40 etc.). Prints value ol 'A' on device d . Prints specified string on device d'. Reads next two data elements into variables as and BS Remark indicator Execution skips entire line Rese'sdata pomter so that next READ receives first elemen:ot first DATA statement

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Commands and Statements, cont'd Command/ Statement Example Purpose RETURN 9990 RETURN Subroutine exit; transfers control to the statement following mosi recent gosub directing transfer to the subroutine RUN RUN RUNn Begins execution ot program at lowest line number Begins execution of program a line 'n\ SAVE SAVE 'NAME* SAVE *NAME\d SAVE •NAMEVd.C Saves current fite or program NAME' on tape unii Saves current program cr Me NAME" on device d". Saves Me NAME on device d 'c' specifies eol o' eot STEP 10FORI-1TO10STEP2 Alters loop variable increment STOP STOP Stops program execution SYS SYS(x) Complete control « transferred to a machine language program a; the decimal address contained in the argument. Bracket? optional. USH USR (x) Transfers program control to a program whose address ts at locations 1 and 2 (VIC/C64 - locations 784.785) x' ts a parametei passed to and from the machine language program VERIFY VERIFY VERIFY "NAME" VERIFY 'NAME'.d Ven1>es current program against next orogram on tape unit Veritas current program agag with the a'th cnaracter. RIGHTS 10PRlNTRlGHT$(XS.a) Returns rightmost a characters from string STR$ 10A$-STRS(A) Returns string reoresentation of variable A VAL 10A = VAL(A$> 20A-VAL{"A"J Returns numer k; representation of string If siring not numeric, returns "0" ASC. LEN and VAL functions return numeric results They may be used as part of any numerical expression. Assignment statements are used here to* examples only, other statement types may be used Arithmetic Functions Function Example Purpose ABS ATN COS DEFFN EXP INT LOG RND SGN SIN SQR TAN 10C«ABS(A) 10C=ATN(A) 10C-COS(A) 10DEFFNA(B)-C.D 10C«EXP(A) 10C-INT(A) t0C-LOG(A> 10C«RND Returns magnitude of argument without regard to sign Returns arctangeni of argument, 'c' wi« be expressed m radians. Returns cosine o' argument. •A' must be expressed in radians Allows user to define a (unction Furction label 'a must be a single letter, argument *b' is a dummy Returns constant e' raised to the power of the argument. Returns largest integer less than or equal to argument Returns natural logarithm o' argument. Argument must be greater than or equal to zero Generates a random number between zero and one. tf a' is less then 0. the same ranoom number s produced m each call to rnd. 1 'a' - 0. (he same sequence of random number is generated each time rnd ts called if a' is greater than 0. a new sequence is producec for each call to rnd. Returns • 1 rl argument is negative returns 0 if argument is zero, and returns + 1 if argument is positive. Returns sin of argument. •A' must be expressed in radians. Returns the square root ot argument Returns tangent ot argument *A' must be expressed in radians

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Arithmetic Operators 7) < CO ! 1 I e I s s J i Symbol Example Purpose ■ 10A-8 20LETA-B Assigns a value to a variable LET is optional. t 30 PRINT At2 Exponentiation / 40C-A/8 Division • 50C-A-8 Multiplication + 60C-A + 8 Addition. 70C = A-8 Subtraction = lOlFA-BTHENPRINTC 'A' Equals *B'. O 10IFAOBTHENC-4 'A* Does not equal 'b\ < 10IFA 10IFA>BTHENC$--V 'A' Is greater than B' < = 10lFA = 10IFA>-BTHENC = D-1 *A" Is greater than or equal to B' AND 10IFAAND8THENC-9 A' and "8' must both be Irue (or statement 1 0 to be true Ofl 20IFAORBTHENC-9 'A' must be true or B' must be t'ue for statement 20 to be true NOT 30 IF NOT A THEN PRINT C Expression is true rf A' s false. Note: the numerical values used in the evaluation of logical comparisons are: 'true' ts any non-zero number and 'raise' is zero Hierarchy of Operations Operator Desertion ( > Brackets always dictate priority t Exponentiation Negation (unary minus) •/ Multiplication & Division + — Add-on & Subtraction < m > Relational Operations NOT Logical NOT (Integer twos complement) AND Logical AND Oft Logical OR Reserved Variables Special Symbols Symbols Example Purpose * 10A*1:B«2:C«3 Allows multiple statements on a une. i 10 PRINT A; B 20 PRINT A$,B$ Suppress Carriage Return lor same line printing. Optional after $ or % variables ■ X-1099 Decimal Point • 10 PRINT A, B LOAD *NAME\d Allows same line printing. Elements are separated and printed in pre-tabed print positions ( columns 10.20,30, etc.). Separates parameters m load. save. open. mid$. on .goto, etc ? 10 ^A Abbreviation (or *prmt\ Stores as one character: lists as word PRINT S 10A$-"ABCDEFG* String identifier % 10A%-INT(X) Integer identifier • 10A$=*ABCDEFG# Stnng enclosures n 10C-ifD Value of Pi 3.1415927. Variable Purpose DS Disk Status .lumber (except 2.0) DS5 Disk Status string (except 2.0) EL Error Line (B Series/ + 4/C16 only) ER Error number (B Series/ * 4/C 16 only) ERRS( Error String array. See table for messages (BSer«S/--4/Cl6only) Tl Time in Jiffies ('feoth's sec.) since power up oi Tl$ reset (except B Seres) Tl$ Time in HHMMSS ST The Status variable. See table for functions. Basic 4.0 Disk Commands Function Example Purpose APPEND 10APPEND#d. 'NAMEOpen tile NAME' on oevice d' for appending. New data s added to end of existing dataBACKUP BACKUP DO TO D1 Duplicate disk in drive 0 onto disk in drive t CATALOG CATALOG DO Displays list of filenames m specified drive. COLLECT COLLECT D1 Purges disk in specified drive of any improper ly dosed files (indicated by • beside tile type). CONCAT CONCAT * NAME1 ' TO * NAME2 " . Dt Concatenates file "NAME1 " tofile "NAME2" It, NAME2 = NAME2 + NAME1 COPY COPY ' NAME ' .DO TO ' NAME - .D1 COPY 'NAME VDO TO "DUP'.DO COPY DO TO D1 Copies file * NAME * from drive 0 to dnve i MaKes duplicate of f*e * NAME ' Copies entire contents from DO to Dl DCLOSE DCLOSE #n Closes disk log :-:' file n" DIRECTORY DIRECTORY DO Exact same as Catalog. Use preference. DLOAD DLOAO "NAME'.Dd.Uu Loads program * NAME " from dnve d' on unit 'u' DOPEN DOPEN»n. "NAMEVDd.Uii DOPEN*n. "NAME'.Od.Uu.W Opens file 'NAME' lor reading from drive *d'. unit V. Default values: d-0. u»8. Data is retrieved through file number 'n'. Opens file " NAME * for writing to drive 'd'. unit *u\ Not necessary for RELative files DSAVE DSAVE "NAMEVDd.Uu Saves current program to drive 'd' on unit 'u' as We * NAME * HEADER HEADER" DISKNAME '.Dd.lid.Uu Formats disk m drive d' unit V assigning it a * DISKNAME " and id' RECORD 10 RECORDfn. a Positions relative We open on logical file number W to record number a', a" may be dynamic but must be enclosed in brackets RENAME RENAME 'NAME- TO "NEWNAMEVOO Changes a file name SCRATCH SCRATCH "NAME'.DI Eliminates file " NAME " from disk.

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BASIC RAM Memory BASIC Text Variable Table Arrays Space Empty Space String Space 0 000 t t t t T t Start of BASIC Start of Variables Start of Arrays End of Arrays Bottom of Strings Top of Memory BASIC 4/2: $28.29 S2A.2B S2C.2D S2E.2F $30.31 $34.35 VIC/C64: $2B.2C $2D,2E S2F.30 $31,32 $33.34 $37,38 B Series: S2D.2E $31,32 $35.36 $37,38 $3B,3C $0380,0381 + 4/C16: $2B,2C -$2D,2E $2F,30 $31,32 $33.34 $37,38 BASIC Text Line Structure TOR* Stack Entry LO HI Pointer to first statement in loop HI LO~ Line number of first statement in loop M4 M3 M2 Ml EXP~ TO' value Sign of 'STEP' M4 M3 M2 Ml EXP STEP' value HE LO Pointer to TOR' variable S81 'FOR' Token (LAST ON) Link Link endof prg Start of BASIC 0 L H L H line text 0 | L H L 1 H 1 line text 0 0 1 0 t * 4 t_J M t_ t HC line* line* - pointer to next line — 1 pointer to next line — Floating Point Variable Formats Integer N N J J H L 0 0 0 String S G IL H 0 0 name T t msb — lsb T (NN) exponent + 128 name value unused name (SG$) t t start address of string ength of string in bytes 4GOSUB' Stack Entry Pointer to GOSUB' statement Line Number of GOSUB' statement GOSUB' Token (IASTON) DS & DSS - Disk Status Variables Reserved System Variables ST - The Status Variable Bit Vat Cassette Read | IEEE/Serial Tape Load/Ver Vic/64 RS-232 0-7 0 OK OK OK OK 0 1 time out on write parity error 1 2 time out on read framing error 2 4 short btock short block rec- buffer overrun 3 8 long block long block unused 4 16 unrecoverable read error ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^~^ any mismatch CTS signal missing 5 32 checksum error checksum error unused 6 64 end ot file EOI DSR signal missing 7 •128 end of tape device not |endoMape present break delecteC DS 0 1 2-19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 39 50 51 52 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 Error Description OK. no error exists files scratched response (not an error) Unused: can occur, should be ignored read error; block header not tound read error, sync character not found read error, data block not present read error; checksum error in data read error; byte decoding error write error, wriie verity error wnte protect on read error; checksum error in header wnte error; data extends into next block d$k id mismatch syntax error, general syntax syntax error; invalid command syntax error; command line > 58 chars syntax error; invalid filename syntax error; no filename given syntax error; command tile not given record not present overflow in record tile too large tile open for write tile not open tile not found file exists file type mismatch no block; t.s is next available block illegal track or sector illegal system track or sector no channels (available) dir error (directory error) disk full or directory full cbm dos v2 (or v2.x for later dos's); power up message, also indicates write attempt with dos mismatch drive not ready format speed error controller error

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Additional B Series Commands 55 Function BANK BLOAD BSAVE DCLEAR DELETE DISPOSE ELSE INSTR KEY PUDEF RESUME TRAP USING Example BANKb BLOAD * NAME ' ,Od,Uu.ON Bb.Pp BSAVE 'NAME' ONBb.Pp! :oPp2 DCLEAR D1 DELETE 10-30 DISPOSE GOSUB IFSTTHENE-1ELSEE-0 PRINT INSTR (A$. B$) KEY KEYn." CATALOG DO" -fCHR$(13) PUDEF'-. ,£• RESUME RESUME n RESUME NEXT TRAP 50000 PRINT USING '-$##,### -,X Purpose Sets bank number to 'b'. Loads file " NAME " trom drive d' unit 'u' into bank b' at positFon p Saves currem memory in bank 'b* trom address pi ' to p2' as (He " NAME * to drtve 0 unit 8 Addresses are in decimal Initialize disk in drive 1 Deletes lines from current program Soeofy line range same as LIST Purges stack of unwanted return addresses (like 'POP') Alternate condition following IF THEN May also be used to transfer execution Returns position ot string 8$ within AS. Returns 0 if not found Displays list ot function key definitions Defines function key 'n'. Re-defines Print Using format characters Default is " . $ * . In the example, space ts changed to '-*, comma to period period to comma, and dollars to pounds Continues execution after program error or editing Resumes executon at line n' Resumes executon at start of current actve FOR'NEXT Specifies routine at line 50000 as an ON ERROR routine Specifies format lo be used for numerical output. Additional +4, C1 6 Commands e i w a e e v I & a S e u Function AUTO DELETE HELP KEY RENUMBER TROFF TRQN DO LOOP EL ER ERRS GETKEY IF THEN ELSE INSTR PRINT USING PUDEF RESUME TRAP EXIT FLASH BOX CHAR CIRCLE COLOR DRAW Example AUTO 100. 10 DELETE -10 HELP KEY KEY FK. FK$ RENUMBER 1000 10,500 TROFF TRON PRINT EL PRINT ER PRINT ERRS(ER) 10 GETKEY AS . 1000 IF J . K THEN 1010 ELSE STOP INSTR AS. BS. PO PRINT USING FS. A$ PUDEF •-..£• RESUME 1200 5 TRAP 1000 2090 EXIT 100 FLASH AS BOXCS. X1.Y1.X2.Y2.AN. 1 210CHARCS.X.Y.AS, 1 CIRCLE 2, X. Y, XR. YR, S. E. A. I COLOR BK. FG. M1.M2. BD 230 DRAW 4.X1 .Y 1 .X2.Y2.C Purpose Editing: Supply ime numoers starting with 100 m increments of 10 Delete BASIC lines up to line 10 Parameters work like LIST Hi-lites BASIC execution error m RVS field Dismay Function Key assignments Define Function Key FK (1 -8) as CKS. Allows any string expression Renumber BASIC text starting win line 1000 in increments ol 10, from line 500 on Turns BASIC execution trace feature OFF Turns BASIC execution trace feature ON Structure: can be followed by WHILE or UNTIL Reserved variable Error Lme Reserved varabte: Error Number Reserved va'abte: Error Message (example would print last error string) insteadoliOGETASIFAS-" THEN 10 Must all be on same line. Insert AS into BS at position PO Print AS using format FS Re-Define USING format characters Resume loop at 1 200 Equivalent to ON ERROR GOTO 1000 Terminate loops started with DO Graphics Sets flashing attribute on string AS Draws a box from X 1 .Y 1 to X2.Y2. at an angle AN. filled in with same colour as colour source CS Will prmi AS at X.Y position on the Hi- Res screen, usmg colour source CS. reversed Draws a circle where 2 = Use Multicolor i S - Starting Arc (default 0 degrees) X,Y = Position of center XR - X Radius yr - y Radius E = Ending Arc (default 360 oegrees) A ■ Cockwtse rotation (default 0) I = Increment or Coarseness (default 2) Set colours for Background. Foreground. Muto-Colour 1 , Multi-Cotour 2. Border (range 0-15). Will draw a line from X1 ,Y1 to X2.Y2 in Border colour

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Additional + 4, C1 6 Commands, cont'd Function GRAPHIC GRAPHIC CLR GSHAPE JOY LOCATE PAINT RCLR ROOT RGB RLUM SCALE SCNCLR SOUND SSHAPE VOL 0=C HEXS MONITOR F iA 0 M G X 5 Exam Die GRAPHIC M, C GRAPHIC CLR 250 GSHAPE S$. XI. Yl.M PRINT JOY(JS) 220 LOCATE X1 Y1 PAINT C.X.Y.M PRINT RCLR (CS) PRINT ROOT (M) PRINT RGR (0) PRINT RLUM (CS) 200 SCALE X 200 SCNCLR 260 SOUND 250 SSHAPE SS. X 1 . Y 1 . X2. Y2 270 VOL V DEC " FFFF ' HEXS(1024) MONITOR F EA 6000 7000 H 6000 7000 A9 FF A JSR S=FD2 D600C M 6000 6050 G6000 S "orog'a'n" 08.6000.7003 L " program * R Purpose Specify screen mode M 0 = Tex! i = Multi-Colour Graphic 2 - H -Res Graphic 3 = Sp^-Screen (Tex! on bottom 3 lines) COO clears screen Clear current GRAPHIC screen Geis a shape from S$ and print it on the Hi-Res screen a! XI Yl using mode M 0 = Draw Shape as is (default} 1 ■ Draw Shape inverted 2 = Draw Shape OR d W'tn Screen 3 ■ Oraw Shape AND'd with Screen 4 = Draw Shape XOR'd with Sceen Returns directon (0-8) of Joystick I or 2 (0- 1 }. Fire Buttcn ados 1 2S to ejection value Sei initial co-ordinates (or plotting lyoe commands to X1 .Yl Fits Ihe area surrounding X.Y in colour C using mode M 0 = Bordered Dy same colour as C 1 ■ Bordered Dy any foreground colour Returns Colour Source information lor 0 = Backg'oundco our number 1 ■ Foregrounc colour number 2 = Multi-Colour '< colour numbe' 3 = Multi Colour 2 colour number 4 - Border colour number Reijrns information lor the next pixel to be plotted using mode M 0 = X co-ordinate i = Y co-ordtnale 2 ■ Colour Source Returns current GRAPHIC mode (0-3) Reiurns luminance for colour source CS Se: scale ;o 0 * Standard co-crdmates based on GRAPHIC mode t = 0-1 023 co-oromate system Clears screen m any GRAPHIC mode Smgle voice followed by parameiers to* note. tone, etc SavesashapeintoSSlromX2.Y2!oXI Y1 (the diagonal /opposite come') Sets volume from 0"0 8 maximum Machine Language: Converts the string FFFF to decimal variable can also be used Converts tne number 1024 ;o a string representing me nexaoeomal eq jivaleni DEC and HEXS complement much like ASC and CHRS Enters Machine Language Monitor Fll memory from ADDR 1 to ADDR2 wth soectfied hex value Hunt memory from ADDRl to ADDR2 lor rneseouence A9 FF Assemb'e wor^slikeSuoefmonassemoier Disassemble from $6000 on Memory dump otspla/s memory ccntenis m he* and screen POKE characters Go to $6000 anc execute machine anguage mere Exit MLM Save ML program be:ween S6000 ana S7000 on cevce 8 Load specified program Lead address is conia'ned m tile Dtspiay registers B Series/ + 4/C16 ESCAPE Key Functions ESCape Function A B C D E F G H I J K L M Auiomalic Insert Moce Se: Bottom of Screen Window Cancel A jtoma: c insert Mooe Delete line Use Nonflashmg Cursor (B Series only) Use Flash r-g Cursor (B Series only) Enable Bel' Disable Be; Insert alms Move CurSO' Move Cu'soEna&e Scrolling Disac'e Scrolling to Start of Current line to £rd of Current tine y < I ESCape * Function N Set Normal Screen cisoiaysi2e O Cancel insert Oucte and Reverse Modes P Erase 3egin Q Erase End R Se: RecjceO Screen dtspay tue Comp S Use Solid Cursor

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Error Messages Message Description a CO (0 y 35 < o < u e e s "8 ? X H BAO DATA BAD SUBSCRIPT CANT CONTINUE DEVICE NOT PRESENT DIVISION BY ZERO EXTRA IGNORED FILE NOT FOUND FILE NOT OPEN FILE OPEN FORMULA TOO COMPLEX ILLEGAL DIRECT ILLEGAL QUANTITY LOAD NEXT WITHOUT FOR NOT INPUT FILE NOT OUTPUT FILE OUT OF DATA OUT OF MEMORY OVERFLOW REDIM'D ARRAY REDO FROM S'ART RETURN WITHOUT GOSUB STRING TOO LONG SYNTAX TYPE MISMATCH UNDEF'D FUNCTION UNDEF'D STATEMENT VERIFY Siring data was rece-ved Irom an open die. but the program was expecting numeric data The program was trying to reference an element of an array whose number is outside ot the range specified in the DIM statement The CONT command will not work, either because me program was never 'RUN', there has been an error, or a tine has oee~ edited The required I/O device was no! available lor an 'OPEN'. CLOSE'. 'CMD'. PRINT*'. INPUT*', or GET*'. Dtviscn by zero is a matnemattcai oddity and not allowed Too many items of data were typed in response to an input statement Only the first lew items were accepted If you were looking for a file on tape, an 'end-ot-tape' marker was found If you were looking on a disk, no file with that name exists. The die specified m a 'CLOSE'. 'CMD'. 'PRINT* . INPUT*', or GET*', must first be OPEN'ed An attemot was made to OPEN a file using the number of an already open file The string expression being evaluated should be spirt into at least two parts for the system to work with, or a formula nas too many parentheses The "INPUT" statement can only be used wittvn a program, and not In direct mode. A number usea as the argument of a function or statement is out of the allowable range. A problem nas occured during program LOAO. disk or tape This « caused by e

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B Series, + 4, and C16 Error Messages This list is a summary of error messages that are displayed by PRlNTing ERR$(X) where X equals the value down the left column. 8 X Message Explanation 0 ?STOP KEY DETECTED Occurs when doing a KERNAL I/O function and me STOP key is pressed May occur durng LOAD or SAVE (or OPEN CLOSE. GET*. INPUT*. PRINT* when the cassette tape is moving). CLOSE any open write tiles to save data 1 ''TOO MANY FILES Maximum OPEN fries is ten 2 ''FILE OPEN An attempt was made to OPEN or DOPEN 3 file with a Me number already in use 3 'FILE NOT OPEN An attempt was made to access a We not previously OPEN or DOPENed 4 'FILE NOT FOUND The file specified m OPEN or LOAD was not found on the device specified For tape I/O. an end of taoe marker was encountered 5 'DEVICE NOT PRESENT An attempt was made to access a device not currently connected or powered-up on the lEEE-488 bus May happen on OPEN. CLOSE. CMD. INPUT*. GET*. PRINT* II filename is not specified with OPEN, tnis error will occur. 6 'NOT INPUT FILE An attempts was made to read a He originally OPENed tor writing. 7 'NOT OUTPUT FILE An attempts was made to write data to a file originally OPE Ned (or reading The keyboard canno: be written to 8 'MISSING FILENAME All LOAOs and SAVEs from the IEEE port (eg. disk) require a filename. 9 'ILLEGAL DEVICE NUMBER Occurs it you try to access a oevce in an illegal manner. For example. LOADing or SAVEmg from/to the keyboard, screen, or PS-232 10 •?ARE YOU SURE Confirmation prompt for BACKUP. SCRATCH, and HEADER li is not an error message and occurs only in direct mooe. not during BASC program execution. 11 'BAD DISK Medta failure on HEADER command 12 REAOY This Is Not An Error Message. This message lets you know that your system is ready to ™c 13 IN Not An Error Message Used to indicate which line an error has occurred "*>". 14 'BREAK Thrs occurs when the STOP key is pressed during 8ASC execution. CONT can be used to restart the program IS 'EXTRA IGNORED Too many nems of data Of separators were entered in response tc an INPUT statement. 16 'REDO FROM START This diagnostic message ocos when a numeric variable is used with INPUT and non-numenc data is received INPUT continues so function until acceptable data has been received. 17 Last Evaluated Number This is Not An Error Message. This is ine last value mat has been processed through the numerical output buffer (eg print 100' 10 print ERR507) wril print 10 com times. 18 MORE" This Is Not An Error Message Prints MORE " ano carnage return. 19 Power On Message This Is Not An Error Message P'iris tne same screen message mat is displayed immediately after pcwer-up 20 'NEXT WITHOUT FOR Either a NEXT is improperly nested or the variable in a NEXT statement corresponds to no previously executed FOR statement 21 SYNTAX 3ASIC cannot recognize the statement you have typed Caused by such things as missing parenthesis. iKegal characters, incorrect ounctuat»on misspelled keyword • 22 'RETURN WITHOUT GOSUB A RETURN statement was encountered with noprevious GOSUB 23 'OUT OF DATA An attempt was mace to READ data from a OATA statement out no data exists or me program has already read them all 24 'ILLEGAL QUANTITY Occurs wften a function is accessed with a parameter out ot 'ange caused by 1 . A matrix subscr pt out of range {0 < X < 32767) 2. LOG (negative or zero argument) 3. SOR (negative argument) 4. Af B wnere A<0 and B no: integer 5. Can o* USR before a machine language subroutine has been patched in, 6 Use ol string (unctions MID$. LEFTS. RIGHTS, wrth length parameters out ol range, 7. Index oa GOTO out of range 8. Addressof PEEK. POKE, WAIT or SYS ou! of range. 9 Byte parameters of WAIT, POKE. TAB and SPC out ot range 25 'OVERFLOW Numbers resuming from computations or input nat are greater ihan 1.70141 1B4E + 38or ess than 2.93873587E-39 26 70UT OF MEMORY BASIC text space, or Variables soace, or Arrays memory space has been completely titled 27 'UNDEFINED STATEMEN' A GOTO. GOSUB. or THEN nas been executec with a line number (hat does not exist 28 'BAD SUBSCRIPT An attempt was made to reference an array element whch is oulsde the dimensions specified e expression into two smaller parts to cure the problem, 37 "^UNDEFINED FUNCTION Reference was made to a user defined function which had never been defined with OEF 38 'LOAD ERROR Cassette :aoe only To improve tape reliably, programs are recorded twice with SAVE. This error will occur if LOAD finds recording errors m corresponding posrtons ol both recordings H more than 31 errors are detected In the first pass. LOAD will not attempt to read the second 39 VERIFY ERROR A VERIFY operation did not match the contents ol tile with the contents of memory Re-SAVE your program on another disk or tape 40 ■>OUT OF STACK Too many operv FOR NEXT loops or too many GOSUB calls 41 'UNABLE TO RESUME Resume will not operate after a fatal error 42 'UNABLE TO DISPOSE All o' the DISPOSE lype items have been deposed ol or none exist 43 'OUT OF TEXT A LOAD or DlOAD has atten-pied to bnng m a die larger than 64K Thrs error will not cccur when using the 8LOAD command. CO to

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BASIC Abbreviations 33 < CQ 0 e e e 0 s s o u ft a Q U H Command ABS APPEND ASC ATN AUTO BACKUP BANK BLOAD BOX BSAVE CHRS CHAR CIRCLE CLOSE CLR CMD CONT COLOR COLLECT CONCAT COPY COS OATA DCLOSE DCLEAR DEC DEFFN DELETE DIM DIRECTORY DISPOSE DLOAD DO DOPEN ORAW DSAVE END ERRS EXP FOR Abbreviation (2.0 3-5 Function BOX CHAR CIRCLE COLINT COLOR DRAW FILTER GRAPHIC GSHAPE a SHIFT B a SHIFT P a SHIFTS a SHIFT T a SHIFT U b SHIFT A ba SHIFT N b SHIFT L b SHIFT 0 b SHIFTS c SHIFT H Ch SHIFT A c SHIFT I cl SHIFT 0 C SHIFT L c SHIFT M c SHIFT O co SHIFT L CO SHIR L col SHIFT L CO SHIFT N CO SHIFT P none d SHIFT A d SHIFT C dc SHIFT L none dSHlFTE de SHIFT L d SHIFT I di SHIFT R di SHIFTS d SHIFT L none d SHIFT 0 d SHIFT R d SHIFTS e SHIFT N e SHIFT R e SHIFT X ' SHIFT 0 4,0 B Command Abbreviation FRE f SHIFT R GET g SHIFT E GETKEY gelk SHIFT E GET# none GOTO g SHIFT 0 GOSUB go SHIFTS GRAPHIC g SHIFT R GSHAPE g SHIFTS HEXS h SHIFT E HEADER h SHIFT E he SHIFT A IF none INPUT none INPUT* i SHIFT N INSTR in SHIFTS INT none JOY j SHIFT 0 KEY k SHIRE LET i SHIRE LEFTS leSHlRF LEN none LIST ISHIRI LOAD 1 SHIFT 0 LOCATE loSHIRC LOG none LOOP loSHIRO MIDS m SHIR 1 MONITOR mSHIRO NEW none NEXT n SHIFT E ON none OPEN oSHlRP PAINT p SHIR A PEEK p SHIRE POKE pSHIRO POS none PRINT ? PRINT* p SHIRR PRINT USING ?usSHIRI PUDEF pSHIRU RCLR r SHIR C 2.0 3.54.0 B Command RDOT READ RECORD REM RENAME RENUMBER RESTORE RESUME RETURN RGR RIGHTS RLUM RND RUN SAVE SCNCLR SCALE SCRATCH SGN SIN SOUND SPC( SQR SSHAPE STOP STRS SYS TAB{ TAN TRAP TRON TROFF UNTIL USR VAL VERIFY VOL WAIT WHILE Abbreviation rSHIRD r SHIRE re SHIR C none re SHIR N renSHIRU re SHIRS res SHIR U re SHIR T rSHIRG r SHIR I rSHIRL rSHIRN r SHIFT U S SHIR A sSHIRC scSHIRA SSHIRC sc SHIRR SSHIRG s SHIR I SSHIRO sSHIRP SSHIRQ s SHIRS s SHIRT sl SHIRR SSHIRY I SHIR A none I SHIRR Ir SHIR O iro SHIR F uSHIRN u SHIRS none v SHIRE vSHIRO w SHIR A wSHIRH 20 3.5 4.0 B C64 Super Expander Commands Example Purpose KEY BOX1.X1.Y1.X2.Y2.45. 1 210CHARCS.X.Y.AS. 1 CIRCLE 2 X Y.XRYRS.E . A. I COLINT O T050 COLORBK.FGM1.M2.BD 230 DRAW 01.Yl.X2.Y2C 230 FILTER COt LP BP. HP. R GRAPHIC MX 250 GSHAPE S$. XV Y1 M KEY KEY FK. FK$ Draws a box in the foreground colour, from X i .Yi to X2.Y2, at a 45 degree angle, irfted m with same colour Wilt c'tnt A$ at X/Y position on the Hi-Res screen us ng colour source CS. reversed Draws a arcie where 2 = Use Mu«»co*or i X,Y ■ Position o» cenie< XR - X Radius YR - Y Radius S - Starling Arc (default 0 degrees) E » Ending Arc (default 360 degrees) A - Clockwise rotation (default 0) i - increment or Coarseness (default 2) Process events at BASIC line 1050 0 » Sprite to Sprrte collisions 1 • Sprite to Bit Map display collisions 2 - Light Pen actrvity Set colours for Background. Foreground. Multi-Colour i , Muto-Coiour 2. Border (range 0-15) WiH draw a tine from X 1 Y 1 to X2.Y2 in Border colour Sei f Jter caramels CO - Cutoff frequency (0-2048) LP - LOwPassO «ON.0 = OFF) 8P * Band Pass (1 - ON. 0 = OFF) HP = High Pass 0 - ON, 0 = OFF) R = Resonance (0^5) Specify screen mode M 0 = Text 1 - Multi-Colour Graphic 2 = Hi-Res Graphic 3 - Spirt-Screen (Text on bottom 3 lines) C<>0 dears screen Gets a shape from SS and pnnt ion the hi-res screen at XI .Y1 using mode M 0 * Draw Shape as «s (default) 1 * Draw Shape mve'ted 2 - Oraw Shape OR d with Screen 3 * Draw Shape AND dwttn Screen 4 « Draw Shape XOR'd with Screen Display Function Key assignments De'me Function Key FK ( 1 6) as FK$ Allows any string expression

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C64 Super Expander Commands, cont'd 10 Function LOCATE MOVSPR PAINT RBUMP RCLR RDOT RGR RJOV RPEN RPOT RSPCOL RSPPOS RSPR SCALE SCNCLR SPRCOL SPRDEF SPRITE SPRSAV SSHAPE TEMPO fUNE Example 220 LOCATE X1.Y1 240 MOVSPR N, X. Y PAINT C.X.Y.M PRINT RBUMP (E) PRINT RCLR (CS) PRINT RDOT (M) PRINT RGR(0> PRINT RJ0Y(JS) PRINT RPEN(L) PRINT RPOT(P) PRINT RSPCOL(C) PRINT RSPPOS(SP.C) PRINT RSPR(SP.F) 200 SCALE X 200 SCNCLR 200 SPRCOL Ml. M2 SPRDEF 200 SPRITE SP EN,FG, PR,XE,YE.M 200 SPRSAV SP SPS 250 SSHAPE SS. XI . Y1 . X2. Y2 200 TEMPO T 200 TUNE EV. AT. DC. SU. RL WV, WT Purpose Set initial co-ordinates for plotting jype commands !o X1 .Y1 MoveSpr.ieNioX.Y Fills the area surrounding X.Y in colour C using mode MO- Bordered by same colour as C 1 = Bordered by any foreground coiou' Reiurns collision information lor: 0 - Sprle to Sprite 1 = Sprle io Background Reiurns Colour Source information for; 0 = Background colour number 1 » Foreground colour number 2 = Multi-Colour 1 cokxr number 3 ■ Multi-Colour 2 colour number 4 = Border colour number Returns information foe the next pixel to be plotted using mode M 0 - X coordinate 1 = Y co-ordnate 2 - Colour Source Returns GRAPHIC mode (0-3). Reiurns direction (0-8) of Joystick 1 w 2 Fire Button adds 1 28 to direction value Returns Location of Lightpen 0 « Xco-oromate 1 ^ Y co-ordinate Reiurns Position (0-255) of Paddle P 0 * Paodte 1 1 = Paddle 2 2 - PaddieS 3 = Paddle 4 Fire Button adds 256 to position value Returns Spritecolour irformaton 0 = Multi-Colour t number 1 = Multi-Colour 2 number Returns information (or SpnteSP (0-7) C - 0 Xco-ordma;e C - 1 Y coordinate Returns 'nformation for Sprite SP (0-7) F - 0 Some ON or OFF (1 orO> F = 1 Foregroundcolour{0-15> F - 2 Display Priority (0 = above. I = below) F = 3 XExpand<1=ON) F-4 Y Expand (1= ON) F - 5 Display mode (0 - HiRes. 1 = Multicolour) Set scale to 0 - Standard co-ordinates based on GRAPHIC moae i - Super Expander coordinate system Clears screen in any GRAPHIC mode Set sprite Muliicc4ours 1 and2(0-l5) Enter Sprite Designer Function. Key detected a/e 0-7 A CRSR keys RETURN RETURN HOME CLR 1-4 CTRL 1-8 Commodore 1 -8 STOP Shifl RETURN X Y M Destination Sprite (wompted) Automatic Cursor movement toggle Moves Cursor Move to s:an of next line Exrt Sprite Designer (prompted) Move to Home position Erase grid Selects Colour Source Spnle Foregrouno Colour (0-7) Sprite Foregrouno Colour (8-15) Cancel changes Save Sprite X Exparo Y Expand Multi-Colour/Hi-Res toggle Set Sprite parameters. SP = Sprite number (0-7) EN - Enable C= ON) FG * Sprite Foreground colour (0-15) PR «. Priority (0-aoove. 1 = below) XE = X Expand (1 = ON) YE = Y Expand (1-QN) M - Mode (0 = Hi-Res. 1 - Muiri-Colcur) Save Sprite SP into SPS Saves a shape >n!o SS from X2.Y2 to XI ,Y1 (;he diagonally opposite comer) Sets Tempo T - o 255 (defaulf 8) Sounds note using EV - Envelope number (0-9) AT - Attack rate (0-15) DC = Decay rate (0-1 5) SU - Sustain volume (0-1 5) RL - Release rate (0-1 5) WV - Waveform 0 = Triangle 1 • Sawtooth 2 - Pulse 3 = Noise 4 » Ring Modulation WT = Pulse Width (with WV = 2 only) y 55 CO o « 5 B C W I s E e u I e. J

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11 COMAL Commands < o u e < 8 IB u Q> e e I I a COMAL Flags & Reserved Variables EOD EOF ESC FALSE STATUSS TRUE EOD EOF( FALSE STATUS$ TRUE End Of Data flag End Of File nag slop key pressed flag predefined value = 0 status of disk channel predefined value of I H Nole I; Commodore BASIC with the exception o( a few commands, is a subset of COMAL. COMAL has all but ASC CLR, DEF FN, GOSUB A RETURN. POS. REM. USR. VERIFY. WAIT, and BASIC 40 Disk Commands are sent via the COMAL PASS Command; other I/O commands (DLOAD, DCLOSE RECORD*, etc) are much like BASIC 2,0 lormar. Note 2 GOSUB (and ON. GOSUB) & RETURN are replaced by PROC Commands Format: ( ) Numeric Brackets - numeric input required < > Angle Brackets -denotes user supplied input [ ] Square Brackets- indicates optional input Thus: ((< >)) would specify the user supplied input must beot numeric nature, i) the option is exercised Commands Common lo COMAL and CBM BASIC With NO Differences ABS grves :he absolute value AND logical AND ATN arctangent in radians CHRS gives that numbers character COS cosine in radians DATA provides data for a READ END halt program execution EXP natural log e Ion INT gives nearest integer less than or equal LEN gives the length of string LET assign value to variable LOG natural logarithm of n NEW clears program Irom memory NOT logical NOT OR logical OR PEEK look at memory POKE change memory location RESTORE reuse DATA wilh READ RUN run program now in memory SGN -1 if neg, OifO. 1 ifpos SIN gives sine in radians SQR gives square root STOP halt program execution SYS transfer control to assembly language TAB print spaces up to specified column TAN gives tangent in radians THEN part of IF structure TO increment FOR variable stan TO end SPECIAL INFO Line numbers allowed. 1-9999. Identifiers up to 16 chars (unshifted alpha, digits. [. ). ', l(.) BASIC CASE [OF] CHAIN PROC [(params)] (CLOSED] FUNC [(params)] (CLOSED] DEL DIV DO EDIT[] ELIF [THEN] ELSE ENDCASE ENDFOR () ENDFUNC [function name>] ENDIF ENDPROC (] ENDWHILE ENTER (EXEC] [(|()] (EXTERNAL ] FUNCl()j (CLOSED] IN KEYS < label name>: MOD NULL CASE[OF] DIM OF DIM OTHERWISE PROC HH (EXTERNAL ] PROC[( . RANDOM RANDOMIZE REF RENUM l](,j REPEAT TRAP ESC UNTIL PRINT USING : PRINT [FILE :] USING : WHEN WHILE [DO] (| WRITE RLE (.] OPEN [FILE] .. WRITE ZONE ZONE ['except BASIC 3.5) automatic line numbering back into BASIC mode multiple choice decisions load & run program on disk all proc or func variables local deletes lines division with integer answer do the following statements lists lines without indentations short for ELSE IP condition alternative statements in IF structure end ol CASE structure end ol FOR structure end ol function end of IF structure end ol procedure end of WHILE structure merge a program segment from disk execute a procedure stan ol a multiline function locate position ol siringl within string? scans keyboard (not in PET COMAL 0 1 assigns a label name to the line gives remainder of division (modulo) does nothing (no op) part of DIM or CASE structure default for CASE start of multiline procedure random access disk file generate new random numbers param var used in reference in proc renumber program start of REPEAT structure disable stop key end of REPEAT loop allows formatted outpul (not PET0.14) including RLE output. choice in CASE structure stan of WHILE structure write to a file lab increment Command!! Common to COMAL and CBM BASIC With SLIGHT Differences // APPEND CAT CLOSE CON DELETE DIM RLE FOR GOTO IF INPUT LIST LOAD OPEN ORD OUTPUT PASS PRINT READ RND SAVE SELECT SIZE STEP UNIT //[] OPEN [RLE] . APPEND CAT [] CLOSE [FILE] [[ CON DELETE DIM OF DIM ( DIM 1) INPUT RLE (.] PRINT RLE [.]: READ RLE [.); WRITE FILE (.]: OPEN (RLE] .[.] CLOSE (RLE] !] FOR - TO [STEP | [DO] GOTO IF [THEN] IF THEN INPUT [:] INPUT RLE [.]. UST [] [] LOAD OPEN (RLE] .i.l ORD( PASS PRINT [FILE ] (| PRINT (RLE ;j USING (RANDOM file use: [RLE .:]) READ READ FILE [.| OPEN [RLE] ..READ RND«num» RND() SAVE SELECT [OUTPUT] SIZE STEP OPEN FILE . LNITi.)l" allows comments in a program start at end of seq file gives disk directory closes files continue program execution deletes a file from disk reserves/allocates string & array space specifies that a file is lo be used stan of FOR loop structure go to line with this name start of conditional IF structure input Irom keyboard or file list program load a program from disk open a file returns integer representing the char select outpul location LikeCMD passes a string to disk command channel prints items to screen /printer/ file read data Irom DATA line or file random number record program on disk choose output location reports on memory' usage (free memory) increment FOR loop var b> this amount specify unit (device)

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SPRITES (COMAL 0.14/2.0) TURTLE GRAPHICS CHART DATACOLUSION DATACOLUSION . test lor collision with data DEFINE DEFINE .<64 byte defi> set up a Sprite image for later use HIDESPRTTE HIDESPRITE turn off specified sprite Turtle Control: CBM LOGO CBM COMAL Move forward length FORWARD FORWARD bL -B1 1 m. Bl 1 ■ IB BL L ■ -L ■ BL ■ BL 1 1 K ■ IDENTIFY IDENTIFY . assign a sprite an image Move backward length BACK BACK ft j l | B. V I * c * rt ^Tm m. m. v* PRIORITY PRIORITY . does data has priority over sprite Home turtle Turn turtle led n — _i h * i MU.Mt HUMb SPRITES ACK SPRITEBACK . set two multicolor sprite colors LEFT LEFT ■ BL BL IB BL -BL BBBBBBl ■ BBL ^BBBL ■ BBBBBBBBB SHOWSPRrTE SHOWSPRITE turn on specified sprite lum turtle right vi J. RIGHT RIGHT ■ 1 ■ BX X L BL BBL BBBi BBBBB. BL Bl BB1 SPRTTECOLUSION SPRITECOLLISION .< reset collsn flg?> test for sprite collision Move to a point SETXY SETXY SPRTTECOLOR SPRITECOLOR . set color of sprite Turn lo specific heading SETHEADING SETHEADING bi -bl bl -a ■. ^m ^ ^ ^^m ■■. ^b. -^^^^^^^ ■. ^b ^^^m m ^b ^m x ■ ^ x m ^^^^^ m t ^b ■^^^b. ■ l^h. SPRITEPOS SPRITEPOS ., position sprite at x.y location Make turtle visible SHOWTURTLE SHOWTURTLE SPRTTESIZE SPRITESIZE ., set sprite size (expand or not) Make turtle invisible HIDETURTLE HIDETURTLE Pen up oil paper PENUP PENUP Pen down on paper PENDOWN PENDOWN Set pen color PENCOLOR PENCOLOR Number of colors 16 16 HIGH RES and TURTLE Graphics (COMAL 0. 14/2.0) BACK BACK move turtle backwards BACKGROUND BACKGROUND set the screen background color BORDER BORDER set the screen border color Set size of turtle Plot a point 19 ii t TUKTULSZt PLOT CLEAR CLEARSCREEN dear the graphics screen (in Irame} DRAWTO DRAWTO . draws a line from current point Knni tex: in grapmes rxu i i la i FILL FILL . fills in area with current color FORWARD FORWARD move turtle forward Screen And Colour Control: Set screen window * pra uf FRAME FRAME ... set up a screen window FULLSCREEN FULLSCREEN fullscreen graphics (f5) Clear graphics sc Set to graphics rr Set to text screer reen CLEARSCREEN CLEAR jode DRAW SETGRAPHIC HIDETURTLE HIDETURTLE make the turtle invisible BBBBB. -BBBBL BBBi BBBi BBL -BBL ■ ^ ^ BL L "B X ■ BL BL BBBi BL Bl BL "BL BL BBL V i NODRAW SFTTF.XT HOME HOME put the turtle in its home position Set background color BACKGROUND BACKGROUND LEFT LEFT turn turtle left Set border color BORDER MOVETO MOVETO . move to specified point without line Pill in an area FILL PENCOLOR PENCOLOR sets the current turtle pen color Full screen mode FULLSCREEN FUI.LSCRFF.N PENDOWN PENDOWN put pen down, turtle draws line PENUP PENUP pick up pen. turtle doesn't draw line PLOT PLOT plot a point in current color PLOTTEXT PLOTTEXT .. prim text on graphics screen Split screen mode SPLITSCREEN SPLITSCREEN Function Key Actions: Fl TEXT SCREEN TEXT SCREEN RIGHT RIGHT turn turtle right F3 SPLITSCREEN SPLITSCREEN SETGRAPH1C SETGRAPHIC (| turn on graphics screen SETHEADING SETHEADING set turtle heading F5 FULLSCREEN FULLSCREEN SETTEXT SETTEXT turn on text screen (11) SET XY SETXY . set turtle x and y coordinates rriM a i •> n SHOWTURTLE SHOWTURTLE (note: sprite? is used for the turtle) make turtle visible \ -/V/iTli B-B.A-J -w * \_r SPUTSCREEN SPUTSCREEN 2 text lines above graphics (f3) TURTLESIZE TURTLESIZE set turtle size(0 to 10) Library Descriptions Library (page $80, SA59A-SBFF1 ); 950B PROC border(int) 8D9B PROC pencolortjni) 9CEB FUNC spritexlint) A5CI Sense routine 95IE PROC textborderlint) 8DBE PROC textcolor(tni) 9CFF FUNC spriteyOnt) 8E2A PROC graphicscTeen(int) 8FC3 FUNC geicolort real. real) 9D3F FUNC sprneinqfint.int) PACKAGE english: 90FC PROC textscreen A25D PROC splitscreen A37B PROC lilH real, real) A380 PROC paint( real. real) 9ECD PROC stampspritefint) A686 Init routine A258 PROC fullscreen 9496 PROC background(int) PACKAGE font: PACKAGE dansk: 88FA PROC clearscreen 895E PROC clear 9483 PROC lextbackground(inl) 950B PROC border(ini) CA2F Init routine ABD0 PROC linkfont A68C Inii routine A23B PROC showturtle 951 E PROC trxibnrderfint) ABDF PROC loadfontlstr) A248 PROC hideturtle 8E2A PROC rfraphic»aeen(int) AC49 PROC keeplont ABFI PROC savetont(str) AC57 PROC gwcharaaerlim.int.REFstr) PACKAGE system: A20F PROC (urtlesize(real) MFC PROC t.-MMieen CA2F Init routine 90A9 FUNC xcor ■ l ■ ■ am. bl bi ■ A25D PROC spliiscreen A80B PROC setpnnterfstr) 90D6 FUNC ycor A258 PROC fullscreen £7 \ w AC87 PROC pulcharaclerlintjntsir) A96A PROC hardcopvfstr) A976 PROC setrecorddeiayOnt) 8CA3 PROC selxv(real.real) 904D PROC setheadinglreal) 88FA PROC clearMreen ■bbbl bbbi bl bi -a -a ^b -bbbi -bblv bbbl bbbblv blx -Hi bl bbbl -bl -a bl 895E PROC clear PACKAGE sound: 8287 (nil routine \ A97D PROC setpagefint) A984 FUNC mkev 9094 FUNC heading A23B PROC showturtle 903F PROC left(real) A248 PROC hideturtle ■ bbl bbi bbbl bl bbbl ■ ■ -a -a bl bbbl ■ A9B6 FUNC free' 903C PROC right(real) A20F PROC lurt!esize(real) B2FE PROC note(inl,$tr) A9C3 PROC kevwords'in'uppercaselini) 90IA PROC lorwardtreal) 90A9 FUNC xcor B3DE PROC pulse(mtjnt) A9C6 PROC names' in "upper *case(int) 9017 PROC back(rea!) 90D6 FUNC ycor B3FA PROC gatefinrmt) 13412 PROC soundtypeOnunl) *9C9 PROC quoie'mode(inO 9536 PROC penup 8CA3 PROC setxv) real. real) A9EI FUNC currow 9542 PROC pendown 904D PROC setheadinglreal) B436 PROC nngJTKxNint.int) BBBL ■ BBBBL BBBi BBBBL BBBBi BBBi BBBBL -BL BL L Bl ■ BL BBL BL BBI -BBL -BBBL BL BL -BBL L L A9E9 FUNC curcol 954 E PROC home 9094 FUNC heading EM 55 PROC syncfinljnt) ■BL ■ -BBBBL -B Bl ^B m ^B BBBL BBBBL BL BBBL BBBL -B A9F6 PROC textcolorst.! nt.int.ini) 9576 PROC wrap 903F PROC leftlreal) B474 PROC ad5fdm.im.inUntjni) AA34 PROC defkey(int.str) AA7F PROC showkevs 9584 PROC nowrap 903C PROC righi(real) B4AD PROC (titerfreq(mi) A8D7 FUNC inojint) 90IA PROC lorwardjrea!) B4CD PROC resonancefint) B4E6 PROC fiiEerOntjni.mi.inO AB2I PROC bell(int) AFD7 PROC savescreen(slr) 9017 PROC bacWreal) AB2D PROC senaHint) B027 PROC loadscreentstr) 9536 PROC penup Bo08 PROC dltenype(inijni.inijni) A7FF PROC settimeistr) A805 FUNC gettime A878 PROC getscreen(REFstr) ADF4 PROC pnntscreen(str.int) 9542 PROC pendown 954 E PROC home 9576 PROC wrap Bb>2C PROC volume(inil B543 FUNC env3 BS49 FUNC osc3 B54F FUNC Irequency(str) B55B PROC wiKoreOni.REFini()iREF imO.REF intOt PACKAGE turtle: A878 PROC setscreen(REFstr) 8CE2 Init routine 9017 PROC bk(real) 9496 PROC bgfint) 88FA PROC cs 901 A PROC foXreal) A248 PROC hi 903F PROC It(real) 8D9B PROC pcfint) 9584 PROC nowrap A8D7 FUNC indntjnti 9496 PROC background(int) 9426 PROC textsryle(tm.i nt.int.ini) 9D13 FUNC movinglin!) 9483 PROC textbackgroundOnt) 9157 PROC plottexll real. real, sir) 9D1F PROC stansprites 12 < S o u i 8 i e | S S 3 | a i i

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13 Commodore 64 Cartridge COMAL 2.0 Memory Map (Rev 2.01) © 1984 COMAL Users Group, U.S.A., Ltd -J < s o 0 0000 0 06510 0001 1 R6510 0002 -00W 2-4 PKWtOT 000$ 5 IVTtGft 0006 6 PACE 0007 -4006 7-8 PAGEFT 0009 9 PAGEX O0OA 10 PAGEY IHWR 11 P65I0 oooc 12 RE50L oooo 13 GCOLH COMAL OOOC -O0OF 14-15 LOCLPT ooio -oon 16-17 FORP0012 II srrrpt 0013 19 TAN5GN OOU 20 CODE 0015 21 CFNT 0016 -0017 22-23 SPKOC 0018 -0019 24-25 SVARS OOIA -OOIB 26-27 SSTACK 001C -O0ID 2S-.29 SMAX OOIE 30 EX1NF OOIF 31 LNLEA O020 32 NPNT 0021 33 TPNT 0O22 -0023 34-35 INDE*I C024 -0025 36-37 INDEX2 0036 33 RESMI 0027 39 RESM2 0Q28 40 ftESW 0029 41 RE5U4 002A 42 R£$M5 C02B -O02C 43-44 OATAPT O02O -002E 45-46 STOS 0Q2F -0030 47-43 SFREE 0031 -0002 49-50 PRGPNT 0033 SI COOPNT 003J -0035 52-53 SCUDl 0036 -003T S4-55 SCUD2 0038 56 INF1 0039 57 INF2 003A tt INF3 003B -003C 5&-W 0» 003D -0O3E 61-62 Q? 003F -0040 63-64 Q3 0041 -0042 65-66 0^ 0O43 -0044 67-6fi 05 0045 -0046 69-70 COPY3 0O47 -0048 71-72 COPY2 OOtt -004A 7V74 COPY3 0CH8 75 BUS OMC 76 STtNF 004(1 65lOOn-On>nnA-DireciionRegti*er 65l0On-Oup6-Bfll/O/Map-Jte3rttr Cham of Local Names fprepaa*} Floating Point Wort; Current Memory M w Pokier used by Load /Store/ Exec Overtav lor Load /Store /Exec Routine Overlay u»td for COttrOi Of Jump Uhlr OW C64-Owlay lor control of Jump Tabic Graphics Resoluiron Graphic- Peflcolor* 16 VaatWMl Chain of oM VanaWe De*cnpt»on 97- IIB ACI teed to* Operand Checking Snort Span Work Area* Work Space lor Copy From Wortt Space for Copy: To Work Space for Copy Length 0* But Idle Information lor 5* element SO) = No Une Number S02 i Anuth^ SiaienienrFolioHs KM - After WHILE !X> M8- AfterFOR DO $10 - Statement Ended bv Comment S20 * After IF THEN 540 . Alter REPEAT UNTIL Execution Information S02 * £Kaoe»» Trapped eroP) 504 ■ Makecallol COMAL Interrupt Handler 508 - Escape me* (STOP) SiU - 5RQ Enabled $30 * Uter Requesi Enabled S8t* ■ Software SRQOnlv \aiiaJ>tea for Hoiti n^ Point P*< L««e> Misc Fitting Point Wort Area STOP K*\ Rag Noimd OW Oierfiu* iroundmi^i M»4c Floating Pomi Work Area(5brfe*J Mtic FtoatinqPotniWorkArtatSbties] Actum* I ACI fO - Exponent ACI* I - Uantttsa I ACUJ - M*nUu*3 ACI* 3 i Ua.mixM3 ACI+J - Ma-ntii^J ACI*S Sign a I v X H m*: IU3 DEGREE Series EvaJuation Con*! an i poinH-r nflrji 104 BITS Accum'l Hi-order |over*IOhf 0069 -006C 105-llfl AC! Accum-2 AC2 * 0 - Exponeni AC2*1 * Mant»»a \ AC2*2 ■ Mann** 2 AC2 # 3 » Mantiwa 3 AC!* 4 - ManitvuJ AC.**:> ^Sifn 0O6F III ARISGN 5*jn Cornparuon. Ac) 0074 116 XSAVE S«velor X(ca|l/uolo| 007> 0076 117 PSAVE S*ve lor . p tcall/foto} 11$ INDPNT Poinier to t«M code whfll ar, addrevs wa> loaded 0077 119 SCFLAC Flag* m Scanner 0078 -0079 130-121 LNNO Uner+umoer 007A -0078 122-123 MOVEA0 Addreu lof Move 007C 124 TXTLO Adores* ol Text lot PrTTXT 007D I2S TXTHI 007E -007F 126-127 XX Current X (graph k*} 0080 -00S1 12S-129 w Current Y(grat>fiK»} 0082 -OOAJ 130*131 CRWKI fKW4 -IKW5 132-133 OWK2 oust 0082 -00ft3 0OB4 0OB5 008^ 00B7 O0BH (H)B9 00BA 0OBB -00BC 0080 00&E 008F 00C0 00C1 -00C2 0OCJ -WC4 wx:=i O0CC 00C7 O0C8 O0C9 00CA 00C8 oocc 00CD 00CE 00CF OOOll 00DI 00D3 00f>4 0COS UOW 00O7 uuoe IXJ09 oora (MFS fOF7 t»FB OI0J1 *>I0I1 0100 two nan 4XXB CB50 0252 0253 0254 02^6 02ST nsa nzss tJ263 0260 027T 02*1 ow 02$5 0286 0287 ■a» (12S9 ti2SA 0288 -00F2 -00F4 -tWA -ixiFa -0OFA -ft IFF -01 FF -4IK -«4F -U¥>\ ■*L^=> -0342 -tC6C -0276 -iriso -0282 -aw 134-135 136 137 138 139-143 144 145 146 147 148 HO 150 151 152 I S3 IS4 155 156 157 158 IS? 160-162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178-179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187-188 190 191 192 19;M94 195-196 197 198 199 2M 201 2»2 OT *H a* 207 2^8 2t 19-2 10 211 J12 2t3 214 215 2lfi 2I7-2J2 243-244 245-246 247-248 249-250 2SI-2S5 25tw5| 25^270 25i 512 513*91 sk-m 595 5%-397 598 5W MNl 64M-n|[l 6IM>2ll G2I-rtl0 n3l-W0 M1-M2 W1-W4 615 647 fi4X 64: SOI - New \ameft*ioetn inserted $02 * New Une hu been miened Pointer io JN8UF Qui Irom 1NCHAR Random Number 5exd ^^-kio STATUS STXEY SVXT VERCK C3PO BSOUR SVNO XSAV LDTND DFLTO DFLTO PRTV wsw MSGFLC FTRI PTR2 TIME PCYTR FIRT CNTON BUFPT INBIT BITCI RINONE RIOATA RlWn' SAL SAH EAL EAH CMPO TEMP TAPE1 BITTS NXTBIT RODATA FNLEN LA SA FA HUM ROPRTY FSBLK MVCH CASI STAL MEMLJSS UQ Operator* Statu* 5TW Key Fla*j Temporary Load or Verilv Flag IEEE Buffered Char Flat* Char Buffer lor IE££ Cassette Sync* Temp lor BASIN How many Files Open Default Input Devke * Ddaoft Output Device* Cassette Parity CaoeticDipoieSwxeri OS Meauatfije Fla^ CaMette Error Pa»s I Cassette Dror Pato 2 24HourOockin l/60sec. Senal Bus usage/ Cassette stuff t *wsette sync countdown /temp used by serial routine Tape Buffer Pinter RS232 Receiver Inpu b*t stora9«/Cauette short cowni RS232 Recerver tM counr m/Ca»etie read error RS2.32 Receiver F^g for oart b»t rheck/Ca*serie rtad RS232 Receiver pan ty Moraoe Pointer Tar^8urrer/Scrr^nSCTO*hng/Cariseiie5twicouni Tape TtaOg Constant Tape Tuning Constam SianoJTapeSufSer RS232 Transmii fr.i count/Cauette ttuTI RS232 Tranunu next bn co be aeni RS2K Tranamrt oyie butter/ EOT recerved Irom tape Length of Current File Name Current Fife Logical Addre%» Current File Seconcary Address Current File Pnmary Addiex* Current FiVe Name Addrev^ RS232 Trartttnit Panry Bufler Ca^eite Read Stock Count Senat word B*jfSer Cawtte Manual/Controlled SWrA Tape Start Addrea* Low Hi^h Tape Load temp* VftrLaMet foe Screen Editor ISTK Kvy Scan Index NDX Ke\ Burler Potntfr RVS Reverse Field ON Hag JNDX Bvte Pointer ta rl l-1 cd I Jnr tor tnput i-SXK 5tan ol Screen Input (row) ISTP Mart of Screen Input (column! SFDX Shift Mode on Prim BLNSVV Cursor Blink EnaWe BLNCT Counter lo flip Cun*w COBLN Old Char before Mmfc 8tNON ON/OFFBIink Ha* CRSW In^J/GeeFlai; PNT Po>nier to S'dn oJ Line wtiere Curvur n flavhim; PNTR Cotumn Position where Cursor *% tlasmn^ QTSW Fla« k»r rjoote Mode LNMX Current Screen Une Len^h fl1r/79j TBU Une Number whereCursor m IWlin^ I^AT\ temp Data Area INSRT Number ol ln*en Kevn iMinhrd to go WRFTB L tie llagi * rrd$parr L5ER Screen Editor Color Pinter KEVTAB Ke>toaro Decode laWr RIBUF RS232 Inpui Rutfer AddrcM ROBLF RS232Uulpui Buffer Add re** FZEK7P Free Kemal Zero Ki^e Spac^* STACK S> ^tem Slack FBUFFR FPASC Work Area 1 15 byte*) BAH Tape Input Error Log ERTLEN Lrntph o* ERTEXT. max length of ERTEXT-TS ERTEXT ButVr to hold E>rof U«-u*or max ten 7J* SJorftsre for CON Command CONPNT OldPRGPniT OW EXCINF OldCODPNT 0|c| FOftpT CONFlfi CONCOD CONFOR FPWORK EXTRtJKt teem LAT FAT SAT KEVBUF MEMSTR MCMSZ TIMOLT Exieritdl ROM FUutl'U no. 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I 026E 02*F -0290 0291 0292 0293 02^4 0295 -C296 0297 0296 0299 -029A 029B 029C C29D 029E C29F -CGAO 02 A I 02A2 02A3 02A4 C2A5 02A6 Q2AT -07DU 02DE ■ttCf «£0 -02rT 0300 *030l 0302 -03C6 0307 -0308 030C -0313 j 0314 03)6 0318 031A 031C J3IE 0320 0332 0324 0326 0328 OTA 032C ftJ2E 0330 OQS 0334 OK fl3FC fUflO 07£fl 07F6 wo ism oeos cm IS Is ,-m>:i EM 00 DSOO D800 DOX> .0000 JEOO ~F*I i COW* Icioo (C200 T60 '7&1* as i cm J7B5 *7B7 7» rrw ctci 7CS r C70* C7CA _f7CC TCP '7CE 7CF vTDT MB cnxj ^7f>4 7W 707 71* ICTIW CTttA [CTCU 71X1 71* 7E" vTfJ C7FJ -C87A -CA4A -D027 -04 1C -D7FF -DBFF -DCOf -D03P DEFF -FFF9 -CWF -C1FF *C5E7 -CW1 -CJSF -C7AF -C7B2 -C7B4 -fTBfi -C7BK -C76B -C7B£ -C7CII -CTC2 -C7C4 cro* -CTCB -rmi -i- >^ -4TTK* -C70F -C7EI *C7£i -fTEn* 652 653 654 655-656 657 658 659 660 661-662 663 664 665-666 667 66* 669 670 671-672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679-733 734 TO 736-767 DELAY Repeat OHay Counte* 5WFLAG K*ybo*rf Shift Key/Ctrl KeyCommodore LSTSHF" Um Keyboard Sh ft Pattern KEYLOG Vector Keyttuu^ table Setup SHMOOE 0 - PET Mode. I - Canaxanna AUTOON Au!oSoollDownhO-ON RS232 Storage M51CTO 6551 Control Renter Intake M51CDR 655* Command Regain tna$r W51AJB Noo-Sund4rtBPS(ume/2-IOU)USA RSSTAT 655 1 Statu* Re$*icr BITNUM Number of bus left to semi BAIDOF BaodRjte Mlbi!hmc(mKrwcl RIDSE Index lo Endof input Suffer RIDBS Stan ol Input Buffer Ipapct ROOBS Stan of OufpuT Buffer (page) TODBE Index w End oi Output Buffer :RQTMP Moid* IRQ-Vector durmg T*pe I/O Temporary Sp+ce foe CW Vttr,^ki Key C7E7 -C7E* C7E9 -C7EA C7EB -C7EC C?£0-C?££ atF C7F0 -C7F9 C7FA -CW)3 C8W -C80O C30£ -C817 CSIB -C82I C822 -CS2B CS2C -C835 C836 -C83F CS40 C&41 C*42 C&43 C*44 51 175-51176 KEHN 51 177-51 J 7ft OAVEC 51179-51100 ILOAOC Sllfll-SMSS IFNKEY 51183 UBPT 51 184-51 193 UBLO 5t 194*31203 U8HI 51204-51213 UBPAG SBM-51223 M00GT 51224-51233 COUNTT 51234-51243 SIT 51244-51253 RECOTL 51254-51263 51264 -0315 -0317 -03»5 -031B -03ID *03)F -032 J -0323 -0325 -0327 •0329 -032B -032D -032F -0331 -0333 -033B -OJFB -03 FF -07E7 *07F7 -07 FT -5 &r*-«>7 RS232£n«U» TOO Sense dunng Cawene I/O Temp Storjge for C*t»ctie te^d Temp Dl IRQ IndiCAicr lor C^vtir n**d Trmp lor Line fncex F1q:0*NT5C 1-PAi used lor Stota^e o£ Fde Ssmt^Dtsk Cornmn Lnr * Range Pointer bfte * Rtrtf? PrHnK*r Une * ft*ngesH max. 32 V«ior Pfinr Erro/ Mrv^wNotused F1o*ind Pom( *ork Are^PRINT USING) M0- All 812-813 814-815 816-817 818-819 820-827 828-1019 IO2O-I023 1024-2023 2024-2039 204(J-2047 2OI4-205! 2052 2053 49152-51323 5132^-51786 53248-53287 54272-54301! 14528-55295 55296-56319 563*uV5£l35 56576-56591 568J2-670S7 654W-65529 49 1 52 *49>*n7 494*tt-4%f>:t 50664*5li784 b0785-51C39 5KMMIUB 51120 5M2I-5II22 5n;:i*5n24 ENABL CASTON KIKA26 STL^PIO UNTMP PALnTTS FILNAM RANCNO RA^GPT RANGES IERROR NUU3 SAttQ KenuJVecion OW IRQRAMVectOt C8INV Kbtt RAM Vector NkDVCT NMlRAMVecw ICPEN OPEN Routine Vfoor ICLOSE GXWt Routine Veeiof ICHKIN CHKIN Routine Vecto* KXOUT CKOOT Rouime Vector ICUtCH CLRCHN Ruutme V«wr JBASN OWN RoLtmeV«ioi IBSOL^ CHROHTRoonneVeaO' ISTOP STOP Routine Vector IGE7IN G£TI% Kuutine V«lor ICLALL CUa Routine Vecto* USRCMD For M*rf»nc Umjiiwjr Wcnrtor ILOAD tOAORouimeVeciur l$AV£ SAVE Routtnr V«iot Uno*ed TBUFFR Tjpr t/0 Sjlfer UBtfftd SCREEN Scrwn MemoA Area ( 1 00O 5vt», -■. MtmoA ■ v. i-^ SPRPNT Spnie D*ia Po»niefS COMAL Proinm Folkon Hrif MBEGIN 5u* of Memory MBEGNI SUrtnf\jmr>TJblr HBBGK1 SiiftolSurb Addnional COMAL S^f*^ COMAL Suorouin^ 6566VICIIVrdeolrtteff*ce 6581 510 Sound Intrrtace STOIMt; SiDlm^tf^ CCHJtAM Cok>rRAM(n>bbM h^26C1 137-51 511 511 511 511 'i ■5im 39 41 42 43 51 US 5I14H-5IJ47 5IJ48 5H4« S11SQ 81ISI 51*52-5115.1 51 Til JHJ5 SttSM Mm MM 3I1GMI ;u»i 5lliM-5l 51172-51 r1 i* i it.-* RSIBLtF RS232 Input SutJc RSQBVF RS2X' TtTtipourv Q7 Trmpor*n (JK Tt*mpi***>p 09 TemyprvN SRW SH^TiJ Sdn'jTuj ^n ,it"ii SCWr \.vnv Punier AITOI I'urrrmbnrNunihrrfQrAlTO ALTOST StrphxAlCO DSTART M jn ul F\tU (^urvt* TAftSET ^ 4lue iff Ua ZONE Sl^mt-ni AiTPOS PiwtN»n in Mnt Oulpul File IMTRNQ Pnxfduiw\m Ik Imecrjpi Stj^m^it KRRPVT Oi**inPuut«nu!Efnir VORINT \^nul lnii**nipt \rtn* SAFE SHeSMto MAINHV MdinRrMoioti SliBRV S*tr> Rr% ?t**ta TESTRV Ti^i VVrtntfi ltSGUS rVldmMil Ui*-**^ Unr l*PPER2 ii^i«Bw tXXVK RaqrorU^ii^ufExit-riiiilPRiKVFI'W E(Tl*NT "VrMiiirtU^eltrfEMerfbi; PRiXVHiNl* SSKE luCul/MOCol uwn u^iwivoiuM WE\FI. Ft^u»rflKO»PEN DKIiNIA (j*n«p*i .-t Man* Olid Ti^l nn'MT lUtlkAU^Hpin^n^VjIui** l*\lr Ot OERMT Srli^iiiijipiirFte TRAP\r l**»B Emir HjiMlJrr gjTWT *'.h>- B E«n*«ti*il k«! MRQlrV "^H brefiuplP*l(*h IKKTTT Emir Mi-tn*' l^11-* C902 C90B ON C910 OH* C92F rate 0941 CT*4A -082 IWH -CAId CAIM -tlAlt5 ('AWl -t'Aiw C#9 -CVMW t'Anc -lvAI€ t*Ai*F -CAH VM1 -tvAls ra«l -* Pomter to Place for Np*i Librarv Dwcnp Libfifv DncfrMfom max. in Ooen MouV lor Fil^?. Table o1 Svte Couni for Ffc* Status lor Opened File* Table of Record faction k* F>le> Ovrrla> id PEEK/POKE/SY5 00- Db*WeSmP/Re«ye <>0- Loading COMAL Program 0-ftimp.dev l-0nve. 2-Gaftru> Fife Mode Staius of COMAL Program 1 * InpitandK^AfromHreen 2 - Input anaJym from file 3 • Pttpasun*; 4 s UKu'ir^::cinTir-| 5 - Eivcuting program Bit Vector for RCREAT Otriauli Prmier Open VooV OHauti Pnmer MciMidan- Aodrw OeUutc Printer Unn Record Puwhoning Ot*j\ Top of RAM PoWf On Mevtagp Rar Keyword Table iPa^e Aj Oeiaut: Bordef Color DetovJt Sdckground I'aU* Default Foreground Color AnualTe**. BorOer Actual Tex* Backtiruund Lt*ogtii*cf Function Kc> def ** 'olOia^lrtioinHinr Seleo Inpu! Flat; D«fiflHM«WHtlDD Be**etvetf lor future usu* 51270 L5TFLG 51271 LPVIODE 51272 LPSA 51273 IJ»FA 51274 RECDEL 51275-51276 ENDADR 51277 HEAOtN 51278-51279 KWTAB 51280 OFBORD 5 J 28 1 DFBACK 51282 0FFORC 51283 ACBOftO 51284 ACBACK 51285-51300 KEYttS 51301 KLES 51302-51303 KPNT 51304 UEF1NP 51305 H250 51306*51322 SubroutiM^ to um in COMAL A*»enokr Routine* 51323-51325 CCUD 51326-51328 WARM 5)329-51331 CALL 51332-51331 GOTO 51335-5133" LOA0 5 1338-5! 340 STORE 51341-51343 EXEC 51344-51346 LDACI 51347*51349 LDAC2 5I350-.5I352 FNDPAR 51353*513111 COPY 5I362-5I3TI) COPYDN 51371-51373 FPADD 51374-51382 FPAD02 51383-51391 FVAHF 51392-51394 FPS8 51395-5141X1 FPS:B2 514l>4.5l4uyi FPMUL 81407-51415 FFMUU 5l4IfMHI8 FP0l\* 5I4I9-5I427 FPDIVJ 51428-51436 MUIJH 51437-51445 OIVIli 5I44IU5I448 STACI 51449-51457 C1T2 5145H-5HW QTl M46"-SH73 FVNEd 5M76-514S4 FPSCN 514H>-514«1 FV9N 5U94-515if2 FKX1S 81503-5(511 FPS0R 5l5l2-5l52fl FKTAN 5152U5I529 FFPUW AI53U-51538 FVATO 51519-51547 FPEXH 5IIU8-313S9 FPIJX! SlH7^nSW FPRND 5156tU51574 FKIM 51575-515M TRlJlVT 51584-51592 FPIVTt; Bl$B3-5lW| FPIKTA 5lNC-5Hiltr IKTFP 5KI1-3H09 FVASC 5l62ti-51t>25 VAI. 5imfi-£irai w>pai iM05-3t643 POPAJ 5HH4*5I«B PLtSHAI 51ri5:i-5l6fil PI»S*IRj 5l662-5Lh7» FSHINT 51ti7lo|679 INTTPA S|6Mu-StfirH EXUiST 51rW!4-5HW7 EXlWAI SltW-SlTUv RESTfH* 5I7M7-51712 RPNKKH 51 713-51715 ('R;)! 51716-51717 ffACt 5I7IH-5I73I ***AHT :w:2i-»i7^M tVHKHi il724-il7^. (VMHT *.hi n'IJK'14 3ti CTNAME V* (XM» 42 UliKE 43 l*KI>' 52 CirTIJN iK RESET' OIMMV r»:i COMAI t7*» -SI Wi-il 37-51 4H-5I tt-St H-51 sfc-sr so UTrtHH Qild Sun ol COMAL warm Scan of COMAL JSR to anotber ^nue JMP tU Aftlrf'lPT p^+ J »aC Vum Pane X Store to Pafe X J5ft to p*ge X Load Ail LoudAcS Find Pardme irr (utm calhj Cop\ Arej lutoanN liiwrr a*Ji^*vM% Copvh Arc*a toward* hictn .xltlrr*»vs Load Ac2 and .nkt Ai 2 to Acl AddAiJtoVl AddH5^Ai 1 L*:\ Ac2!r> Acl MulOplyActny liltl i>v*deAiltrt inn AcwACI Copy At I KrAcS Cope A^ 2 to \k I MeweAcl Siifi! «? At I Arrtarm^nlol Acl Kanr At 1 to the pnuer ul t UjfAarithniBa^oiJAi I Cumpiili-pwKliH-fdiiifcviT tiurrjief flMit h Comuiin* Nunitiee u* At' 1 Ounvn Ail tultite«jrr(-:t276H'327n7t Cunvcfl At I HiIninBr#t-2l24*2^24-lj Omceet Ac I Hi litteye* (»Mi5,5X5j CtUKvfl Intettif it> Flc^iinit Pum mi A* 1 Cufiverr Acl to ASCII rquiv (STR5| (*tmvrrt DetinuJ ***nrii? *> bViun in At I rVr|i Atl fta>Ac2 l\i-J^ Ac I 1'irOiRcaJ Numlwr Fkmi A Puxb Intevjt r t- 127KS T27i«1 FIimi A Pj%h lnH^*r |t» «i55'L5l Ai%A-0^lM^nWa|er Hrt i,i(Ri Li oil Storw \nm.i^t;j*oiuis»i*4vv i'KtdrCnMAL Erne iLiutiVr Rim*J Otdratter Wtllt*S|hAT* U'lMtfChiiniLln virti input He S*letl MiitpiilKuiCVorClwnncH DlietiFih (lew Fil»* lri|iot KtAiiuril Uih* Ri-saH Pr,)MAUtttiif CA36 -CA3C GOD -CA43 CA44 -CA4A DIJ00 D010 0011 D012 D013 DOM D0I3 1X116 0017 :»i8 D0I9 D01A D71 53272 S3273 53274 53275 53276 53277 53278 53271* 532*i 53281 S32*5 53317 Sf76ft4lrR EXCUTE E^ecwteCoaVtoCOBLF 51773-51779 JIOAD Load COMAL Profr*»m SI 780-51 786 ARRLEN Compule * oJ A«av Elemerfi, 6S66 VIC H Video i :, ir , C«nlro4ler SPRPOS Sp«e*0-7 X^YPownon SPRXP5 Spnf^ 0-7 X PrMion (m»b of X-coo*d 1 VCTRLt VIC Comrul RrWrr R*HA57 Re*d/WrtoJuMef Valor lor conpan?lR VCTRLJ VIC Mrmory Control Re^Mer IRCOCC VIC tntrrnipt Flan RrfEnin IRQMSK :RQ Mask Reamer SPR60P Sprite to Barktifuunrj disp'^v pnom SPRMCM Spritei 0-7 Multi-Cotor mode ^*eci InPRXEX Sprites l>-7 expand 2*noftto«fl1 tx) SPRSPR Sprue to Sprti* coUiton detect SPRBCK Some to {bUground cnlhuun detect BORCOL BoroVrCoior BCKCOL Background Cok»r 0.3 SPRMa SpnteMoJii-Cu^Rr^ieTO*l SPRt XX, Sprite 0-7 Colo* 14 65B 1 SID Sound 1 ntr r iii, 1 - w. .IMOti 54272 VlFREfJ Voice IFrruurno Control 04(12 54274 V1PWU Pu^WavdormWidih D4CI4 54276 VIOTIL Control ReqiUi*r D4CI5 >4277 V1ENVL Envelope Generator t*ltr) 0407 54279 V2FRE0 Voice 2Freque*K\ Control D409 SJ2S1 V2PW*A PolteWaveAorrnWKJt.* D4iiR 542*3 V2CTRL Control Rfftrkie* D4IC i4284 V2ENVI Envefope Generator (atKi 1 CMOE 54286 WRCq Voic* 3f reoupnev ton:n«.' D4I0 542W KUVI Pufie W^Horm Widih 1*412 5429a V1CTRL Control Register EMI3 54291 V3ENVL Enx-Hope Generator ladw) 0415 54293 rcuiDF Fillet ( utoff Freq jeno D417 54295 PRESCM Fifccr Re*tOT4fe r 'Vutce InputConinil IM1B &UK FVfOVOL Select Titter Mode .ind Volume CM 19 >4297 PAOOtl A/D-Con^erier GarrvPaddV 1 D41A >*298 PADDL? A/D-Convrnct G*mePaddV2 D41B 54299 osc i Ki-.Ljtor 3 Random KjTiber Generate* D4JC sint ENV EnvHope GrnefaTor ;t Output D5IXI HDWti SDtag* WWi tQUtAM Color RAM tm1jble%i 6526 CU'I 6326 CIA *2 IX»» COLM Ke\iitwfd Matrix PRA IX^Kt D2PRA 0O*l ROtt^S Xevbou'd v .»■• \ PRB [ \"n 02PRB oon 01 DORA DC0J 020DRA DCG3 OlDDRfi DCW 02D0RB 0OM OITIL DO 14 D2TIL OOfi OlTIH 0015 D2TIH OCitt OIT2L DOh» D2T2L OT07 0IT2H 00)7 0JT2H DO* OITODI OOW D2TOD1 DC*C DlSDR OCtrC 02S0R oenn I>HCR ix^m IHICR DCiC DJCRA W^iE nanA DO)F n-CRB DC0P B3CH < s o u OEtUt OVERLAY thifUn (untrtdPoft Kernel Jump Table FFK! CfNT ItirtStreen Editm FTW FFH7 R«NIT RAMTAS IriRlM) Inn RAM FFJU RE5TC*R R^•^tore OHatilr |/( 1 Vertor* FrW> VECTOR Re*Hi'SeiV*x>irfedl/t1 rT*m ff*»:i 5ETMSCJ SEclMAD Oh iirul Kernat Mevtaften Send *M -fU'r LrMen FF% TKSA Send SA after T*lk fTV** MU1TOP h- *j ■>-■ To|Mtf Hen*uf\ mc FFSF MEWBOT Rrad/»et Biii oJ Meniurt Xan Keihoard FFAJ StTTtatl Set Timrtttii IVItMl FFAs FTAJ* FTAB ACKTR CRHT INTIJC Input Inie ffom Sen,il Pi hi t Mtput IrVie tfi Stu* Pnn l"i*'T ttlJltlil rieVftVfO i'dtlHk FFAE 1 NLSN Cotnmand dec tee to Pnlttien FTB1 U>TN t »wr*tund rtrv u v tti UMen FFB4 TAIX C»fC|Vtund OVt h r to "T .ilk FFB7 RDSTAT Re«l I/O Stalin »Aord Fr'BA rTBIl SETUPS SFJNAM Set Loipt al F-M .nttSecotHl Aitdr MFhVNajor FFC1 t>PE\ CliWE l^mtaWcatHe (Vise iMtnaJ Ftlt FFCr* FFC* FFCT FftT PtfS CHKK OIKt>l T rUCHN CHRIN OfROIT t )pvn Cfkintiel tor Input ( Ipen <1i*initel |i ir t Kit|iul tl*r*el UihjniH'h liifiut Hitir Imm thtimirl Output Oiarto ilMiiorl FH» MfeADK |jHr FTP* rTUB FF0E *UVEP SETT1W K0TIM •VM-rUMhiOeVHX* Set ReJ Time Clock Re,*IRe-iTm»A-Ck*t PFEI STOP A,mSTOPKe\ FTK4 (KT (iet SCRKN Ketatn Kinv (¥nlomo *it i'unm rW« PLOT Ret*l Si IbiH' Ci4iii]iii ii i» i ii'v' KrW IOBASF ■bfutikt BavAJdry**oi 1 1 1 l)e\ n\ KFV\ \tm -Xl^k^tle Iiormip: X'rvntr »»: tlRtJ lMT**ftiii*l fo.^iinHj Vevbir

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15 < S o u 0 — < e < u u 6 e S I S I s. S Commodore 64 COMAL 0.14 Memory Map © 1984 COMAL Users Group, U.S.A., Ltd cow 11 unoj 1 0P2B 43 OttW -0039 56-57 ttttA -0Q3B 58-59 003C -003D 60-61 O03E -003F 62-6J 0040 -004 T 64-65 0042 -0043 66-67 1)044 -«045 68-49 Ofifl 97 UKW -«Jf5 98-101 OQM 102 or*? 103 -icflt i7*ui:r fwej -*H*m i7*-ir> O084 i*m (DBS i*ii oou 1*2 U0B7 183 mat* IH4 0099 l» iwba J»6 Afttt -M»ec 187- Iftf OQBD 1*9 OORE l*» OOBF 191 ooro 192 OOCt -one 193-194 ono -ono 193-196 Q0C5 197 ooc* 19(1 oocc m OOCD 205 IWCE 206 iwcf 307 ixif>i 20K 0001 -onrrj 209-21" oou 311 ooot to J V POOS 2111 Moi 214 qod; 215 WD* 21b" nop* -rare 2 T 7-242 twn -ottFi ,'43-244 0OF5 -00F6 245-246 (WFT -tOFX 247-24$ IWFV -ftiFA 249-250 WFB -OOFD 31-253 OUFE 2*4 0100 -01 FT jst-sn 0200 -025»J 512-600 0259 -0262 0)1-610 0263 -026C 611-620 026D -IC76 621-630 ojn -ceno 631-640 02*5 645 0286 646 0287 647 KM 0289 £ 028A 650 028* 651 028C 652 02M> 653 U28E 6S4 02*F -fl2AE 655-656 0291 657 029? 65* 0293 659 0*94 660 029S -029* 661 tftj 0297 663 029K 664 0299 -4C9A 665-066 029fl ttT 0»C 66* 0290 669 m;m 67l> 03rF .-02M till -672 "2AI 67J oja: 674 02A3 6T5 02A4 676 02A5 677 COMALr*d ■ ■ FMWi^f Potnl AcntmuUlor* I Mvnofi Re>uli Amtm'l ver«»"2 Fk>mr^ Accumulator* t Unt-Ordc-r (R^nndtnq] p[t*ntrr ro rftvC^wit* Buflrr Ketr4iIiv0 5iaiu>WcmJ ftpvprvr«rM|U-4rff I «n) rwiinfl Con>t Ant Irv T«ip* FUf: Senal Bo*-Ou»piir Char Bu«rred buffered Oi a* to* SenaJ Bu> i^Mfiie 5ync Numbe* Tpmp t kn j Arrj '» Kn-en I 'pnnirr//tMpuiLixat«in-*evdlvi4:M^ Deldu-1 Oupu: Device 01 T*(ir ChVKlVt Pant\ Fta(p Tape 8tir-Knii^tO Tape Past I Error . j -.: Tape PaK* 2 cVror Lwl Reul Time Mtty Clixh Ca\5iKte Sync CiMtwcfctoii F«*r*l«r: tajv I/O ftuflef ftS-232 Inpui Bits / C**e«e Temp RS-232 Bo Covnt / C jMette Temp RS-J.12 Inpwt fi%ie fiwlter / Cawerte Temp ftS-232 Input Partfv CaPMtir5hon Count Pointer: Tjpe FUjlle* ' Screefl ScroHint TapeTimiiHtCoiiraants Pointer; SUr? of Tape Burtrr R5.232 Oui ft i Coum ' Cawie Temy RS-232 Ne«t Bii tu Send / Tape EOT Ra« RS-232 OiW fiy*' 8utlrr la-n^n ol Currem R*r \ante Current Ujqtra) FiW Number Current Second«r> Ad U< Kev Preue4 (2S5 - nonr) Krt^T- the BuHer Count 0 - Curwr Enabir 1 -Cur** DiNjblr Cur>or Timing I'outuNVmii Oaranef Under Cutm* Uv Qmof Bm 0^/OrT ir^i.1 IromScrrett / trum r%e\Cujr(t Cumrrt Phy wr*( Screen Lane AAJre/CneclLium/Biittrr dumber ol ln*en* Oitsuminu Screen boe Unh TaWe / line W rafi TaWc Poialer: Curmtf Screen Color Map Scan Vector: Keyboard Decode TaUr PoWitrr; f«-232 Inpjl BotTer f ointert ■■ . : Output Boiler Free Memor>^ tstrnri b\ NEW ±vt he* alter aw»nn l/XMonfJ Repeat SpeH Counter Rrpra* Del a> Counter SlpeciiJ Key* |0 - none I * Snrft 2 - Corrvrgdoie Kev I Cottrtol K* RS2J2 Kj"*t C^nnu-id Rnf «rf Imaey RS-232 Non-Standard BPS fhme/2- IOOi USA RS-232 6S51 Status Keflitfet Imun* RS-232 Number ulb0 Temp Storage lirCnvw^lrfteai! 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Printer Control Characters CHRS values ate sent io primer with Secondar> Addr 0 or 1 Not all codes are implemented on all printers 1 CHRS Operation | CHRS Operation CHRS Operation 1 129 8 10 13 141 Begin double-width (enhanced) character mode End douWe-width character mode Begin dot-programmable graphic mode Line Feed 'Carnage Return (automatic Line Feed onCBM printers! Carriage Return without Line Feed 14 15 16 17 145 18 146 Begin douWe-width character mode End double-* idth character mode Tab to position in next 2 characters Switch to upper/lower case character sci Switch to upper case/graphics character set Begin reverse character mode End reverse character mode 19 147 26 27 29 160 254 Set lop ot page Feed to lop ol next page Repeat graphics data Move to specified dot position Skip lo next format field Shifted Space is necessary lor leading spaces Output Programmable Character Commodore Dot-Matrix Pri inter Format Characters Formal Char Format Supplied Date Supplied Output Result Description 9 99999.99 .99 99.99 3.14159 3.14159 23 3.14 .14 23.00 Specifies numeric field, leading zeros suppressed z 77.777. 77 3.14159 00003.14 Specifies numeric field, leading zeros printed Decimal point. Used to align data S $$$$.99 129.95 $129.95 Specifies numeric field with a $ sign printed preceding data s S999.99 sSS$$.99 -273.6 129.95 -273.60 -SI 29.95 Prints sign of value as first character in field $999.99S999.99s$999.99-129.95 -273.6 129.95 $129.95-273.60+ $129.95 Prints trailing sign il negative a aaaaaa aaa String String String Sir Specifies a left-justified alpha field r> Space or blank. Use spaces to seperale fields 1 |\iaaa 999 over 100 ?ov« 100 Allows formal-string characters to be printed 16 8 £ ftLetter Quality Printer Command Summary Commands are lor the StarWriter F10 prinier Most letter-quality printers are similar. Note* ESC is escape, or chr$(27). Command Format Description chr$(12) chr$<8) ESCLnn ESCchrS(lO) ESC9 ESCEnn ESC 2 ESC8 ESC(tl,t2,-.ff ESC)tl,t2,...rf ESCCnn Form Feed Backspace Line leed spacing Backwards Line Feed Set Left Margin Set horizontal spacing to nn/ 1 20 Clear all horizontal tabs Clear one Horizontal tab at current position Sets horizontal tabs at tl . t2, etc. Clears horizontal tabs at 1 1 . t2, etc Move to Column nn Command Format Description ESCPnn ESC A ESCB ESCU ESCD ESC1 ESCHnnn ESCVnnn ESCFnn ESCN Feed paper to line nn Alternate Ribbon Colour Normal Ribbon Colour Half Line Feed Half Backwards Line Feed Set Horizontal Tab at Current position Move Carriage nnn spaces horizontally Line feed of nnn/48 inches Set number of lines per page Ignore auto-spacing on next character Greek Alphabet Dot Matrix CHRS Values Letter *$"* Case Lower Case Roman Fquiv. Common Unit 14 17 10 4 26 1 Alpha A 0 A Area. Angles. Coefficients 0 1 62 80 42 4 Beta B P B Angles. Coefficient. Flux Density, Transistor Amplification Factor 0 64 54 9 54 64 Gamma r y G Specific Gravity. Conductivity, Micrograms 0 22 41 41 6 0 Delia A 6 D Density, Variation 0 10 21 21 17 2 Epsikm E t C Natural Logarithm Base (e - 2 .1242657* 0 64 44 50 35 64 Zeta Z C 2 Coefficients. Coordinates, Impedance 0 64 48 65 62 0 Eta H 1 H Efficiency. Hysteresis Coefficient 0 62 73 73 62 0 Ttwta G s V Phase Angle, Temperature 0 0 30 1 2 0 iota 1 1 1 17 14 4 8 30 17 Kappa K X K Dielectnc Constant, Susceptibility 65 66 52 12 2 1 Lambda A A L Wavelength 1 126 32 32 120 4 Mo M P M Amplification Factor, micro (10*), Permeability 0 16 12 3 4 24 Nu N V N Reluctivity (1 66 53 41 65 0 Xi i * V 0 6 9 17 18 12 Omicron O 0 O 0 9 30 16 30 33 Pi n IV P 3,1415926 0 62 73 72 18 0 Rho P c R Resistivity 6 9 9 14 8 8 Sigma I C S Summation 99 85 73 65 65 99 Capital Sigma 0 8 16 30 17 16 Tau T T T Time Constant 8 h 1 1 18 12 Upsilon Y V U 48 73 14 24 40 48 Phi 9 ♦ F Angles. Magnetic Flux 34 :ifi 24 22 33 65 Chi X X X 112 9 126 ~8 48 64 Psi V w w Dielectric Flux Phaw Difference 0 6 9 o 9 6 Omega Q till Q Ohms, Angular Velocity 25 18 64 6-i 38 25 Capital Omegd g I i u JS H

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77j Wordf >rocessii ng Refer ence Gu ide Function Superscript EasyScript 64 PaperClip Control = Speedscript 64 WordPro WordPro 64 ■. ^B H -Hi ■■. H -Hi -^H. -Hi ■. Control ■ RVSKey Control = FI Key PET/CBMRVS.64CTRL Control - CTRL Kev Control - RVS Kev Control - CBM Kev Restart Control CLR Control CLR Exit to BASIC Control STOP Control STOP Conirol X Control Shift Q Control Q TOGGLE MODES Superscript EasyScript 64 PaperClip Speedscript 64 WordPro WordPro M Capitals ESC or Control Shift/C Control Shifl/C t \ £ Decimal Control ■ F6 Control N Insert Control I Control 1 Shift CtrM64:CBM Key) Control 1 Shift Control Control 1 Sound Control • Control . Control \ LINE Mode FI hotted Space Mi***Control CURSOR POSITIONING Superscript EasvScripl 64 Papirrflip Speedy ri pi tvl WordPro WordPro 64 Scroll Right CRSR Riqht 1 CRSR Right CRSR Right CRSR Right CRSR Right Scroll Led CRSR Left CRSR Left CRSR Lell CRSR Left CRSR Left Scroll Down CRSR Down CRSR Down CRSR Down CRSR Down CRSR Down Rapid Scroti Down Conirol CRSR Down Control CRSR Down Control CRSR Down u Scroll Up CRSR Up CRSR Up CRSR Up CRSR Up CRSR Up Rapid Scroll Up Control CRSR Up CRSR Up CRSR Up Control L X Copy Text to Status Line Shift Control RUN /STOP \ * Copy NX Filename loStatus Line Shift RUN/STOP HOME HOME Read Stored Filename "1 H Display Available Memory Control = * rf Automatic Optional Hyphen Control Control Control: Control Shill Forced Space Shift Space Shill Space Shift Space Shift Space Shill Space Breakpoint IsoftSoace) r\,ni*,.i i

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TABS Superscript Ea5\ Script 64 PaperQip Speed sen pi 64 WordPro WordPro (A 18 Set Decimal Point Control . Set Decimal Tabs Control . Control . Control N Control N PP W SetHoraontalTab Control S H Control T H Shift CLR Controls Control S ^^^^^ Clear Horizontal Tab Tab 5 Spaces Set Vertical Tab Gear Vertical Tab Set Graphic Tab Control C H Control SV Control C V Control C H Control TV Control CV Shift CLR RUN/STOP Control C Control C Controls Goto Next Horizontal Tab TAB (or Shift >) F7 TAB or RUN/STOP TAB or Goto Next Vertical Tab Display Horizontal Tab positions Clear All Tabs Gear All Horizontal Tabs Gear All Vertical Tab* Shift TAB (or Shift F4 Control > Control t Control, or > Control , CD (fl 0) c s CO Display Directory SO or SI SOorSI Control 0, 1,2 Control 4 F3 Load Directory to Text + S0or +S! *$0or *SI $asi Control 0, 1,2 Display Disk Status RETURN RETURN Control < RETURN Control , Control , Initialize Dnvets) iOoril iOoril iOoril iOoril RUN/STOP 0 or I iOoril All other disk commands are entered tnCBM DOS Command Channel format (let - Copy. d» Duplicate. n = Ne* r- Rename s^ Scratch v - VaiidaM FILL FILES Superscript EasyScript M PaperClip Speedscnpt 64 WordPro WordPro 64 Set Fill File Name Control Shift Z Variable Block Control B Control B Control B Control B Control B Vanable Block Separator Control Z Control Z Measured Variable B>ock CtriB.CRSR Left. Ctrl M Fill Next Variable Block Control Shift B Control TAB Control M Fill Blocks from Cursor on Control V Control V Fill All Vanable Blocks Control Shift V Control 1 F4(lstset)orF6 Clear Variable Blocks Control Shift V Control Shift V Control Shift N Control t F2 Find Nexl Variable Block Control TAB or Shift > Control F7 Control Shift F Control TAB Reset Data Pointer Control HOME Close Fill File Control HOME Control HOME 1 OUTPUT FORMAT Superscript EasvScnpl 64 PaperChp Speedscrtp! *l WordPro WordPro 64 Format Command Indicator Format Command Separator ; Conlrol/ F3 ■ Control \ or ,£(•) * Control £ Control/^) Control /(•) t Text following Formal Commands 1 \ • i jS Justification On. Oil • |uL Jul) ■ jul.iuO •juI.juO •iul.juO •rul iuO 0 Centering On. OH •cnl.cnO ■ cnl.cnO •cnl.cnO c •cnl.cnO •cnl.cnO < Right Alignment On. Off • ral, raO Iral.raO • ral.raO • ral. raO • ralt raO Linefeeds On. Ofl • Ill.lfO • 111. IH) Left Margin •Im Q:rr • Im 1 • Im •Im Add to 1*11 Margin • lm + Subtract from Left Margin •ImRighi Margin • rm ■ rm • rm r • rm • rm V Edge Right e u Add to Right Margin •rm + to Subtract from Right Margin •rmc Release Lett Margin Lett ►"ma ■ ma • ma• ma • mafff Release Left Margin Right • ma• ma+ vl} Auto Indent Paragraphs Right •at* fa e c Auto Indent Paragraphs Left •aiOffset from Column 1 on Printer •ol D • mo Double Column Width Total Lines per Page (Paper Length) • pp •pp • pp •dc(MGO) • PP • pg Text Lines per Page (Text Length! • Pg w ^Pg **Pg Line Spacing •sp 1 • sp • sp * - * •sp • vp Vertical Positioning •vp II VD •vp I • vp Bottom Margin b w r Advance Lines •In Bin • In • In • In Pause Output •ps lps • ps w • ps • ps ^ j Force Paging • fpO H'po • fp • fp • tp 0 ' Force Paging within N Line* • IpN gipN •fpN • foN • IpN •Id i * of List Data Fields Next Linked File • nx filename 1 nxrfilename •nx filename • nxfilename • nx: filename s Non-Specilic Global File Link • Ik External FileLnk •ex: o , Open Table ol Contents File • tf filename r\ Add to Table ol Contents File • tb w Lines per Inch (lorm advance) • la Blp • Is • fa • fa 0) Characters per Inch (pitch) • pt 1 •pi •pt •pi Comment •cm Inl •cm •cm: • cm: "S Heading • hdxxtext.. 1 hdxx:text.. • hdxx text .. h • hdXJCKXl.. • hdxx:lext„ Alternate Heading • hdxx;texL. i Footing • fixx:iext,T flfrjrxtCxL. • ftxx:text„ I • ftxx:lext„ • Hxx:text1+ 1 Alternate Fueling •Axiqlext., j Set Page Number •p* CTntrol'ltn hd/ft) • p' **v •p* 0 V Output Page Number Control* (in hd/ft) Control* (in hd/lt) Control £ ' <> (in hd/ri) Shift £ Heading/ Fooling Left Margin • hi Bh: • hi • hi •hi Heading/ Footing Right Margin • hr lhr • hr • hr •hr Unlock Header Margins • mIO Lock Header Margins • mil Printer Command • pc Control 0-9 H Send True ASCII Control 0-9 Control 0-9 Control, 1-9 a Control 0-9 1 ( fcfine Character a* \SCII Value • l-9=N flt-9^ • 1-9-N Control jC1-9»N • 0-9 \ ^0-9 = N

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19 2 (0 0 CD « 1 s (A s 22 I e 8 e e i a S w H OUTPLT Superscript Select Default Output Set Disk Device Number Set Printer Device Number Select Output Options Continuous Print Non-Continuous (sheets) Device Number Fill File to be used Fill Using List Data Unked or Global File Global Restart Map Mode Odd Mode (odd ' pages) Even Mode (even * pages] Number of Copies Output to Printer Output to Video Output to SEQ file Speed up Video Output Pause Video Outpul Stop Output Continue Output Toggle Video/Printer Output Toggle Continuous/ Non-Conttnuous Twggle Map/Video Mode EasyScrlpt 64 PaperClip Control O C D F X P V s Hold down Shift Tap space STOP C V/P Shift P Control 0 * C F L Control Shift 0 Control S Control * Control O * BACKGROUND PRINTING Stan Background Printing Resume after Page Break Stop background Printing Superscript Control X Z(X lor non-8032) Control Shift X X P V s Hold down Shilt Tap space STOP C V/P Shi!t P Control V Speedscnpt 6-1 WordPro Conlrol P Control 0 * C S L G ba&yScripl 64 PaperClip X Default V D WordPro 64 F5 or Control 0 C N L G R M 0 E X Speedscnpt 64 WoraPro Control P|nie 'dp') Contra) P PRINTER CONTROL CHARACTERS Letter QualityUnderline ON Underline OFF Bold ON Bold OFF Shadow ON Shadow OFF Print Red Print Black Single Superscript Superscript Begin Superscript End Single Subscript Subscript Begin Subscript End Bold ON Bold OFF Special Character MX80 CBM Enhance ON Enhance OFF Emphasise ON Emphasise OFF Double print ON Double prim OFF Condense ON Condense OFF n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Sp*»oal Character Enhance ON Enhance OFF Reverse ON Reverse OFF n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a rt/a n/a Special Character WordPro H superscript Conlrol ( Control ] Conlrol I Control ) Control & Control Control ■ Control " Conlrol ' Control t Control ; Control : EasvSrnpt M Control [ Control ] Control ( Control*) Control Shift Control Shift PaperClip Speedscnpt 64 Control Control Control Control Control 4 Control 7 Control 8 Control 6 Control 9 Control / Control ; WordPro WordPro 64 Conlrol £U Conlrol £U Control [ Conlrol ] Control 8 Control 9 Control 4 Control 6 Conlrol I Control) Control | Control ) Control 6 Control 4 Spreadsheet Commands Commands shown arelortheCalResult spreadsheet, but most spreadsheet programs use similar svniax System Commands: Description B L O Q R Blank: Cancel Contents of Cell Under Cursor Leave: Title, Split-Screen. Window Order ol Recalculation (Row or Column) Quit Program Recalculate: Automatic or Manual Automatic Repetition ot Characters at Cell Under Cursor E: Edit Command Description C D G I M P R S T w Copy Data Area to another Data Area Delete Row or Column Graphics: Histogram instead of Values Insert Row or Column Move Data Area to another Data Area Print Worksheet or User-Defined Format Replicate Data Area toother Data Areas Split Screen (Horizontally or Vertically) Title: Protects a Title in the Left Column Insert Window on Screen P: Page Command Description P A Add Pages, checking thai label and formula match P C Copy one Page to another P D Delete Page Irom Work Area P E Erase Work Area P G Get Page Irom Work Area P N Negate Change Signs) 4 and-) in one Page P P Put 2nd Page from Work Area (to gel extra memory) P R Renumber Page P + Add Pages, reading Values and Formulae onlv G: Global Command Description G C G F G R 1 Sets Global Column Width, except in Protected Title-Column Set Formal in all Cells Recalculate Pages by moving the highest column in one Page lo the Alpha | in the Next Page Column F: Format Command Description F C Select Colour F G GJobal Cell: Sets global format Global: Clears all Formats lo CalcResult * norma) power-up mode (labels left, values right and maximum precision] F M Maximum Precision display mode F 1 Integer display mode F S Two Decimal display mode F L Sets Contents at Left F R Sets Contents at Right F * Replaces Integer Number digits with stars (alwavs left justified) D: Disk Command Description D D D D D D D D D D V Backup Drive (I to Drive I Catalog of Drive I Save and Load DiF-files Erase File on Drive 1 Initialize Driv-sO and 1 Load File from Disk to Work Area New Disk (formatted in Drive I) Save Work Area to Drive I User Register Contains language tor Help screens, type ot printer, paper lormat, etc. Type of Printer 1 * 8023P 2 = 4022 4 - ASCII 3 = 8024, 8026, 8027. 8028. 8026b Load a VistCalc-File

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Commodore +4: 3+1 Software Reference Guide Word Processor Special Keys: INST/DEL HOME CLR RETURN SHIFT RETURN SHIFT = CTRL = Insert/delele character Move cursor to lop line of text Move cursor lo bottom line of text Terminate a paragraph Move cursor to left margin of next line Tab key Set a tab CTRL9 CTRLO C=C FIorC= L F2orC= R C=Q Set reverse video for formatting instructions Turn off reverse video Enter command mode Move cursor to left margin Move cursor lo column 4 1 Repeat previous keyslroke Replace line deleted bv a RETURN Commands: All commands are initiated with 0= C CA Display disk directory (CAtalog) CB Create a Block CM Clear Memory CP Clear Pointers CT Clear Tabs DB Delete Block DF Delete a disk File DL Delete a Line of text EP Erase a Pointer IB Insert a Block created with CB ID Initialize Disk IL Insert a Line of text LF Load a File from disk MF Merge a File from disk into text PR Saves current document to disk with name "..tw" then prints it RE Search and Replace words or phrases SF Save File to disk SP Set a Pointer SR Search for a word or phrase "P Print document Formatting Instructions: (enter in lowercase) ASC CENTER JUSTIFY LINKFILE LMARGn: NEXTPAGE NOJUSTIFY NOVVRAP NO*PAGE Send an ASCII character lo the pnnter Center the text on the current line Right-justify text Links documents at print lime Set left margin to n' {default 0| Forces a new page Turns off right justification (default) Turns off word- wrap; used for spreadsheet tables Turns off page numbering OTHER PAGELENn: PAGEPAUSE PAPERSIZEn; PAUSE RMARGn; SET'PGn; 'PAGE WRAPON Used for non-Commodore printers (standard ASCII) Set i he number of lines on a page lo n' lines (default 60) Stops printing alter each page Sets up paper size to 'n' lines long (default 66) Stops printing until RETURN is pressed Sets the right margin lo n' (default 77) Sets page number to «' Prints page number al bottom of each page Turns word-wrap on (default) Spreadsheet Special Keys: Cursor Down Cursor Up F2 or & R moves the cursor down a eel moves Ihe cursor up a cell moves the cursor right a cell FIorC=L C=C C=Q moves the cursor left a cell enters command mode repeats last command Gs T Enter texl in current cell C= F Enier a formula in current cell C= N Enter a number in current cell Commands: (Command mode is entered with C= C) AUTO BLKMAPrx CA CCOc; CDEL Ci.NS CM COLOR n: COPY r;c DF FITr.c FL FORMAT FRE FU GOTO r;c HA into the Word Processor Turns on automatic calculation mode Moves block of cells from cursor to r;c" Display disk directory Copies column 'c to the cursor's column Deletes the current column Inserts a new column Clear memory'; deletes current spreadsheet Changes the screen colour to colour n' (default 0) Copies cell r;c' lo the current cell Delete a disk file Copies Ihe formula in 'r;c' to current cell and adjusts it to reflect the new cell position Puts number in current cell in floating point format Format a disk Freeze - locks a cell * cannot be modified until THAWed Full screen display mode (default) Moves the cursor to cell 'r;c Half screen display mode - allows simultaneous display of Word processor and spreadsheei HOME ID IN LEFTJ LF MAN MAP OFF RCOr; RDEL RESET RIGHTJ RINS SF THAW TW ss Moves the cursor to cell 1;1 Initialize Disk Displays number in current cell in integer lormat U-ft justifies number in current cell Load spreadsheei File Irom disk Manual calculation mode(defauti) Maps cell contents into the Word Processor Turns off MAP mode (default) Copies row V to the current row Deletes the current rowr System reset (same as pressing RESET button) Right justifies number in current cell (default) Inserts a new row Saves current spreadsheet to disk Unfreezes a frozen cell To the Word Processor Displays number in current cell in dollar formal (two decimal places) Arithmetic Operators: * Indicates a numeric constant m formula + . -. V / Add. Subtract. Mult. Divide T Exponentiation EXP Raises e (2.7 1 828 1 83) to a given power LOG Calculates logarithm ABS Absolute value ATN Arctangent (in radians) COS Cosine SIN Sine in radians DIVrI;cITOr2;c2 MAXrI;cITOr2;c2 MINrl;clTOr2;c2 MLTrI:clTOr2;c2 SUBrl;cITOr2;c2 SUMrI;clTOr2:c2 rl;c!~r2;c2 IFTRUE Divides a series of numbers in a row or column Gives the largest wlue uf the specified row or column Gives the smallest value of the specified row or column Multiplies all values in the given row or column Subtracts all values in the given row or column Adds all values in the given row or column Moves Ihe contents of cell 'r2:c2' to cell TI-cV Used with — lo move the contents of a cell to another if the condition is true IFTRUE operators =, >, u s J a

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21 03 C -J c u ra S 0 1 < u « & Cf) 5 e e « 8 & I •S "5. p Machine Language Monitor Commands The following is a summary of typical MLM commands. Command syniax shown may vary slightly between different monitors. ASSEMBLE A 20O0 BEG $2010 BANK BBIN BBOUT .BKIN .BKOUT BREAK SET .B1000 00FF COMPARE MEMORY .C 1000 2000 COOO DISASSEMBLE D 2000 3000 FILL .F 1000 2000 FF GO .G1000 HUNT ,H COOO DOOO 'READ H COOO D00020 D2FF INTERROGATE .1 7000 8000 LOAD .L "FILENAME". 08 MEMORY DISPLAY M 0000 0100 NEW LOCATE N 1000 17FF 6000 1000 1FFF [W] CALCULATE BRANCH OFFSET .0 6000 5FFF FD Assemble at aodress S2000. Branch offsets are calculated Bank BASIC IN (Commodore 64) Bank BASIC OUT Bank Kernal IN Bank Kernal OUT Sets a break at 1000 HEX on the FF HEX occurence of the instruction at 1 000. Pnni the locations of bytes from $ 1 000 to $2000 that are unequal to corresponding memory at SCOOO. Disassemble from $2000 to S3000 (second parameter optional) Fills memory from S1000 to $2000 with $FF Execute code at$i000. Uses PC register as start address if none specified. Hunt for the ASCII String "READ" from SCOOO to $0000. Hunt (or the byte sequence ol 20 D2 FF Displays memory trom $7000 to $8000 with screen printable characters. Load file from device 8, BASIC text pointers unaltered Display memory from $0000 to S0100 Relocate code from 1 000 to $1 7FF at $6000. adjusting any address within $1000 to $1 FFF. Use W to adjust WORD taWes. Calculate Branch Offset from $6000 to $5FFF (Result is $FD) QUICK TRACE .Q1000 POWER ON RESET .P REGISTER DISPLAY R SAVE .S " 1 FILENAME " .08.7000.8000 TRANSFER MEMORY T 10001 FFF 7000 WALK CODE .W1000 EXIT TO BASIC .X E K CHANGE CHARACTER SETS Z HEX CONVERSION $4142 DECIMAL CONVERSION .#16706 BINARY CONVERSION %0100000101000010 ASCII CONVERSION 'A ADD . + 8000 7FFF SUBTRACT .- FFFF 7FFF CHECKSUM A 7000 7FFF Trace code from $1 000 (or PC if no address specified), disassembly suppressed. Executes BASIC cold start Displays the PC, IRQ. Status or .P, .A, .X, Y. and Stack Pointer. Save to drive 1 from S7000 to $7FFF (end address -1) Memory from $1000 to $1 FFF is transfered to $7000 Single step code from $1000 (or PC if no address specified) and drsassembie each code executed. Returns to BASIC READY mode. In Micromon, combines .X with .K In Micromon, restores 3RK & IRQ vectors Upper Case/Graphics to Lower/Upper Case mode or vice versa. Displays Dec (16706), the ASCII cnaracters (a D). and Binary (0100 0001 0100 0010 Displays Hex (£4142) followed by ASCII and Bmary as above Displays Hex, Decimal, followed by ASCII Displays Hex (41). Decimal (65). and Binary (01 00 0001) Displays the sum of the two Hex values (FFFF) D- splays the difference of the iwo Hex values (8000) D splays a Checksum of memory from $7000lo$7FFF Assembler Commands Assembler Pseudo-Ops Prefix Characters .BYTE Place bytes m memory according to the operands specified « Indicates an assembler directive .DBYTE Place 16-Dil values in memory, stored hi order, low order (not in PAL) # Immediate Addressing mode .END Ends assembly of a source Me o Indirect Addressing mode -FIL (.FILE in PAL) Links another source file to the current one Forces Zero- Page Addressing mode LIB Allows Library (ties to be inserted during assembly $ Specifies a hexadecimal value .OPT Sets options for assembly % Specifies a binary value -PAGE Advances Ihe listing to a new page (noy Specifies the high byte of a 16-bit value Equate assigns a value to a symbol Reserve N bytes tor data storage Expression Operators Additional PAL Pseudo-Ops + Add values or expressions. Subtract .IF Conditional assembly pseudo-op. Follow with EXPR: and the source * Multiply code to assemble il EXPR is true. • Boolean OR .GOTO Transfers assembly to the line number specilied & Boolean AND .GTB Go To BASIC. Exits assembly and enables the BASIC interpreter t Boolean Exclusive OR -STM Symbol Table Minimum Prevents the Symbol Table from inhabiting < Placed to the right of an expression spec ties the expression shifted memory below the specified address left n bits EXPR<4 would shift EXPR left 4 bits. EXPR can be 1 6 bits .SST Save Symbol Table > Placed to ihe right ol an expression specifies the expression shifted XST Load Symbol Table right n bus EXPR<4 would shift EXPR right 4 bus. .SYS JSR to the specked address during assembly (either pass). 1 Forces Absolute Addressing CBM .OPT Directives PAL .OPT Directives ERR Generate Error File (default) P Prnt Assembly Listing NOE LIST Suppress Error File generation Generate Listing File containing the Assembler output including errors, comments, symbol table etc (default) Pn P = Prnt Assembly Listing to the previously OPENed logical file n. Pr

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CPU Model 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 . I/O Port Data Direction ' Processor I/O Port | Bank Execution Register | Bank Indirection Register I 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 i | A | ! I Y I ! I x I PC Hi PCLo i Pocket Op-Codes Chart 0 1 .s 7 6 5 4 3 2 10 ~bT"d I 1 1 1 Z | C N V 6510(C64>.750l( + 4/Cl6) 6509 (B Series) Accumulator Index Register index Register Program Counter Stack Pointer .P - Processor Status 1 ■ Carry or No Borrow 1 ■ Result Zero 1 = IRQ Disabled 1 - Dec. 0 = Binary Mode BRK Command - 1 Not Used 1 = Overflow 1 « Negative woe AND EOR ADC STA IDA CMP SBC 2 08 29 49 69 A9 C9 E9 2 05 25 *5 65 85 AS C5 £5 Z.X 2 15 35 SS 75 95 BS 05 F5 (IX) 2 0' 21 *1 61 61 A' Ci (iir 2 ii 31 51 71 91 B' DFl ASS 3 00 20 40 60 80 AD CD ED AX 3 10 30 50 70 90 BD DD FD AY 3 19 39 59 79 99 B9 D9 F9 OpCoace^dsi-i -5-9-w-D Byte (MM 2 &9 2 ZX 2 ABS 3 AX 3 3iT 24 2C STY 84 94 8C LDY AO A4 64 AC 9C CPV CO C* CC CPX EO E* EC OoCoaeendsn-0 -4 o C Jim ButtertieW B-^ches -0 BPl 10 BMI 30 eve 50 BVS 70 BCC 90 BCS BO BNt 00 BEC FO Jumos Mde ABS .\~ JSR JMP 20 4C 6C woe iMM ZPg ZX zv ABS AX AY Byis 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 ASL 06 16 C€ IE ROL 26 36 2E 3E lsh 46 56 4E se Ron 66 76 6£ 76 srx 86 96 8E LDX «2 A6 B6 AE BE DEC C6 D6 CE OE INC E6 F6 =E FE OoCoaeefXJsm -2 -6 c-E Snge Byte Op CoOes(* Acc^*nA*^ Mode) 0 J 123 4RT1 PHA S 6789 AB:■ DE F -0 BRK -8 PHPCLC -A ASL' PLP SEC CLI RTS PLA SE OEY TXA TVA -XS TAY IA> CLV TSX DEX CLD INX NOP SED 6502 Extra Op-Codes The table shows Op-Codes that are not generally recognized as pat t of ine 650X inslruction Set Mnemonics anc descriptions are from B Granger s article m IPUG (Jan 1981) and "Pfl jgramnmg the PET/CBM" by Raeto Collm West Instruction Descr puon Abs Abs.X Abs.Yl Zer ■ Zer.X Zer.Y l(lnd.X) (Ind.YI Imm ASO (ASL. ORA) ASL then ORA the resul! with the accumulator OF IF 1B 07 17 03 13 OB RLA (ROL. AND) ROL men AND the result with the accumulator 2F 3F 3B 27 37 23 33 2B LSE (LSR. EOR) LSR then EOR the result with the accumulator 4F 5F 5B 47' 57 43 53 4B RRA (ROR. ADC) ROR then ADC Ihe result to Ihe accumulator 6F 7F 7B 67 77 63 73 6B AXS (STX. STA) Store the result of A AND X 8F 87 97 83 LAX (LDX LDA) LDA and LDX with the same data AF BF A7 B7 A3 B3 DCM (DEC CMP) DEC memory then SBC the result from the accumulator CF DF DB C7 D7 C3 D3 INS (INC. SBC) INC memory then SBC Ihe result from the accumulator EF FF FB E7 F7 E3 F3 ALR (LSR EOR) AND the accumulator wilh data and LSR ihe resull 4B ARR (ROR. ADC) AND the accumulator wilh data and ROR the result 6B XAA (TXA ) Slore X AND data m the accumulator 8B DAL (TAX. LDA) ORA the accumulator with *$EE. AND the result with data, then TAX AB SAX (DEX. CMP) SBC data from A AND X and store the result in X CB MKA (AND. STA) Store the result of A AND #504 n memory (Mask A bit 2) 9= MKX (AND. STX) Store the result ol X AND #504 m memory (Mask X bit 2) 9E NOP No operation 1A 2 IA. 5A. 7A DA. FA SKB Skip next byte 80. e 12. C2 E2. 04. 14. 3 4. 44. 54. 64. 74. D4. F4 SKW SKtp next word (two bytes) oc ■ IC. 3C. 5C 7C DC FC Hexadecimal Conversion Chart Bit Values H*K -0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -A -B -C -D -E -F ~O0 -O00 0C *% f: 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 ■ * a 12 i ■ 14 IS 0 0 116 17 id »9 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 23 29 30 31 256 4096 232 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 5'2 8192 34g 49 50 5i 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 6C 61 62 63j 768 12285 4&3 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 76 79 '024 16385ec 8^ 82 S3 84 85 36 88 89 90 9" 92 93 94 95 1280 204 SO 696 97 96 99 IX 101 102 103 104 (05 106 107 T08 109 110 111 1536 24576 7112 113 114 T 15 1)6 117 118 M9 120 121 122 i?3 (24 125 (26 127 '792 28672 8*2e 129 13C 131 132 133 134 i35 136 137 (38 1 39 140 141 (42 143 2048 32768 9144 145 146 147 146 i 19 150 151 152 153 (54 :55 (56 *57 158 159 2304 .36864 A~ i6C 16* 162 163 164 165 166 '67 168 169 170 17: 172 173 174 175 2560 40960 B-76 177 178 179 180 I8i 182 183 184 185 (86 187 186 (89 190 191 28i e 45056 C'92 *93 I9i 196 196 197 196 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 3072 49752 D238 339 210 ,■■■ 212 213 214 21 = 216 217 2(8 219 220 221 222 223 3328 63248 E22* 225 226 227 229 229 230 23^ 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 ?39 ;*W4 57344 F-i ?40 241 242 243 244 24 = M< 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 3840 61440 Bn , Oec Hex 0 1 S0O01 1 2 0002 2 4 0004 3 a 0000 4 16 0010 5 32 0020 6 64 0040 7 128 0080 8 256 0100 9 512 0200 10 1024 0400 11 2043 0800 12 4096 1000 13 8192 2000 14 j 16364 4000 15 32768 8000 22 CO to -J c i O CB e a j 0 1 S S e u « s 0 u H

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23 Instruction Set Summary 03 A3 3 03 S A3 -J c u A3 s Instr 1 *«™»««n9 M006 Assembler i _ Format | °P"*«°n Opcode Hex Dec Bytes Clock Cycles Status Register - P Instr ADC immediate Zero Page Zero Page. X Absolute Absolute X Absolute. Y (indirect X) (Indirect)* ADC Woper ADC addr ADC addr. X ADC ADDR ADC ADDR. X ADC ADDR, Y ADC (addr. X) ADC (addr)* A + # + C — AC A + (addr]+C — AC .A-[addr*.X]*C-AC .A* [ADDR] *C- AC A + [ADDR-.X]*C- AC .A*[ADDR-*) + C- AC .A + ||addr + .x + l.addr*.X]] + C-.A.C A * jjaddr + 1. addr] + Y] +C — .A, C 69 65 75 6D 70 79 61 71 :C5 101 117 109 125 121 97 113 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4" 4* 6 5' N V D 1 zlc ADC "* I •" I - 1 -• .-* AND Immediate Zero Page Zero Page. X Absolute Absolute, x Absolute. Y (indirect. X) (indirect)* AND #oper AND addr AND addr. X AND ADDR AND ADDR. X AND ADDR. Y AND (addr. X) AND (addr)* AOd— A An [addr] — A An jaddr + .XJ — .A .A n [AODR] - .A .A n [ADDR + X| - A A O [ADDR + Y] - A .A n [(addr + X - 1 . addr + .X]] - A An [[add" l.addr]* Y]-.A 29 25 35 2D 3D 39 21 31 41 37 53 45 61 57 33 49 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4' 4' 6 5* N V D 1 z c AND • - 1* ASL Accumulator Zero Page Zero Page. X Absolute Absolute. X AStA ASL addr ASL addr. X ASL ADDR ASL ADDR. X ■A(— )- A . O-ditO. bn7-C facdr](-)-[addr] (addr*.X]* FT^ BCC BCS BEQ BNE BMI BPL BVS BVC Relative Relative Relative Relative Relative Relative Relative Relative BCCoper BCS oper BEO oper BNE oper BMI oper BPL oper BVS oper BVC oper Brancn on C - 0 Branch on C = i Branch or Z = 1 Branch on Z * 0 Brancn on N ■ 1 Branch on N = 0 Branch on V-l Branch on V = 0 90 BO FO DO 30 10 70 50 144 176 240 208 48 16 112 80 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2" 2' 2' 2* 2' 2' 22' H I V D 1 z c BCC BCS BEO BNE BMI BPL BVS BVC . ] _ | _ | _ All Branches " ■ Ado 1

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24 Instr Addressing Mode Assembler Format Operation 1 OpCode Hex Dec Bytes Clock Cycles Status Register - P Instr LDA Immediate Zero Page Zero Page, X Absolute Absolute. X Absolute. Y (Indirect, X) (lnd»reci).Y LDA #oper LDAaddr LDA add', X LDA ADDR LDA ADDR, X LDA ADDR. Y LDA (addr. X) ^DA(addr).Y #-.A [addr) - A [addr*. X] — .A [ADDR) - .A [ADDR * X) - .A [AODR + .YJ — A [[addr + .X-1. addr *.X]]- A [|addr + i.-addr] + .Y]-.A A9 A5 B5 AO BD B9 A1 Bl 169 165 181 173 189 185 161 177 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4* 4" 6 5' N V D 1 1 Z c LDA w - 1** 1 LDX Immediate Zero Page Zero Page. Y Absolute Absolute. Y LDX #oper LDX addr LDX addr. Y LDX ADDR LDX ADDR. Y [addr) - .X [addr*.Y]-.x (ADDR) - X [ADDR * Y] - .X A 2 A6 B6 AE BE 162 166 182 174 190 2 2 2 3 3 2 3 4 4 4" N V | D 2 c LDX * LDY Immediate Zero Page Zero Page. X Absolute Absolute. X LDY Coper LDY addr LDY addr. X LDY ADDR LDY ADDR. X * — V [addr) — .Y jaddr + .X)- Y (ADDR) - .Y (ADDR* X)-.Y AC A4 B4 AC BC 160 164 180 172 188 2 2 2 3 3 2 3 4 4 4" N V D 1 z ic LDY »*• - - I •** I LSR Accumulator Zero Page Zero Page. X Absolute Absolute. X LSR A LSR addr LSR addr. Y LSR ADDR LSR ADDR. X .A (— ) — .A : 0— b«7. bitO—C (addr) (-)- [addr] [addr + .X](-)-[acdr + .X) [ADDR] (-)- [ADDR) [ADOR + X) (-) - [ADDR * .X) 4A 46 56 4E 5E 74 70 86 78 94 1 ' 2 2 3 3 2 5 6 6 7 N V I D i |z c LSR "o~| | - 1 - | • ! *• NOP Implied NOP No OPeration EA 234 i 2 "I" "I NOP ORA Immediate Zero Page Zero Page. X Absolute Absolute. X Absolute. Y (Indirect. X) (indirect) .Y ORA #oper ORA addr ORA addr. X ORA ADDR ORA ADDR. X ORA ADDR. Y ORA (addr. X) ORA (addr).Y AU# — A A u [addr] - A .A u [addr* X]- A .A U [ADDR) - .A .A U [ADDR* X)-A A U [ADDR* YJ-.A .A U [(addr + .X * 1 . addr + X)] - A A u [(addr + 1 . addr) t Y] - .A 09 05 15 0D 1D 19 01 11 9 5 21 13 29 25 1 17 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 4* 4* 6 5* N I V d 1 Z ORA ^ •^ PHA PLA PHP PLP Imphec Implied Implied Implied PHA PLA PHP PLP Ai SP-1 -SP .At. SP+1-SP .PI. SP-1 -SP Pt.SP+l -SP 48 68 08 28 72 104 8 40 3 4 3 4 N v Id I i z Ic PHA PLA PHP PLP - - A.I Pijfihj'Pulls xr.ni Pi P Iron-: stack ROL Accumulator Zero Page Zero Page. X Absolute Absolute. X ROL A ROL addr ROL addr. X ROL ADDR ROL ADDR. X A {*-) - A . C-bitO. M7-C [addr] (-) - [addr] [addr* X](-) — faddr*.x] [ADDR] (-) - [ADDR] [ADDfi*.X](-) - [ADDP+.X] 2 A 26 36 2E 3E 42 38 54 46 62 2 2 3 3 7 5 6 6 7 N V D z c ROL ** »* V ROR Accumulator Zero Page Zero Page. X Absolute Absolute. X ROR A ROR addr ROR addr. Y ROR ADDR ROR ADDR. X A !-) - A . C-btt7. bitO— C [addr) {-)- [addr] [addr* X)(-)-[addr+ X] [ADDR] (-)- [ADDR] [ADDR + .X] (-) - [ADDR * X] 6A 66 76 6E 7£ 106 102 M8 110 126 1 2 2 3 3 2 5 6 6 7 N V D 1 z |c ROR *>* - I - I - • I ►"• RTI RTS Implied implied RTI RTS P t. PC t. SP * 3 - SP. PC * 1 - PC PC t. SP * 2 — SP. PC + 1 — PC 40 60 64 96 l 1 6 6 irccn slack RTI RTS -i-i-i-i-iSBC Immediate Zero Page Zero Page. X Absolute Absolute. X Absolute. Y (Indirect. X) (Indirect)* SBC »oper S3C addr SBC addr. X SBC ADDR SBC ADDR. X SBC ADDR. Y SBC (addr. X) SBC (addr).Y A-ff-C-A.C C = Borrow .A - [addr] - C — .A. C A -[addr* X]-C- A.C A - [ADDR] - C - A. C A-[ADDR + .X]-C- A.C A-JADDR + .Y] -C- A.C A-[[addr + .X + 1,addr* X)]-C- A.C A-[[addr*1.addr)*.Y]-C- A.C E9 E5 F5 VZ FD F9 El Fl 233 229 245 237 253 249 225 241 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 4 4 A' 4* 6 5* N V I D I I z c SBC •»* •"* I •^ ^ SEC SEO SEI implied implied ;mplied SEC SED SEI 1-C 1-D 1—1 38 F8 78 56 248 120 1 l 1 2 2 2 N V D 1 z c SEC SED SEI 1 - 1 ■ - 1 1 STA Zero Page Zero Page. X Absolute Absolute. X Absolute. Y (indirect X) (Indirect).Y STA addr STA addr. X STA ADDR STA ADDR. X STA ADDR. Y STA (addr. X) STA (addr).Y A - (addr) A— jaddr + .X] A - [ADDR] A -[ADDR* X] A -[ADDR* Y] A-[[addr + .X + i.addr*.X}) A-[jadar*1.addr]* Y] 85 95 8D 9D 99 81 91 133 M9 141 157 153 129 145 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 4 4 ™ 5 6 6 N V D 'I2 c STA - | - STX Zero Page Zero Page. Y Absolute STX addr STX addr. Y STX ADDR X - [addr) X-jaddr* Y] X-[ADDR) 86 96 8E 1 34 150 142 2 2 3 3 4 4 N V D I z c STX -ISTY Zero Page Zero Page. X Absolute STY addr STY addr. X STY ADDR Y - [addr] Y - [addr * X) Y - [ADDR] 84 94 8C 132 148 140 2 2 3 3 4 4 N V D 1 z c STY TAX TXA TAY TYA TSX TXS Implied implied implied Implied implied implied TAX TXA TAY TYA TSX TXS A- X X-A A- Y .Y-A SP- X X-SP AA 8A A8 98 BA 9A 170 138 168 152 186 154 2 2 2 2 2 2 N V D : z c TAX TXA TAY TYA TSX TXS •«* ••* All Transfers xcpt TXS -l-l-l-l-lA3 fd -J e u S J J I v H

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25 MCS65XX Microprocessor Instruction Set Addressing Modes I s c (0 -J V S Mnemon*c 0 c < V u IB & U e c 8 o e e a I a J I ADC AND ASL 8CC BCS BEO BIT BMI BNE BPL BRK BVC BVS CLC CLD CLI CLV CMP CPX CPY DEC DEX DEY EOR INC INX INY JMP JSR LDA LDX LDY LSR NOP ORA PHA PHP PLA PLP ROL ROR RTI RTS SBC SEC SED SEI STA STX STY TAX TAY TSX TXA TXS TYA Definition Add memory lo accumulator wiih carry AND memory with accumulator. Shift left one bit (memory or accumulator} Branch on carry dear. Branch on carry set Branch on result zero Test Cuts m memory with accumulator Branch on result minus. Branch on result not zero Branch on result plus. Force break. Branch on overflow clear Branch on overftow set Clear carry Hag Clear decimal mode Clear interrupt disable bit Clear overflow flag Compare memory and accumulator Compare memory and index 'X' Compare memory and index Y\ Decrement memory by one. Decrement index 'X' by one Decrement index 'Y' by one. Exdusive-OR memory with accumulator. increment memory by one Increment index X by one. increment index T by one. Jump to new location Jump to new location saving return aodress Load accumulator witn memory Load index X' with memory Load index -Y" with memory. Shift right one bit (memory or accumulator) No operation. OR memory with accumulator Push accumulator on stack Push processor status on stack Pull accumulator from stack. Pull processor status from stack. Rotate one bit left (memory or accumulator). Rotate one bit right (memory or accumulator) Return from interrupt. Return from subroutine. Subtract memory from accumulator with borrow Set carry flag. Set decimal mode Set interrupt disable status. Store accumulator in memory Store index 'X' in memory Store index T in memory Transfer accumulator to index 'X' Transfer accumulator to index T Transfer stack pointer to index X. Transfer index 'X' to accumulator. Transfer index 'X' to stack pointer Transfer index T to accumulator. Accumulator Addressing - This form of addressing is represented with a one byte instruction, implying an operation on the accumulator. Immediate Addressing - In immediate addressing, the operand is contained m the second byte of the instruction, with no further memory addressing required. Absolute Addressing - in absolute addressing, the second byte of the instruction specifies the eight low order bits of the effective address while the third byte specifies the eight high order bits. Thus, the absolute addressing mode allows access to the entire 65k bytes of addressable memory. Zero Page Addressing - The zero page instructions allow for shorter code and execution times by only fetching the second byle of the instructions and assuming a zero high address byte. Careful use of the zero page can result in significant increase m code efficiency. Indexed Zero Page Addressing - (X. Y Indexing) - This form of addressing is used m coniunction with the index register and is referred to as " Zero Page. X " or " Zero Page Y " The effective address is calculated by adding the second byte to the contents of the index register. Since this is a form of " Zero Page " addressing, the content of the second byte references a location in page zero Additionally due to the ' Zero Page " addressing nature of this mode, no carry is added to the high order 8 bits of memory and crossing of page boundaries does not occur Indexed Absolute Addressing - (X, Y Indexing) - This form of addressing is used In conjunction with X and Y index register and is referred to as Absolute, X" and 'Absolute. Y' The effective address is formed by addmg the contents of X or Y to the address contained in the second and third bytes on the instruction. This mode allows the index register to contain the index or count value and the instruction to contain the base address. This type of indexing allows any location referencing and the index to modify multiple fields resulting in reduced coding and execution lime Implied Addressing ■ In the implied addressing mode, the address containing the operand is implicitly stated in the operation code of the instruction. Relative Addressing - Relative addres&ng is used only with branch instructions and establishes a destination for the conditional branch. The second byte of the instruction becomes the operand which is an " offset " added to the contents of the lower eight bits of the program counter when the counter is set at the next instruction. The range of the offset is -126 to -4- 127 bytes from the next instruction. Indexed Indirect Addressing In indexed indirect addressing (referred to as ( indirect. X)) the second byte of the instruction is added to the contents of the X index register, discarding the carry. The result of the addition pomts to a memory location on page zero whose contents is the low order eights bits of the effective address. Tne next memory location m page zero contains the high order eight bits of the effective address. Both memory locations specifying the high and low order bytes of the effective address must be in page zero Indirect Indexed Addressing - In indirect indexed addressing (referred to as (Indirect). Y). the second byte of the instruction points to a memory location in page zero The contents of this memory location is added to the contents o' the Y register, the result being the low order eight bits of the effective address The carry from this addmon is added to the contents of tne next page zero memory location, the result being the high order eight brts of the effective address Absolute Indirect • The second byte of the instruction contains the low order eight bits of a memory location. The nigh order etght bits of that memory location is contained in the th-rd byte of the instruction. The contents of the fully specified memory location is tne low order byte of the effective address wtiich is loaded into the sixteen bits of the program counter

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User Callable ROM Subroutines Some I/O routines require extra memory set up. See tne appropriate Memory Map Address pairs wrth.n parenthesis are lor Basic 2 074 0 users (Direct call) md-cates no required set up Entry Point For: 2.0 C2D8 49680 C328 C355 C357 49960 4.0 B350 VIC 20 45904 B3A0 ,45984 50005 50007 C389 50057 C399 49960 8 10 11 '2 C3AB ' 50091 C439 i 50233 C442 50242 C-*6F 50287 C495 150213 '3 C52C B3CO 46C29 BC3F 48'91 S3FF 146079 C3BB : 50107 C408 50! 84 C435 ,50229 C437 50231 C474 B40D B4-F B4AQ 46093 46111 46253 C48A 50292 C64 A3BB 41915 A406 141992 A435 142037 A437 142039 A474 '42100 Operation Open Up Space In BASiC Text New Cneck Available Memory (cafled by 1 ] 7QUT OF MEMORY Send BASIC Error Message Warm s;art. BASIC 5Q314 C49C 50220 C52A 50474 A48A 42122 Mam CHRGET entry A49C 42028 A52A B4B6 46262 C533 50483 42282 B4E2 B4FB 463C6 C560 50528 1633 1 50476 B5A3 46499 C55D 50525 B5D4 46548 14 C572 50546 15 C575 1 50549 16 C597 50583 17 C5A7 ,50599 18 '9 20 2' 22 23 C6C4 j 50884 C873 C9DE 51315 C9E2 49890 B5E9 46569 B5EC 46572 B6'2 466:0 B622 46626 B74A 46922 C579 50553 A533 422gi A560 42336 A579 42361 C613 C642 C659 507C7 50754 5G777 C65E . 50782 rVa rVa C68E C857 B8F6 1 47350 BAD3 47835 50830 A613 [42515 A642 42562 Crunch tokens, insert line Registers In .V AryTop L0 AryTopHi .A Registers Out •X .Y Unaltered (same as above) Start address oi move n $5F 60 (S5C. 5D) (Greet call) Error* (direc: cafi) (direct call) $7A - #$FF. $7B = *S01 ($77. 78) ;01 FF - Base input- 1 inbul ien Fix chaining, CLR. & READY (direct call) Fix chaining Receve line Iron keyboa'd Crunch tokens (called by 7) Fro hne mBASC Do NEW A659 A65E rva 42585 »esei BASIC ana doC-P 42590 n/a Do CLR Purge stack o» all Returns & Nexis (POP) A68E 42038 51287 C96B 49771 CAD3 51923 BAD= 47639 CA1C 5174C BB1D 47901 CA22 51746 24 25 ?e 27 28 29 30 CA43 ,51779 CA45 51781 CC9F 52383 CDF8 CCF7 -CF4 52728 52 ."27 BB23 ■ 47907 3B44 4794C CAD7 51927 A55^ 43095 (direct call) (direct call) S7A = *$FF. $7B - »$0 1 ($77.78) :01R=-Basc lnbuf-1 X - Inbul Len (50200 X)-»$CO StrtBASLolSlrtBASH. (direct ca-} (d;rect call) ic reel call (direct call Reset Chrget to Stan o* BAS.C CQ-.li.nue BASiC execution (CONT] (direct call) Curbn Lo CurLm Hi A96B 41579 AAD3 1 43731 AAD? 43735 CB1E 51998 C324 52004 CB45 52037 BB46 4794? BD98 48536 BEF5 48885 BEF2 48882 52724 CE03 52739 31 32 33 34 35 36 3^ 38 39 CFCfl D069 D09A 53193 53353 53290 BEEF 48879 BFQQ 48896 C187 49543 C2B9 ' 49849 CB47 CD9E 52039 A81E 43806 A324 43812 AB45 43845 Get tixeo-pt number irom BASIC text Send RETURN LF ft m screen moae Send RETURN. LINEFEED Prin: siring frorr A. Y Print pre-computed string Print '?' 52638 CEFF 52991 CEFA 52986 CEF7 52983 AB47 43847 I Pnni char (output A to device) AD9E 4d4d6 AEFO 44797 AE'A 44794 AEF7 44791 CFC8 153000 DOE 7 53479 D185 53637 C2EA 49698 D26D 53869 D67B 54907 D68F 54927 C8E3 C4BC 50364 C8D7 j 51415 D69D 54931 D6C6 54982 40 41 D773 55155 D934 53812 C9EE 53998 42 43 44 45 46 47 DAAE 55982 DAE3 ! 56-335 51435 C6EF 51439 C921 49697 C990 49709 CB5E 52062 CC18 152248 QAE2 D1BF 53695 D391 D79E 54049 AF08 44808 BCE7 B185 45287 45445 Si BF 145503 B39- 45857 55086 D7B5 55221 D7B9 55225 D7EB 55275 D867 55399 DA28 55848 CCD8 ! 52440 DBA2 CD0D 52493 DB08 1 56072 DB18 56088 DB1D 56093 DB27 56103 48 49 50 552 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 DCD9 DCE2 56537 56547 DCE9 56553 FD11 64^85 E3D8 58328 F156 £1782 CD3? 52530 CD42 52546 CD45 52549 CD51 S2561 CF83 1 53 123 DDCD 56781 56034 56226 DBD7 56279 DBFC 56316 DCOC 56332 DC0= 56335 DC1B 156347 B79E -46894 SiriBAS Hi Address Clexl in Chrget plr; $7A. 7B (S77. 78) (d -eci call (direct call) Adcr Lo AddrHi Lengtr Ador in S22.23 ($1F.20) (oirect call) LF(#$0A) LF(*S0A) Char Evaluate Result string $0D - »$FF ($07) El,p,eSSl0n numeric SOD - #$00 (SO?) Check tor comma Check lor ( Check Ipr Address oi Expresson In Chrget Pointer (direct calf) (direct call) (direci can Send SYN~AX ERPQP (direct call) Fmd fl-pt variable, given name Bump Variable Addr by 2 (caJed by 31) Floa: to Fixed conversion in Ace* 1 Faced to Float conversion m Acc*1 Get Accffl least signiftant byte to X reg'ster B7B5 47029 Evaluate string fVAtl 87B9 a^EE 47033 47083 3867 147207 3A28 47656 BAE2 47842 3BA2 , 48034 BBD7 1 48087 B8FC 48124 BC0C 48140 Evaluate string from X . Y {above + 4) Get two params tor POKE. WAIT Aod from memwy) Name m $45 46 ($42. 43) (□>rect call Cnar Adc- Lo AddrHi result inAec#t Char Cite 1 Char warAddr Lo Va'Acdr Hi ;ar Aodr LO (direct call) Address = (Chrget Ptr; Aodr Lo Addr HAddress - (Chrget Plr.) AcdrLO Mutipiy from memory location Afldf Lo MultipryAccf! by ten Unpack memory variable :o Acc*i Copy Acc#i to(X.Y) Location Move Acc»2toAcc#i AddrHi AddrHi '}3\i VarAcdrHi Fl Pt. result m Acclfl Fl Pi result m Acc#l X = Pfam2. Prami n Acc#i (txd pt) R Pt result m Ace* 1 Fl Pt. result -n Ace* 1 AQdrLO AdorH Acdr LC Addf Hi [result in Acc#11 Move Rounded Acc*i -o Acc*2 BC0F : 48143 MoveUrvRoundedAcc#i toAcc*2 jctrect call (drect call BCtS 148155 CF8D 53133 DDD7 56791 CF93 53027 DDDD D472 54386 E202 57858 F185 61829 F0B6 61622 F0BA 61626 F128 '61736 F16F 6'807 F17F 61823 F183 6-827 F0D2 81650 C0D5 61653 n/a E?42 56797 n/a 59202 F1E6 61926 EE14 60945 EE17 60951 BDCD 48589 3CD7 | 48599 BDOD 48605 n/a rva E716 59-58 F12F 61743 EC09 60681 E DOC 60684 F143 61763 FI9E 61742 FiAE 61870 clB9 61881 FF93 65427 EEE4 61156 EEF6 6H74 EF04 161188 FF93 65427 (direct cat) Round Ace* 1 Print ijxed-oomt value Print floating- pomi vaue *i Ace* 1 Cnver: num to strng at $01 00 (caHd by 48) Entry loMLM Print a Character Print system message Send talk" to lEEE-'Ser ai Send 'listen to lEEE/Se'ia' Send secondary address ED4Q 60736 EDEF 609H EDFE 60926 Send char to lEEE/Se-iai Senduntaik bene Lrlsipn (dree: call) value Hi value Lo (d>rect call *S00 #$01 (direct cat) Char Olsei Dev Dev# SAOR$60 Cnar (direct call) (direct call 26 ■J C (0 -1 c u i 1 < 1 u 6 C 1 I i U 1 u H

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27 BASIC 4.0 / 2.0 Kernal Routines 0) 0) i c -J c e s < & e I S J I a CBM Label Address Hex Dec Operation . "•»*■'» ■" •M .A ,T Registers Out .A .X .Y CHK.N FFC6 65478 Open channel for input LF# an. CHKOUT | FFC9 65481 Open channel tor output _F* ait CHRiN FFCF 65487 Input character from channel data alt CHROUT FFD2 65490 Output character to channel oata CLALL FFE7 65511 Close all channels and files alt all CLOSE FFC3 65475 Close a specified logical file LF# alt alt alt. CLRCHN FFCC 65484 Restore default I/O devices att al: CSYS FFDE 65502 SVS vector addr lo acdr hi art all alt CVERF CFDB 65499 Venfy ram from a devce start lo start ni end lo+ 1 end hi GETIN FFE4 65508 Ge: character from c^rrerr input oev ce data ai: alt LOAD FFD5 65493 Loaa ram from a device start lo Start hi end to +1 end hi OPEN FFC0 65472 Open a logtcal file all att. al: SAVE FFD8 65496 Save ram* to device, from $28,29 to X Y #ed logical file LF# alt alt alt CLRCHN FFCC 65484 Restore default I/O cevces al- an. GETIN FFE4 65508 Get character from current input device data 3:1 att IOBASE FFF3 65523 Returns base address ot UO devices addr to addrhi IOINIT FF84 65412 Initialize Input/Output i alt ail alt LISTEN FFB1 65457 Command devices on the serial bus to listen DEV* LOAD FF05 65493 Loaa(,A-0)or Venty ( Ae i) ram' from a device stan lo start hi endlo + l end h' MEMBOT FF9C 65436 Read(C-i)or Set me ctock msb msb2 isb READST FFB7 65463 Read I/O status word ST RESTOR FF8A 65418 Restore default I/O vectors alt al: all SAVE FFD8 65496 Save 7am* to devce. lrom$2B.2Cto X.Y # 128) Reset ( A>#127) Senai. i££E timeoLt STOP FFE1 65505 Scan stop key oepressed yes 2 = i . no A = last row kybd scan TALK FFB4 65460 Command serial bus device :o *:alk* DEV* TKSA FF96 65430 Send secondary address after talk SA UDTIM FFEA 65514 Increment real time clock ait. ait. UNLSN FFAE 65454 Command serial bus lo unhsten' an UNTLK FFAB 65451 Command serial bus to untaik' a:: VECTOR FF80 65421 | S»re(.C- 1)0* Restore (C = 0)ra^ vectors C-1 tabl to tab) hi C-0: tabiio tablni all - altered

The text on this page is estimated to be only 11.56% accurate

Entry Point For: 2.0 60 61 6? 63 6-s 65 66 F:8C 16:836 F2AS 162121 4.0 F1C0 F20D F301 62209 F322 62242 F40A ! 62474 F41D 62493 F494 67 68 69 70 71 F5A6 62500 623^ F812 63506 F335 F356 eie-s-2 VIC 20 EF19 61209 62^3 6226' 62294 F449 6253F45C I 62556 F4D3 F5E5 F857 62675 62949 63575 F855 '63573 F85E j 63582 F886 ; 63622 72 F88E '63630 FB76 64374 FC9B , 64555 FCD1 1 64721 F89A i 63530 F34A 62282 F770 63344 F542 '62786 F647 63047 C64 Operation EE13 F29 F6ED Registers In 60947 619B5 63213 Inpui tfom lEEE/Senal Close logical file {kecnai rtn) Check tor STOP key F49E '62510 F5AF 62895 LOAD subroutine Prinl SEARCHING. .Ft Registers Out .A -X Data *S00 S',art LO SianHi F659 63065 F667 F7AF 6359' F5C1 F7EA 62913 63466 63407 F894 63524 F8C0 63680 F8A3 F8CB 63651 6369 F8D3 63699 FBBB 64443 FCE0 64736 FD16 64790 F8C6 63686 F8E3 163715 F3E8 1 63720 FCF6 FCF9 F022 64758 64761 F72D '63277 F817 F841 F847 F864 63511 63553 63559 63588 F869 , 63593 Print fie name (direct call) Fmfl specific tspe header otoc* Find any tape header block (direct calf) 2 ftag = 1 rf pressed Len | Pointer to string m SBB. BC (same lor 2/4.0) Press PLAY...; wait Read tape to butter "eadtaoe Wnte tape Irom buffer Write tape, leader length in A FB8E FCBD 64802 1 FCE2 64738 64398 64701 Reset tape I/O Set interrupt vector Power On Reset (direct call) (direct cai (direct caH) (direct call) Ldr Len (direct call) (direct call) (direct caK) BASIC Keyword Tokens and Entry Points Keyword Token pom Eniry Pom He-: Dec BASIC 2.0 BASIC 4.0 VIC20 064 ABS 36 182 0864 ' 56164 CD8E 52622 DC58 59408 | BC58 48216 AND AF 175 1 CEC3 - 52939 C089 49289 CFE9 53225 *FF9 45033 APPEND" D4 212 FFAB 65451 , ASC OS 198 D666 54835 C8C1 [ 51393 D78B 55179 8788 46987 ATN Cl 193 E08C 57484 D32C 5406D E30B 58123 E30E - 58126 BACKUP" 02 210 FFA5 65445 CATALOG " -215 FFB4 65460 CHfl C7 199 D5C6 54726 C822 S1234 D6E6 ; 55020 86EC 46828 CLOSE" A0 1 60 FFC3 65475 FFC3 65475 FFC3 65475 PFC3 1 65475 ctn 9C 156 C577 50551 B5£E ' 46574 C65E 50782 A6SE 42590 ?.'-•50 157 C991 51G01 BASE *"5-5 1 CA&6 51846 AA86I43654 COU.EC" D1 209 PFA2 65442 CONCAT- • CC law FF93 65427 CONT 9A 1M c w 51051 B7EE - rcae C8S7 51287 A857 43095 COPY" D3 211 FFAfi 65448 COS BE 190 DFDB 57304 D2S2 53890 E261 57953 E264 1 57956 DATA B3 131 O8O0 51200 B883 | 47235 ^ C858 51448 A8F8 ,43256 ocloseCE 2C6 FF99 65433 DEF 96 150 D23D 5390* C40C 50396 D3B3 54195 B333 )460C3 DIM 85 134 CF63 5309» Ci2i J49440081 53377 B081 145185 DIRECTORY" DA 2lfi FFB4 165460 * DLOAD" CD j 205 FF96 165430 i OSAVE" OS 1 213 FFAE 65454 END so 128 C741 51009 B7C8 47048 C831 | 51249 A-931 43357 EXP BO i i 189 DEDA 57050 0164 53636 DFEO 57325 BFED 1 49133 FN A. 165 02CE 53966 C51D 5046' 03F4 54260 B3F4 46066 FOR 81 129 C658 5077$ B60E ! 46814 C742 S1010 A742 42818 FRE Ba •84 0259 53849 C4A8 50344 D37D 54141 B37D 1 4S949 GET" Al T6i FFE4 65508 FFE4 65508 FFE4 65508 FFE4 165508 GOSU9 SO 141 C790 51088 B813 47123 C883 I 51331 A883 43129 GOTO 89 , 137 C7AD 51117 B830 1 47152 CSAO 51360 A8A0 43168 HEADER" 00 208 FF9F 6S439 IF 68 139 C830 51248 6883 47283 C928 51496 A928 43304 INPUT* B5 133 FFCF 65487 FFCF 6S487 FFCF 65487 FFCF 165487 tNPUT# r 84 132 CAA7 | S1879 B8A4 48036 CBA5 152133 ABA5 4394' INT as *8i 0805 56280 CE02 527M CCCC . 56524 BCCC 48332 LEFOS j 200 D5DA ! 5474$ C836 51254 D700 T 55040 B7OT \ 46848 lEN C3 195 0656 54870 C8B2 j 51378 077C 55164 B77C | 46972 LET 88 136 ZHA- 5-371 B930 1 47408 C3A5 .51621 A9A5 * 43429 - Kef n* Roglint / * ' BASC 4 0 Kefaal Rcgf-^e Tc*en BAS,C2 0 BASC 4 0 VC 20 C64 LIST 9B , 155 C5B5 50613 B630 146640 C69C 50844 A69C 42652 LOAO* 93 147 FFD5 65493 FF05 165493 ;^?.= 65493 FFD5 65493 LOG &: 186 D8F6 55542 CB20 52000 D9EA 55786 B9EA 4-594 MIO CA 202 C61i 154801 C86D 51309 D737 55095 8737 46903 NEW A2 162 C55B | 50523 8502

29 S CQ u H UJ a. t to .c U a 3 SuperChart: BASIC 2.0 / 4.0 o ! & CD | a DECIMAL HEX : ascii SCREEN BASIC 6502 DECIMAL 0 00 @ end -line BRK 0 1 01 A ORA(I.X) 1 2 02 B 2 3 03 stop c 3 4 04 D 4 5 05 E ORAZ 5 6 06 F ASLZ 6 7 07 bell G 7 8 08 H PHP 8 9 09 tab I ORA# 9 10 0A J ASLA 10 11 OB K 11 12 OC L 12 13 OD car ret M ORA 13 14 OE text N ASL 14 15 OF top left 0 15 16 10 P BPL 16 17 11 cur down Q ORA(l).Y 17 18 12 reverse R 18 19 13 cur home S 19 20 14 delete T 20 21 15 del line U ORAZ.X 21 22 16 ers start V ASL Z.X 22 23 17 w 23 24 18 X CLC 24 25 19 scroll dn Y ORAY 25 26 1A 2 ■ 26 27 1B escape [ 27 28 1C \ 28 29 1D cur right ] ORAX 29 30 1E t ASLX 30 31 1F — 31 32 20 space space space JSR 32 33 21 i ! ! AND(I.X) 33 34 22 ■ ■ 34 35 23 # ft # 35 36 24 $ $ $ BITZ 36 37 25 o/o o/o % ANDZ 37 38 26 & & & ROLZ 38 39 27 / / / 39 40 28 ( ( ( PLP 40 41 29 ) ) ) AND* 41 42 2A * * * ROLA 42 43 2B + + + 43 44 2C , t • BIT 44 45 2D — — — AND 45 46 2E * i • ROL 46 47 2F / 1 / 47 48 30 0 I 0 BMI 48 49 31 1 1 1 AND(I).Y 49 50 32 2 2 2 50 51 33 3 3 3 51 52 34 4 4 4 52 53 35 5 5 5 AND Z.X 53 54 36 6 6 6 ROL Z,X 54 55 37 7 7 7 55 56 38 8 8 8 SEC 56 57 39 9 9 9 ANDY 57 58 3A * • * * 58 59 3B ■ t • 59 60 3C < < < 60 61 3D = = ■ ANDX 61 62 3E > > > ROLX 62 63 3F ? r ? 63 DECIMAL HEX ASCII SCREEN BASIC 6502 DECIMAL 64 40 @ g @ RTI 64 65 41 A B.a A EOR(I.X) 65 66 42 B E,b B 66 67 43 C Ex C 67 68 44 D = .d D 68 69 45 E C.e E EORZ 69 70 46 F S.f F LSRZ 70 71 47 G Q3.g G 71 72 48 H a.h H PHA 72 73 49 I Q.I I EOR# 73 74 4A J BJ J LSRA 74 75 4B K □,k K 75 76 4C L D.I L JMP 76 77 4D M S.m M EOR 77 78 4E N 0.n N LSR 78 79 4F 0 D.o 0 79 80 50 P n.p P BVC 80 81 51 Q ■ ■q Q EOR(l).Y 81 82 52 R □.r R 82 83 53 S n.s S 83 84 54 T o.t T 84 85 55 U Q.u U EOR Z.X 85 86 56 V H.V V LSR Z,X 86 87 57 w a,w w 87 88 58 X * ' X CLI 88 89 59 Y a.y Y EORY 89 90 5A Z ♦ z 90 91 5B [ ffi [ 91 92 5C \ D \ 92 93 5D ] CD ] EORX 93 94 5E t ffi.S t LSRX 94 95 5F — 9.B — 95 96 60 D RTS 96 97 61 m ADC(I.X) 97 98 62 g 98 99 63 a 99 100 64 a 100 101 65 D ADCZ 101 102 66 ■ RORZ 102 103 67 a 103 104 68 H PLA 104 105 69 E.S3 ADC# 105 106 6A a RORA 106 107 6B CB 107 108 6C S JMP(I) 108 109 6D ES ADC 109 110 6E B ROR 110 111 6F a 111 112 70 Q BVS 112 113 71 Q ADC(I).Y 113 114 72 3 114 115 73 m 115 116 74 c 116 117 75 c ADC Z.X 117 118 76 j ROR Z.X 118 119 77 0 119 120 78 a SEI 120 121 79 a ADCY 121 122 7A □,0 122 123 7B a 123 124 7C n 124 125 7D E ADCX 125 126 7E E RORX 126 127 7F ES 127

30 DECIMAL HEX ASCII SCREEN BASIC 6502 DECIMAL 128 80 ■ END 128 129 81 D FOR STA(I,X) 129 130 82 1 NEXT 130 131 83 load & run ■ DATA 131 132 84 I INPUT* STYZ 132 133 85 B INPUT STAZ 133 134 86 b DIM STXZ 134 135 87 bell E READ 135 136 88 a LET DEY 136 137 89 set/clr tab ■ GOTO 137 138 8A G RUN TXA 138 139 8B a IF 139 140 8C ■ RESTORE STY 140 141 8D car ret m GOSUB STA 141 142 8E graphics ■ RETURN STX 142 143 8F bot right ■ REM 143 144 90 □ STOP BCC 144 145 91 cur up ■ ON STA(I),Y 145 146 92 rvsoff B WAIT 146 147 93 clear B LOAD 147 148 94 insert B SAVE STYZ.X 148 149 95 ms line s VERIFY STA Z,X 149 150 96 ers end D DEF STXZ.Y 150 151 97 B POKE 151 152 98 D PRINT* TYA 152 153 99 scroll up a PRINT STAY 153 154 9A B CONT TXS 154 155 9B escape B LIST 155 156 9C B CLR 156 157 9D cur left ■ CMD STAX 157 158 9E ■ SYS 158 159 9F ■ OPEN 159 160 A0 D B CLOSE LDY# 160 161 A1 E 0 GET LDA(I.X) 161 162 A2 U ■ NEW LDX* 162 163 A3 □ B TAB{ 163 164 A4 D B TO LDYZ 164 165 A5 D 1 FN LDAZ 165 166 A6 ■ B SPC{ LDXZ 166 167 A7 a S THEN 167 168 A8 e NOT TAY 168 169 A9 b.b B STEP LDA* 169 170 AA □ B + TAX 170 171 AB CB □ — 171 172 AC a ■ * LDY 172 173 AD Q fl / LDA 173 174 AE E3 I t LDX 174 175 AF C 0 AND 175 176 BO B □ OR BCS 176 177 B1 a B > LDA(I)Y 177 178 B2 B B = 178 179 B3 ED B < 179 180 B4 i: B SGN LDY Z,X 180 181 B5 c B INT LDA Z.X 181 182 B6 rj B ABS LDX Z Y 182 183 B7 a □ USR 183 184 B8 5 □ FRE CLV 184 185 B9 H B POS LDAY 185 186 BA □,0 a SQR TSX 186 187 BB □ B RND 187 188 BC a B LOG LDYX 188 189 BD a a EXP LDAX 189 190 BE E B COS LDXY 190 191 BF s B SIN 191 DECIMAL HEX ASCII SCREEN BASIC 6502 DECIMAL 192 CO 193 C1 194 C2 195 C3 196 C4 197 C5 198 C6 199 C7 200 C8 201 C9 202 CA 203 CB 204 CC 205 CD 206 CE 207 CF 208 DO 209 D1 210 D2 211 D3 212 D4 213 D5 214 D6 215 D7 216 D8 217 D9 218 DA 219 DB 220 DC 221 DD 222 DE 223 DF 224 E0 225 E1 226 E2 227 E3 228 E4 229 E5 230 E6 231 E7 232 E8 233 E9 234 EA 235 EB 236 EC 237 ED 238 EE 239 £F 240 FO 241 F1 242 F2 243 F3 244 F4 245 F5 246 F6 247 F7 248 F8 249 F9 250 FA 251 FB 252 FC 253 FD 254 FE 255 FF s * -. n.b B.c B.d a.e B.f E.g CD.h □ .i a.j Q.k □.I S.m 2.n Co =).p »q L,f B.s D,t B.u B.v D.w *,x a.y ♦ :: ffl El CD S£.R mm 8 < s a: m a n a ■ TAN ATN PEEK LEN STRS VAL ASC CHRS LEFTS RIGHTS MIDS GO CONCAT DOPEN DCLOSE RECORD HEADER COLLECT BACKUP COPY APPEND DSAVE DLOAD CATALOG RENAME SCRATCH CMPY DIRECTORY CPY* CMP(I),X CPYZ CMPZ DECZ I NY CMP* DEX CPY CMP DEC BNE CMP(I)Y CMPZ.X DECZ.X CLD CMPX DECX CPX* SBC(I).X CPXZ SBCZ INCZ INX SBC* NOP CPX SBC INC BEQ SBC(I)Y SBC Z.X INCZ.X SED SBCY SBCX INCX n 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 CO u H w a. P i 3 0 i I & 6 C I 1 s a i u H

The text on this page is estimated to be only 6.38% accurate

31 BASIC 2.0 / BASIC 4.0 Memory Map Supplied by Jim Butlerfield. Reference to DOS. MLM. 80-Coiumn. or (hose marked with an ■ are for BASIC 4.0 only. s CQ U ft. • * V) | o E S 8 5 e 6 ! U J a Hex Dec Docwion 0O00-O0O2 0-2 USRiun^ 0003 3 Search character (KXH 4 Scan-between-quotes fta$ 0005 5 Input butter potmer * o? *ubsmptt '«* 6 Delauii DIM (la$ 0007 7 Typt rT-stnng. 00- numeric S Type 80 * mieger 00 - Jtoahng poin 9 Flag: DATA scat; LIST quota memory 10 Subscript Hag, FNX flag 11 0-INPLT.MO-GCT S9S-REAO 12 ATN aigfi/Coo^aroon Evaluation flag - O0OF 13-15 Dish tfatu* DSS descnptor 16 Current UOocvKe lor framp(*suppre» 0012 17-ia Inte^ value (lor STO GOTO etc) 0015 19-21 PoimenlordernpioruAck 001 E 22-30 Decnptor stacWlcmp string*} 0022 31-34 UtilHy pointer area 0027 35*3$ Product irca for m jltipt cation 0029 4(M I Pointer. 5un o( BASIC 002B 42-43 Pointer Sun of ..-.'■.. 002D 44-45 Pol nte i Start o! Arravs v < 75-80 Muc work -area pointer* He -ir ;,a g|^3 Jump vector for functions - 005D W-93 Mite numenc work area 94 Actum* I Exponent -0062 95-96 Accum'I Mantissa 99 Accum'l Snm 100 Series evaluation constant pointer 101 Acrum*! hi*oroer (overflow) 006B 102*107 Accum*2 Exporters etc 106 Sijpi cornparwn Act* I v* *2 106 Accum'l lo-orrJer (rounding) 006F HO- 1 11 Cassette butiten/Senes pointer 0087 H2-I3S CHRGrr^uiKoutine^f BASIC crw 007£ 1 19-120 BASIC iMnier (within subnn) 008C 136-140 Random number feed >-O08F 141*143 JHv clock lor 11 and TJ5 0090 - 009! 144-145 Hardware interrupt v*nc* 0032 - C093 1 46* 1 47 SftK interrupt vector 0094 - 0095 148*149 NMJ interrupt vector 0096 iSu Status word ST CO09 000A 0008 oooc 00OD 0010 0011 0013 0016 OOIF 0023 0028 002A 002C 002E 0030 0032 0034 003* 003S 003A 003C O03E 004C 0042 (XM4 0W6 0048 004A 004B 0051 0054 0ME 005F 0063 0064 0065 006C 006D 006E0070 ~ 0077OOT7 151 0098 152 0099 -009A 153-15009B 155 009C 156 C09D 157 009£ 158 009F 159 00A0 160 00AI 161 OOA3*OOA4 163-Ifc 00A5 165 OOAG 166 00 A 7 167 OOAo 166 00A9 169 00AA 170 00AB 171 00AC 172 00AD 173 00AE 174 00AF 175 0080 176 00BI 177 00B2 178 B3 179 0054 180 tXB5 181 0067 183 00B9 185 00BA 186 OOBB-OOBC 187-188 008D 189 OOBE 190 OOBF 191 OCCO-OOCl 192-193 00C2 194 ooa 195 COC4-00C5 196-197 COC6 198 00C7-00CS 199-200 0OC9-0OCA 201-202 00CB-0OCC 203-204 00CO 205 OOCE 20fi OOCF 207 oooo 208 OODI 209 00D2 210 ooai 211 0)04 212 ooos 213 COD6-O0D7 214-215 DOOS 216 00O9 217 CODA- OGDB 218-219 Which key down: 255 * no key MR key. 1 it depressed Correction dock Keyswttcn PIA 5TOP and RVS flag* Timing constant for tape Load -0t Verify -I Number of characters in keyodbulfer Screen reverse flag IEEE output. 255 * character pending End^oMine-4or-inpui pointer Cursor tog(row\ column) IEEE output butter Key image 0 - flash cursor Cursor liming countdown Character under cursor Cur*or in bJmk phase EOT received from tape Input from screen/from keyboard X*ave How many open Tiles Input device, normaity 0 Output CMD device* normal ry 3 Tape character partly Byte received flag Lotpral Address temporary *ave Tape buffer character/ MLM command File name poinier/MLM flag, counter Serial bit count Cycle counter Tape whter countdown Tape Outlet po*merv *! and m2 Write leader count: read paasl/2 Write new byte, read error flag Wme stan bit; read bit «q error Error log pointers, pass I /2 0-«Scan/Ul5^Couni/S40^Load/Sd0-End Vv nte leader length; read checksum Pointer to screen line Position ol cursor on above line Utfcity pointer tape, scroti Tape end addrs/End of current program Tape liming corutani* 0 - direct cursor* else programmed Tape read timer 1 enabled EOT received from tape Read character error * characters in file name Current hie logKaJ address Current file secondary adon Curreni file device number Right-hand window or line mar^jp Pointer: Start of Tape Buffer Line where cursor l.ves Last kev/checksum/misc F#e name pointer p 00OC 220 Number of INSERT* outstanding :>JE>I , 22) Wme smfi word'read character in (fc)DE 222 Tape blocks remaining % write/read W1DF 223 Serial word bulret WE0 - OOFS 224*248 (40-column) Screen line wrap table 00E0- OOEI 224-22^ (80-columnJTop+ bottom of window 1 'E » 229 '8ft*column) Repeat courtdown 00E6 230 (80-coJumn) New key marker U0E7 231 (8&*column)Chtmetime OCCS 232 (80-column) HOME court 0C€9 - 00£A 233-234 (80-column) Input vector COEB - 00£C 235-236 (80-cofumn) Outpu! %moi 0C« * OOFA 2*9-250 Cassette status *1 and *2 OCTB - OOFC 251-252 Tape tfan addre»/MLM Pointer OOFD-OOFE 25S-254 MLW/DOSpomter/mw 0100 - 010A 256-266 STRS work area/MUrl work 0100 - 013E 256-318 Tape read error k* 0100-01FF 256-511 Processor stack 0200 - 0250 5)2-592 MLM work area. Input buher 0251 - 025A 593-602 File topcal addressable 025B * 0264 603-612 File device number table 0265 - 026E 6 1 3-622 File secondary addr table 026F - 0278 623-632 Keyboard input bu-'ler 027A- 0339 634-525 Tape*! input buffrr 033A - 03F9 826- 101 7 Tape*2 inpul buffer 033A 826 DC6 chajaciet potruer 033B 827 DOS drive 1 flag 033C 82ft DOSdnve2f1a$ 033D 829 DOS rength/wnte Rag 033E 830 DOS svntax nags 033F - 0340 831-832 DOS disk ID 034 1 833 DOS command string count 034 2 - 0352 834*850 DOS I tie name buffer 0353-0380 65t-sj% r>05 command stnngbuller 03EE-03F7 1006-1015 (80-cotumn)Tab»!opiat>e 03FA-03FB 1018-1019 Monitor extension vector 03FC 1020 IEEE timeout deleai* SFF-d.rfile 0400 - 7FFF 1024-32767 Available RAM :rdudmgeKpanskin 8000-83FF 3276B379I (40-column) Video RAW 8000-87FF 3276834815 (SO-columnJVide^RAM 9000 - AFFF 3686445055 Available ROM expanaon u*a* |2.ft-BFFP -491511 BOOO-DFTF 4^05657343 BASrC, DOS. Uactf-neUng Monitor (10 BASIC COOO-E0F8. 49152-57592) E000-E7FF 5734459391 Screen. Kevfjoarcjn^errupt programs 12.0: EOF3-) ES10 - £813 594085941 1 PIA J * Keyboard I/O E820 - E8?3 5942459427 PIA 2 * IEEE-488 J/i> E84Q-E&4F 5945659471 VIA - I/O and timers EA80-E8A1 59524*59521 (BO-colurnriJCRTControftcr FW)0-rTfT 6141*65535 Reset LOhanoVrsTaperouiines E810 RSI I E8I2 E8I3 E820 E82I ES22 E823 ES40 E841 E842 E843 E844 E845 E846 E847 E848 E849 E84A ES4B E84C E84D E84E E84F J;agnoshc Sense 1 IEEE EOIln Cassette sense *2 *l Ke>*board Row Select pA -ape'l FOtOitt DUKA M*1! c^i^ut CA2 ^^ ReadComrolCAl Keyboard Row Input 1 Ftaii Cassette *i Motor Output C3L> DEHQ Ketrace interrupt Conirol CBT IEEE Input ATN IFIac lEEENDACOu^ UUKA Access IEEEATS In Cortifol CA1 IEEE Output IFlan IEEEDAVOutCB2 DQRB Access [EtESROtn Conirol CBI DAV NRFD Retrace 1 Cass *2 Motor (.assetle 1 ATN OlllDUt Out Out 1 NDAC Tn PB Parallel User Port (PUP) I/O with Harxlshake Data Direction Register B (lor E840) Data Direction Register A (for E84R PUP) Timer 1 1H~ Timer 1 Latch L H~ Timer 2 L H* Shift Register tl Control 1 T,'Ctrl 1 Shift Register Control W PA Uch CBJIKUP PinMyContro! In/ Out . '. -- .vj' ii;-(; ii ... Ji-i" , j.In/Out IAI In Poldtuv Status Tl ivr 12 ;nt •2 (NT fay I INT INT CAliKPB' INT SB 1ST Enable Clear/Sei Tl fMEnab ^T2 — iMEnab ~ Tffl — INT Enab INT Erub SR0 NT£n«? CAI INT tnab INT Ensb Parallel User Port I/O (PA) PA 59408 59409 59410 59411 59424 59425 59426 59427 59456 59457 59458 59459 59460 59461 59462 59463 59464 59465 59466 59467 59468 59469 59470 59471

The text on this page is estimated to be only 3.37% accurate

BASIC 2.0 / BASIC 4.0 ROM Routines The BASIC 4.0 40-character and 80-characler machines are the same except for addresses $E0O0-$E7FR This map shows where various routines lie. The first address is noi necessarily the proper entry point for the routine. Similarly, many routines require register setup or data preparation before calling. BASIC 2.0 ROM Routine* " 32 Adrirro Description -cw. Action «kmft for pnnan/ keyworcR CM* -on Action audrme* for tanr?»ons h 0)74 -afli N m »rt*t) 4 acton *o*> tar operator) 0)92 -CI92 T*blt ol BASIC toy-wd* CI 93 -C2AS BASIC mm^e \ rxHilvvrnvn^ C2AA -C2E>: Swcti MKk FOFVGOSLB ao* -C31A Open up tpK* *" rnemprv C31B -C327 Tw suck too oeep* C32S -C3S4 Owk available me morv QS5 Sert canned error ^yff then CMS -OAA Wirrm Ufr\ |te*0\ J a« -C44t Handle new BAS£ line mpvt C442 -C46E Rebuild dnMn| m Basic fcne* C46F -C4$4 Recesv? ; i ne from kCYD0*rd C495 -CS2B Crunch te¥v*ordi into BASIC Mem CSX -aw ?*erch BASIC *or (iven line number CSSB PertoemlSCW] JOd. CS77 -C5A6 Perform | CLB! C5A7 -C5S4 Rcvc basic amtm C80O Perform |DAlA| tlLntttrtmrni CBOE Scan tor next BASIC u**emert CSI1 C82F Sc»n for next BASIC line CB30 Perform [IF), and pe*rnpi 043 -C8S2 fVtl.pniRFM «U-|.:r CSS3 •arc Perform JOM can CBAC Accept h*ed-pt*M to infer C*AD OttA Perferm |UTT| cwsC9» fVform|PRHr*I C99I . C9A4 Pertbrm |CMD| C9ASCAie rVfotm|PWVT| CAIO CA3A Print firing Irom memon. CA39CA4E Print Hlgle tormar character CA4F CA7C haivtlr bad i rf*i» dat* CATOCAAfi Perform (GET) CAA7* CACI Perform i^PUT"! CAClCAP* PertormJNPJTl CAFA* CB06 Prompt and receive input cbu; * an Perform |READ| CBFC* CCIF Canned Input error rnf^uers COOCC78 Pertorm:hEXT| Ct?»CC3E Ciecfc tvpe rr*sn*jtch rar t* abate rtptrkupn C^EC C0F3^ CE03 ce»" CECB^ CEF*. CF6« . CFtD* CFF7 D0T& ^ CFJX! ced: CEM CtCT C£F7 CF5F CF6C CFT6 oor: ooac^ D2;aD2CEDJ3FCX^FDM! « OJttD4fXi05)7 * 0554DS7DDSBS0SC6OSDA0(060611 0638DiS*;oescD66S 0675D6H7 • D6C6060206©0707 0710 DT2C0733D745D76£0BS308BA*D68L D(W -3hT7 tXUH .025* D2T? D57F 03SC waA D2CTJ D11F m%t 0360 D3C0 D3f^ 05(6 05>3 D57C OSBJ OK3 C6D9 06*J5 061D 063A 0655 r:e/,n 0664 D674 0686 D6CS D6D! 06E7 D7CH> D70F D73B 0732 0744 D7A0 EvAutfrrxp* wrthinjl Ch«n pifeniheir* ccmm4 Syntax error exit ^nawr n«ffle *e*up 5ei up Sinction rHeferiCiH Pertcmn |nw> E* aluare iitfqwr enprre**o Fiodd (nakearra> PerJrvm|FRE|hand Corrverr nini-4t^llaUknrtortn|MI01) Pu„ vr.nft drfa Perform |LEA| >**tch sjtingto n*meric Periorm|A5Cl Ger ov!e paraxneter PertormlVAll PjMmrtrr* lor POKE/WAf r Convert l^itineHo-b iecJ PerlormlPEEKj Perform | POKE) Perlorm |WArn Add 0.5 Prtform Mtbtr«ciM>fi M*cwoflJc*e?WArT6S(>2Pertorm addmoe. 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BASIC ime input C4C9 « -V>,,M. i.t . .■ .:..J aAML'linr* C*CF Receive iitie tn)Th hevburfri ClOC « Crunch tevwonK irtli* BASIC hikeH\ C50*fc Searrfi BASIC for rjne'i lite number CSI D * rVluffti|NEW) 4Mt CSftEPerlormlCLR| C59E Re%etBA^l>tTev!iontoaj| thm CAfeO Prrfcrfm|^ATA| xxiii M**e-nem OR*7 Vuntof ne^t R AM< ' ij^irit vrtf CiRi N*inti.riiexiBA5lCline Ou> . Perlorm i F| ittd uerluttn C*C) Prrliirin|4*l1| sfepbr** C«)l ^ Perkem1t)N| CRE3 ^ Attrot luir*V|*diir numtier C92) * PerlurmllJTl CTJO PenVirni (PftJM-| g«j . 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(jetacium*) u(ti Per**rmtStiN| Perftrrm|ARS; Ci^npurrdccurn'l t+tmrnMin Fhi«tLr^-ru»rixed Perturin|iNTl Cum^rrr vnit^ i«* fkiatULf-jtf Gel ne» A50J diflil DinMdnt\ Pnfii \Ht ihen Pnnt BASIC hoe • Converi Ikuhnv-pi m AM'II Cun^anis Prrk>ini)S(jRJ Perkirni prr^te limn«i|i PrrkKm ne^atiiai Ci^nlanfi rVrtormlEXf1; Serie* niidt ih*> RTVD umM-nu rVrtom|R\D| Pertof n |OW| Perh^n|SIS| Perhrfn |TAN| CwManta FVrfirf i . iaTt*i ((i(l4*:ilh CHR«TMJ>li*aei>rMfje fiASICiiJrtstarr kWh*k itmlrnJ mta* |(^TAUXi|..r|rXtU;iTCiRV> t Hit put Fej*ra*ddn< *nfcjfr-w% FWhrfni|JK)PEN| rVt»*rn |APPr>DI ( r: de*k tlaiu> rwinrmiHEAOERI Perfnrri.jOCU>Sr:| Set up ile*li lei. urd rVHwm TOIJJXT1 BACKUP] Cf^PYj CONCATJ i *rt i *it u j v n i : ij v«lur^ 0SAVE| OJXJADI STRATTH) 0J»H*0BI>6 i^irvARKVOUStR*:* nm? HBtl MFAOOiH. ORE*' fJBh+ DC*7 OF^& OK4H Dei!* - DERF, 0£H7 - OfX Pnnt BAD IX** CWtftSandST Avj-rnhiedii* ftrfnmaml situ Par*e BASIC IV)S ruenrrujitd (iet Device* rruenbet (*er hie name Cet \iim 1 v«fi«bJe aarattinrt Perlorm Ptitorm Perform hi^ert i' Perform Petiurm Perfrirm L'Tieek Dwnt :iriiim«ntj "Entry pruni-x only hrf E«ni-tJFT ■• OXWf RefftfeT/ttrven inrfi«liui»i(i ERA 7 l.vpur iwitn keyboard El 16 Input trum **rree E202 flutpvlihtir#:'er K* tl' kUm Irtferrapt etury E4M triNvrup' ck*t. curv* kevrpurM Fi^rtt Extt lr<>m ituecrupt ¥\*X> + Fltfll hie m*\\*ee* BID; Send Talk RtOS Send Ugen' Ktf>: Send IEEE lumrrurad ihar«iee Fllljl -FM2 SetidnvletulEEi: FI4J -ri» SendUtfleamU.rMt ATN F151 -F16R Opttrai tilretjul v *nl F1«'-F1liF rfcVlTErv/ITPfirSWr FJ7rT»t*W-iSTOPk«y FWi -HSti SendntrvM^eitOirectmi-de F.F5* *F3S' TeviifThrext mode FTAb - F4KKt Protr^m kud vbwutm Hill -Fi4> Perform ;U)AD( F445r -Fl6C Prim SEA ROtWC P46n-F47T PriiitUJArHWniVER^-VlfiC. Fl7!l-MA4 (arrL«d/S-veoa'aineteftk F1A-.-K4D2 Senditanec-ilEF^ F40I - K1F5 Fknd^peite idpe header F4F( - V&K Perform 1VF.RfFV| rao * F5^F Crl OperyCke^r iM*eoeter> r"Sllll *r5E4 Perk.mi |OPtNJ RK' -FRIR FrrW am Mc»e Nca*r FHIJI - Ff*7A Wrrteia|» Header FfiTB - Fffip4 Ot H4rft/c*nd addrvlroni Mrader Ffct^*»Y»AA Set btjifrr .KhfreM FWJ FVC F6DO F7«i F7AF F7FE FR4B FRS? FR7A eT»C FM9A FHCB Fht» F93B F93S FWS h F>*76 . FA9C F338 FBC4F8C9F8[M^ FBF4 » TC»6 nxo ■V> FS7!i rTWB PJ2A nn4 RI44 FV75 FA9B FBUA FBCJ PBCB fro: F8TT FC8ft FCBF FCDA FCEA FTFX FOitA F015 FTMB Jump Tabar FW3 - FFSE FF*lF -FnAA fTAR-eTBe^ FFB7 -rTBC F>W) FFQ^ FFCH FFCC FetS rurr FFCF ffo: FF05 FFDR FTDR FFOE FFE1 FFE4 FFE7 FFEA FFE0-F>T!« FFFA - F TVY Set hun>* tajit A end j*Mfi Perform |SVS| Set Uf>e wnmidTl A erd Perktrm [SAVE1 Uodale clock Cunnen input device Cucinect ootpol gevKe Rump upe butler punter Watf lor PLAY Te*l carvurtle -arilch Wantlof RECORD l ml tale tape read J nit idle tape w'4r rommvn lape I/O Ti-Ml/tlcompletr Tt%i STOP key T*pe t*l tHmmftddnnJ Redd tdpr tsir * Redd tdpr jtyncm Rnet ' . . « • - 1 ■ Torn oil lape mt4or Chei%tu*n rdlrottfiun Advdnce hub 'lave poime* rV*tfMin Revi Tdhlr t dnk vdtfui OPtln CLOSE Se* input device Sei ouiiiur device ReOore deujolt I/O devicn iKPUrabyte ^Mput a byte LOAD SAVE VERIFY SVS Tett ntop bey GETbvie Aoondllhlev LpdatedDck mtMd Hard vecvm »iU|f Re**tL IRg

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33 BASIC 2.0 / BASIC 4.0 Memory Map With Zero Page Contents at Power-Up Reference to DOS. MLM. 80-Co!umn. or those marked with an " are for BASIC 4.0 only. There are some differences between the 40 and 80-column machines. BASIC 2.0 Zero Page coniems are mostly identical except for vectors S CQ U 6 a. a a | i 0 X s < u a \ 6 I E I u Location He* Dec 00-02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C QD-0F to II -12 13-15 6 -IE 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D OF OF 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 i 8 19 1A IB 1C ID IE IF -22 IF 20 21 22 23 -27 23 24 25 26 27 28-29 28 29 2A-2B 2A 2B 2C-2D2C 2D 2E-2F 2E 2F 30-31 30 31 32-33 32 33 34-35 34 35 36 -37 36 37 38-39 38 39 3A-3B 3A 3B 3C-3D 3C 3D 3E-3F 3E 3F 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 4A 4B 40-41 42-43 44-45 46-47 48-49 4A 4B-50 0-2 3 4 3 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13-15 16 17-18 19-21 22-30 31-34 35-39 40-41 42-43 44-45 46-47 50-51 52-53 54-55 56-57 58-59 60-61 62-63 64-65 66-67 68-69 70-71 72-73 74 75-80 0 1 2 3 ■i 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 Contents Descnption 4000 Hex Dec 4C 73 C3 22 00 5B 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 FF 00 00 72 D4 16 13 00 08 12 B3 00 FF 00 76 115 195 34 0 91 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 255 0 0 114 212 22 19 0 8 18 179 0 255 0! 8000 Hex Dec FF 255 48-49 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 00 FF 40 B2 E9 CE 48 00 00 00 00 01 04 03 04 03 04 03 04 00 80 FE 7F 00 80 14 FF 00 80 01 00 00 SO 00 04 00 00 04 00 24 04 82 04 FF 00 00 00 0 255 64 178 233 206 72 0 0 0 0 I 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 0 128 254 127; 0 128 20 255 0 128 I 0 0 80 0 4 0 0 4 0 36 4 130 4 255 0 0 0 4C 73 a 22 00 5B FF 00 00 04 00 00 FF 00 FF 00 00 72 D4 16 13 00 08 12 B3 00 FF 00 FF 00 FF 40 B2 E9 CE 00 FF 00 FF 00 01 04 03 04 03 04 03 04 00 80 FF CO 00 80 FF FF FF 00 FF 00 FF 00 00 04 FF 00 FF 00 24 00 FF 00 FF 00 00 00 76 115 195 34 0 91 255 0 0 4 0 0 255 0 255 0 0 114 212 22 19 0 8 18 179 O 255 0 255 0 255 64 178 233 206 0 255 0 255 0 1 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 00 128 255 0 0 128 255 255 255 0 255 0 255 0 0 4 255 0 255 0| 36 0 255 0 255 0 Q 0 USR jump instruction JMPSC373 Search character Scan-between-quotes flag Input buffer pointer Default DIM flag Type: $FF=str.ng. $00 = numeric Type: $80= integer. 00= floating pt Flag: DATA scan; LIST quote: memory Subscript flag; F\x flag 0= INPUT. $40= GET. $98 * READ ATN sign/comparison evaluation (lag Disk status DS$ descriptor Current I/O prompt flag Integer value (for SYS. GOTO etc.) Pointers for descriptor stack Descriptor stack (temporary strings) Utiliry pointer area Product area for muin plication Pointer: Stan of BASIC 10401 Pointer: Start of Variables ;0403 Pointer: Start of Arrays 1)403 Pointer End of Arrays .0403 Pointer String Storage (moving down) .8000 Pointer: Siring Utility Pointer Limit of Memory ;8000 Current BASIC line number Previous BASIC line number Pointer BASIC statement for CONT Current DATA line number Current data address Input vector Current variable name Current variable address Variable pointer lor FOR/\EXT Y-save; op-save: BASIC pointer save Comparison symbol accumulator Miscellaneous work area, pointers, etc. Location Contents Description Hex Dec 4000 Hex Dec 8000 HexDec| 4C 76 FF 255 FF 255 4D 77 16 22 00 0 4E 78 00 0 FF 255 4F 79 00 0 00 0 50 SO 03 3 03 3 51 -53 51 81-83 81 4C 76 4C 76 Jump vector (or functions 52 82 43 67 FF 255 53 83 00 0 00 0 54 -5D 54 84-93 84 FF 255 FF 255 Miscellaneous numeric work area 55 85 87 135 00 0 56 86 04 4 FF 255 57 87 80 128 00 0 58 88 03 3 FF 255 59 89 00 0 00 0 5A 90 00 0 00 0 5B 91 00 0 00 0 5C 92 00 0 00 0 5D 93 00 0 00 0 5E 5E 94 94 90 144 94 144 Accum"! Exponent 5F-62 5F 95-98 95 00 0 00 0 Accum* 1. Mantissa 60 96 00 0 00 0 61 97 D4 212 D4 212 62 98 72 1)4 72 1)4 63 63 99 99 00 0 00 0 Accum* 1 Sign 64 64 100 100 00 0 00 0 Series evaluation constant pointer 65 65 101 101 00 0 00 0 Accum'l ht-order (overflow) 66-6B 66 102-107 102 90 144 90 144 Accum'2: Exponent 67 103 D4 212 D4 212 Accum*2: Mantissa 68 104 6C 108 6C 108 69 105 00 0 00 0 6A 106 00 0 00 0 6B 107 00 0 00 0 Accum*2: Sign 6C 6C 108 108 00 0 00 0 Sign companson. Acc*l vs *2 6D 6D 109 109 00 0 00 0 Accum'l to-order (rounding) 6E-6F 6E 110-111 110 0A 10 0A 10 Cassette buff len/senes pointer 6F 111 B3 179 B3 179 '70-87 70 112-135 112 E6 230 E6 230 CHRGET subroutine; get BASIC char 71 113 77 119 77 119 ;INC $77 72 114 DO 208 DO 208 :BNE $0076 73 115 02 2 02 2 74 116 E6 230 E6 230 :1NC $78 75 117 78 120 78 120 76 118 AD 173 AD 173 ,LDA $0202 7? 119 02 2 02 2 78 120 02 •* 02 2 79 121 C9 201 C9 201 CMP-$3A 7A 122 3A 58 3A 58 7B 123 B0 176 B0 176 :BCS$0087 7C 124 0A 10 0A 10 7D 125 C9 201 C9 201 CMP -$20 7E 126 20 32 20 32 7F 127 F0 240 FO 240 :BEQ $0070 80 128 EF 239 EF 239 81 129 38 56 38 56 .SEC 82 130 E9 233 E9 233 SBC -S30 83 131 30 48 30 48 84 132 38 56 38 56 SEC 85 133 E9 233 £9 233 SBC'$D0 86 134 DO 208 DO 208 87 135 60 96 60 96 ;RTS 77-78 77 119-120 119 02 2 02 2 BASIC pointer (within subroutine) 78 120 02 2 02 2 88-8C 88 136-140 136 80 128 80 128 Random number seed 89 137 4F 79 4F 79 8A 138 a 199 a 199 8B 139 52 82 52 82 8C 140 F4 244 FF 255 8D-8F 8D 141-143 141 00 0 00 0 Jiffy clock tor Tl and Tl$ 8E 142 15 21 08 8 8F 143 89 137 :f 31 90-91 90 144-145 144 55 85 55 85 Hardware interrupt vector IRQ 91 IIS E4 228 E4 228 92 -93 92 146-147 146 78 120 78 120 BRK interrupt vector 93 147 DA 212 D4 212 94 -95 94 148-149 148 FF 255 FF 255 NMI interrupt vector 95 149 B3 !79 B3 179

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34 Location Hex Dec Contents 96 96 97 97 98 98 99-9A 99 9A 9B 9C 9D 9E 9F AO Al A2 9B 9C 9D 9E 9F AO Al A2 A3-A4 A3 A4 AS A6 AT A8 A9 AA AB AC AD AE AF BO Bl B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 BA A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 AA AB AC AD AE AF BO Bl B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 BA BB-BC BB BC BD BD BE BE BF BF CO-CI CO CI C2 C2 a a C4 -C5 C4 C5 C6 a C7-C8 C7 a C9-CAC9 CA CB-CC CB CC 150 151 152 153-154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163-164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187-188 187 188 189 190 191 192-193 4000 Hex Dec 150 00 8000 Hex Dec 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 194 190 191 192 193 194 195 195 196-197 196 197 198 198 199-200 199 200 201-202 201 202 203-204 203 204 CD CD 205 205 CE CE 206 206 CF CF 207 207 DO DO 208 208 Dl Dl 209 209 D2 D2 210 210 D3 D3 211 211 D4 D4 212 212 D5 D5 213 213 D6-D7 D6 |214-215 214 FF 00 19 02 FF 00 00 00 00 FF IE 00 OA IE IE FF 01 02 20 00 00 00 00 00 00 03 00 00 00 07 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 oo ! 00 00 or. IN. IX' 00 00 90 81 IE C7 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 OD 00 61 08 27 00 0 255 0 25 2 255 0 0 0 0 255 30 0 10 30 30 255 I 2 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o. 0 0 0 c 0 0 144 129 31 199 0 0 I 0 0 0 0 0 0! 13 0 97 8 39 0 00 FF 00 D5 00 FF 00 00 00 00 FF 20 00 OA 20 20 FF 01 02 20 00 00 00 00 00 00 03 00 00 00 07 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 i 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20 83 21 C7 00 24 10 00 00 00 00 00 00 OF 00 61 08 4F 00 0 25 0 213 0 255 0 0 0 0 255 32 0 10 32 32 255 1 2 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 u 0 0 32 131 33 199 01 36 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 97 8 79 0 Description Status word ST Which key down: 255= no key Shift key. 1 il depressed Correction clock Keyswitch PIA: STOP and RVS flags Timing constant for tape Load^O, Verify = I * ol chars in keyboard buffer Screen reverse flag IEEE output; 255 = character pending End-ol-line-for-input pointer Not used Cursor log (row, column) IEEE output buffer Key image 0= flash cursor Cursor liming countdown Character under cursor Cursor in blink phase EOT received from tape Input from screen/from keyboard Xsave How many open files Input device, normally 0 Output CMD device, normally 3 Tape character parity Byte received flag Logical address temporary save Tape buffer character; MLM command File name pointer; MLM flag, counter Function not known Serial bit count Unused Cyde counter Tape writer countdown Tape buffer pointers. *1 and *2 Write leader count; read passl/2 Write new byte; read error flag Write start bit; read bit seq error Error log pointers, passl/2 0=scan/l-l5=count/$40=load $80 « end Write leader length; read checksum Pointer to screen line Position of cursor on above line Utility pointer: tape, scroti Tape end addrs/end of current prog Tape liming constants 0=direct cursor else programmed Tape read timer I = enabled EOT received from tape Read character error * characters in file name Current file logical address Current file secondaiy address Current file device number Right-hand window or line margin Pointer 5:an of Tape Buffer Location Contents Descnptwn Hex Dec 4000 8000 ■ »^#\ Hex Dec Hex Dec D7 215 00 0 00 0 D8 D8 216 216 OA 10 0A 10 Line where cursor lives D9 D9 217 217 0D 13 0D 13 Las key /checksum/ misc. DA-DB DA 218-219 218 09 9 09 9 File name pointers DB 219 02 2 02 2 DC DC 220 220 00 0 00 0 Number of INSERTs outstanding DD DD 221 221 00 0 00 0 Write shift word/read character in DE DE 222 222 00 0 00 0 Tape blocks remaining to write/read DF n l t DF 223 223 00 0 00 0 Serial word buffer E0' -F8 E0 224-248 224 80 128 El 225 80 128 (40-column) screen wrap table E2 226 80 128 E3 227 80 128 E4 228 80 128 E5 229 80 128 E6 230 80 128 £7 231 81 129 ES 232 81 129 E9 233 81 129 EA 234 81 129 EB 235 81 129 EC 236 81 129 ED 237 82 130 EE 238 82 130 EF 239|82 130 F0 240 82 130 Fl 241 82 130 F2 242 82 130 F3 243 82 130 F4 244 83 131 F5 245 83 13! F6 246 83 131 F7 247 83 131 F8 E0 224 248 224 83 131 00 0 EO (80 column) Screen cop window El El 225 225 18 24 (80 column) Screen bottom window E2 E2 226 226 00 0 (80 column) Left window margin E3 E3 227 227 09 9 (80 column) Limit of keyboard buffer E4 E4 228 228 00 0 (80 column) Key repeal flag E5 E5 229 229 0E M (80 column) Repea? countdown E6 E6 230 230 10 16 (80 column) New key marker E7 E7 231 231 10 16 ®0 column) Chime time E8 E3 232 232 00 0 i |80 column) HOME count E9EA E9 233-234 233 ID 29 i |80 column) input vector EA 234 •: 225 EBEC EBl 235-236 235 0C 12 1 |80 column) Output vector EC 236 E2 226 EDF7 ED 237-247 237 00 0 1 |80 column) Not used EE 238 00 0 EF 239 00 0 Ft) 240 00 0 Fl 241 00 0 F2 242 00 0 F3 243 00 0 F4 244 00 0 F5 245 00 0 F6 246 00 0 F7 247 00 0 F8 F8 248 248 00 0( 80 column) Counter to speed Tl by 6/5 F9FA F9 249-250 249 00 0 00 0 1 Cassette status, "1 and*2 FA 250 00 0 00 0 FBFC FB 251-252 251 00 0 00 0 1 4LM pointer/tape start address FC 252 00 0 00 0 FDFE FD 253-254 253 00 0 24 36 1 AIM, DOS pointer misc FE 254 01 1 10 16 FF FF 255 255 00 0 00 1 0 Unused s 03 U B 08. (0 | E 0100 -010A 256-266 STRS work area/MLM work 0100-013E 256-318 Tape read error log 0100 -01 FF 256-511 Processor slack 0200-0250 512-592 MLM work area: Input buffer 025I-025A 593-602 File logical address table 025B-0264 603-612 File device number table 0265-026E 613-622 File secondary addr table 026F-0278 623-632 Keyboard input buffer 027A-0339 634-825 Tape'l input buffer 033A-03F9 826-1017 Tape*2 input buffer 033A 826 DOS character pointer 033B 827 DOS drivel flag 03X 828 DOS drive 2 flag 033D 829 DOS length/write flag 033E 830 DOS synlax flags 033F-0340 831-832 DOS disk ID 0341 833 DOS command string count 0342-0352 834-850 DOS file name buffer 0353-0380 03EE-03F7 03FA-03FB 03FC 0400-7FFF 8000-83FF 8000-87FF 9000 -AFFF B0O0-DFFF E0O0-E7FF ES10-E813 E820-E823 E840-E84F E880-E881 FOOO-FFFF 851-896 1006-1015 1018-1019 1020 1024-32757 32768-33791 32768-34815 36864-45055 45056-57343 57344-59391 59408-594 1 1 59424-59427 59456-59471 59520-59521 61440-65535 DOS command siring buffer (80-column) Tab stop table Monitor extension vector IEEE timeout defeat* SFF - disable Available RAM including expansion (40-column) Video RAM (80-column) Video RAM Available ROM expansion area' (2.0: -BFFF. -49151) Basic. DOS. Machine Lang Monitor (2.0: Bask, C000-E0F8, 49152-57592) Screen. Keyboard, Interrupt programs (2.0: E0F9-) F1A 1 - Keyboard I/O P1A2-IEEE-488I/0 VIA - I/O and timers (80-column) CRT Controller Reset. I/O handlers, Tape routines ! u * t I S J £ a E e &

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35 U (0 a 10 S & 0 S e x e < « (0 Ii c I & s e VIC 20 Memory Map 1 X H ixwo -one "VJ i>oo^ -omi j*4 UU05 -«1)6 >*6 0007 : ora a '(Of* 9 woA lo oor* 11 nut* 12 QO0O 13 rntkC 14 i*w 15 0O1II l« oon 17 0012 m 0013 19 0014-11115 itvai Wlfi 22 00I7*UI1K 23-24 ooi9-m?t »f>-i;i 0022-0025 M-17 0U2b -otJtfA 3IM2 oejB *tU2C 43-44 0O2D-4II2E <5-4* O0?F -tit-v r-^ orxil -mm: 4^-^t 0033 -4103* 5 1-52 ou3S-uo*f 5.U54 0037 -now 55-56 U0 39 - 1 " - .i 57-$(t nojB -trnic: 59-60 nran-4KMc 6l-b2 «J3F -4KUH rYf-M RHI -l«42 65-6e. «M 3 -f*l44 67-Oi cms -ivi46 6?- 7" «M7-no*)* TUT:1 0TW9 *I»4A B-ft otWB*oo*r 75-76 IXM0 M* owe -M3 7MU 0054 -0t>5* W-Mt* IIQST-JJIVJJ' »:-9fi 0061 97 tK)62 -Q66S SK-NH Otfch |(fi O067 IP3 «*8 lot u» irS noM-uow ID6-IU9 0O6E iin 006F Ml OD70 III 00? 1 -«n nj-iH 0073 -Ot*A 115-138 oo:a-ootb I2J-123 tXmfi-WH* IJ^MI CO90 144 0M1 MS ow 146 11093 M7 ochm 14* cw« r«t 0096 154) (»97 151 tvm 152 nu99 I5:i D09A 154 i^-b 155 Li5R niny F*i*i-Fited vector Fited-FW vector Search character V.I -L,--*^,'., TAR«4unm*avr nume*K Tvpe INi - jtvetjef «>- ■ . i it jfl* pvint DATA v jr. |J5T quote n»mf% ? Po*mrr umti ol M*m»*v CurivnT &A54T Urw nitmbrf Prrt mmj* BASIC »m* f mmbrr f^*«»cr BASK HWBMtt k* COKT Cu"*nt DATA 'ine numbn Curwm DATA rv«IUtlli(iri < LOV*n| ;tiMritrr Artum'1 ht-»ftfr loverfkml Atcum'j t^punrnt Arttm'i M^nirud Atcum'J Sign S*(n ftimptmon> A«*1 \**2 AtrumM k*-*m*f (ruurvJir^* | »'j**rttr buH h*fi.*5rrjm pQhnlff CHRCCTvibrjun-* ^B-XSIfch*! RAStC pmnt^f t victim ^rt«nj »M) *M **/ue S«*lu* word ST KfVMMl PlA STOP ^Kl RV> Hdih Tuning r-:ms(*« Im tj;irU*d 1 A V * I Smjluutpui i>»^f«J:^rT;^ Srr«^ dtfftrvd crurjnrr T*pr EOT MctMi Antittrr *»* How mjn> upr^i l*k** Jn^drv** numuiIKO OulpueCWDuf%Xv rHtmidtK :i Tjp* crufdHr-i fwr*i> 0O9C 009C 009F 00AO4MIA2 D0A3 O0A4 00AS O0A6 O0A7 «A8 or»A9 1S6 159 160-162 163 164 M 164 OOAE-0OAF 0060^)061 AQG-ODO OOK m OC^HJHWC ooco (I0CI-4I0CJ wCJ-mC4 0(>CS IOC7 HOI UUC9-IWCA «oafc iwco (WT D9-ixm» OOF I 0l)R -IKIF4 (WF> ^Hfff. 1I1F7 -i»)fTt f HJF9 -4KTFA rK)F»T-01(>A oioii -o>3£ uiwi-oiFF Offl -0,*fiJ 0*63 -tC6T 2r6 02TT -Ojnt IGS1 **>X tV03 *0M iWS is 171 172-173 174-175 I76-I77 17S*I79 im is 1X5 186 1*7-18*1 1*9 190 I9T IM 133-194 195-196 J«T m 301-302 203 204 2tA 2i* 2C7 20B 211 212 213 2)1 215 2I« 2l7-24t 241 242 24:U244 247U246 247^248 24!4-250 258*266 256-3; K 256-A1I >12**«W^ VII -6 to 611-620 621-6.10 6T1U64I> 61: -6*12 64t-644 M 6JA Direct - SSO/ftLN - Oourpul CDMfot Tp Pd*4 t error Jo-4/crur buffer Tp P»ui 2 err lo^ correal Jiffy Clock HML StritftNTCOUO^EOIrt^ Cycle cojm Countdown. ijpe write/biKuu-ni Tdse Duffer pc*mer Tp Wn lo> couni/Rd p^Vmht Tp Wn r*rw tntf/ftd error/intMi cm Wn »un txr/Rd bf err/uix TpSC4n.CnLLd:End;b>le3kjr irvertock l/Otnn*fcfc Kernel tetup pouite* l-crf key preued * ch4e> in ktybd bviler K>*d*uf-«ne lor mpul pninirr Input ix»r>iir lug 1 row ciiwinnj Vthichke> 64ilnuhe\ n 1 fiAth cunor Curvjr tirmnf( n above linr O - bVrect runor. H«e proftrjmn'e^S Curteni yrtrn tin- lrnControl flag 654 Lm Ktitft pHterr o55-656 Keyboard Ia6te wttuo pomte* 657 Kfyrnode^Kwcwanna} 658 O-tcrotJerutbte 659 VIC chip control 660 VIC : ^ 1 [■■ command 661*662 BiMtmirtg 663 RS-^flwu* 664 *bruto*rnd 66S-66* RS-232*peeoVcode 667 RS232recetvepour NybWe drej Mam Colour \^.f>ir are^ Pluft-«, ROM m ROM BASIC jndOper,i.n«Sv^e^ Jump Table, Inctudint; Set Input channeT Set Oj.puc c rurnei hi-Jtrr default I/O channel* INPUT PRINT Tetf So(> k*\ !FS49, rKFOR/C4JS4*B C3W Move men*jr\ C3FB Ch*c* *t»ck dept h C408 Check memur\ *pxr C41S OlTOf MEMORY C437 cjrpr routine C469 Brrakerrtn C474 READY C4«ii Read* lot BASC C49C Hand** new line C533 Re^chain hne^ CS60 Receive input kne C$79 Crunch token* C6I3 Find BASIC line CM 2 Perform |hf.W| C6SE Pe-t>«n|CLR) C^&E Brxh op ir.tf punter C69C Perform |UST| C742 Pwform|FOR| C7t0 E-ecue u atemettt QUO rVfurm|RF51t)REl CB2C Break: C«2F Perlorrn |5TOP) CB3I r>Homi|END] CBS7 Perturm ICOMT) CB71 Perform j RUN| CoW rVrrormlCOSL-BI CHA0 Perloem |GOTO| CR02 Perlorm|RFm;RS| C8F8 Pertorrn [DATA] C*>6 5c*n In* new %iatemer.t C928 Pertorm |IF| C-QH fVrtoemiroLfc'.f C94B Perlorrn qh) C966 On n-eO point number C9AS r^rtormtlTTl CABO Pertorm tPRl\P) CA86 Pertorm |CVD) CAA0 Pertorm (PRINT; CBIE Prir*tmev*aee*»Tjm(ja| CB3B Pint format characer CBID B-d- m out routine* CB78 PtrrormlGET] CBA5 Pertorm llSPtiT'l CBBF Perform |tNPLT| CBF9 Prompt 4 input CC06 Pertorm |R£aO) CCFC Input error me***e** COIE Perhjrm|N'EXT| CTI7H Tvpr- match check (09E bj,ujr«|#r\^M CF^< Cocwant-Pl CEF? Evdluace within hTjrJftft CEFT Check kit J CEFT Chech \iroirtvnia CFtifl Svnt«ui error CF1* Check »aruje CF28 Se-rcnlor varia^^ CFAT Set Mf| FN referent CrTO Pertwrm(OR) CFO Perform I AM fl| DOtfi Cornpare D0HI Perform tDlMj IXetft Ijvarr vriridbte DM3 Check 4u>i*het* DUO Create. -naWe DI94 Arra** |ft«nirr wilrmitmr D1A5 Vatur3276A D1B2 F1oat-1i»edci»n%ers-iii 01 01 Setuparr-i 0245 BAD SUBSCRIPT D24A ILUGAt gt ANTITV D34C CiynpiNe arrav *trr DJ7D Pertorm |FRE| D391 Fixed-(kmi runvetULiii D19L Pertorm |POS| D3A6 Check direct D3BJ Perform )DEF| D3EI Check Fhnvmax D3F4 Perform [fSj D463 Perform !>TR*| D47S l ".ik jiair villi vector D4H7 Setupwnnn D4F4 Make room lie tfniw D526 C-irbadr mlatTiiHi D5BD Check >-tfv^rMhi|ii\ D&16 Cottacr arint 0630 Concairnalr D67A ri j : : 1 ttrmif In menuri 06AJ mcard unwaiurd iinrui D60B C«no>^tipti-*J*k D6EC PerlD Pcrti-rmlPFiXI rwci HKJO DrM1* OKn DRSJ rw6A D947 D97£ nwj D9EA DUB DA59 DAHC DAB7 DAD4 »AG DAP* DAFK OBIDBA2 DBC7 OBFC" 00>C ncie fX^B DC3S OCS8 nc^B DC^B ncrc rjen D07E Dfl6 DF3A DFTI ItFTB DFB4 D-TD KIV441 ffJtiti E0V4 E0*S EI27 C133 EI62 C4 01 E30 E:ei E26K y:i ■ rmlrXMCrll FJt* Pertt.rrttlW4JT| FJ7» Add 115 £3*" SuOtrMt-iruri F-3A4 Perform |M!8TfiACT| £4*9 FVn\*im |ADDJ E44F fompleitwiit l*r"T E4S8 OVEftFUW KW7 Multtphm^enilnie EP(, FWfurm|UXii E4A*l Perform |MlUTlPiy| E^A9 Mvh^-a*Nt E1B2 UemufvtuFAC-2 E4BC Ad|u>t FAC'l '** tiSOO LA • llhnlktntintfC ■"/>> Divvirtn let E54C Perform IDIVIOK) KSSf Mem*« to far* 1 £581 FA,C*l Htittemun £587 FAC*2tuU:*l E5BB FAC"lloeAC*J E5C3 RiMindFAC'l ESCF Get iejn KMF Perform \$t:&\ F.6&K Perform )AR>! E6TS LWipareFAl1*) rVlAM E6EA Fki*-li)ied E715 Perform | hYT} ET2D Stfiri( ro U E742 Cet ASCII diflil |»C3 Rom k» ASCII EKM Deiimat frtWrilfr KSI> Ti f uuv jii^ EAFA rVffoirti tSljR] 01* Perturm IPOWKRI B»21 Prrt,*m JNKUATIVKj FJT2*I Periiirm (WP| E»7-> >ene* r\ *h*ale I E9Efc Senes i-, eluale 2 EA56 Pert*rfn IRSDJ EA«: ^Breakpouitv** KaTK Pertnrrt (SYS; tAM> Perti*rrf |^AVEI EAA fYnWrr (VrTRtFYI F^AA Prrfortr. |LOAD) EAB2 Perform (OfW| EABF Perform KXn$K| EB1E PuamrrervltirLOAD/hWE EOCwi Check drfttt-n fttl6 Setl/OrJHauJ^ FTt'T SrrVlCifi^delaoIri Ri3ti tnriiil rroni ke\Uurrt ^tlSR Input fmn» Moreen rWD (Juttte mark tjev FDA2 Vttipwrevnieita F0A5 -VKjnce viirvt* FlbkH Rrtri-jM UfMir Ft*** fl*K h *nr*t prevtuu* km* FIIAC Output tn Nffea FnfJ) GuiuieKlliitr Flln Cht REIX-RN FNF Check Irnedecremml Flbtl Che%k line incremrm HT4 Seitxjluuuiide VWJ Cukurcurjrljbtv FIR CiKhr ivirvrrviai F2tci Scnptlvrreer F2CIE Open **Mfr i>ri vrmi F25tt MiAwreeiTlfiw F27A Snch uM*ir Uttbfc-J F2HI Set%tdn*ol-liiir Rt7 Cirw HieenJrnr F3W PVinitosrrerti K*W Shire m wteni R1CF 5vnch ctifour *u chat RW liVerront itRi^) KffJ Cheikke^buarvt rWI Set tett mode KJttA Knfmard vr*na% * t'r K*^ buard m*|K F4C7 CajphkcViext cixiiFitH FM-1 Net I«j» F7W Send Ulk F7«ii Send Vaen FT67 Send vnciltul itiar F7?t' Smd to serial hu* FT7E Timeout 1^1 *eriat FTAF Send teen SA FTE7 Gear AT\ ^M0 Srnd talk SA rt RKl* f V on 1 m> FSE1I RS2J2*end(NMlt F&F4 %r* RS232 toteveiid F94B Enui ui v* «2»1 ftr^iavrW-ihl/O KA$ Dn Ire r^ieinni; FED, SeiulS-X rTOE Open Rs;:i2 FFSn" UMDproram F>5C V^RCHING FeT2 Pnnl rtlr name FfM MlAfllXCr^UfFVLMi FVrA MVSufusraiti SAVING [fomp rhxk Gnlifne Settime Act mo «mi kr> F*lf Error IfriilfJH Find am tape headri Write (apr hraoVr Get buner addnrvs Set hjhVf wart . end punter* Fi nd specific deader Bump tap* pKunter PRESSPLAY Check cav^ette tfatus PRESS RECORD Inittatr Jape read Innate tape, wnir ComiTxm tape reooV * rue Cieck rjpe ■vt-jp Ser timing Read tHu'tfMji Sfture characieri Re*et poarver Se» tapecharacte^ Kenit> loftflletape !>aij write T-4f*'wriiefIftQi Leadef *raetlRt;j Reuure veciurv SetvvtUtr K.J I iTHituf Check read/wnlr puinter Bump read/writr ptxmrr Powerupmrrv Check A-BCW Set KcrnalJ l«M»li/r IVftteJU t iKcvt^nK lRO*rCtuT* tmtiali/r \$Q rei£« Savetlita n*ime Sa*r lite deiaiN trf-l Valu^ Fl«tST NH lrtii«?Mi Read/vt top u\ niervrv Read'tef buttom t* nirtinr\ Tev nvmia> knariui; SVI 1 iTe*ru(i| r*itr\ Rl>FT/VrOPv,irmv*in ^M|RSLM2i«vurrHh Refiae & »vil RS232i>minvM-* MaiiilRt^ei-n. Jumbfpinri>la4ili' Hafdyi are vec*r*>

The text on this page is estimated to be only 13.29% accurate

36 VIC 20 Standard Configuration FFFF EOOO cooo A000 95FF 9600 9000 8000 2000 1E00 !000 0400 0000 8K Kernai ROM 8K BASIC ROM Colour Nvbble Area VIC Chip & I/O Character Set ■/:K Screen RAM from basic VIC 20 3V*K RAM lor BASIC IK RAM Work Space 65535 5734-1 49152 40960 38399 38400 36864 32768 4096 7680 4096 1024 0 VIC 20 Expansion RAM Memory Changes Exp RAM at BASICText Screen Colour Tabic none 4096/ $1000 768O/S1E00 38400 / $9600 1024 / 4095* 1024 .'$0400 7680 / S1E00 | 38400 / S9600 8192 and up 4608/ $1200 4096 / $1000 [ 37888 / S9400 VIC 1210 3K RAM Expander VIC 20 With 40K RAM V!C 1020 Expansion Module Required with: 1-VIC12I03KRAM 2 - VIC 11 1 0 8K RAM (Switches 2.3.4 down - Switch 1 up) 3- VIC 1110 8K RAM (Switches 1 .3.4 down - Switch 2 up) 4 -VIC 1111 16KRAM FFFF EOOO COOO A000 95FF 9400 9000 800 1' 1200 1000 0400 0000 8K Kernai ROM 8K BASIC ROM V1C1H08KRAM(2) (usable only with PEEK. POKES M/L) Colour Nybble Area VIC Chip* I/O Character Set VIC 111 0 8K RAM (3) VIC I Ml 16KRAM(4| 3'/i> K ol RAM from basic VtC 20 '/■K Screen RAM irom baste VIC 20 VICI210 3KRAM{1) (usable oniv with PEEK. POKE & M/L) IK RAM Work Space 65535 57344 49152 40960 38399 37888 36864 32768 27i/- K lor BASIC 4608 4096 1024 0 6560 VIC Chip 9000 Interlace Left Margin ( ■ 5) 9001 Top Margin (» 25) 9002 kieen Ac Bn 9 Number ol Columns! = 22) 9003 BilO Number ol Rows ( = 23) Degg* 9004 Input Raster Value: Bits 1-8 9005 Screen Adrfrev* Bits 13*10 Character Address Bik 13-10 9006 9007 Light Pen Input Horizontal Vertical 9008 9009 Paddle Input X Y 900A ON Voice I Frequency 900B ON Voice 2 Frequency 900C ON Voice 3 Frequency 900D ON Noise Frequency 900E Mulli Colour Mode Sound Amplitude 900F Background Colour For«nd/ BdCKgnd Border Colour 9110 91)1 9112 9113 9114 9115 9116 9117 9118 9119 91 1A 91IB 91 IC 9! ID 91 IE 91 IF 6522 VIA 1 dsr In CTS In 1 DCD- R-- DTK 1 In 1 In 1 Oui RS-232 Interface or Parallel User Port RTS Out Data In "Unused- see S91 IF Daia Direction Register B (lor $91 10) Data Direction Register A (tor S9t 1 F) Tl-L ~Tl-H :hL hH RS 232 Send Speed; Tape Write Timing Tl-Latt Tl Late T2-L T2-H RS 232 Input Timing Shift Register ['unused) TI Control T2 Ctrl Stiilt Register Control PBLE PALE CB2RS 232 Send CB1 Ctrl CA2: Tape MolorOrl (CAI Ctrl NMI Tl T2 CBI RS 232 h CA! 1 RESTORE !_ NMIEn Tl Enab T2Enab CBI En CAI En. ATN Oui Tape Joystick Serial Date In Serml Clock It 6522 VIA 2 9120 Joystick fiiBhi Tjpe 1 Oui 1 Keyboard Row Select *r 4 w V 9121 Keyboard Column Input 9122 Data Direction Register Btfor 591201 9123 tola Direction Register A {for $9121 > 9121 9125 Tl-L "Tl-H :hL :hH Cassette Tape Read. Keyboard and Clock Interrupt Timing — 9I26 9127 Tt-Ut< Tl Lau 9128 9129 T2-L T2-H Serial Bus Timing Tape R/W Timing 912A Shift Register (* unused) 912B T! Control T2 Ctrl Shift Register Control PR LE °ALE 91 2C Serial Bus Data Out CBI Ori Serial Clock Line Out CAI Ctrl 912D IRQ: Tl T2 SftO In CAI 9)2E IRQ En Tl EnabfT2 Enab CBI En. CAI En. 912F •Unused (see $91211 36861 36865 36866 36867 36868 36869 36870 3687: 36872 36873 36874 36875 36876 36877 36878 36879 37136 37137 37138 37139 37140 37141 37142 37143 37144 37145 37146 37147 37148 37149 37150 37151 37152 37153 37154 37155 37156 37157 37158 37159 37160 37161 37162 37163 37164 37165 37166 37167 © u in C. IS s u 0 E i | a fa W e e 1 e J | a J w X H

37 SuperChart: VIC 20 / Commodore 64 SO 5 1 E o 0 o u a U I e i e w cs a en e ] s 0 ! 1 P DECIMAL HEX ASCII SCREEN BASIC 6502 DECIMAL 0 00 e end-line BRK 0 1 01 A ORA(I.X) 1 2 02 B 2 3 03 stop C 3 4 04 D 4 5 05 white E ORA2 5 6 06 F ASLZ 6 7 07 G 7 8 08 lock H PHP 8 9 09 unlock I ORA# 9 10 0A J ASLA 10 11 OB K 11 12 oc L 12 13 OD car ret M ORA 13 14 OE text N ASL 14 15 OF 0 15 16 10 P BPL 16 17 11 cur down Q ORA(l),Y 17 18 12 reverse R 18 19 13 cur home S 19 20 14 delete T 20 21 15 U ORA Z.X 21 22 16 V ASL Z,X 22 23 17 w 23 24 18 X CLC 24 25 19 Y ORAY 25 26 1A z 26 27 IB [ 27 28 1C red \ 28 29 1D cur right ] ORAX 29 30 IE green t ASLX 30 31 1F blue — 31 32 20 space space space JSR 32 33 21 i ! AND(I.X) 33 34 22 • p * 34 35 23 # tt # 35 36 24 $ $ $ BITZ 36 37 25 o/o % % ANDZ 37 38 26 & & & ROLZ 38 39 27 i / / 39 40 28 ( ( ( PLP 40 41 29 ) ) ) AND# 41 42 2A * * * ROLA 42 43 2B + + + 43 44 2C i • • BIT 44 45 2D AND 45 46 2E . ■ 9 ROL 46 47 2F / / 1 47 48 30 0 0 0 BMI 48 49 31 1 1 1 AND(I).Y 49 50 32 2 2 2 50 51 33 3 3 3 51 52 34 4 4 4 52 53 35 5 5 5 AND ZtX 53 54 36 6 6 6 ROLZ.X 54 55 37 7 7 7 55 56 38 8 8 8 SEC 56 57 39 9 9 9 ANDY 57 58 3A * • 58 59 3B t f 1 59 60 3C < < < 60 61 3D fli = ■ ANDX 61 62 3E > > > ROLX 62 63 3F ? ? ? 63 DECIMAL HEX ASCII SCREEN BASIC 6502 DECIMAL 64 40 @ B @ RTI 64 65 41 A 9. a A EOR(l,X) 65 66 42 B ED.b B 66 67 43 C a.c C 67 68 44 D B.d D 68 69 45 E n.e E EORZ 69 70 46 F 5,1 F LSRZ 70 71 47 G ID.g G 71 72 48 H CD.h H PHA 72 73 49 I □J 1 EOR# 73 74 4A J DJ J LSRA 74 75 4B K □,k K 75 76 4C L DJ L JMP 76 77 4D M S.m M EOR 77 78 4E N 0.n N LSR 78 79 4F 0 n.o 0 79 80 50 P n.p P BVC 80 81 51 Q ■ ■q Q EOR(l),Y 81 82 52 R □ .r R 82 83 53 S K.s S 83 84 54 T D,t T 84 85 55 U ;- u u EOR Z.X 85 86 56 V B.v V LSR Z.X 86 87 57 w O.w w 87 88 58 X B,x X CL! 88 89 59 Y 0.y Y EORY 89 90 5A z ®.z z 90 91 5B [ ffi [ 91 92 5C £ G £ 92 93 5D ] m ] EORX 93 94 5E t ffi.8 t LSRX 94 95 5F — - B.B *95 96 60 D RTS 96 97 61 D ADC(I.X) 97 98 62 y 98 99 63 □ 99 100 64 D 100 101 65 □ ADCZ 101 102 66 ■ RORZ 102 103 67 D 103 104 68 B PLA 104 105 69 cs ADC# 105 106 6A □ RORA 106 107 6B m 107 108 6C □ JMP(I) 108 109 6D E ADC 109 110 6E □ ROR 110 111 6F □ 111 112 70 E BVS 112 113 71 H ADC(t),Y 113 114 72 e 114 115 73 ED 115 116 74 D 116 117 75 Li ADC Z.X 117 118 76 01 RORZ.X 118 119 77 □ 119 120 78 H SEI 120 121 79 Q ADCY 121 122 7A Q.E3 122 123 7B Q 123 124 7C a * 124 125 7D a • ADCX 125 126 7E 0 RORX 126 127 7F 5 127

38 DECIMAL HEX ASCII SCREEN BASIC 6502 DECIMAL 128 80 E 1 END 128 129 81 orange B FOR STA(I.X) 129 130 82 r 0 NEXT 130 131 83 load & run £ i DATA 131 132 84 i ■] INPUT* STY 2 132 133 85 F1 J INPUT STAZ 133 134 86 F3 1 DIM STXZ 134 135 87 F5 3 READ 135 136 88 F7 G LET DEY 136 137 89 F2 I GOTO 137 138 8A F4 J RUN TXA 138 139 8B F6 1 IF 139 140 8C F8 S RESTORE STY 140 141 8D car ret ^ GOSUB STA 141 142 8E graphics ] RETURN STX 142 143 8F 1 3 REM 143 144 90 black E 1 STOP BCC 144 145 91 cur up E 1 ON STA(I),Y 145 146 92 rvsoff E ] WAIT 146 147 93 clear 1 i LOAD 147 148 94 insert i J SAVE STYZ.X 148 149 95 brown ) VERIFY STA Z.X 149 150 96 It. red 1 I DEF STX zy 150 151 97 dk. grey I ! POKE 151 152 98 md. grey G 1 PRINT* TYA 152 153 99 It. green 1 1 PRINT STAY 153 154 9A It. blue 1 CONT TXS 154 155 9B It. grey ■ I LIST 155 156 9C magenta B 1 CLR 156 157 9D cur left ■ 1 CMD STAX 157 158 9E yellow i 1 SYS 158 '59 9F cyan a 1 OPEN 159 160 A0 □ ■ CLOSE LDY# 160 161 A1 C B GET LDA(I.X) 161 162 A2 H ■ NEW LDX# 162 163 A3 □ B TAB{ 163 164 A4 a B TO LDYZ 164 165 A5 r Z FN LDAZ 165 166 A6 ■ 0 SPC( LDXZ 166 167 A7 3 B THEN 167 168 A8 m B NOT TAY 168 169 A9 r. & B STEP LDA# 169 170 AA 3 s + TAX 170 171 AB £ — 171 172 AC iM I * LDY 172 173 AD E B / LDA 173 174 AE 0 ■ r LDX 174 175 AF □ ■ AND 175 176 BO [5 B OR BCS 176 177 B1 B a > LDA{I).Y 177 178 B2 e ■ ■ 178 179 B3 m B < 179 180 B4 c B SGN LDY Z.X 180 181 B5 c B INT LDA Z.X 181 182 B6 1 B ABS LDX Z.Y 182 183 B7 o B USR 183 184 B8 c B FRE CLV 184 185 B9 Q B POS LDAY 185 186 BA D.0 B SQR TSX 186 187 BB B fl RND 187 188 BC 3 1 LOG LDYX 188 189 BD w EXP LDAX 189 190 BE E B COS LDXY 190 191 BF * B SIN 191 DECIMAL HEX ASCII SCREEN BASIC 6502 DECIMAL 192 CO H 193 C1 ft. a 194 C2 L.b 195 C3 B.c 196 C4 B.d 197 C5 Z.e 198 C6 QJ 199 C7 E.g 200 C8 ZD.h 201 C9 K3,i 202 CA BJ 203 CB Q.k 204 CC D.1 205 CD S.m 206 CE Co < 207 CF 208 DO D.p "5 209 D1 • : *> 210 D2 ~r f 211 D3 S.S CE 212 D4 D.t 213 D5 Q,u 214 D6 Sv 215 D7 Q.w 216 D8 S.x 217 D9 EXy 218 DA ft. 2 219 DB ffi 220 DC C 221 DD CD 222 DE £.K 223 DF a.s 224 EO ■ 225 E1 fi 226 E2 227 E3 228 E4 229 E5 230 E6 231 E7 232 E8 233 E9 q.b 234 EA 235 EB 236 EC 237 ED 238 EE 239 EF 240 FO 241 Fl 242 F2 243 F3 244 F4 ■ 245 F5 i 246 F6 r 247 F7 a 248 F8 B 249 F9 e 250 FA ■ i.i 251 FB i m 252 FC i L 253 FD i ■ 254 FE i i 255 FF i 2 TAN ATN PEEK LEN STRS VAL ASC CHR$ LEFTS RIGHTS MIDS GO CPY# CMP(I).X CPYZ CMPZ DECZ INY CMP# DEX CPY CMP DEC BNE CMP(I).Y CMP Z.X DEC Z.X CLD CMPY CMPX DECX CPX# SBC(!).X CPXZ SBCZ INCZ INX SBC# NOP CPX SBC INC BEO SBC{I).Y SBC Z.X INC Z.X SED SBCY SBCX INCX n 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 SO s E o 0 o U > 5 I I I i J ft H

The text on this page is estimated to be only 4.04% accurate

39 Commodore 64 Memory Map g 0 E E o u s. (0 I E 0 e I e 1 I a I oooc 0 Cti < p ditechonaJ Tgum i;«^ m T> Pm 2 *rr h| Correcied 0291 657 Kevtxu/d *hirt node 0001 I Chip I/O. rnerno/v A t»pr> contra* ooao*ooa2 160-162 JiPydockHWL 0292 658 0-scro*ienaWe 0003-0004 3-4 Roar-Fixed veero00A3 163 5r*uJ U* cduM/COI fl* 0293 6S9 RS-232conifOire8 0005-0006 5-6 Fiaed-Ftoal vector 0OA4 161 C)tk count 0294 660 RS-232 eDmmand resj 0007 7 SMrch cnjrftCler 00AS 1&S CounbdOMri.tApr wrdr/Ni courtt 0295-02V-3 661-662 Bit htmnfl 0006 0 Scan-quote* fa| 0OA6 166 T^De butler pome* 0297 663 RS-232 statu* 0009 * TAB co* J mn mvt 0OA7 167 Tp Wrt lor coumy RU pAM^nbf 0299 664 * btf.T to wnc MM 10 0-LOAD.I -VERIFY OCAS 16S Tp Wrt new bvte/R4 frror^nbecil 0299 - 029A 665-666 r&232*peed/code ooc« II Input butter pointer/* jub&crpt 00A9 169 Wrt **rt bit/Rd btf err/Vbii ran 66T RS232 receive po-ntet oocc 12 Dcfaut DIM (Ug 00AA 170 Tp Sc*n Cnt.Ld End/thte *w>02*r 66ft RS232mputpomfef 00CO 13 Type FFBttnftf. 00^ burner* OOAB l?l Wrfcttflef^h/lticfTCk^WpiniY "^L 669 RS232 transriil pointer 00OE 14 Type SO-mrrfler 00 ^ 'kwine pot'ii OCAC-OOAO 172-173 Poster i*yf bulr. «rrc4h^ 029E 670 RS232 Output pointer C«0f 15 DATA scam' UST quote' memrv Big D0A£. 00AF 174*175 T*pe ei>d wSoH/Lid of pruQt^n^ 029F-O2AO 671-672 IRQ «w* dunnfl tape IA) 0010 16 SubecnptyFMflaf WAO00BI |7*-17T Tjpe t(tTinf( ronfuni^ KM 673 Oa 2 1 NMr Interrufi Comrol 001 1 17 0- INfUTUO * G£T;I96 - READ 0C620OB3 178-179 fottmn StifT of Tape B«h> 02A2 674 CIA t Timer A control lot; O0I2 10 ATN y«ri /Comparison eval lUg OCW 180 1 - Tp litn*f ernbieiJ, Cm count 02A3 673 ha 1 Interrupt Log 0013 19 Currmi I/O prornpi fu« KB5 181 Tp EQ"7RS232 nexi bn to vend 02A4 674 C1AI Tinsr^Aer«Wednat 0014- 001S 2fr-2> (nrefrr value h:^/. IK Read characier error/ uutbyte bui 02AS $72 Screen row m*f%e» 0016 22 Puisne*: if mpor * ". stnrtf M Kk one: 183 * cturecrert *n Air n*nie 02O-02FE 704-766 (Spntf II] 0017*0018 23-24 L*a; temp finnfl vector 006& 1W Current topca* hie 0300-0301 764-769 Error meua^r lin« 0019-0021 25-33 Sj >: k lor temporary ■ " - g ooes 185 CuTrenl WCfitfy «Wrevs 03D2-0303 770-T7I BASIC warm furt link 0022 - 0O2S 34*37 L ;i :itv poanter jm 00BA 186 Currenl device 03O4-03OS 772-773 Crunch BASIC lotm* tinK OO26-0O2A 3JM2 ProouCt "* tor rnult epical >or. obwOOBC 187-188 Pointet to hie fwnr 0306-0307 774-TTS Pnre tokens vnk 0028- 002C 43-44 Potr*4«$iaei of BASIC ooeo 189 Wr ihth *oroVM input cntr 03C«-0309 77fc»777 Sun new 8ASIC code lank CC20- 002E 45-46 taaoter: Stan of Vanabk* 006E 190 * b4ock» retiMintni loWr/Rd 030A-03O9 T7«-779 Gel anrhmer < etrmrnt i 002F-00» 47-46 Pointer S j r erf Array* OOBf 191 Sen*; word oufter 030C 7*0 5Y5A-rvftJV( 0031 -0032 49-50 Pwtnfel End©* Arrayi ooco 192 T*pr- motor interlock t)3)X) m SVSX-reflsavr 0033-0034 SI -52 PMnter- Srnng v . rage- ■ i r . ■ . i isj down) O0C100C3 I93-m I'Ofttrttddrett 03C€ 7S2 SV5Y-re»;«ve 0035-0036 53-54 Pointer Llilrf> Sinnf O0C300C4 \ 95- 196 Kernel i*nip pomter 030P m SY5 %£M\n nn] Mve 0037 - 0038 S>-56 WMm&m i j n it o* Memo's COC5 »9T Lot hes prcwed 0310-0312 784-786 LtttuMtorsHjmp JMPB: 0039-003* sr-56 Current BASIC hne number COC6 198 * chdn in fccvbd buikr 0314* 031 S Tft^TS^ Hardwarr m'rrTufe vecroi eak interrupt »tctor met 03IS-03I9 792-793 MJI iflaerrupt vecor 03IC-03ID 796-797 ClOSE vector (r^l) 0043-0044 67-6* tftpui vrctnr cocc 204 O-A^tti curwr 03IE-O3IF 796-W Set -input recto* fF?0£» 0045 -0W6 69-7C Current variable name ooco 205 Cursor Itrncrtt* couredown 0320-0321 MM0I S« -output vector 0CCE 206 ChdrKier unoer cunor 0322-0323 MO-tta fteitore I/O vector (F333) 0C49 - 004A 73-74 Vanttre pcanler tot FOR'NEXT OOCF 207 Cuncr in oiink phase 0324-0325 m-iK thPLTvenw CF1573 0C4B-OD4C 75-76 Y-*av* op-uvc: BASIC poinler *avr i.»ii«: :> Input from screen/from keyboard 0326-0327 NMOJ Outpc vector (FtCA) 0C4C 77 Companion symbol accumuiato' ntn: 0G02 209-210 Pomtrr lo icwen \m* 0328-032$ WM09 Tev-STOP vector crer n l*ne lenffh 032E-O32F 414*615 Warm start vector {FE6CI 0061 97 Accum't Eaporseni 00D6 2U Row where curoM b*t> 0330*0331 flll-817 LOADfcnk (F4A5I 0C*S2-0O6S 96-101 AcoinVl Mantissa 00D7 2>S L^%i inkpy/rttveksum/buftr 0332-0333 IU4i9 SAVCM tFSEDl 0C*6 102 Accurn*! Sren cote 216 * ol INSERTS ouHi^txbna 033C-03FB S2S-I019 Cisaene bu«e* 0067 103 5*n*s*v*iua*K>rxconv*nl pOhUB COMO0F2 217-242 Screen line link 1 ibie 0340-037E 432-894 lSp«e13) 0C*8 104 Accum-! hi-crder(overf)oi*t oonO0F4 243*244 S;reen coiour pot;«er 0380-038E B96-954 lSor«l4) «*$ I0S Accum*2: Exponent etc 0OF500f6 245*246 K^'board pointer 03CO*03FE 960*1022 iSpr** 15) 006A-0O6O 106-109 A«unf 2 liiMHH 0OFTO0F8 2*7-248 RS-232Rwprjr CMOO-OTFT 1024-2039 Screen rrsernory loefauit '*.« 110 Acaiti>*2 t^poo*fii t»c ooreOOfA M-SSO R$-232Tipnfr 07rT|-C7rT 2040-2047 Spnee Pc*ntrrr,(de*a"jlO 006f 111 SfneonpifM^ Ace*: «*2 00rT010A 2^6-266 Row m( to ASCII wnrk *re 631-WP Ke> board buHer MXt- WsFF 55296^56319 Coiou^ nybbur rnerron 0092 146 Tinvn^ l-jo^ j'it tor \hpv 02«1 0282 641-G42 &*rt ol 6ASKT ^rrory octo-DCor 5W20-V633I i mieriacecnvl 1RCJ [f>526 CIA> 0093 147 UMtf-0. Vmfv-I 02830284 643-G44 Top or BASIC Memory DDCO-TO0F S6S76-S6S9I Interface en ip2NMM6526QAj 0094 146 Set»*Jootp«! dH«rT- EOO0-FTFF 57344-^553! i RCW Operating Svstrm 0096 ISO Tip* EOT npemeri 028T 647 Colour under curwr EO00-FFFF 57344-^553! 1 Ahemate RAM 0097 151 ftr^*f-u*e 02SS 64* Screen memorv oagr FFgUrTFS 65409-65525 >ump Table tncldditnf 0096 152 Ho* many opm hie> 0289 MS Max tiEeoi kesbd tuhrt FTC6 Set intnircnanrvfS 0099 153 tnpyl Jrv r -* ■ . r - i 4 = ■, 0 02ftA 6JC Repeat aO k***s FTC9 Srr Output cbaAne^ 009* IS4 Output CMD drncf . nornufi)1 3 02$8 651 Kepeal speed cou ih**t FFCC Restore delautt I/O channd^ 0093 155 Tape (hinder pant) 028C 652 Ref^Jl dctiv couiler FFCF 1%PLT O09C 131 B>ir-re\nvfd (Utf 0280 653 Keyboard Sh* /Control Da« FFD2 PRINT O09D IS7 rh?tei - 160/ RL A ■ 0 output control 028E 654 Last saift patiem ffe: Test Slop kev 009E 15ft Tp Put ' errot log/cfur burlrt 0MF»290 6SS-6H Krvboard tabic vtuppotntn FFE4 GET C oai m ixlortr 64 ROM Routines A000 ROM core roi veoors ADIE Periorm |SECT| B&24 Pertorm |POfcE| EJOE Pertorm (ATNJ £000 Send serial dHrrrrU H20 Fi rd any laps* ^eatii A00C Keyword *cuon vecton ADTd Type match check BWC Prrlorm |WAIT1 E37B Warm *evan eocf Senduntalk F76A Wn»)e lane header A052 Functor, vecton AD9E tvaiiaate exprexiion &H^ A4*d0 5 E39I Initialize tl^'E Send unlrHerV F7O0 GetbufleraoVJro^ A0B0 Operaecr veaon AEAIS Constant -PI ■aso Subtract' from E2A2 CHRCCT tor tero pop EE13 Recwve iroTi serial but R07 Set buHer >Ufl'end pcitniert AOK Keywortb AEFI Evaluate Vttan bracket* B8S3 rVrtorm |ujbtrjcil E3BF Initialize BASIC U3S Serial clocton F7LA Find specif < nrader AI9C Error rrwaaaaeAEF7 T b«\ >\rtorm|jaVJ] E447 Vr\Tor-lorl3CC EEK Saeul clock of! RS00 Sump tape porter A37fi Error mrrifcie veeton A EFT comma B&47 Complemeoi FAC-1 E4S3 Inuialize veciort Eis: Sr*ial output 1 F»f7 pressor A36S vtKmm/m AFW $yr»*> reror 897E ov*rilow E45F Power-up meiwer Et^VJ Srnai output 0' FWE Check tape Vakn A3M Scan statu lor FOR/COSLB AFI4 Oect ranor BWC MuHififvbvzerobvse E504 Getl'OidrJms EEA9 Get serial in & dock Fo^fi press record. .' A3fl« Movemernory AF2S Se4fCfi hy va/**tt* B9FA Pertorm (LOCI ES05 Get screen sice um Delav 1 m* FS4! fneiateiape read A3FB ■■■■-. k vm »*-:■' AFA7 Setup FN rderence 8A2B Pertorm [muAiph | E50A Pus/ ore row/column tEBB ftS-232tend rW4 inMiateiape wnte A4C6 Check memory tpacr AFT6 Persorm|OR| BAS9 riuk-pty-4-ta ESlfl mrtialiEH 80S1 Ptr1orm|0fM| BAD4 L norrttow/ovrrfkm ESGC S*i screen pointer* EF3B tXubk umer F92C Read tape bm A474 Te*uV B08B Lxatevarub»e BAE2 Uukspty by 10 ESA0 Seit/OdrtMilu EF4A Compute ba court FA60 Store tape char* A440 fta*0V rot BASIC B1 1 3 Check aipfsaoet it BAR -IQinfloatmepT E5&4 Input from keyboard EF59 RS232 receive FBK£ Reset pointer A49C Handle new Ittw BllD Create ^anabee BAFE DtvirJetrylO E632 tnpur rrom screen EF7E Seruptorecerve F8S? Vew crwaaer setup AS33 Re-cfuin Unes B194 Array pointer subroutine BB12 Pertorm [dntde] t6S4 Quote te»t EFH Reer*i¥€ aenty eno* F8A6 Send iranMfcon to tape A5*0 Recervej input line 81A5 Vai*e3276B BBA2 n4emo-ytoFAC"1 E69I Set up screen print EFCA Receive ovrrtow FBC8 Write data to tape A579 Crunch tokens 8 1 B2 Floar-fued conv-enuor. BBC7 FAC'I totnernory £6B6 Advance cursor EFC3 Rr RHD Input Iron* R5232 FCOI Check r/* potnsr** A742 Perloem (FOR] B391 Fn- float converuon BCS8 Pertorm JABS) E8AI Cneck Jin* o>rrrrnrnt R«6 Get from HS232 FCOB Bump r/w oomier A7ED Execute staiemeni r\39C Perform IPOS) K'5B CornpireFAC'l lomem E883 Cneck line tnremenr TOA4 Check venal bus rd« FCFJ Poser reset ertty ASiD PeriormlRESTOflE B3A6 Cr>«koVec< rK9B Float -4xed EBCB Set cotour coo> TOSD Mestaays FtXK OsKko^rrjm AS2C Break B3B3 P-rlormllXri BCCC Preterm IINTI FJOA Colour cod* taoiF F12B Print *\ direct FOIO r>ftOMm«ik AKF PeriorrnfSTOPI B3E1 Check FN -ynua BCF3 SinnttoFAC UEA Scroll screen F13E On FDI5 Kemal reset AS3I PerkrmlENO) B3F4 Pertorm [FW| BD7E CetASaidrfltf E9ti5 Open space on sciem F14E JromRS212 FOIA Kernel move AB57 Pertcrm |COf*T| M6S Perkxm|5TRf) Boa Pnrsi 1N+: E9C8 Mo*r/ a screen line ns? Input F330 Vector* ABT1 PerkrmjRUNt M75 Calculate smnsj vector BOCD Pnnt line r.umJrt E9£0 5y neb rortiie colour iraniler Fl» Cel Skpe/sen«t/ri232 r»o Inn kali re lvtirrn conjtnti A0K PtrlcrmiCOSUBi B4A7 Sei jp stnnu BODO Float to ASCU E9F0 Sei si*rt-ri-life FICA Output. F093 IRQ vectors A8A0 Periorm GOTO) ABD2 Periorm JRCTURN) 84F4 Ma4e ■ -im M strin* BF1S Dr^imaJ contrary* ESfT Clear screen line FIOD lotape FDA3 Iniiiaiue I/O B526 CU/tuxae collection 8PU TlcoruiAnii Ml Pnmro*creen F20C Set input device FBOC Enable timer ASFB Pertorm |DATA) BSBO Chej^Mft4-^fA»Wy BF7! r^torm|S0R| EA24 Srnchrorttre colour pc-nirr F2S0 Set output device FT>^ S*>-e tilename data A9C4 Scan lor nrnt «airn*rni BG06 CoUKt«nr*) BPTB Prriorm (power] EA31 Irrterrupl * dock etc F29! Close Me FE00 5m We detail* A928 PenormllFl BOO Concan-naie BfBl Periorm |net|aiivr| EA87 Re^keybovd F30F F*nc tie Fto: Ot status A938 PeetormlRf^l B67A Bulk} ttnruj to memory BFB) Perform |EXP) >H-4 Keyboard »ei>ct WW HIF SetftkrvaJun FE(8 Ragvaiu* Afrlft Peeteem \»] B6A3 Discard o -wanted siring BH3 Sf-se*evj*1 t»l Keyboard 1 * u ntftriied F32F Abofl alt hits FEtC Set sums *3iB Get fixed potcf number B6DB QaW descnoior stack ED59 SenoevaJ? EflCC Keyboard 2 -shifted F333 ftesJore default I/O FE2I Setumeou A9A5 Perlortn |L£T1 B6EC Periorm jCHRSJ E097 Periorm (RND1 EOJ3 Keyboard 3 - comm F34A Do Itie uper FE25 Read/ set top of memor\' AA90 Persorm JPRIMT*) 8700 Periorm | LEFT! J EDft r? breakpotnts F EC44 CVapMcs/iesti cotun: nos S*ndSA , FE2T Krad top of merncry AA»6 rVloriei |CM0| 8T2C Pertorm |R*CHTS| EI2A Pertorm [SYS] EC4F Set graphta/tr*] mode F409 OpenR5232 FE2D Set top of memo'} AAA0 Pertorm | PRINT1 B737 Pertorm |MuDS| BIS4 Pertorm |SAVE| rX7o Keyboard 4 F4»E LOADpfoeram FE34 ftead/set bctiorr oi memory ABIC Pnnt sinitg from ty aj B76I Pull unrnt p*r«meJe*i EI65 Pmoin |VERlfY| ECB9 VtoVo crap setup FSAF warrrtio^ FE43 NWt entry AB3B Pnist formal chataoei B77C Pertorm |LEN) Bltt rVrform JLOADJ E EI8E Pertorm (OPEN ; ECFO Screen In adores* tow F30? loading/ verity mg FEB6 Reset IRO 4 exit ABTB Perkrm(GCT] B7g8 Pertorm | ASC| EIC7 Pertorm (CLOSE | am 5ersd t*lk+ FSOO MV£p«iajr*jis ftBC Intenupt enil ABAS PerSorm |INPUT'| B79B : l- 'MrparanwtrEID4 Paramt-en lor LOAD/SAVE EDOC Send listen FSSF Purr; HAVING FEC2 R5-232t*m*rtjtabie A8BF rVrtorm(INrVT| 87 AD Perto»m(VAL| E206 Check rJeUvl! parftmetert r_:>i. Send to serial bu> FS98 Btrmpctock FEfW NM< RS-232 an ABF3 Ptomix & input B7EB Par*rneser-torPOICt/WAn" EJ3E Cneck for comrr FF81 Jumbo tump tab^t* E2B4 Pertorm TAM) EDCC Wan tor clock F&FB Cuipwt erruf rrw**a*w* FTFA Hardware vector*

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6566 Video Chip C64 Control & Miscellaneous Registers 0011 D012 D013 DON D016 D0I8 D019 D01A D020 D021 D022 D023 D024 D025 D026 Dispfav Em Y-Scroll tau3 IRQ Rasier Register Light Pen Input X Y x x Reset Mjlji Column Seteci X-Scroll Screen VMJ2 . VMII VMLO Interrupt Sense: Interrupt Enable: rnia cbi2 cbi Pen Pen Collision Spr-Spr Co lisions Sot- Hack CoJiiion Coli&oru Raster Raster Colour Registers X Extenor Colour (Border) X Background Colour "0 X Background Colour "I X Background Colour "2 X Background Colour *3 X 5:>-irc Wul!iColi>jr*D X Sphle MulliColour ' I S326S 53266 53267 53268 53270 53272 53273 53274 53280 5328 1 53282 53283 53284 53285 53286 Sprite 0 * D000 DOOl Sprite 7 ( DOOE DOOF 6566 Video Chip C64 Sprite Registers D027 D02E X Position Y Position Sprite Colour Bit For Sprite'; Sprite 0 53248 7 1 6 5 4 3 2 i i 4 1 1 0 1 DOIO X-Position High | D015 Sprite Enable Flags 0017 Y- Expand D01B Background Priority D01C Sprite MultrColour Mode D01D X-Expand DdlE Interrupt: Sprite Collision DOIF Interrupt: Background Collision Sprite 7 1 53262 53249 53263 53287 53294 53264 53269 53271 53275 53276 53277 53278 53279 40 I 1 i U ■ ft a to S I 2 CIAl (IRQ) (6526) Processor I/O Port (6510) SDCUl A 6 1 '.■• KiflM J&VltiClS U Lelr Potiff Up Keftot/tf Row Sek ItWuT T met IfMrTfup* B A lOOC One Out Mo* Ti Tc PB60u FHmi SOCnF On.AM 0«l Node | Tim* PBiOuj Ttfricf B Start CIA 2 (NMI) (6526) iDDW 1% . .VL. IN QUI CMl QUI inn Vh : VK it ..^r < SDDOI BR IN DCD1% RIl\ DTK OUT OUT IN 1DDU2 «F-5e*»l SDDU.1! 1 flu-MJ P All in] »i * Si* - RS-im SDWW SDDUS T«i*r A SDDtiT T»mrr B *oonr> 1 Tm*t Lntrr'upi B A M>IX* ASu*i lUWV K Sltfl Cfinnrcicd bui r»i»: tf**d to O S PRA 561211 PRB K3» DDRA 5fi322 DDRB 56323 TAL Sfctt4 TAH 56325 TBL 56326 TBI* 56327 *CR StWJ CRA W14 CM 3GW PKA 56S?«i prb sfisr; DDKA M57* ODRB (0A TAL MM TAH MM TBL MM Ten son CRA WWII t'RR Itiftll IN \ OUT A OUT OUT OUT OUT Motor Itpr T*pe Writ* CMtOH EF3avLhNaU Swilt*. Swrth DDR l> PR I SID (6581) Vo*e I Vutfr * Voice l SD4Qft- ID40: ItHOE *IW«1 *D*ifr S04OF SD44I2 sr>4ii- SD4IO IWOl SD*I)A ID4JI 1D«W SD408 tD4» RMH *IM«C SD4I1 »(>4u6 SfHtlf) 1D1N HM1S MMIfi iwt: tCMlK r>equ*nc> L H Pur** WK»h L H O O tl ti Votcf Tvpr NSt PLL SAW TR1 i kc. At:*** Tim* l>r<4y T.mr Sum * m U-ve-; Rr r*** rime VOiCCI {writ* only) H 1) n l> O L H F J * .■■ ■ -i , ■■ i . t»l . VI . V2 \ V'lirfl Ht . BP Maw* 1/) , VWyrr-r Ftltrr & Volume (writ* ontyl VoicirJ Vow 2 Voice 3 KM M272 HST1 542741 5427S sun 54277 5427« M2H 54iW 54i« HZM SIM1»* P»OdleX (A/D'll 542*7 I041A Piddle Y (A/O'S SttM SfMlfl Ninw 3 (r ancfrmt WW* irwic Mv«li>pr 3 MM Sense |re«J only) Note; Specul Vok* Feature* (TZ5T. RING MOO. SYNCI Arc omitted from Ihe abov* fiuf^am 54279 542*1 54281 sua 54243 542H4 542!*5 542H7 S42*W 542K9 sew 5429^ 54292 e ! s e e i i i

The text on this page is estimated to be only 28.64% accurate

41 SO I E 0 © CM y 5 s E VIC 20 / Commodore 64 Memory Map With Zero Page Contents at Power-Up There are some differences between the 20 and 64 as indicated. ! e i E | a J if Location Contents Description Hex 00-02 00 01 02 03-04 03 04 05-06 05 06 07 06 09 OA 0B X oo 0E OF 10 11 12 13 07 08 09 0A 0B OC 0D 0E OF 10 11 12 13 14-15 14 15 16 16 17-18 17 18 19-21 19 1A IB 1C ID IE IF 20 21 22-25 22 23 24 25 26 -2A 26 27 28 29 2A 2B-2C 2B 2C 2D-2E 2D 2E 2F-30 2F 30 31 -32 31 32 33-34 33 34 35-36 35 36 37 -38 37 38 39-3A39 3A 3B-3C 3B 3C 3D-3E 3D 3E 3F-40 3F 40 41 -42 41 42 43-44 43 44 45-46 45 46 47-48 47 48 49 -4A 49 4A 4B-4C 4B 4C 4D 4D 4E-53 4E 4F 50 51 Dec 0-2 3-4 5-6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20-21 22 23-24 25-33 34-37 38-42 43-44 45-46 47-48 49-50 51-52 53-54 55-56 57-58 59-60 61-62 63-64 65-66 67-68 69-70 71-72 73-74 75-76 77 78-83 0 1 : 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 3L 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 431 441 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 VIC Hex Dec C64 Hex Dec! 4C 48 D2 AA Dl 91 D3 22 22 00 00 4C 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 05 14 00 19 16 00 02 FE ID 0 00 00 00 00 00 05 10 F3 01 00 00 00 00 00 01 10 03 10 0A 10 0A 10 00 IE 00 IE 00 IE 00 FF 00 00 3D 00 00 00 00 10 00 00 41 00 05 10 05 10 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 76 72 210 170 209 145 211 34 34 0 0 76 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 20 0 25 22 0 25 254 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 16 243 1 0 0; 0 0; °l 1 16 3 16 10 16 10 16 0 30 0 30 0 30 0 255 0 0 61 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 65 0 5 16 S 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2F 37 33 AA Bl 91 B3 22 22 00 00 4C 00 00 cxi 00 00 00 00 05 14 00 19 16 00 02 FE 9F 00 00 00 IE 00 00 05 08 F3 01 00 00 00 00 00 01 08 03 08 0A 08 0A 08 00 AO 00 AO 00 AO 00 FF 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 00 00 41 00 05 08 05 08 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 47 55 51 170 177 145 179 34 34 0 0 76 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 20 0| 25 22: °l 2 254 159 0 0 0 30 0 0 5 8 243 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 3 8 10 8 10 8 0 160 0 160 0 160 0 255 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 65 0 5 8 5 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 USR Jump 64: Chip directional reg. 64: Chip I/O; memory & tape control 20:JMPJD248 64: Unused Float-Fixed vector Fixed- Float vector Search character Scan-quotes flag TAB column save 0=LOAD. 1= VERIFY Input buffer pointer/* subscripts Default DIM flag Type* FF= string. 00 = numeric Type: 80 - integer. 00 = floating pi DATA scan/UST quote/ memory flag Suhscript/FNx flag 0 = INPUT:$40 = GET;*98 = READ ATN sign/Comparison eval. Rag Current I/O prompt flag Integer value Pointer: Temporary siring stack Last temp string vector Stack for temporary stnngs Utility pointer area Product area for multiplication Pointer: Start of BASIC Pointer: Start of Variables Pointer: Start of Arrays Pointer: End of Arrays Pointer: String Siorage (moving down) Pointer: Siring Utility Pointer: Limit of Memory Current BASIC line number Previous BASIC line number Potaler: BASIC statement for CONT Current DATA line number Current DATA address Input vector Current variable name Current variable address Variable pointer for FOR/NEXT Y-save; op-save; BASIC pointer save Com pan son symbol accumulator Misc. work area, pointers, etc Location Contents Description Hex Dec VIC Hex Dec C64 Hex Dec 52 82 00 1 I) 00 0 53 83 03 3 03 3 54-56 54 84-86 84 4C 76 4C 76 Jump vector for functions 55 85 0D 13 0D 13 56 86 D8 216 B8 184 57-60 57 87-96 87 00 0 00 0 Misc. numeric work area 58 88 0A 10 0A 10 59 89 IF 15 07 7 5A 90 03 3 03 3 5B 91 IF 15 07 7 5C 92 00 0 00 0 5D 93 00 0 00 0 5E 94 00 0 00 0 5F 95 03 3 03 3 60 96 10 16 08 8 61 61 97 97 87 135 87 135 Accum*l: Exponent 62-65 62 98-101 98 00 0 00 0 Accum'l: Mantissa 63 99 00 0 00 0 64 100 00 0 00 0 65 101 65 101 65 101 66 66 102 102 4C 76 4C 76 Actum*!: Sign 67 67 103 103 00 0 00 0 Series evaluation constant pointer 68 68 104 104 00 0 00 0 Accum*l hi-order (overflow) 69 -6E 69 105-110 105 00 0 00 0 Accum*2: Exponent 6A 106 00 0 00 0 Accum*2: Mantissa 6B 107 00 0 00 0 6C 108 00 0 00 0 6D 109 00 0 00 0 6E 110 00 0 00 0 Accum*2: Sign 6F 6F 111 III 00 0 00 0 Sign comparison. Acc*1 vs *2 70 70 112 112 00 0 00 0 Accum*l lo-order (rounding) 71 -72 71 113-114 113 01 1 01 I Cassette buff len/Series pointer 72 114 01 1 01 I 73-8A 73 115-138 115 E6 230 E6 230 CHRGET subroutine; gel BASIC char 74 116 7A 122 7A 122 .INCS7A 75 117 DO 208 DO 208 .BNE $0079 76 118 02 2 02 2 77 119 E6 230 E6 230 ;INC $7B 78 120j 7B 123 7B 123 79 121 AD 173 AD 173 ;LDA$022D 64:LDAS022C 7A 122 2D 45 2C 44 7B 123 02 2 02 2 7C 124 C9 201 C9 201 ;CMP*$3A 7D 125 3A 58 3A 58 7E 126 B0 176 B0 176 ;BCS$008A 7F 127 0A 10 0A 10 80 128 C9 201 C9 201 :CMP*$20 81 129 20 32 20 32 82 130 F0 240 F0 240 ;BEQ $0073 83 131 EF 239 EF 239 84 132 38 56 38 56 SEC 85 133 E9 233 E9 233 SBC*$30 86 134 30 48 30 48 87 135 38 56 38 56 SEC 88 136 E9 233 E9 233 SBC*$D0 89 137 DO 208 DO 208 8A 138 60 96 60 96 .RTS 7A-7B 7A 122-123 122 2D 45 2C 44 BASIC pointer (within subrtn) 7B 123 02 2 02 2 8B-8F 8B 139-143 139 80 128 80 128 RND seed value 8C 140 4F 79 4F 79 8D 141 a 199 a 199 8E 142 52 82 52 82 8F 143 58 88 58 88 90 90 144 144 00 0 00 0 Status word ST 91 91 145 145 FF 255 FF 255 Keyswitch PIA: STOP and RVS flags 92 92 146 146 00 0 00 0 Timing constant for tape 93 93 147 147 00 0 00 0 LOAD =0. VERIFY- 1 94 94 148 148 55 85 55 85 Serial output: deferred char flag 95 95 149 149 FF 255 FF 255 Serial deferred character 96 % 150 150 00 0 00 0 Tape EOT received 97 97 151 151 10 16 00 0 Register save 98 98 152 152 01 1 01 1 How many open files 99 99 153 133 00 0 00 0 Input device, normally 0 9A 9A 154 154 08 8 08 8 Output CMD device, normally 3 9B 9B 155 155 00 0 00 0 Tape character parity 9C 9C 156 156 CO 0 00 0 Byte-received flag 9D 9D 157 157 SO 128 80 128 Direct = WO/RUN » 0 output control 9E 9E 158 158 00 0 00 0 Tp Pass 1 error log/char buffer 9F 9F 159 159 00 0 00 0 Tp Pass 2 err log corrected A0-A2 A0 160-162 160 00 0 00 0 Jiffy dock HML Al 161 25 37 3B 59

The text on this page is estimated to be only 19.99% accurate

location Contents Hex A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 AS A9 AA AB A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 AS A9 AA AB AC -AD AC AD AE-AF AE AF l-BI BO Bl B2-B3 B2 Dec VIC Hex Dec CM Hex Dec 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172-173 B3 Bi B4 180 B5 B5 181 B6 B6 182 B7 B7 183 BS B8 184 B9 B9 185 BA BA 186 B3-BC BB BC BD BE BF CO BD BE BF CO CI -a CI C2 I C3 C4 C5 C6 G7| CS C5 C6 C7 C8 C9-CAC9 CA 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 !71 !72 173 174-175 174 175 176-177 176 177 178-179 !78 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187-188 187 188 189 190 191 192 189 190 191 192 193-194 193 194 195-196 195 196 CB CC CD CE CF DO CB CC CD CE CF DO 197 198 199 200 197 198 199 200 201-202 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 203 204 205 206 207 208 74 116 38 56 55 85 55 85 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 3C 60 3C 60 03 3 03 3 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 11 17 10 16 05 5 05 5 65 101 65 101 08 8 08 8 EF 239 FO 240 ID 29 9F 159 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 20 32 AO 160 6D 109 30 48 FD 253 FD 253 40 64 40 64 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 4A 74 49 73 04 : 03 3 4A 74 49 73 40 64 40 64 01 1 01 1 OD 13 11 17 20 32 20 32 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 Description Sena) bit count/EOI flag Cyde count Countdown, tape wnie/bit count Tape butter pointers Tp Wrt Idr count/Rd pass/inbit Tp Wrt new byte/Rd error/inbti cm Wrt stan bti/Rd bit err/stbit Tp Scan.Cnt;Ld;End/byte assy Wr lead length/Rd checksum/ parity Pointer: tape bufr, scrolling Tape end adds/End of program Tape timing constants Pointer: Start ol Tape Buffer I =Tp timer enabled; bit count Tp EOT/RS232 next bit to send Read character error/outbyte buf * characters m file name Current logicaJ file Current secndy address Current device Pointer to file name Wr shift word/Rd input char * blocks remaining to Wr/Rd Senal word butler Tape motor interlock I/O start address Kernal setup pointer Last key pressed * chars in keybd buffer Screen reverse flag End-oMine for input pointer Input cursor log (row, column) Which key $4 if no key 0= flash cursor Cursor timing countdown Character under cursor Cursor in Wink phase Input from screen/from keyboard Location Contents Description Hex rw VIC "* [HexDec C64 Hex Dec Dl -D2 01 209-210 209 C6 198 40 64 Pointer to screen line D2 210 IE 30 05 5 D3 D3 211 211 00 0 00 0 Position of cursor on above line D4 D4 212 212 00 0 00 0 0 = direct cursor, else programmed D5 D5 213 2!3 15 21 27 39 Current screen line length D6 D6 214 214 09 9 08 8 Row where cursor lives D7 D7 215 215 0D 13 0D 13 Last inkey/checksum/buffer D8 D8 216 216 00 0 00 0 •of INSERTS outstanding D9-F0 D9 217-240 217 9E 158 84 132 DA 218 9E 158 84 132 Screen line link table DB 219 9E 158 84 132 DC 220 9E 158 84 132 DD 221 9E 158-S4 132 DE 222 9E 158 84 132 DF 223 IE 30 84 132 E0 224 IE 30 05 5 El 225 IE 30 85 133 E2 226 9E 158 85 133 1 E3 227 9E 158 85 133 E4 228 9E 158 85 133 E5 229 9F 159 85 133 E6 230 9F 159 86 134 E7 231 9F 159 86 134 E8 232 9F 159 86 134 E9 233 9F 159 86 134 EA 234 9F 159 86 134 EB 235 9f 159 86 134 EC 236 9F 159 86 134 ED 237 9F 159 87 135 EE 238 9F 159 87 135 EF 239 9F 159 87 135 F0 Fl Fl 240 241 241 9F FF 159 255 87 87 ! 35 135 Dummy screen link F2 F2 242 242 08 8 87 135 . kreen row marker F3-F4 F3 243-244 243 6E 110 F0 240 : Screen colour pointer F4 244 96 150 D8 216 F5-F6 F5 245-246 245 5E 94 81 129 Keyboard pointer F6 246 EC 236 EB 235 F7-F8 F7 247-248 247 00 0 00 0 i RS-232 Rev pntr F8 248 00 0 00 0 F9-FA F9 249-250 249 00 0 00 0 i RS-232 Txpnir FA 250 00 0 00 0 FB FB 251 251 00 0 00 0 1 \ 031C-O31D 796-797 CLOSE vector 20(F34A) 64:{F29I) 031 E -031 F 798-799 Sel-input vector 20:(F2C7) 64:(F20E) 0320 -0321 800-801 Set -output vector 20:(F309) 64:{F250) 0322 -0323 802-803 Restore I/O vector 20:(F3F3) 64:{F333) 0324 -0325 804-805 INPUT vector 20;(F20E) 64:(FI57) 0326 -0327 806-807 Output vector 20:(F27A) 64:(FICA) 0328 -0329 808-809 Test-STOP vector 20:(F770) 64 (F6ED) 032A-032B 810-811 GET vector 20(F1F5) 64:(F13E) 032C-032D 812-813 Abort I/O vector 20:(F3EF) 64:(F32F) 032E-032F 814-815 Warm start vector 64:{FE66) • 032E-032F 814-815 USR vector 20:(FED2) 0330 -0331 816-817 LOAD link 20:(F549) 64: Alternate: Character set ROM Operating System Alternate: RAM Jump Table 42 v© 2 | 0 E E o U © CM V * • (0 a S i E e e < u 8 s J ! U

The text on this page is estimated to be only 5.47% accurate

43 J CQ B Series Memory Map The following information applies to B systems released after April 1973. which contain a revised Machine Language Monitor, (If SYS 6 doesn't bring in a monitor display complete with a period* prompt, its the wrong version). Notable features as compared to previous Commodore products include: • CHRCOT is no longer in RAM "Wedge" type coding must be inserted at links S029E and S02A0 ■ which is likely to make the job easier, • BASIC vectors have ''split* - now Jeff exam bank number) are not uncommon. •The "Jump Table" at top of memory is still accessible and reasonbly consistent with previous Commodore products, • Simple machine language programs will fit into the spare Ik of ROM at $04000800 without trouble. Large programs must be implemented either by plug-in memory (RAM or ROM) in bank 1 5. or placed into another bank (preferably bank 3); supplementary code will be needed to make ail the coding components fit. The following map contains BASIC addresses specific to the B256/80; references to banks 0 to 4 are also specific to that machine. Most of the map is of general usage, however. All Bank* 0000 1>XH iw* i Unc*d 0 6509 EhcbMki temwp' 6S09 Incirtctior Rwjiv*BHtl 0003 -FOOD 2-t>H39 BASIC PrugramfiMn RAM FXSE-FBOO 61 440-645? 2 Inpul tu*l*f art* am: 0002 -F*TF Bank 3 HSN BASIC A-ra^in RAM 0002 * TTFf 2-32767 Unu%« ftUM -FFTF 32T6*-65$35 BWVarufcrf-s.nRAV &anfcl 0002 -fttf fccc-fttf 2-645)1 8A51C Siring ((op tkwn) m RAM 64Sl2*W7t- Unuatd RAM (dHtripfOrV'] FD00-FTTT 64T6g-*SS3S Cuwru K£v ratftnitiflm Bute Slot 4 UtoKd Bafii *5 00C2 ■ tfXH Z-4 USRJuflip 0005 -ooo* 5-* Tit Output Btmtffl* KM. ST 0009 -O00B 9-IS Pointer Pnra Long Forrrur OOCC It Starch Chataatr COX 13 SEHMMMCft-QMH Flag OttE 14 Input point . * sutocnpu OCtif IS Catalog lot counitr 0010 16 Detank C*U r*; 0011 17 Type 255 ■ M*»?i£ 0 - tnttyer 0012 IB Type 128- "ri*§rL 0- A pant 0013 19 Cnmcrwtafl on u 20 Sutacnpi tide* 0015 21 liWur'O.Get-64 Re4d-tS2 0016 -0019 22-25 ■.».■,-'■ --T ,.■ ." 001A 26 Current 10 003E 61-62 rotator-. Uilary Swag OOf -0041 63-6S fotator: Top of String Memory (XM2 ■0043 66-67 Cummt BASIC bne num&rr 0044 >0045 6A-69 OkJ BASIC bnenamtoei CC46 0047 70-71 OIO BASIC t**t pointer C049 0WA 73-74 DMA Jin* number LW3 -CN34C 7S-76 DM rw >■ ruei 00O ♦ CC4E 77-7B InpulpcHEMer 004F -CCS0 79-BO VinaWe rjtne 0051 0C53 SI-B3 Variable addreaa 0054 COS* &4-*6 For-toop pomeer 0057 -0QS8 87-« Texi poinrer aawt 005A 90 Companion synboi accumulator CD58 *oosn 91-93 Functton kx*(w>n 0T1SE *C©60 W-M Wotkirif ffrmf vector CO$1 C063 97-99 Function ump coo> C064 r006£ 100-110 Workpointeti v*iu*^ o*f III LKponemttfn CO70 11} AcCurnnnnf preix 0071 113 Accjm*l Exporwnt 0072 0075 114*117 Accj m* 1 M* rtti su 00T4 IIS Aowrft'l 5*|n 007119 Serve* r * ■■ i ■ ' ■ - ■ Coroi pointer C078 120 Accum*l H» orOf* (overf owl 00T9 • 0O7F, 121-12$ A«wfn*2 E*, MaaSifn 0T17F 127 S*n rt hWh^D 0081 rOOM 129-132 S*ri«H Work po ntefi coas >COS7 133-135 roUtar^ BASiC ■*« cow -oc«y 136-T37 Inpui potnier C08B -DOSE 139-142 DOS parser work inlud 0O3F 143 tfror rype nunber 0090 -(CT2 144-146 Pointer do lik Ti4mr 0»3 -0O?S 147*149 fotnter T4pr Buftfr >-^i.r< 0096 -0098 150-152 lev* end iNnn/tM or ptoptm 0099 -0C9& I53-1SS l/0RM4ddre^ 009C !S6 StaiwwoidST ss? 157 Fi> nime length 158 Curreni eo» «l fcle om 159 Curreni Oevtcf C0A0 160 Current -Kondiry «Octre^ 05A1 16! Input oW:'Hf. ISO Monitor mtic b\ir 00BF 191 MonilOT lie^Kf numo** OOCC^OOCI 192-193 Pro« Key Table 40dreH 00C2-COC3 194-195 Pro^T.mTWOic kcj- ^ddrrs\ 00C4-00CT 196*199 Potmen to ctungr Profl Ke>+ Tjp^ 00CS-COC9 200-20! Po*ni4f tOKtWUlfM OiXA 202 Screen line nu-ibrr s 203 ■'n hiin- r: '.i oinor on tine 204 0 ■ text mode, cite gwhio md D0CP 205 Key pressed 255 J no key occt 206 Old cui%or column ss 207 Old cunor nx 208 Mewch4r«dern4$ 00OI rw * ke*s m Keyooird bu!1er :-::,; no Quotes Rag ooo? 211 Interi key courier 00O4 212 Curwr type IU( ooo? 213 Screen IM length OODT 214 215 " keys rn key butler Key repeifoel*y oon 216 Keyrepeirtpeed 00D9-0OOA 2K-.I8 Temporary VoMbte OOOB 219 Current output cturactr* WDC 220 Top kne ot curtent screen ™ 221 Bottom bn« o? screen cor:. 222 Left e4£ oi oirreni screen iv.rv 223 ft^nr echje ol screen WED 224 Kry%i 2SS - none 127 - key.11 1 *«ftin XEI 225 Key 255-norteinoshi*) 00£2-t»E5 226-229 Une Wrap Bin 0100 256 Hex to binary staging *t& Numeric to ASCII wort area 0100 -010A 256*266 0)00 -0!Ft 256*5 IC Slack ire* 01 FT Sll Stack potroe* uve locaiinn 0200 -020F 512-527 Fie name area 0210-0226 528-55C Otk command work area 0255 - 0286 -0287 646-647 Uii tmk {89D6> 0288 -0289 64&-4V49 ComrnandoHpatcftlink (874C 028A-028B 6S0-6SI Token evaluate link (969D 02&: - o:sd 652-653 Lxpress^m eval link (9SAF) 02BE - 028F 654-655 CHRCOT M ^KWE) 0290 -0291 656*657 CKltGET vector (B&94> 0292-0293 658-659 Float-med vecior 1 S9S0 1 0»4 -0295 6»-S6l Fixeo^ Float vector (9CA5) 0296 -0297 662-663 C/ror trap sector 0298 -0299 664-665 Error Ut* number 029A-0296 b6W6? Error e*e pointer 029C 668 Stack poi nter ■- - uTO -029F te^-671 Temporary TRAP DISPOSE cm«% 02A0 -02 AS 672-677 Temporarj- IP^STRI byte* 02A6 -02A7 678-4379 Bankofbci .lifY-0301 768-769 IRQ vector mo) 0302 -0303 770-7T1 BRK veaor (EE2II 0304 -030S 772-773 NWI veaor jc.\^ 0306 -0307 774-775 OPENveaoc fF&BTi 0308 -0309 776-777 ClCee vector iFSEDl 030A -0306 TT&-779 Connect* input vectoi IFS49: 030C -C30D 780-781 Conned-oupur vector (FSA31 030E ■ 03 i' 782-78^ fiestoreoe«tT/0»e 031E -031F ^S-799 Monitor con mind veaot (E£TT) 0320 -032! 600-801 Kevboaryj contrcl vector IrlOIF; 0322 0323 802-803 Pnnt control \TCtor {Foin 0324 -0325 WaW IEEE Nffllft vector 4F2T4) 0326 -0327 806-807 ■n send ISA sector (F2W) 032B -032$ «0r^809 IEEE re 0355 ■ -035V 8S3-8SS 0358 0J5A 856-858 Scetom of user memory 0i58 035D 859-861 Top ot user memory 035E 862 :EE£timto^ >0 ^rubied 03SF 863 0-Load;128^Venf> 0360 864 Number of open hies 0361 865 S^eu*N)e mode byte 0363 0366 867-870 Mac rea>flrr tave Oyte^ 0369 8T3 TmettottVc 036A. 036B 874-875 C^uetif vedoMdeed end^ 036T0371 879-88 1 Reiocation si*rt addrei^ 0375 885 Canerte motor naf iunuweol 0376 ■ -0377 &&6-8ST BS-232 Control. Cc-T-mard 037A 890 luVm Status 037B 891 R5- 232 Hancbtuke input 037C 892 R5-232 Input pointer 037O «93 RS-232 ArrtvaJ potrter 0380 -038) tt*-fcr7 Ko.r.i-r volUetriorv 0382 086 Bank byte 0383 899 RVSIlaij 0384 900 Cur™nt Hnt »epph 0385 901 Temp output char *ave 0386 902 0 * normal. 2S5 ■ auto insen 0387 903 0 - twoGin* 255 • no scroti 0368 904 Mot *offc byte lor screen 0389 9C6 Index to prof key 036\A m SaoGmodeitae G3ae 907 Be!l mode (!afl 038C 906 Indirect bank save 038O-03AC 909-928 Lera^haoT key words 03A103AA 929-938 Sit mapped Tab «of» L:3Afi 03B4 939-948 Keyboard iipui butter 0385 03B6 9*9-950 Ke* word link {ESIBp 03F*. 03F? 1016-1017 fa&*n vector 03FAQ3F& 1018-1019 ftesan tesr mask 0400 07FF 1024*2047 Free RAM (reie^ed tor DOS} ttttfl i 0FFF 204&-4095 Reserved tor plvgm RAM ia»IFFF 4096-8191 Reserved tor pM in DOS 3GV 2000 7FFF 8192-23767 Reserved for canndfr* 8000 * 8FrT 32768-49151 BASJCROM aoo. CFFT 49152-53247 Unused oooo07Cf 53248-55247 Screen RAM MOODB0I SS296- 55297 Vifak com roller (54$ DAO0DAIC 5tfO$-5H36 5cund Imertace Device 6581 DBCOO60F 56064-SW79 Comp*e* Interlace AcUptor 55^DC0OOC0F ^6320-^335 CortM-* 1(Mert*ceAdapror HH OD00HD03 56S7&-56579 As>rrhronoutComrmlA6551 DE00< DE07 S6832>S4i839 TV* Foci tmertace Ad*(*>r 652S DFO0OF07 57088-57095 Tn Pon tntertace Adaptoi 652S tXKX». FTFF =734l-tS535 Km*\ POM 6525 Tri Port 6525 Tri Port 2 DE00 DEO I DE02 DE03 DE04 DE05 DE06 DE07 NRFD NDAC EOl DAV ATN RFN Cusene AR6 Rx T» SRQ IPC Data Direction Register For DE00 Data Direction Register For DE0I IRQ: ACIA IP ALM IEEE PWR CB CA GrtDtiics IRQ SlacMOn Active Interrupt Register 56832 DF00 56833 DF0I 56834 DF02 56835 DF03 56836 DF04 56837 DF05 56838 DF06 56839 Keyboard Select CRT Mode Keyboard Read Data Direction Register (or DF00 (oui) Data Direction Register lor DF01 (oui) Data Direction Register tor DF02 (in) Unused 57088 57089 57090 57091 57092 57093 57094

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45 Commodore 16 / Plus 4 RAM Memory Map (Preliminary: September 25/84. Note thai Ihe previously available locations lor VIC/C64, SOOFC to $00FF. are no longer available. + u * 9 s. s e | fa 5 e c i s 8 — a Hex 0000 0001 0002 0003-0006 0007 0008 0009 OOOA 0006 OOOC 00OD 00OE 000F 0010 0011 0012 0013 0OI4-O015 0016 0017-0018 0O1 9-002! 0022-0025 0026-Q02A O02B-OO2C O02D-OO2E O02F-OO3O 0031-0032 0033-0034 0035-0036 0037-0038 0039-003A OO3B-0O3C 003D-003E 0O3F-OO4O 0O4I-O042 0043-0044 0045-0046 0047-0048 0O49-O04A 0O4B-OO4C 0040 004E-0053 0054-0056 0057-0060 0061 0062-0065 0066 0067 0068 0069-006E 0O6F 0070 0071-0072 0073-0074 0075 0076-0079 Q07C-O07D 0O7E-O08F 0090 0091 0O94 0O95 0O96 0O97 0O98 0099 Q09A 0O9B-OO9C 0O9D-OO9E 0O9F-O0AO 0OAI-0OA2 0OA3-0OA5 0OA6 0OA7 0OA8 0OA9 OOAA OOAB MAC WAD OOAE OOAF-OOBO 0O81 00B2-OOB3 0GB3-OQB4 Decimal 0 1 2 3-6 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20-21 22 23-24 25-33 34-37 38-42 43-44 45-46 47-48 49-50 51-52 53-54 55-56 57-58 59-60 61-62 63-64 65-66 67-68 69-70 71-72 73-74 75-76 77 78-83 84-86 87-96 97 98-101 102 103 104 105-110 111 112 113-114 115-116 117 118-123 124-125 126-143 144 145 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155-156 157-158 159-160 160-161 163-165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175-176 177 178-179 180-181 Descnpfton Chip directional register Chip I/O: serial bus/cassette Loop type match Renumber parameters Searcfi character Scan -quotes Hag TAB column save 0= LOAD, 1 = VERIFY Input butler pointer / * ol subscripts Default DIM (lag Type: FF* siring; 00= numeric Type: 80 ■ integer: 00 = floating point DATA scan/UST quote/memory (lag Subset! pt/FNx flag 0 - INPUT;H0= CET:$98= READ ATN sign/Comparison evaluation Hag Current I/O prompt flag Integer value Pointer: temporary siring stack Last temporary siring vector Stack for temporary* strings Utility pointer area Product area for multiplication Pointer: Start -of- BASIC Pointer: Start -ol-vanabies Pointer: Stan-of-arrayj Pointer: ■■'■.* rays Pointer: Stnng-siorage (moving down) Utility string pointer Pointer: Li mil -of- Memory Current BASIC line number Textpomter BASIC work pomi Pointer: BASIC stack lor CONT Current DATA line number Current DATA address Input vecior Current variable name Current variable address Variable pointer lot FOR/NEXT Y-save. op-save: BASIC pointer save Comparison symbol accumulator Misc work area, pointers, and so on Jump vector (or (unctions Miscellaneous numeric work area Accum'l: exponent Accum'l; manirssa Accum'l: sign Series evaluatton constant pointer Accum'l hi-order (overflow) Accum^: exponent, and soon Sign comparison. Acc'l versus '2 Accum'l lo-order (rounding) Cassette buffer len/Seties pointer Auto line number increment Graphics Hag Misc work values BASIC pseudo-stack pointer Misc work values Status word ST Keyswiich IA: STOP and RVS flags Serial output: deferred character (lag Serial deferred character Register save How many open files Input device, normally 0 Output CMD device, normally 3 Direcl - WO/RUN - 0 output control Pointer: tape buffer, scrolling End ol program pointer Work area Monitor working vecior Jiffy Clock HML Serial bit coum/EOl flag Tape shift byte Serial cycle count Temporary color vector Countdown. tape wrrte/bil count Number of characters in file name Current logical file Current secondary address Curreni device Pointer to file name Tape error count I/O start address Load address pointer OOB6-O0B7 182-183 Pointer start ol tape buffer 04C6 1222 O0B8-O0B9 184-185 Misc pointer 04D1 1233 00BA-0OBB 186-187 Cassette I/O work pointer 04DC 1244 00BC-O0CI 188-193 Work pointers 04E7-O4EA 1255-1258 00C2 194 Screen reverse (lag 04EB-04EE 1259-1262 00C3 195 End-ol-line lor input pointer 04EF-04F6 1263-1270 0OC4-0OC5 196-197 Input cursor log (row. column) 04F7 1271 0OC6 198 Which key 64 if no key 04F8-O4FB 1272-1275 0OC7 199 Input from screen/from keyboard 04FC-O4FF 1276-1279 00C8-00C9 200-201 Pointer to screen line 05OO-OSO2 1280-1282 OOCA 202 Position ol cursor on above line 0503-0508 1283-1288 00CB 203 0 = direci cursor: else progi 'a mmed 0509-0512 1289-1298 OOCC 204 Current screen line length 0513-0S1C 1299-1308 OOCD 205 Row where cursor lives 0S1D-0526 1309-1318 00CE 206 Last I/O character 0527-0530 1319-1328 00CF 207 Number ol IN5ERTs outstanding 0531-OS32 1329-1330 00D0-OOD7 208-215 Lnused: reserved lor speech 0S33-O534 1331-1332 00D8-00E8 216-232 Unused 0535-0536 1333-1334 0OE9 233 Work value 0537-0538 1335-1336 00EA-O0EB 234-235 Color line pointer 0539 1337 0OEC-0OEE 236-238 Screen work values 053A 1338 00EF 239 Number ol characters in keyboard buffer 053B 1339 00 F0 240 Screen Ireeze flag 053C 1340 00F1-F4 241-244 Monitor work values 053D 1341 OOFS 245 Cassette checksum 053E 1342 00F6 246 Monitor work value 053F 1343 O0F7-0OF8 247-248 Cassette work values 0540 1344 OOFS 249 DMA control mask 0541-0542 1345-1346 OOFA 250 Work byte 0543 1347 00FB 251 Current ROM bank 0544 1348 0I00-O1FF 256-511 Processor stack area 0545-0546 1349-1350 0200-02S8 512-600 BASIC input buffer 0547 1351 0259-025A 601-602 Previous Basic line numbe f 0548 1352 025B-025C 603-604 Pointer: Basic statement lor CONT 0549-O54A 1353-1354 025D-02AC 605-684 DOS command work area 054B-0551 0552-0557 1355-1372 02AD-O2B0 685-688 Graphics cursor. X and Y 1362-1367 02B1-02B4 689-692 Graphics working cursor OS5S-055C 1368-1372 02&V02CB 693-715 Graphics work area 055D 1373 02CC-02E8 716-744 Print-using, graphics work area 055E 1374 02E9 745 Temp screen row number 055F-05E6 1375-1510 02EA 746 Siring length 05E7-O5EB IS1I-15IS 02EB 747 255 = Trace on 05EC-05EF 1516-1519 02EC-02EF. 748-750 Directory work area 05F0-05FI 1520 02EF 751 Graphics work area 05F2-05F4 1522-1524 02F0 752 Number of graphics parameters 05F5-O6EB 1524-1791 02F1 753 Parameter relative ( I ] or absolute (0) 06EC-07AF 1792-1967 02F2-02F3 754-755 Float -lixed vector O7BO-07CC 1968-1996 02F4-O2F5 756-757 Fixed-float vector 07CD-07DO 1997-2000 Q2F6-02FD 758-765 Unused 07DI 2001 02FE-02FF 766-767 Reserved lor cartridge vecior 07D2 2002 0300-030) 768-769 Error message link [8686] 07D3 2003 0302-0303 770-771 BASIC warm start link 18712] 07D4-07D8 2004-2008 0304-0305 772-773 Crunch BASIC tokens link [8956] 07D9-07E4 2009-2020 0306-0307 774-775 Prim tokens link [8B6E] 07E5 2021 0308-0309 776-777 Start new BASK: code link [88D6] 07 E6 2022 030A-030B 778-779 Get arithmetic elemeni link (94171 07 E7 2023 030C-030D 780-781 Crunch hook vector I896A) 07 E8 2024 030E-030F 782-783 Usi hook vector '.•BH.-' 07E9 2025 0310-031! 784-785 Execute hook vector [8C8B] 07EA 2026 0312-0313 786-787 Interrupt link ICE42) 07EB 2027 0314-0315 788-789 IRQ vector (CE0E) 07EC-07ED 2028-2029 0316-0317 790-791 Break interrupt vector (F44C) 07EE-07F1 2030-2033 0318-0319 792-793 OPEN vector IEFS3) 07F2 2034 031A-O31B 794-795 CLOSE vector (EE5D) 07F3 2035 03IC-O3ID 796-797 Set-input vector (EDI 8) 07F4 2036 031E-031F 798-799 Set-output vector (ED60) 07F5 2037 0320-0321 800-801 Restore I/O vector (EFOQ 07F6 2038 0322-0323 802-803 Input vecior (EBE8) 07F7 2039 0324-0325 804-805 Output vecior (EC4B) 07F8 2040 0326-0327 806-807 Test-STOP vector (F265) 07F9 2041 0328-0329 808-809 GET vector (EBD9) 07FA 2042 032A-O32B 810-811 Abort I/O vector (EF08) 07FB 2043 032C-O32D 812-813 USR vector (F44Q 07FC 2044 032E-032F 814-815 LOAD vector (F04A) 08OO-0BE7 2048-3047 0330-033 1 816-817 SAVE vector (F1A4) OC0O-0FE7 3072-4071 0332-03F2 818-1010 Cassette buffei 100O-FFFF 4096-65535 03F3-O3F6 1011-1014 Tape write/read counters 2000- FFTF 8192-65535 03F7-0436 1015-1078 RS232 input buffer 8000-FFFF 32768-65535 0437-0472 1079-1 138 Tape error log O00O-D7FF 53248-55295 0473 1139 CHRGET subroutine FDO0-FD0F 64768-64783 0479 1145 CHRGOT subroutine FD10-FD1F 64784-64799 0494 1172 Subroutine (self banking) FDD0-FDDF 64976-64991 04 A5 1189 Subroutine (bank via S3B) FE0O-FEFF 65024-65279 04 BO 1200 Subroutine (bank via S22) ffoo-ff:f 65280-6531 1 04 BB 1211 Subroutine (bank vta $24) FF3E-FF3F 65342-65343 Subroutine (bank via MP) Subroutine (bank via $5F) Subroutine (bank via W>4) PU characters M) String work area TRAP and error flags Stack pointer for error trap OO loop work area Sound work area USR program jump RNDseedvaJue Logical file uWe Device number table Secondary address table Keyboard buffer Start o( BASIC memory Top of BASIC memory Timeout/end flags, not used much Tape buffer counts, not used much Tape buffer pomter Tape file type Character (color) attribute Flash flag Unused Screen page (unused) Keyboard buffer size Key repeal: l28»ali\&4 = none Key repeat counters Key shift flag Key font interlock flag Key input vector (DB7A) Text/Graphics mode lockout flag Scroll enable flog Screen work values ML VI work locations MLM registers (PC/SR/A/X/Y) MLM work locations FN key pending count FN key pointer Key definition area DMA work locations ROM ID (PAT) table Long Jump vector Long Jump registers Reserved RAM for extra ROMs BASIC pseudo-stack Tape working values RS232 working values RS232 in pointer RS232 read pointer RS232 input counter RS232 work values Charter

The text on this page is estimated to be only 9.03% accurate

Commodore 16 / Plus 4 ROM Memory Map 46 SQI 3AFI SfFF S&BC BC9A 8CDS SCDA 8O03 802C 8D&3 SD80 SDCI SDEi 8ECB ftEtfl SE3E 8E7C KFE' SfE6 nob WA* 90EE 9!08 9i« 9UF 9314 932T 947) 9485 WAD 95FS C-16ROM4M1 &uic*eti;p Fix/float vector* Irttialat Bto< CHRGET penmen Prim Bur «it m*g Pi^f 3 vector* CHRGETcopy Keyword* Action vecw* riiftcfjor! vectors Ofurtct vectors Prim READY Error routine R**ch Jor&r&t Handle new line RtchAift lines Refer*-* mpui l»ftc Scan &u»>tf*ck £*p«nd Bosk -Muck Crunch token* Find Bam tint Perform |NEW| Run Perform |CLft| PUDEFcrur*ders EtecJiupiexipoiMer rVriorm |UST| Perform (RUN] Perform [RESTORE! Perform (STOP| Perlorm (END) Perform (CONT| Perform IG05UB| Perform JCOTO] Perform (RETURN | Perform (DATA) Son tor next statement Scan lor next line fYrtern IF| Perform RCM/FXSE] Perform ON] Cei JiwG point nu-nher Perform fLETl Perform [PRWT*| Perform (CMD) Perform [PRINT] Prim (roir* (y a} Print format char Perform [GET; Periom [INPUT*] Perioim {INPUT) Prompt and input Perform! READ] Perform [NEXT] Check type maich Evaluate expression Fiyc4-Ao.« convernon Eva) wiihm parm* Search tor v^ruble Evatyaie 95*3 Evaluate vAN0> 9624 Evaluate %9B Perform (DWj 96A5 Locate variable 973A Check alphabet* 9744 Create variable 9858 Array potmer subroutine 3871 Roti-faed conversion 9&9B Set up array 9A2F Compute arras* s*» SA62 Evaluate 9A76 Fixetf-fkkat 9A7D Evaluate 9A36 Cnec 9S7H Calculate string vector 9874 Set up string 9BDA Concatenate 9C1B SusJd tfr*ng into nttmory i*C4B QOca;d unwanted tiring 9CS2 Make room tor string **CAA aear* 9CCF Evaluate W>J3 Evaluate 9015 Evaluate 9046 PulJ string params 9061 Evaluate 906* Exit string mode 9D70 Evaluate *DD2 Gntwa-'mtorPOKE'UAlT 9DDE Get parara lor SOUND 9DE4 Convert to ttxedpo.r.t 9DFA t-valuai*

9EI2 Perform [POKE] *EI8 Eva*uaie 9E9E EvaJbaie 9FTB ComptemewFAC'l 9FB7 Muiiipfyby»rob>ie AOtt Evaluve A07B Evaluate > A0A9 Multiply at* AOOC Memory m FAC*2 AI07 Memory to FAC*2 A)37 Ad|t*siFAC]/*2 A 1 54 U nder/overflo U A 162 Multiply by ten A183 Chsiu>byten A197 Evaluate A2IF Memory to FMT'l A24C FAC* Uo memorvH A28I FAC2toFAC*l A29I FAC#ItoFAC*2 A2A0 RnundPAC'l A280 Getsi>jn \2Z£ EvaJu4tt A2CE F:xe A2£0 Compare FaC* 1 to memory A327 Float-rixed A3S8 Evaruaie <1NT> A37F S-nngioFAC'l A453 PnnilS A45A Print number A46F Floai^ASCI A5E4 Evaluate A5EE Evaluate A627 Evaluate A660 Evaluate A6S3 Senes evaluation 1 A6C9 Series evaluate 2 A707 EvaJo» A760 Save Bask-siack A769 Restore B«ic-»ark A772 Trim Basic -Hack A770 Kemal calls A7B5 Perform [SYS; ATCF 5>S return A7DE Perform ISA\X| A?FD Perform | VERIFrj A7F3 rVrform [LOAD) A84D Perform [O^EN] A8SA Perform |CLOSe; A861 PanvnsiorLOAD/SAVE A89D Check defauh paramefers A8A5 Cneck comma A8A8 Paramsfor OPEN/CLOSE A9CC Allocate smnp spare A9M Garoa^e collection AAS7 Calculate end oi sirm^ AA70 Evaluate AA77 Evaluate AACO Evaluate AB!A Evaluate ABSF PryormlRENUVBESj AOCAPertorm[FOR] AE5A Perform ]DELTTTj AEF7 Print using B42B Perform |TPaP1 B44D Perform (RF5UME; B4BE Evaluate 9507 Evduaie HS44 Perforn fPL^DEF) B557 PeflormlDOl B5AC Perform (EXIT) B603 Perform [LOOP] B652 Perform |THON| D6S5 Perlorm fraOFF] B6CD Perform AuTO] B6E& Perform {HELP] B729 Perform fKEYJ Perform [SOVHO] Perform|VOL| PwformlPAI>iT| B9D4 Perform (CHAR! BAE2 Perform |B0X| 8D35 Perform |C5el APE; BE29 Pertom ISSHAPE; BF79 Evaluate 3F87 BFCI 3FFD C01E C37B C3H C4SF C409 CSC'F C51A C56? CSBS CSC1 HBF cue C54I CVSI CS*> C99C CSCC CBIF CEUO CEOE CE60 CEFO CF26 CF2D CF8A CF96 CFBF D00O t>4!Ai D*X2 0834 DOS BUG EvaJuw DF« Evaiu*»e DFS9 Evaluate DF66 Evaluate DF82 Perform [ORCLEJ DF95 Set graphic* cursor Efll£ Parse graphics command E)53 Get gra^h'| E2CC C9F4 Perform i RENAME) E319 Perform BACKUP; E3!B Parse D05 command E38D Interrupt entry £380 IRQ sequence £387 Do screen split E3C3 Kern* -L-DTTM £413 Kemai-W>Tl« £447 Kemai-SrrnM £452 GefX>lormode E4SO Fetch nwmory E468 Handle tape motor E474 Graphic character set £4SC Text characer set ES35 Soeer addresses E56C Kernal- SCREEN E68£ Kernal * PLOT E9CC ESC-n norma* screen EA2I Setup screen line EA5B D9BA Quote ina EA9S D9C7 Screen output wrap £B09 Setup screen ptmi FR£>. Kernai-SCNKEY EGX Funciaxi keys ECU Output to screen ECIC ESC-O; key escape EC4B Decode escapes EC63 ESC vectors ECS4 ESC^ft reduce screen EC88 E5C-T, top window EOTF ESC-B bOitom wndow ED)8 ESC-lttnsertlme ED60 E5C-D:ddeteline EDTA ESC-CJ; erase to end E£tA ESC-P. eraw Im start EF2C ESC-V. Kroll up EE4D ESC-W; scroll down E£5D ESC- L scrdi enatfe EFC8 ESC-M , scroti drsaWe EFOC ESC-C; cancel insert £F23 ESC-A auto insert EF3B Check screen line wrap DSA1 C>9D9 D8H DC4I DC49 DC9B DEW DEI A DE48 DE.5E Dt60 DUO DCFC DFOI 0F1D DF2S DF29 DF3B Break screen wrap Make screen wrap Calculate screen wrap ma&k ESC-J. stan-;»ne ESC-K:end-luse Keyboard sets Send Talk' SerKTLsten Send to serial bus Sfrf ljJ timeouts Send listen 5A SfcarATN SeudiaJkSA Wan tor clock Send senal deferred Send Umaik Serial clock on Sena) dock ofl SenaJcuiput*r Senai output '0 Get setul & dock Deiay 3 ms Pnnt 'Pmm play & rec' Print Press play Start tape Kill motor Cfew tape butter Setup rape buffer Send tape cycle Send tape long Send tape short' Send tape medium Send tape ff bit Send tape' I bti Send tape byte In it tale tape wme Wnte ta^e t\t#i+t Bit masks Ftnd any tape header Find specific header RS-232outnROJ RS-232 m (IRQ) Kernal-GTHN Kernal-CHRJN Get from rap** Get from RS-232 Get from serial Kemai-CHRfXTT Send io tape Send to RS-232 tonal , acpto Kernai-OOUT Kemai-CHK(S Kemal-CHKCrUT Kcmai - TALK KernaJ-TKSA Kernai - LISTEN Kemal- SECOND Kernai -CLOSE Kemal-CLALL Kemil - ORCKN Kernai a UNL5N Kerna» - UfVTLK EF53 Ftvjs F043 F064 FOP) FI72 FI94 F1A4 FIK F228 F254 F2*5 F2A4 F2CE F2EB F352 F3D2 F3DA F40C F4I3 F4IA F4IC F4IE F423 F427 F4^ F436 F445 F44C F478 F4D7 FSOA FS29 FS4B F570 FSflO FSCE FSD» FrV:E F6tt FTOA F724 Kemal - OPEN SendSA Kemal -LOAD Load from sena) Load Irom tape Prfnt r^ename Kerr*aJ-SAVE . Save link . Save to ser-aJ Prim 5AVISC Save 10 tape Kemal -STOP System reset Transier page 3 vectors Vectors page 3 identify )6K/32isV64K RAM Key lengtn* Key drtnitkxis Kemal - SETT MM Kemal -SET1FS Kemal-SETMSG Kemal - READ5T Change ST Kemd - SETTMO Kemal - MEMTOP SetMEMTOP Kernai -MEMBOT Perform [MONrrORJ BRK/USR entry Perform Perform Perform Perform Pertorm RJ M] change reg] >) F9IF FB72 FrW. F394 FBB7 FBCI FCi9 FC39 FC7F FCS9 FCE3 FCF1 FCF4 FCFT FCFA FCFD FF90 nrc Mon^or commards Monitor vectors Perform C) Perform T) Perform H] Perform S/.U.V) Perlorm F) Perform 0) Op code mode Machine languatjt cooes Mnemonics Perform | A) Decrement SFl/2 Decrement S9F/A0 Increment 1AI/2 S*ve registers Recall regvtiers Kenvoi-IOBASEPhoenix routine Long Fetch routine Long Aimp routine IRQ entry Long [RQ rourmr SRT kernai entry Phoenix1 entry U»ng Fetch entry Long Jump entry Long IRQ entry Jump tabic System vectors + U * * a (0 I + 4 Kernai Jump Table Label Hex Dec Jumps lo Commenls CI NT FF81 65409 SD84E iniiialize screen ediior IOINIT FF8-1 65412 SF30B initialize input/output RAMTAS FF87 65415 SF352 mil ram/iapbul/sei scteen RESTOR FF8A 65418 SF2CE restore delaull i/o devices VECTOR FF8D 65421 SF2D3 slore/restore ram vectors (c = 0/ 1 } SETMSC FF90 65424 SF41A enable/disable 'kernai' messages SECOND FF93 65427 SEE4D send sec address after listen TKSA FF96 65430 SEE1A send sec addres alter talk MEMTOP FF99 65433 SF427 read/set lop oi mem (c« 1/0) MEMBOT FF9C 65436 SF436 read/sei bottom o! mem (c = 1 /Q) SCNKEY FF9F 65439 SDBI1 scan keyboard SETTMO FFA2 65442 $F423 set/reset leee timeout |a<>l2?) ACPTR FFA5 65445 SEC8B input byte from serial port OOUT FFA8 65448 SECDF output byte to serial port UNTLK FFAB 65451 SEF3B command serial bus to 'untalk UNLSN FFAE 65454 SEF23 command serial bus to 'unlisten' LISTEN FFBI 65457 SEE2C cmd devices on ser bus to listen" TALK FFB4 65460 SEDFA cmd serial bus device to talk' READST FF87 65463 SF41C read i/o status word SETLSF FFBA 65466 SF4I3 set log/unit/sec addresses SETNAM FFBD 65469 SF40C set hie name OPEN FFCO 65472 (S03I8) open a logical lite CLOSE FFC3 65475 {S031A) dose a specified logical file CHKIN FFC6 65478 ($03 1C) open channel for input CHKOUT FFC9 65481 (SC31EJ open channel lor output CLRCHN FFCC 65484 ($0320) restore default i/o devices CHR1N FFCF 65487 ($03221 input character Irom channel CHROUT FFD2 65490 ($0324) output character to channel LOAD FFD5 65493 SF043 load/verify ram Irom device SAVE FFD8 65496 $F194 save' ram to a device SETTIM FFDB 65499 JCF2D set real lime clock RDTIM FFDE 65502 $CF26 read real time clock STOP FFEI 65505 ($0326) scan stop key depressed GETIN FFE4 65508 (10328) get char Irom current input dev CLALL FFE7 65511 ($032A) close all channels and files UDTIM FFEA 65514 $CEF0 increment real time clock SCREEN FFED 65517 SD834 return scrsize in rows/columns PLOT FFFO 65520 SD839 read/ser cursor position (c = 1 /0) IOEASE FFF3 65523 SFC19 returns base add of i/o devices SFFFA 8YTS A4/SF2 system nmi SF2A4 $FFFC BYTS F6/JFF system reset 5FFF6 SFFFE BYTS B3/1FC system irq SFCB3 Reg* 0 1 2 3 I 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 62 63 Address FF00 FF01 FF02 FF03 FF01 FF05 FF06 FF07 FF08 FF09 FFOA FF0B FFOC FFOD FFOE FFOF FF10 FF1I FF12 FF13 FF14 FF15 FF16 FF17 FF18 FF19 FF1A FFIB FF1C FFID FFIE FFIF FF3E FF3F Ted Chip Register Map 7 6 5 4 3 2 10 Timer-! Reload Value Bits 0-7 (low) Timet* 1 Reload Value Bits 8-15(High) Tirner-2 Reload Value Bits 0-7 (Low) Timer*2 Reload Value Bits 8-1 5 (High) Timcr*3 Reload Value Bits 0-7 (Low) Timer-3 Reload Value Bits 8-1 5 (High) Test ECM BMM Blank 1- Rows 1 Y Offset fta oh pa: Freeze M CM * Cols X Offset Keyboard Latch (IN and OUT) IRQ: T3 NC T2 Tl LP PAS NC \c 1 !E-T3 NC IE-T2 ie-t: IE-LP IE-RAS | RC8 Raster Compare (RC) Bits 7-0 NC NC NC NC NC NC CP9 CP8 Cursor Position (CP) Bits 7-0 Sound 1 (Si) Bits 7-0 Sound 2 (S:) Bits 7-0 Sj9 &8 NC NC NC NC NC NC Noise V2Sel|VlSel Volume NC NC Bit Map Base Si 9 S. 8 Character Base (5-0) lap ■-... Slat us Video Matrix (4-0) NC NC NC NC Luminance 0 Colour 0 NC Luminance 1 Colour 1 NC Luminance 2 Colour 2 NC ljiminar.ee 3 Colour 3 NC Luminance 4 Colour 4 NC NC NC NC NC NC |BRP9 -0 BRP 8 BirMap Raster Position (BRP) Bits 7NC V NC NC NC NC. i NC iVRPS Vertical Raster Position (VRP) Bits 7-0 Horizontal Position (HP) Bits 7-0 NC Blink Rate (3-0) VSUB(2-( >) Write to select ROM access Write to select RAM access e i < 8 I I e i ! J NC= No Connection. IE* Interrupt Enable Tn=Timern, BMM = Bit Mao Mode. ECM = Ext Char Mod* MCM = Mnlfi-f rtcw Moc>

The text on this page is estimated to be only 27.17% accurate

47 Commodore Disk Specifications m £ o Urn m e a CD ■ # g hi Q V) I Model D9090 D9060 | 8250 8050 4040 2031 1541 Drives per Unit Heads per Drive I 6 1 4 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 Formatted Storage Capacity per Unit Max. Sequential Files/Drive Max. Relative Files/Drive Disk System Buffer 7.47 MB 7.41 MB 7.35 MB 4KB 4.98 MB 4.94 MB 4.90 MB 4KB 2.12 MB 1.05 MB 1.04 MB 4KB 1.05 MB 521KB 183 KB 4KB 340 KB 168 KB 167 KB 4KB 170 KB 168 KB 167 KB 2KB 170 KB 168 KB 167 KB 2KB Disk Formats Cylinders (Tracks) Sectors per Cylinder Sectors per Track Bytes per Sector Blocks Free/Unit 153 128 32 256 29162 153 192 32 256 19442 154 23-29 256 8266 77 23-29 256 4104 35 17-21 256 1328 35 17-21 256 664 35 17-21 256 664 Transfer Rates (bytes per second) Internal to Unit IEEE-488 Bus 5 MB 1.2 KB 5 MB 1.2 KB 40 KB 1.2 KB 40 KB 1.2 KB 40 KB 1.2 KB 40 KB 1.2 KB Access Times (milli-seconds) Track-loTrack Average Track Head Settling Time Average Latency RPM 3 153 15 8.34 3600 3 153 15 8.34 3600 5 125 100 300 » ■ 100 300 30 360 100 300 30 360 ■ 100 300 30 360 * 100 300 Track-to-Track: Micropolis8050 = 30 ms. Tandon 8050 = 5 ms. " Average Track : Micropolis8050 = 750 ms. Tandon 8050 = 125 ms. Physical Dimensions Height (inches) Width (inches) Depth (inches) Weight (pounds) 5.75 8.25 15.25 21 5.75 8.25 15.25 21 7.0 15.0 13.75 28 7.0 15.0 13.75 28 7.0 15.0 13.75 28 5.5 8.0 14.25 20 3.0 7.0 13.0 10 Electrical Power (watts) 200 200 60 50 50 40 35 Voltage (all models) II0-! 20 VAC. 60 Hz 0 i e < w a t e e i Directory-File Header Format i i i 4040. 203 1 , 1 54 1 Directory Header • Track 18 Sector 00 Byte* Data Description 1-143 Reserved for 40407203 1/1541 BAM 144-161 Diskette name, padded with shifted spaces 162-163 Diskette ID number 164 160 Shifted space 165-166 50.65 ASCII '2a' identifies DOS version and format 167-170 160 Shifted spaces 171-255 00 Not used 80; iO. 8250 Directoi ry Header - Track 39 Sector 00 ByteData Description 0-1 38.00 Track/Sector to first BAM block 2 67 ASCII 'c' identifies DOS 2.5 format 3 00 Reserved for future DOS use 4-5 Not used 6-21 Diskette Name, padded with shifted spaces 22-23 160 Shifted spaces 24-25 Diskette ID number 26 160 Shifted space 27-28 50.67 ASCII '2c* identifies DOS version and format 29-32 160 Shifted spaces 33-255 00 Not used D906 0 / D9090 Direo lory Header - Track 00 Sector 00 Bvte Data Description 0-1 Track/Sector pointer to bad Track and Sector list 2-3 00.255 Identifies DOS 3.0 format 4-5 76, 00 Track/Sector of first Directory block 6-7 00, 00 Not used 8-9 01. 00 Track/Sector of first BAM block Directory-File Sector Format 2031 Directory Blocks -Track 18 Sector 01 through 18 4040 Directory Blocks -Track 18 SectorOI through 18 8050 Directory Blocks - Track 39 Sector 01 through 29 8250 Directory Blocks - Track 39 Sector 0 1 through 29 D9060 / D9090 Directory Blocks - Starting on cylinder 76. uses all Tracks Sectors 00 through 31. then expands to additional blocks as needed. providing 'unlimited' Directory size. Byte* Description i 0-1 2 3-4 5-20 21-22 23 24-27 28-29 30-31 32-255 Track/Sector pointer to next Directory block File type Track/Sector pointer to first file block File name, padded with shifted spaces Track/Sector of first side sector if RELative file Record length if relative file Reserved for future file information Track/Sector pointer for replacement Number of blocks used by the file Seven more 32-byte file entries (same as 2-31 above. plus two additional unused bytes) Additional Notes 1 2 3 4 5 32 bytes per file entry, except the first entry is 30 bytes Totai of eight (8) file entries per Directory block File types are: Scratched Files $00 SEQ Sequential Files $01 PRG Program Files $02 USR User-Defined $03 REL Relative Record $04 File type codes are OR ed with $80 when file is properly closed Track value of 00 in byte zero indicates the last used block in the Director}' Sector value then shows next bvte to use.

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48 Byte* 0-! 2 3 4-143 4 5 6 7 8-143 144-255 180-191 Byte* 0-1 2 3 4 5 6-255 6 7 8 9 10 11-255 180-191 Byte' 0-1 2 3 4 5 6-255 6 7 8 9 10 11-255 180-191 Byte" 0-1 2-3 4 5 6 7-10 11-255 BAM (Block Allocation Map) Formats 4040.2031, 1541 BAM Format -Track ISSectorOG Description Track/Sector of first Directory block ASCII a" Identifies DOS 2.0 formal Reserved for future DOS use BAM : Each Track Controlled By 4 bytes Byte 0: Total Blocks Free In Track: Byte I: Bi; Map Of Sector Allocation Byte 2: Bit Map Of Sector Allocation Byte 3: Bit Map Of Sector Allocation A bit ON ■ 1 represents a FREE Sector A bit OFF = 0 represents an Allocated Sector 4 Byte Track Maps repeat for all tracks Unused Note: 'BLOCKS FREE nnn' may appear here. Not used. Data 18-01 65 00 tracks 1-35 track 1: sectors 0-7 sectors 8-15 sectors 16-end tracks 2-35 8050 BAM Format Description Data BAM1 Tr38 / ScOO Track/Sector of next BAM block ASCII 'c' identifies DOS 2.5 format Reserved for future DOS use Lowest track * mapped in this BAM block Highest Track * ( + 1) mapped in this BAM block BAM ; Each Track Controlled By 5 bytes Byte 0 Total Blocks Free* In Track: Byte 1 : Bit Map Of Sector Allocation Byte 2: Bit Map Of Sector Allocation Byte 3: Bit Map Of Sector Allocation Byte 4: Bit Map Of Sector Allocation A bit ON - I represents a FREE Sector A bit OFF = 0 represents an Allocated Sector (BAM 2: 1 1-140) 5 Byte Track Maps repeal for all tracks Note: 'BLOCKS FREE nnn' may appear hereon BAM 2. Not used. 33-03 67 00 01 51 tracks 1-50 track 1: sectors 0-7 sectors 8- 1 5 sectors 16-23 sectors 24-end tracks 2-50 BAM 2 Tr38 / Sc03 39-01 67 00 51 78 tracks 53-77 track 51: sectors 0-7 sectors 8- 15 sectors 16-23 sectors 24-end tracks 52-77 8250 BAM Formal Description Track/Sector of next BAM block ASCII 'c' identifies DOS 2.7 format Reserved for future DOS use Lowest Track * mapped in this BAM block Highest Track * ( + 1) mapped in this BAM block BAM : Each Track Controlled By 5 bytes Byte 0: Total Blocks Free In Track: Byte 1 : Bit Map Of Sector Allocation Byte 2: Bit Map Of Sector Allocation Byte 3: Bit Map Of Sector Allocation Byte 4: Bit Map Of Sector Allocation A bit ON = 1 represents a FREE Sector A bit OFF = 0 represents an Allocated Sector (BAM 4: 1 1 -25) 5 Byte Track Maps repeat for all tracks Note: "BLOCKS FREE nnn' may appear here on BAM 4. Not used. Data BAM 1 Tr38 / ScOO 38-03 67 00 01 51 tracks 1-50 track 1 : sectors 0-7 sectors 8- 15 sectors 16-23 sectors 24-end •racks 2-50 BAM 2 Tr38 / Sc03 38-06 67 00 51 101 tracks 51-100 track 51: sectors 0-7 sectors 8-15 sectors 16-23 sectors 24-end tracks 52-100 BAM 3 Tr38 / Sc06 BAM 4 Tr38 / Sc09 38-09 67 00 101 151 tracks 101-150 track 101: sectors 0-7 sectors 8-15 sectors 16-23 sectors 24-end tracks 102-150 39-01 (Dir) 67 00 151 155 tracks 151-154 track 151: sectors 0-7 sectors 8-15 sectors 16-23 sectors 24-end tracks 152-154 D9O60 / D9090 BAM Format - Track 1 Sector O (normal location) DescriDlion Data Track/Sector pointer to next BAM block Track/Sector pointer to previous BAM block Lowest Track * mapped in this BAM block Highest Track * ( * 1 ) mapped in this BAM block Number of blocks unused on this Track Bit Map of available blocks on this Track Bit Map of the next 49 Tracks SFFFF = iast JFFFF = first Disk Sector Recording Format SYNC 08 ID ID. Track " Sector ' Checksum Gap SYNC 07 Next Track Next Sector 254 Bvtes of Data Checksum I Gap 2 V) f E o u. ■o c (0 en 1 a CD ■ • 1 a e ! s a (A s e I 1 e u — c. J

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49 (0 £ ^ CD i -a (ft Disk Data File Format e i 8 I | a Byte* 0-1 2-255 Program Files Description Track/Sector pointer lo nexi Program block Up lo 254 bytes of BASIC Piogram text. End-of-File is marked by three consecutive bytes of $00 Sequential and Relative Record Data Byte' 0-1 2-255 Description Track/Sector pointer to nexi sequential data block Up to 254 bytes of data Notes: Track link of $00 in byte zero indicates last data block {Track 0 is not used by DOS). Sector link is then next byte position to receive data. End of relative record data indicated by ST = 64. Unused Record bytes are padded with CHRS{0). Relative File terminated with $FF. Relative File Side Sector Format Byte' 0-1 2 3 4-5 6-7 8-9 10-11 12-13 14-15 16-255 Description Track/Sector pointer to next Side Sector 8050/4040/2031/1541 : Side Sector number 5250/D9060/D9090: constant SFE Relative Record Length Track/Sector pointer - First Side Sector Track/Sector pointer - Second Side Sector Track/Sector pointer - Third Side Sector Track/Sector pointer - Fourth Side Sector Track/Sector pointer - Fifth Side Sector Track/Sector pointer - Sixth Side Sector Track/Sector pointers to 120 data blocks Total of 720 blocks (maximum 182.8 K Bytes) per file DOS 2.7 and DOS 3.0 Super Side Sector contain Track/Sector pointers to 127 groups of 6 Side Sectors as above fo: maximum file size of 23.25 MB. Disk Utility-Command Set i Command Abbreviations Format Block- Read B-R •B-R:-|f;dr;t;s Block-Write B-W " B-W: * if:dr;t;s Block-Execute B-E " B-E: " H;dr;t;s Buffer-Pointer B-P ■ B-P: * lf;p Block-Allocate B-A * B-A: "dries Block-Free B-F ' B-F: * dr;t:s Memory-Write M-W "M-Wadl/adh/nc/data Memory- Read M-R "M-R'adl/adh/nc Memory- Execute M-E 'M-E'adl/adh User U "Ux:*If;dr;t;s LF DR T S P ADL ADH NC DATA X The Logical File Number in the associated OPEN Statement The Drive Number: 0 (or 1 on dual drives) The Track Number: 1 through 1 54 (depending on the model number) The Sector Number: 0 through 192 (depending on the model number) The pointer Position for the Buffer Pointer The Low Byte of the Address (use CHR$(ADL)) The High Byte of the Address (use CHR${ADH)> The Number of Characters: 1 through 34 The actual data in hexadecimal, this is transmitted by using the CHR$ function, ie. CHR$(17) would send the decimal equivalent of hex 1 1 The index to the user table Disk LED Error Diagnostics Number of Rashes 4040 8050 PET/CBM Disk Access Routines Action Hex CONCAT DOPEN DCLOSE RECORD HEADER COLLECT BACKUP COPY APPEND DSAVE DLOAD CATALOG RENAME SCRATCH OPEN CLOSE LOAD SAVE VERIFY $FF93 $FF96 $FF99 $FF9C SFF9F SFFA2 $FFA5 SFFA8 $FFAB $FFAE $FFB1 $FFB4 $FFB7 $FFBA $FFC0 SFFC3 SFFD5 SFFD8 SFFDB Dec 65427 6S430 65433 65436 65439 65442 65445 65448 65451 65454 65457 65460 65463 65466 65472 65475 65493 G5496 65499 Method To Access From Within Bask sys65427 "filename' ,d* to "otherfilename".d* sy$65430 -If. * filename * ,d* sys65433 alone or followed by *lf sys65436 *:f.(r*).(pr) sys65439 "disk name \d",iid sys65442 d* sys65445 d* to d* s>-s65448 ' filename ",d* to "filename" d* sys65451 'If/filenamesys6S454 " filename " ,d* sys65457 " filename ".d* sys65460 d* (same for DIRECTORY) sys65463 " filename " ,d* to " newfilename " sys65466 " filename ".d* sys(65472) lf.ua.sa, " d*: ft* lename,type, operation ' 5X8(65475) If sys{65493) "d*:filename".ua sys<65496) 'dMilename'.ua sys(65499) 'd":(ilename'.ua ii = logical file number sa = secondary address ua = drive unit address d* = drive number r* = record number pr = pointer within record id = 2 character identifier type = either : s (seq). p (prg), or u (usr) operation = either : w (write), r (read), a (append), or (m) modify Error Cause 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Zero Page ROM ROM ROM Zero Page N/A RAM RAM RAM ROM Component. Location 6532. CI. El HI LI Jl 6530. K3; 6504. H3 2II4.D4.D5 2IM.E4.ES 2114.F4, F5 6530. K3; 6504, H3 Error Cause Zero Page ROM ROM N/A Zero Page N/A RAM RAM RAM ROM Component. Location . 6532, CI. El 2364. LI 2364. HI 6530, K3; 6502. H3 2U4.D4.D5 2114. E4. E5 2114.F4, F5 6530. K3; 6502. H3 User Command Jump Table | Standard Syntax U0 II] U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7 U8 U9 U: Alternate (1541: n/a) UA UB UC LTJ UE UF UG UH Ul UJ Function Reset User Jump Vector Block-Read replacement Block-Write replacement 4040/8X50 2031/D90XX Jump to $1300 Jump to $1303 Jump to $1306 Jump to $1309 Jumpto$130C Jumpto$I30F JumptoSIOFO Power-Up Vector (reset) 1541/2031 Low-Profile Jump to $0500 Jump to $0503 Jump to $0506 Jump to $0509 Jump to $050C Jumpto$050F Jumpto$FFFA(NMI) Sector Distribution By Track Number of Sectors Track Number 4040 2031 1541 1 - 17 18-24 25-30 31-35 21 19 18 17 21 19 18 17 21 19 18 1" Track Number 8050 8250 1-39 40-53 54-64 65-77 78-116 117-130 131-141 142- 154 29 27 25 23 29 27 25 23 29 27 25 23 D9060/D9090 - 153 tracks per recording surface (4 on D9O60 and 6 on the D9090) with 32 sectors per track GCR Codes GCR is the method in which disk data is magnetically stored. It is based on transitions(ie. 1 to 0, or 0 to 1 ) A transition is decoded as 0. no transition decodes to a 1 . Hel |~ GCR Binary Dec Hex GCR Binary Dec $00 01010 0000 0 $08 .01001 1000 8 $01 0101 1 0001 1 $09 11001 1001 9 $02 10010 0010 2 $0A 11010 1010 10 $03 10011 0011 3 $0B 11011 1011 11 $04 oino 0100 4 $0C 0110) 1100 12 $05 01111 0101 5 $0D 11101 1101 13 $06 10110 0110 6 $0E 11110 1110 14 $07 10111 0111 7 $0F 10101 1111 15

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4040 System Constants 4040 Disk Memory Map 50 talN LabH D«cr:pnnr. 10B LDCWD toad command * / ^adcommand image 106 NCMTJS number ol command! rmm CMDTBL rn^mbupcrsO avjiLftblr butter count wo SOTTOY i/0 not toady IOC BFCNT too ■DMOK upen 'CJdrrux_V IOC ttSCLEft tr*arJ»Cet&OrAriwtme*^a*FR SOI mw MOM »D cn carnage return 101 USNCR tatlMmi n** IOC TYPMSK rype mask Io* matching; panem type 10) R0YI5T ^orwaOvtolttlen MF CVDSA command channel aeconraVy adtlr^u 101 SEQTVP tecfoentiaJ hie type 110 two lita valid - output 101 VAi lub cock for vahdate 110 EftRM rrror channel Mcorvravy addrru 101 WTTrfOOE Dpen write mode 110 LCDO atatrrlMO SG2 APMOOE ■t* append moOc 110 SSIOFT offset mo wde lector for data b&ock pOtnieTi 102 DACO dau accepted - output 111 IRSA irtemaJ read teoondary adfjfei? cnanneJ 102 D05VER toavetiron 112 IWSA internal write teeondary addrau cnannel 102 PRCTvp program We typa \tt MAXSA ■ .< . . u : . vM-.;ir> addrr&i 103 MDMODE open modriy moo> l^S CXRLEN lerttph c4 direciary taiHe* 103 USRTVP iitrfHetyp? 118 NBSB SANBUFumw* 101 niWCDES lumber of mode* within taNe MOOLST( rwarO UC CB^TR rommand buffer punter 104 REtTr? reUm,e f^k type HE CVDIVO i ;ommand index* 2 m RFDO re*oV Io* data - Output 120 £011 »» - input IDS MXFILS maximum number of fetenanei m snng 120 ERRLED larowarr mti>afuatton enrjr led no wnrcs number of file type* from TYFl5TfdrjMir') 120 OVRFLO < >verllow £Lag v aiur KM CVOCMN commvrj channel ■ rrachna-2 !2< MAXTRK mumum trdrk number 106 N8CUDS £*ri for crfbet tor cnmpaman with tat*e PCTAB J'afrwep 1 1» BADSVN * rrmr genera> syntax 106 NSSL number o* W aector Imto S3I ftAI»!D i ^rror ; invaird command 107 CTOSIZ rommand table ioe 1J2 LOWXN error tong line 10T DtRTYP ( Itrect fie type m 8AtWN e*-or mvalrdliknjme SOT ERRCHN i *rror chant H numbe* * macnna-l 134 SOF1LE error noMet|ive,n W VEREM ( Tntroller venry error 13A CM0l£N I en^h uf command bu *f t r w COK> £H - OUtPv! 13F UWT 1 JNDXQtoSire* W6 ECHSWD i X* (poo io tend 13F US14N tCEEunlttaen command number MS l£OI rcrrvetad 1 140 DAVI oJia v*Md - inpur 108 MXCHN5 i naxintim number ot channel* 140 NDaQ m> data accepted -rnpol K* PCMD :©mman«H not partejem* Ml rW20aC doft format venwn * tor 2040 drive; 4040 RAM Memory Map with Zero Page Contents at Power Up He* Lot atton Concen i CBMUbei Function 44 85 42 00 BAM Cme 1 Htgh CMD Buffer Lo» 0Q41 00 EU USfUHP U*er Jump T*bk Pointer ilFFEAj 48 43 CMO Butler Htgft 01 FF 47 DD ] Em* Output Butter Low 02-03 02 00 BMPNT Brt Map Pointer is 43 Errr* Output Buffer H^ 03 00 49-W 49 FF EUF0 lrucrjveFUf»Fot Bullen neal 16bvte* 04439 04 04 TEUP m Temp Wort; Spec* CMOJumpTaNe 4A FF ffore butter papr% -t ctoubre buflering 05 oo Tl 43 FF b*wk*o*teqttk* b*!7- 1 indicates 06 oo T2 4C FF inactive butler orrea acceu cha-ineU iwe 07 09 TO 4D FF c^ryonebunV 2nd entry u^et ro IFF OS 00 T4 4E FT indiraimg no bufler 09 OO 4P OC OA-C* OA 00 IP Indirect Pointer Variable SO OF OB 40 8148 51 FF BLTl Active Flags For Buffer* second Duller OC X 28 LSNADft Lwen Addr*** Device * * 120 52 Ff number pair auotured wa;h channel iC QD 48 TlKADS Talker Aotirtu Devrce * * MO $3 FT C€ OE 00 lsnact Active Listener FUg Si FT OF OF 00 TLKACT Active Talker F.jg ss FF 10 10 00 AOftSED Adototted Rig S6 FF II 11 00 prctiuc L»t Pror/ram Accessed 57 FF 12 12 00 DrWNUU Currem Orwe Numter SS FF 13 13 OO TRACK Current Track 59 59 00 HKKl SumCk*f o* B^cks Low H M OO SECTOR Current Sector SWO S9 00 RECL Low Record * To Find Relative File 15 15 06 UNDX LOg 5A CO u 1€ OF SA Current Secondiry Attire** SB 00 17 17 6T ORGSA Onginal Secondary Addrw 5Ci 00 18 18 3F DA1A Temporary Data Byte SD 00 19 19 OO m Temp Wort Am IE OO IA 1A 00 Ri Temp Wort Area 5F OO IB IB 00 R2 Temp Work Area 60 OO IC tc 00 R3 Terrp Work Are* 6t 61 00 *8xh Number or Block* . H»*S 8yte ID ID OO R4 Temp Work Area 61-63 61 00 RFO Hiirn Record * To Ftnd Rdatrve File tftn IE IF 20 OO 00 00 RESULT Rttult oJ Mufcip*y/frvi4f p ' - ■ 62 63 64 00 00 00 21 00 65 00 ■ 22-26 72 23 24 oo 00 00 ACCUM Remainder of M jitipry/frvidr Rim 66 67 68 00 00 00 25 oo 69-T0 «9 00 Ni NWItecced Table 26 00 6A 00 27*28 27 n OS o WKBUF Pointer To Drreaon Burrer « W305 6B 6C 00 00 294$ 29 oo BUFTXb BufleirVePtn I6entnei 2 bytes each point to current b%ie »n cormpondinf buf 6D 6E 00 00 9 00 Suner Bvie :" - Butter ". Urm 6F 00 2A 11 Hr|h ;c oo :p 00 Butler *1 U>* 71-78 71 00 RS Retanve R-cord Srae TaWe 2C 12 Waft 72 oo :d oo Buflef? Lou73 oo 2E 13 rlcei 74 00 2F oo :&*r*3 Lo* 75 00 30 20 U 76 00 31 00 Bufler*4 Lo* 77 00 32 21 W» T8 oo 33 00 Bufre-n Lo* T9*> 79 FF S-Je Sector Table 34 22 rfajk ;-\ FF 35 00 Butter** Lo* T8 FF 34 23 rM TC FF 3: 00 Mawl Ur* 7D FF H 30 H»gh 7E FF 39 OO BufVr*B Lew ?F FF 3A 31 High 80 FF 3ft 00 Butter's Lo» 61 81 00 FlPTR File Stream t Pomter 3C 32 H.|h 82 82 00 RECFTO 1 0 By?e Wanted From Retain* File 30 OO Buffer *IOLo* 83 83 CO SS?-UM Side Sector * CK Reiatrve Record 3£ 33 Hrgh M 84 00 SKND Irroex 1 nto 5*oe Secjo/ 3F 00 Buffer *|l Low 85 85 00 narni ftr To 1 « Byte Warned In REL Ftle 40 40 High 8r>4A 8* 00 F1LEHT Directory Entry Of Located Fiies 41 OO BAMDnveOLow 87 00 {1nck)t-2) into teoor 42 41 aAMOrrveOHre^ 88 CO Sector ol track IS 43 00 BAM Drrve 1 Low 89 oo Be Pattern IttSSSSS "" FV2030 dot tormaf venion * lor 2030 dnve ISO •♦OREC error ~ record not preienr 85! RECOVT error : overttcw in record 852 B'CRL error hie loo large 100 ^LOP^ error file open 161 F1U40P error ; nie nca open 16: FUTTD error *Ue not lounl 163 Fl£XST error - fAeeat^ 161 WSTY? error fee rype rrmrnatcri 165 ?*oeLK error no block 166 BAOTS error illegal track or aedor 170 WOiM error rw channel atailaUe * 171 DtflERR error | clrectory error 172 OSiCFUL error : cUkette full 173 cum com ooa vl ) 4O40' meaiaaw number 17ft NSSP number of pointers in itde ae^or 180 A-KI atninaci*ve 180 EOtOLT talk wi*th eca 18C ijtr last record Hag 180 ^RFTJ* neai record rug lor ctar* 1 *ao READ rcntrc4kr ^b type : read i* 1ALKER *eee talker Aag 18! RHDECH random with ecu 16* RDVTLK tack no eo* 18S RNOROY random chnrdy » roVlk * toybt 190 WRITE corarol let job rvpe wniv SAO WVERF\ controtterrobt>pe wrile/verrJy 1B0 SEEK comroiterpobi>pe aeei: SCO BUMP controller rob type bump K4 ERRTOK tiie o: error meuaite toke*) lacte 1D0 JLMPC romroi let fflfe type jump SEO UEC contraler pb type execute 8A OO 1 ftrWF $3 00 FliDKT RkDaia 80 00 ffcte rype time* 2 pta dnve number 6D oo bn7 • l indicate? aearcb both dnvn m 00 8F on 90-97 9/J 00 FUJYP Channel File Type 8entn*» 1 byte each 91 00 contamt die type rimes 2 plus dnve num 92 00 b»t7 ■ | inoacatei tearch both cmvej 93 00 S0Q ■ type 1 »4 0) PRO - type2 95 00 USA ■ Type3 96 00 RE1- tvpet 97 00 direct - type 7 98-Sf 98 00 CHKROY Cnannel 5taiu» 8 r ■ ■- 1 byte each 99 oo mdfc?r« cha-meta «atu* tor (EEC talk and 9A oo teten ae^oericei brl7 - 1 ciunnel tataJker 9B oo to lErX bf 3 - 0 aend EOi on neat by*e 9C 00 (talker onfyl bftO - 1 cfujn^id ia letener 9D 00 to \TEL other bra .muted 9E 01 9F 88 A0 AO 20 EOfFLC TempororyEOi Al A1 00 JOBNUM tu'rent Job Number A2-B4 -\2 FF JVTAB Lofcal Index Table coreaim correaponcang A3 FF Mcondary aoVlreaa asoaaied vmh channel A4 FF number l^Tiooacaie* no aaive channel A5 FF tab 7 and 6 indicate chan^i direction A6 FF 0 0 - read channel A7 FT 1 0 - wnte channel A8 FF 0 1 - feod/wrre ctianftH A9 FF 1 1 » no channel AA FT AS FF AC FF AD FT AE FT AF FF 80 FF 8! 86 B2 07 B3 FF B4 FF B5-BC B5 00 CHNDAT Channel Itoa Byte. ■■■■■■ data byte lor B6 00 output to l££E through C£T rouhnei B7 00 00 39 00 BA 00 B8 OO BC 30 DfrC4 BD 00 LSTOiR Channel Un Chaaacter Pointer, bat BE oo character pointer ra active butler BF oo Miociaied withcnannel *0il not last CO OO bloekrnSEO^ CI 00 a 00 a 00 C4 £7 C5 C3 00 TYPE Active File Type r^Baiai ceCKZeroP* re t* r*ot L«d Dittxtly By ODS " C6*O0L7«O0 C8*O0 C9-00 CA-00CB00 CC-00 CD-00 CE-00O*00 D0-0C DJ-00 O2-00O300 CH*00 OS-CO 06*03 07-00 D8-O0 09-00 DA-OOOBOOOC-OODD-OOOE-OODF-OO £0-00 £1-00 E2-0C £3* 00 E4-CO E5«00 E6-0OE7-0O E8-CC £9-00 EA-00EBCO EC-OOEO-00 EE<00EF-O0 F0*00 Ft -00 F2-00 F300 Ff-00 F5-00 F6-C8F7.B9 F8-C8 F9-D9 FA^OOFB0AfC-6OFD-OeFK-B7FF-O4 r E o ^, o et t Q 5 e ! u (8 $ u i 6 1 a I i !

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51 4040 RAM Memory $0 loos' c E a> S o o • * E i V) ma Dexnetion 0300 0301 C202 0303 02W 0305 0706 0307 QcOrKrJTF ccdo 02S: 02S2 03S3 0284 02S5 02*6 02S7 02*W>rTF 1000 IEEED PA00I IE££W> Dl) 1002 l*» I0W 1005 1006 ioo: I0M 1009 EOOA tooc 100O 100£ JOT 1010 1011 1012)030 1031 10m 1021 1022 1D23-I02* 1025-1026 I02MO3S 1029*1 02A I026-102C 102CM02E I02FI03C 1031-1032 1033-1034 PAD2 PAC02 PBC2 P9DC2 mo ATNPD ATNnt AfVPF, JOBS iu* the Stat* leeedaia in ieee *der tnternipr Deiay(" »rart of shared rrsemory "J motor acceserarxm deity motor cutoff time bui*0 JrtCodesate buf'I v- -r-.ii -j- ■:.->-!.. ■* but '2 by header into data but bul*3 f90-Wnie-»mrei*ssr*C*lfed but '* ov header from data but tvt*T- SAO-Vertfv comparer A ttpfxtned bsV6 bv header wrm data but buf*7 *90-5ee* brid any heacVe cet iratx buf *8 specked by hdr put in data buf bul'10 pcnmoto head to track! M'l 1 ID0 ■ Jump - aim? io user ml code W12 .-. ji-i'-.bd'll S£0'E*eatt-tan*4|Jt;;nprtft W H heed in position ml drive at speed robs trick number used bv controller tor quick retenrnce to track * mat march track in rorr»poncfcn| kmtm. rObhetCta tor butler? t>; 4 ttentnesot* byie* etch comroier ; ale? s*es checksum upon nwunoncrsoc bit* 1 and 7 are used** ID ettension. currently set ■ 0 and 0 buffj tX>l.!D2 bvl *0 trick sector bul *0 cfteriounY oil r>jl*0sparel sparr-I bvf'l ID) 103 but '1 track. sector b«l*lcNdwunvofl buf-Isparel spare? buf*2 tDI.102 but *2 rracfc secior Job Error Code* returned .nro Joc> Que after Job (■nW «*rch UtHc byi ivTjrnbuccnn ttnuotue. venty^r. dup4cji« rr- b> uwr. poMtton. copy, mifflt. ttmch. new) command rimp ublt low tMfi tM SCA IfODRV VOkM 0UPICT Uu block IflH nacpv t£NA«E scRrcM ngv (onmind m >t$tc iFfmr/ VEftOFR OUPirr Wy BLOCK USER *ECO«D CeKCPY RENAME SCOTCH NEW vnxiurt unife> toe comnwd* tni U0101000I D5KCFY b>i%M0lM01 RENAME SCIUTCH MBW LOW byt ITJ4.30J3 byi rwam byi oHpvr IHdm0« in n*mr o* file type byt dtpuf 2nd cnaraoer in ntAe ol lile type byt eerie 3rt ch«notf *n mme ol file type twt lojrf erro' fU| ■ .. -:r ^ :■■■-■■■ bytijr byilTF bytlfif byt IFF bftHIW wctor\ per track I*b4e bytlTiaiMt.9,2.fm2C<40 by H.1S.U JS ?8 3C- Im20yj cootroJie* tei. pump loveN loop error aapury romine bl^li the error ■ - ' . -i *:i three le * Ml puft nit IM lev dl i common ram e>rrp< pw 1 1 300 ^^tKn«i0ktor4f tru^o^fone' b*t*»3 brtlSO brtSAF tMStt bylWF byitEA CM1S4 bytlTC twttCI b<4ll7 trtr«6 W1E5 brt*ET b»i 1E8 bytlO byitfC b^tEl w.tts bvlE2 b\HE2 dm 10001 1 too hyUtlOOllllO '■-'V»>mi-.; irack/e/oup I0A Ottk io mtimaleh Wfi C^codinf error. 110 buf*3pvel. v^arei bul*3 ID) 102 bul *3 track, upctor bu*^cruxUumtoff 6uf*3ipBftE). iptre2 bu/*4 ID). ©3, in, fee bufS IO) ID2. trt. tec bol*6 ID1.ID3.tTk,f4«.fhluwir\oiT,2»p*re* bgl'7 IDI.ID2trk.texchkwm.oH. 2 fp*n» &ol*8 ID1 JD2 ?rt,tetchkwim,of.3»>*f»> bot*9 IDIJmii».«.el>*wm.ofJ,2*p*eev arlP2ipere3 ■2*p*trt IDZ irk, tec. chksum. erl 2 sp«m D2. trt. ok+ cftkium off, 2 tpin» 103 trt fec.chkwm.on 2*p*re* ID3 rt *ec, chkM*m. oil 2 io*m 102 irk. sec. chkmm ect Io* nmi veclcr nm* in proffreu flag aucomifK tfrrve iniMhu uniAed rvn Si4nofCtfobur>ft dau bu^er'O 04J* buffer -I «*bunet*2 unconnected formal Obwntoad arra flaMbcWer'3 data buffer * 4 data bullet's «4burtft'6 unconnected daubunV'7 data bunW*9 C4Uabuftcr*9 data butter 'to unconnected d*u DoHff * t \ bam or^ve zero oVectoty buife* Com drive one notu4*d command butter »nn| *iw rn conmaruj &umrr temporary secondary addrev •" r ■ : i . t i -. fob s : t. i " , r . 1 Msebw rrprewfj* available bunVs tor channeU tnt 1 1 i ndrcate* uwd buffet currem dstk «d - dove 0 current dak id - drrve 1 upctot iryrement lof iei|uentiaJ Me* 434S EN1VH0 4346 DtRl5T 434T CMDWT 43« LNfifl 4W LfiUSEO 434A enus 434B REC 434C TruXSS 434D SECSS 43W40H STiQB 43SC REVCNT 4>S(M3*iA ERRCNT 4366-4172 &HENT 4373 ER*X)RD 4374 PRGSEC 4375 WUNDX 4376 RUnfOX 4377 PtVTQtP 4379 CM DOT 437A CMDNLhl 43TB CHAR <37C uwr «3TO FICKT I37E F2CNT 437F F2FTR I3^>43BS FILTBL 43ScUi8A OM3V pnsic 4390 PATFIC 4391 rUACkt 4392 ORN^T 4393 ORVFLC 4394 LttDtt 4395 FOU^D 439$ WR5EC 4397 :jfj.sK.< 1398 oelnd <399 ismff 439A IND£X (398 RLCNT 439C TYPFLC (39D MODE I39E ^>BR"H 43SF^43DB 43DC-43FF ncmc ERRBUF directory erttrv loand flafl directory lofcftf uaf cornrrund mailing tlae repeetenis availabCe tofxal lodrtei b» * I ir^catet IreeUftDX comrrwtdc^anr44Aerrr^ctiannea«4m *»f tP is set m MORS tractot laibtock M Hledunng searches brfa] indicatet patierr. mafic rung *ector of J st bioct m tile *e*rdiei i > *'i t " presence r>ag tile stream imaae number ol dnve searches dnve search Cag last dm^e wit hout error taund Rag in Ofeoory searches directory sector sector of I st available eniry index of : v available entr> 'Orflaoibuxk current mtie* in bul»e» coumer. tte entne» match by type flag actrve MerrodeU * I rob mum Rat unused error nrritfle Puffer unconnected [>3Ft 0466 047A D47F DtBD D492 D4AT 050+3 DS4A D5W D65C DG60 D&68 K9C D6E7 D6FE 0747 07fX 07B9 D7SS D7B0 DTOfi D7E7 D7EB 08E< 0925 DHC peec MS 1 09CI D90^ OAIC OA35 DA4H OA54 080C £*3IA Del34 0656 D69F DaA9 D6Bt DBD2 0BE6 06CF D6F4 DC6I 1\TTAB SCTSEC 5CTS20 SET5J0 SETERR PONBMP IDLE ATNIRQ DCD£ USTEN LSTRTN TAU KOTIK TURTV NXTTS \XTERR FNONXT IVTTS FND5EC SETWP AVAIL AVCK MAX5£C TrVNUH ERRTaB MOvERR ERROR CMDtR? CMOER3 TIKESR LSSERR HEXDCC BCDDEC OtXERR FRETS SETLD5 OtROFF STDIR MOVBUF GETIHR NbUFRE PARSxy EN0CMD SCREED CLRCB CMDERR SIMPRS PR5CUJ ft 1 TC25 TC8C (r.Thaioe bufler pCHftirt table S4tupt4Wir/trac*i^!r^*l.1r,tir,llo:i'JirT:Jr-i.^l controller error set up sectceV track In ram set up powe* on rrwAiaee cbm dot v2. 1 hnal set upiottart 10V loop doe* housekeeping »hi)e w*tin$ lor 0b atn trq process iroonain. listen to pet. dear slack decide talk k*er. secondary address, other set tisten routine main routine listen routine set talk routine main routine rromTAlK no talk -ft* tavfe routine rdurn* next avaibabte track and vector esven current t aliocacion is from track iBknoro* 1 1 35 by full! rac*s rromNXTn disft 1uJ error Jird the next opttmura sectoe recurm optimum iruttal uack sectot IronWTTS tirrdsersor n* {indirect) b*m Kurrrr b> OftVSUM Mad track bam mio TEMP and hnds ava*labie wctor m track bet map validtty check returns" ot sectors located on specific tract a -track* frteriMAXSEC (racknumbet lablebyt 36JIJ5.lt error meuage table leader* enor numbers text with fast characters or odmch WO tokens rorkevwoeds are \ il0(andedwfthM0j recursive 1?) error messafe muiine ccrttrotler errof entry po>ni(a-enre # a-iob*) command error ctoplay erro* measaojr rrorn CMDER2 dear CMD6UF. set err leek, tree channel clear pointers, purfe Slack talker errcrf recov-rv itcommandcnannft. reteaoeDAV Wdaia channel rorce nor re^ady and releaae channel listener error recovery it command channel reurase RFD ri daia channel tore* not ready and release channel convert hex to bed convert bed to ascn dec return bed m « gore asci* in f lempf .y transtev error mrsiieji to error but^r mark a tract, sector a* free in bam rum on activey led specified by drm- number turn art error jed sneaked by dnve number directory loaovng runction. get the bultef «nd fet * siarted iransler filename to frsting buffer get trutracier lor dtreuorv loading caiculare number of tree blocks on drrve number Pirse and execute «nng w command buffer succesaiut command lerminat»un Irom OOCMD . scratch enrry tJear command butler command le>el error rjrocesaing iirraW parser parse roson tag corrsmand srnn§ set up command structure image and Ht itreartj pointers' fromTAGCMD rvone error rrorn TAGCMO bad wmaAeno* DCC9 U and *»hdn irsvernj DCIO DC66 DE7A DtJsl) PARSE DCB6 CHOCT DCDF CMDRST DDI0 OSEDflv DD1E ALLOR5 DD3A 5tTD«V D064 SETANY D06C TOCOfiV D095 FSISfTT DDBH TSTOA'l ODCfi AUTQIT OFT3CH SCHTBL LOOKUP U1S DEflT FfRE DEEI DFOA DfDA EQ43 E0U FTVDRL COMPAR CMPCHK SROtST SftCKST SEARCH TrfNAME now EJ3A) FT*DU|T EOO CETNAM E0D9 ONSt-'B E164 \BvDR E1FA MSCFRE LttB hcevsc E2t7 NEW E2C1 SCITTCH E3ID DCUiL E34& DELOIR E350 OCP1CT E399 CPYD1 E383 CPVTTW E30C READS E400 WRITES E420 FOvbVAT E4S4 D5.KCP> parse string looks lor specol oiaracren ret*irn*nf;v*tsfn varla* We dusraner ts lound cumnmndset iniha^ae cormuind tablex. potmen etc izurnmand reset : dear variables, labies set )si vlfrsUJ and ta&le pointers set up all crnvea from F2CVT set drrve number : determine! drrv* * from text or uses detauB ain index, our crndbul ytn deUuti drrve: our: dnve ' - it default set dnve from any configuration *o^clr drive number set pornim to one file *tream and chect rype test character it accumulator lor "0* or T rv rest subroutines this auto 'realisation suoroutine will etieck if dme ' n irkeujllaed it catalog caifc thus routeie before any header into d transJerred. thra routine wnrki thrs routine *iTJ end m error H any error but cask id occurs oprsmal search tor lookup and line* Me search table byt O.SeO.MK 1k I. I I b>lttl.lB1tt1 .S8Lf42.l42.M2.S42 took up aa tiles m stream ard till ubfes with into rrorn LOOKUP toggle dme number Tesd next Qknane maiching any bit m vrt*m and return with eniry sound stAiRed into table* IfOftirTRE nnd hre continuous re-entry, no ctiaruiel active compare all fiJerasmes m stream table wet* each valid era rv in 1 he directory check rable ot urstoursd kit* search cirecvory retvrrtx wah valid enrry erth dehnd-0 or returni mch tit deleted erstry wuh delmd-l ini^ate a search '■■■■.'.,[■ a search iransier filerkatne Irom command buiier aatnnguae xatarting index in command butler y: buffet number tranilrr ccmrrujnd burer to other butter a starting index m command butter V buBer number ^nd the 1im»t stmuj in command burrer pornted ro by x I get IJe entry trom directory caUtcttrySilMRandCETDtR I from COKAM get name subroutine new drtctoey in Irstinf dttpUy clocks tree rvesoage *n careviory huaebyi ratocks free new (format) a duaette scratch hle(g de*rte lue by links deiefe directory erstry duplcaie osxkette cc^bsockitromoriedrveto^rotnrr copy one track iced temp • 2btocfc**i wnte temp - 2 butlers out traraier format code to buS |a 2 and sun cor^mller rcenuttrntt Check tor type and p*n* special case

The text on this page is estimated to be only 3.87% accurate

52 E47S DX0O0O E4AS PRSEQ E4AF XM15 E4CF CPVDTD E4FB EXLM £523 nxrr E561 trftvme ESSE COPY es&* COPOt esda cv EfilE OPiRfl ESSE QBVTI KTC RENAME E6C3 CHrjh £6£0 CHKIO E6H ttttn £fiF3 VALDAT E74B fcflbKBAM Em i nec/un er* r*E**AP E7AE ECKK5M E7AF MEM E70I MEMEX ETCH MEMRD z?n MEMERR E303 mwrr EBGF user E*if U5WNT ES1F U5I0 ES25 BSM3K EST OPN&LK E*4S Oftas t»36 BLOCK raci BLKIO E3C6 BLX30 E«ce BLK40 EflF* BOAS Wt BC«P E»A BUPAR t»D OECTAB E990 BUOTcE E999 6LKALC E901 SA40 E90C BLKRC2 E9E8 BiXRr ■ E9FC BLXRD EA05 LfiLKJcD EAIS BLKWT EA3D L'BLKWT EA49 BLXEXC EA60 BLKPTR EAT5 eurrer EAS3 BT15 EA95 BKOTST EA9« BtfTST eabj FNo»a EAOI E813 EBB EBI6 EBIC EB2E EBTE EMT Efi&A £692 F«F £BN EKE EBD6 EBEB E&FO ECtE EC37 EC4A EC53 EC7D EC7* EC85 ecs: ELS4 MLLPLY IAY2S4 CIV120 0W100 DIV20D 2EKRLS accx* ACOtt ADDRLS USED7S PRBfli BMASK D6L8L'r H8YTE PUT L42 "tTTJOB RECOV REG OK AGA)\ tfOTYET WATX>8 SCTHDB PUTBYT put*; WTORV wrm; UNiTDR 5TFOBL trc*n 05KCPY normU parse from C6KCPY . special ;ase * parte SCO from PRSEQ bad nrnu error OX" difrl to disk routines IromCPYDTD ; pull needed vanabfct from tuck ItomCPYDTD , push wO« varjo*© onto stack rransaf* name Irom directory buffer to comma-id trjffer cocrr oicWtoonenlt corvcat from COPY Me type rne»m»Ch error horn COPY check ft. r> (or ewtance open and set up *nter nal read file ft* in a byte rename 10? rune m A^eettry IromCKKJO check i/o fixe for distance ■ erwr»nce pottst validate fi«% wii ■■: - CTUle ■ -* h .:-.-■■ 1 ■ . : Xt^^tf Met mered in Awioa rruA oAiri wiifi lite vcront wiled by VBRDM «ei he* b#m ; calM br VTJ*Di*» from HEWMPV : bwtd t new BAM or onkerte Eromchrxtwjm bylO memor\' accew comn\*.-Kh [m-e| memory execute (m*r) metrory reJd merneey commjnd errc* (ffiw) me?Bory wnte use* actrt* comm*ftdt WO rr*eto mrprnp vector »o porni lo IFFEA execute code bv uvinpttble iv USIt£XCia determine e^tfOH Irorri USJO deterrr*ne- u»er Adicm rrqu*red *nd proceed 50en drrta *x«* bvfler from avertable buHer * froT* OPN6LK no Ctand ^ * i jHr error block commindt fro*n BLOCK bid block command error ffo*n BLOCK bad avtluc error rroTi BLOCK find command t4ock command tab4e byi alrwrp Wort command rump iabr> I *t* UAKnts ) b*xiraitfxaielb-*) IK999 HorMM ib^i *G>w> t*xk-re*] (b*> IE9FC Wocfc-wme ib-»}teAI9 Wocfc«ecute(bWet V iw:b>i I 10,100 MHocHft ib-aJbWck-*ilcca*r VomBlKALT noOtocKerro* van oi t*xk *rad tubrouiinn tan tUMD ib^btortrrMd »*ot direct b*ort read last char r Sfr tb-v)bkock-wnre umt direct btock write no last char [b*}b>oct**ecute rt*a Wock and eiecure (bvf»)burre*-potnief lOfl tor allocated bort related to Mcondjev addreu \rom BUFTST no j record* rtctrrdwe I it oyie wanted from record *ide sector number irdex iimo *ide seciot prrto Iirv b>ie warned rec prr • accvm - { EW6 EDIA EIWC ED&L EOS9 EOA6 EDD7 EElE £E3* ££4T E£47 E£34 EE60 EE60 ££63 ££64 EEAC E£A4 EEAB EEAB CXAB UBl UCF €F03 EFW EF4B EFS4 EF79 EFS5 EFA3 Em: EFR FCOl FWC HrAA inputs ff*fi bvie ibyie nilT|»ut\ rtcptr * 1 byie » »ftu*r> t &>Tf » l»>ruj - 1 b>t* * rrrfpiT ■ 1 byte remh - rrc ■ » rec wae * euk - quotieni . remainder Tij tJpi\ owide i divide bv 254 mam drviuon routine divide by 256 ztfro reuih mulrvry actum k 4 r.un inJ> accum x ^ addaccumioremn re*ut ■ re«ut - accum * lt2J rrA*k (rack, sector. (BMPNTf as uvd calcutale index into bam for FRETS am USEDTS CMlmaUtablr bvt I 2 4.».lt>32.64 I2H toggle active buHer * in BL'FNUM «Ttr« io cnannel ^kernaie entrance poim »rn erurance pom Imm PUT and P1BVTE wnae to command ciannel ten il robf %) n done ytt . rt not done ihcn return if ok then return flat I«cb4 recover pt> bump head to track 1 and trw agair from R£COV leu REVCKT lor * tune* for rtcoveey. se* up from TS^KB r»0Leverytriin(ok renj'n from TSTXJB ttore LStJOB back on X)8S to :tv a«ai n lromT$T>D6 r- t. r^b not linithed yet. try *£*n wait until |ob| t) & done ttw return tet header of active Duller ol i^r cwrreni imd* to trk, sex. ID put accvm inao active Duffer of hndx ^ noacnv* buflp* f-lerca. open error |«cierafed horn PUTBYT actual actum into bolter rounre imtiakar dnve« lc jmmand) imiMUedrtvplOBVNOM) BL'MPheadloirh i letup lor irk IB »eciot 0 tor fob 5EEX to ft* BAM disk ID t^oni INTDRV adu^l mmalixation routine kiart r^addoubir Cx-tttrmg ow irack lectc at flatting OloCk FIA9 F279 F?94 F2BS FKl F70e F70O F?FR FJ9F FJAE F383 F1F9 F400 F4» F42S F45B F4A7 war F4C F4D4 F4DF F509 FS2B FS36 FS50 FS9C F5AC FSBA FSE3 F6t2 FuSS F671 FiA4 FJ47 F7A« FTBA F7E€ FBS$ RC«UF WRTBUF STirnT FSMCH FKOWCH TYPRL GETPRE COBYT RDBYT WRTBVT WRTtJ INCr>\T INCPTT* SFTORN GETW'CH GETWCH GTTRCH crirc Ffl£CH\ FRECO FrfERD FREWRT REUNX RELBUF GeTTBtF FREBUF CLRCHN CLfXHN FNDUxX cevrc cer Hocer SEOCET CET6 GrTTERC NXTBUP F05? DRTRD R)58 ORTWRT RJ50 DRT F06C OPMRD R)7C OPMWR F0B3 NtflMK FOCI SETPNT F0D3 raEXH FTJE1 CETPNT FOEF fjRCtrrr FtjFf BL9WQ FIOE Sr^UB FII6 SO30B FI5S TSERR F15D ME02TS F16£ TSCHK FI80 VNEHH FI9D DOIT ADOHL OPEN OP02 OP02I OP04 OP04I OP04I5 OPD5 OPBJ5 OP83 OP90 0*SS OPM5 OPIW OPREAD OPWRT OPF1N ck™ CKWI CKTI APPE^D LOADiR LD01 LO03 CLOSE CLS10 CLSALL CLSCHK CLSREL CLSV/RT MAPOUT MAPCHK clsdir OPMRCH OR30 OPNWCH RlTSS horn 5THDBL m up ror READ job on track, sector 4« op tor WRITS rob on irack sector «art READ/ WRITE |ob hnd read cruwiM find write channel B^Merype iTomCnclYT |H active buffer number. Iindx.ru read byte Vom active buffer and net IU4 tl bxtf data byle. il W them- I Hvi^O mad a character from hit and read n*tf block oi ftkrineccted set Ch^RDY * £01 il end ot hie wnie character 10 channel and write buffer ;oditk il 11 % tuu (rortfWRTBYT write buHrr :oduJiene rncrernenl poiniei ol active tuKt* by accum same as tSCPNT : commootorr patch set DR\FsiUM to drive indrcared by IfDOSol actrve bulfer seo uo buler * and altocaiei hnax * - * Uiflers needed qeJwme channel carry sec (or write cjet rrad channel carry c**r tor nrjd IromOCTWCM main routine to set up duller* tromCCTR2 nochJreu • 18) allocate next direoorv bkxk on I Sand mark a&uted >n bam set pointer a ■ new pointer value fm trre internal readtw- I7| and wnte (sa^ ISjchanrsrW read ir*ac:iTe butler poinier dirrct road btle. 4 - byte * to read index tabic conaininf h*pi byte addresses 0* butters tntSII 1I2.SI3 .bsiJ20*2M22.i23 bsil30S3I. 132.133 u*r last job lot dnve num. command r* used k»r Job ter job up and Check trJh vec a-fomma^dn ' pA* * - M ■* ilier^ track and sector error lromTS£RR set up trk and tec lor error track and sector checkout routme write to wrong version n Tor 00 po m a. set up error count «nd L5TJ06 return when rob complete jumptu error ilerror returm add We to orectory open channel !rom fee* panes the -nput sinnfl thai t» sent & an open data channel, load, or save chanrtets are allocated and the dkeejory t* searched !or the frfename contained in rheirnng Irom OPEN : load llM program Irom OPEN todd direciory from OPEN opendLrecTocyafrseoLenturi file ffomOPEN ;open **' direct acceuble from OP£r» pro^r*m file type from OPEN »ynt*x rrror genet ateC from CpPEN check tot replace (V) from OPEN tud Mename error ftnerated Irom OP£\ uvf/wnte »■'■ replace 401 fromOPEV open nwdandioad Irom OPEN 'Mr rw round1 error generated from 0PE\ hW type mi«natc*t error generated trom OPE^ evervihrng a*ok' - contt^tue wirt process from OPE*^ open 4 read file from OPES open 4 wnte file from OPEN : procedure finished check mode or Ale type from CKTM check mode IromCfcTV check type dppentialifc ioaddirecton Irom LOAEXR toad by name ItomLOAIKR load one oVcciory cc»e fiie auociaied wsth secondary address Irom CLOSE tiose directors lilr from CLOSE cSoscaJirile* from CLOSE locale and dose specific '1 > ivpe ftorr,CLOSE clooe reiarivv Ue from CLOSE cto«eawr>iechanneC wrce out trse bit map to the dnve in L5DOB uchvel vrnfy tkat the bam block count matches ihe bus director dene on open wrne like open a read channel wilh 2 butlers *ii: inoen u m Imdx *irt muialiws-al pointers ilreiolive. »4ndpomie~samn 'romOPftRCH seCruenruJ fileset up iriitiaLc/e vanabks tor open chonnet* LSTAOB. sets active butler njrnor*. U>TCHR. buflrr porntces in BUFTAB* 2 c^en a wrtt (funnel with 2 buiterv out byte into s»de sector FS9F FSA5 FBAE FBB3 FiBt: FHFl Fwr> F90C F^I9 F?2B F938 F93E F?S2 F5S9 rae» F9o7 F«E F5W F$rr F98I fS&O F997 F9AT F3C3 F»4 F90E F9CB FSFA FA1D SCrl/J SE7FLG CLRFLG T3TFUi TSTWRT TSTCM\ SCRCB seavc CETLNK NULLNK SETOO CUPBLK OETKDR WRTAB RDAB IWRTOLT ROIN WRT55 RDSS RD53 5J1C SCO RDi.SK 60T'rja;' CLRftLlF nan ssom SCTSSP SSPOS IBRD -\:' ¥\A^} FDEC FE04 FE4S F£40 FF33 FFEl FFE4 FFES FTTA FA2T IBw-T FA27 FA47 FA4E FX53 RASE PA68 G5SPVT 5CALI S5CALC ADOTt2 SSTEST GstBCT GAFIXS FAB9 \XTREC FB2S SRBUr FStS ROrHiT FB^I WRTRFX FB09 CU£C FBEB SOIRTY FBF$ COtRT>+ FCOl RDREt FC53 5ETLST FC95 FNDLST FCA£ SSEND FCE5 BREAK FCEA RECORn FDSft posrrs FD7A posscf FDeW BHERE FTXA W IfiCF FTFA FTFC ffm; ADONR AOOREL AR20 AR2S MBWS KMI PAT& FCHKSAI L/BLOCK set /dear fa^s tet H.uj entrance potre clear ta§ entrance pom? tesltortfareof llafl te*t lor wrrte test lor actrvr tiles from tindx Lab« c»l Me not active .** 1 r**T ^»* C^Olife.sctive K - endlfMcl. > * brxta a-* write out bufiet H chm put track sector into butter Ojtr nrk from buflrr into track and Mctur set irack link - 0 and sector link = utsi norvxero character set up pointer to bufte* r+vt track and sector Irom header 'romCURBLK fjei header srtupforwnteinfobduv branch toSJIQ set upror read mfobcrur branch toSJlO set up lor wnte m tub que uanch toSJ2D set up lor read in roboue. brancti to$J20 set uplorwritein robour branch 10 RDSS sel up lor read tn ob par accessed by WRT5S accessed by WftlXS and RDAB accessed by VrftTOUT and RDM set tract/ sector from link in buffet irafisJer byres Irom one bufter lo anot+trr ree>ster» in ■ ? number ol bytes y - xource buHer number clear bufler given register .n * - *sutler number reti«ers out .y4 .a * 0 sr^srde sector pcanterroO.retpfler out 4* side sector' set 01 ft BU F with current vue sector poirr*f fe^Jiter 1*1 la low byte iet DIR8L F and BU FTAB wuh current srde sector pointer rrgtstem a^towbyte posrtion stoe secio* and BL'FTABro ssnum ft Hi nd hag vaOok ^ = I out ol nrsfrj indirect btock read re«ster in . a ■ buffer * tor read t % - uncu (ckrOuf)y points lo track, sector to be read indirect beet *nte ree/sler in as buffer • tor wnte / \ * bnox lckrbuf>y points to track, sector lor wrne code lor IBRD ar>3 IBwT routines oet stde sector pointer caiculaie * *ide sector blocks required IromSCALI acW * side lectors needed x 120 tea ssnum and s**nd tor residence and range vanabfes tshuffl.soinrldtrbu* uafs n ranejr V to#cknce error Ook Oye* erO 0 mayoe I no et I 1 no Oye* erj 1 no Ino e] grr active buffer number variables buff) buTI Imdx rt\ vm out j - acti^^but *+ .x*undx. n* I noaaivebut gei active buffer * set LBUSED and fLagt reeatters out a ■ active buf *. x - Imdx tla^s ;.Qalnoactivebut v- 1 dirrylust mark end erf record then encweon to next iccurd read track, sector link into butler vnte relative data into butter sprite relative butter put ceros imo balance of 'fi -u * ' record set dirtv Hags ctewowtyArar/j read resalrve hie set las character m record Imd last character in record position ude sector and BL'FTAB to end 0* Last record iitegat system tracL or secor et ny encoumerM posttvv> relative porrfenEot^vee record mimber oe last record 1 ouf of r»nge posftion relative dWa bsock inso ac*ive buiV arso next bkxk into inactive buffer posrion proper dau btocks inco bulerx check if reef Jired btock rs in buffer set null records m active bufler torearension vanaWes NR RS, DC «ct-but in NR* .av record pLdariontn pffkfCMt butler out M(-UsimordposinbuftorrsmNL^UFottoset LSTCHR adcfnexi record to record stie and leave m accumulator ifc=1 then a buffer bc^ndary has been crossed add OtoCkt 10 rtijtrvehJe rroti ADOft£L too many sss hie to Urge error generated fromADOREL cak *b«^ needed and check aejainst avail generate new ssdr sector and (i * oW sule seoors to reflect tl non maskat*r- interrupt er;ptS10Frj} a corrtmodore patch to boost lo IFTO F RiJM checksum by 0 defauk rump table tor use* rximrruirKb USUCVD u«ef block read lot) IKICWT user block write (u2) : userpnspirsmufh Iu3): u^rr^pihmufh 1^: u^eTsmpiruou|h |u5) uxr tmpfhrou^i [uCl user imp through |u7) user imp through tu&l : xemal nr» iFFEl Kemaldiskirutialaatiun 1032B kemal a(n irq process IDSIW ILUft 1EA3D 11300 11303 11306 11309 1I30C 1IMF

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53 4040 Dual Disk Controller RAM Usage The 6J30 Ml Controller coibtm W *MM *J 0 E I o o et o e* (ft I Q u 0 X c < 8 « I c 1 1 B J I u H L«L Ltbcl Description DOT 0003 -COK -om ooos odd: 0006 4)009 000A COOft oooc 0000 4)011 9012 0013 oen 00IS 0016 401 0018 -001 OOIA 00IB Mi 001D C01E 0O1F CLOCX IcTRTU wrvyr STEPS cow WORK DTKCK DSECT CStXT ftab T»CK somt 9UFTT HDtWT FTNUM IP CVT OB fOMUM motor timer dnwO/ dnve I ( * I when motor hifly on Wl when motor should be rut Md otT oeive status wonb bw* 0-5 ruck * btl 4 «ecc*n| -■-";■ I pes bit 7 .n^k-**i- )( i :■: - .". number o* steps t*> new trac* used with interrupt ', * 0) ctoseji seek Uujance f * l)tto*ea wtk direction number or" spaces tor lorraai number of sectors unfit de*red sector rtaetl sector Iroffi currtnc potmen sector header E*We »rr>e(0fmM*aH0ftSi*bk HAM lev use b> r v 6504 CPU OfXOOOi F is used lor storage OO20JB3F it me stack seen by the 6504 *J 01 OOO (3F cunerif dnve • Ok* * sei 1-17 21 l«4 19 2M0 18 31-35 IT track number for rioetsi *«■* TMtiUpMtofrf brbj 2*7 inKk number neii *ector on drive number of sectors/track to/ hi punter tmo PUFS ratte - 'i. . -. - 1 " : i ■■ r i i!. ■ HORStabtet tamwcouil fF7 * no action U indirect potrwrt *| error count current iob being uon* tuner* fcbtd tree, Ft FC DC DC rf JFFrnen no job 002C *0JF 0040 VIAA 0040 VB 0O4I DJN 0042 VMM 0A43 0044 till 0045 TIME* 0046 -0CHA CC4B ACR 0O4C PCR 0043 004E DOBQ 00&2 IFR :£R WIT* DOLT bout MOSC522 S0OW004F pOrtb besOl nrpoer motor drive *1 btfi 2-3 stepper motor drrve *0 bit 4 motor 1 oU bet 5 motor QoA 04! £-TunU*H porta data input dm d rectton r tftsicr b appear* unused by FDC umer : birh ind countrr lo-* umer I counter high *ppe*is unuKd bj* FDC ivn+ ibn- control rrj^w^r penr>heTAl cuntml reviver nti 0 wfioO cal byie re*d> i • ve» 0 * rw oniiacd fill/svnc norrnal kc ive-i> l-rjnvf *l 0OS3 O06E 0«C 0401 0403 O403 -(Mil K)RB MIT>T IKK OEIAY cunit JOS5 t>*04 SWOXKWfT 6502 SIQUO-IOtF "MZ1 -04M 4W9C 04<>O CW9E 0(A0 ffWW »jFF HHf^ TAB I GAPl GAP2 fflWUM SLFS b»i* J -2 treowetic* ftKt oemtrrl btl 3 "nie proteci I * ye» btl 6 tvntdfieci Uno.Otve* data director* rtptfer b »ppeajn*unuMd by FDC timer/ 1024 CotMMltAM interrupt tntcrvaj motor tccelerabon 4rU> motor cuk4 tin* lobque bil 7 0^ 9nc*ej4^pr**efTi battMmode 000: trod (8) ft read data block 00! wnic f9) (I) write data Wock 010 \*nt> IA) [2> >vrriy data block wntien 011 seek fB) Q) jefh»peobc irack and sector lOOhump C) i4; rntOfrpUceni^ntcthead irk I 101 rump (OMSliurnpiobvriercude 1 10: execute id {&) sian rrvoiry then romp bd 0 drrve. 0*6\ >:*A f-eaoVn of curr-m tuxki [ )5.b -3 >ync I l12 ■A cync 2: tr*d: * ^1rick trunataed by do« tap I w* »« by dc* §Bp2*ne*rJby'l'* uaeo" m fotrnw br min*orrMf« ota* vert*on rumbcr actn'e iab number to* oti ditkeue preceded bv »ync wnc. *0f* eft K&urn rotk»w» 256 data bytes then : ' . tpocinf bv^r% *etof 15 l-CjkxkU56tvofd)buJltri 4040 Dual Disk Controller ROM Map T>* $530 Conrnykt onnta ^■'•^Corit'UirerROMMM ^IK^BQV.Ttiefo-tomni not avajiaJrtt «i ih^ litre maprtAlnia!K*orrhe2040(DO5lf>jdrive.buTine20^af^4«>« MX ox 0534 05M 053E CS4A 0561 0572 057T 0581 0SR3 0>B8 fJ5CT 05D1 ■:5*: 05tt 05f0 05F3 05FV OWE 063A Lib* FT47 FC4T FC45 FC55 FC4A FC7* FC77 FC7A FC7C FC7C F03 FCSt FORMT ^13 U17 L299 UOl U77 L304 u:n U93 L294 DFJ»« FV1 LOOP 1219 BHN Docnptton -p** ?TART L0li> L012 L013 LD14 END QUE »orm*i cooe - motfe 101 (dt imtuwie head pKve and track Number mitiaiiie track number and move head to de»m* :rack *ormanm( ^n ceoptu * chec^ ii correci track bneL2l6 head ii on deured track MMC oVubteebt flaa; check • compute header checksum iet vo *or MTtiirjjf C s to bhark out d^keoe wnte 3*256 bytes 3 btocfc* ol Us *■■ v 'nr j..;h data block : syne, chkaum. sync neidrr. etc set up fee speon« 16 6yir^ bewt*n header loop me tor acce* delay test motor speed test heaJ *utust it not moving branch v> QU E scan nest pob. il tse» sob. branch to UM(1 branch to 5TART motor aonandheftdeishll. ilhoadrs on right rrxk sart prvCesvnt by branching to TTJ.otnr^t»e mov-loclo*eai rierded tract K-dn^Y*. yfob* in.' j r* i .. maAinum distance * |, and set * 'or mat »b * imiJOrBartJOBIDby volbe\ less il on right track 'nj cK*ey see*FC6M FXE V3X> v: a FC05 FC09 FTO9 FTOO FCE2 FCE» TOD FDI6 FD2D FD43 FTJBD FDA I FDAA roei L022 n\ TAB1 AVDA TAB3 COTt L032 L03I EA£ EX BLMP WSKT HPrrr fsvlm READ L100 05TKT »T>^6 WRITE FI>£* Fnra FOB Ftl5 FE3A FE3D FE4E FE59 FE61 pm FEoo FttD FISC FEA6 FEB3 no LI9« Li00 L201 L*W L2C3 VRFY L2I0 OESO L2U L2I2 ER 5££K l»: ES££K L251 DOM EM decrement \ loop tor ail #ob -. set up seek: to oo*** track loop - ^ s«arch table a^ain sectors/ ( rock ubv bvl 17 1*20 Jl bvt5F3 TAB3*i * tracks- bvt *FC^r25.l8 head is on destred irk act dnve *w4Cht ■ lectors A on denstfy check il motor o> weed be inch to Fl% il not sr up tor check cd tnck tone check lor track tone set * seesorv track by resuitaot L032 Job BMlsW mN : mode - 1 10 (E) check tloecute: branch to EX *l so Check rf bump, brenchtu bump il so. stnp seek ncecuee routine fjei jo* *. cak buAW aoVJres* Cr-anthsofl Job Roejihsc; bump the ftuh mode tOifO load dnve *t acedia track, isolate; o>rve+ set r.eod to phaae "a* set heod io nusi o>«ence ('256-1 Hy imp D0N£ dectcv h Inch senor to service check wh*tti Mbr>pe, check trKk drrve aokat hc*fcr pointer (ob.S • hi b>re ot HnftS inivHORTVT h» vdoi number lor lake we* Job tmmm n>ao a Mock mode = 00C*ft chock i! ft*J cr *r*te, branch ioWRTTCt»fto p^t^b^s».«o«iD(BUFrnXvtorxUteiAlw impDEAD *tjrlreadir>fd*u tnilchksum Seitrthtor header ftOhltrl data JotoUi.M.r^ - "-aWock modeOOIfS) check f venN. banch to VBFY dso check »me protect rfo*ll» J nooood. ER disabieCBl ^ aes corrrct biock »nie synr mode, toad f il ■ code re*et por a EU0. set tit sync ^ore normal code mode in PCR- set 2nd sync, tfcksum *r»tr biork. wniechknum. charaje rob to venty, end Job Jtovtiraet v^etin a sffsM dua b*oer*h eror branch io error routine ERR seek to aetermine nexi sector nunvoer iT'i chksuir fet Week header seta byte, store m STAB, update chkmrrv branch a^atn rl more load rob ' and rype. tesl ri seek, branch io £5E£K rf y> Ct>ec*i*idin(hO«rTlty- STAS.y error d not connnue loop, et cid imp WSECT j..b K.-^jtjnc ^- - - --ncOII 03) (el compta e header trom 5TAB V into (HDRPI^.y ser^orrtoerToi *l rno EKftOR errot routine FECt FECC nor FT£4 FEF? CSZP.R L2$3 SUCH L412 L410 L4M HEAD F.RROR rTCT FTIF Ff^ ff;d rraFF52 rT59 FF7C FTM Ft^l FTAB FFAD FFBA FFC9 FFTX *FTls*t FFF7 ?FtB ^FZD FFEF FFFI FFFC F7FC ERfit 1421 U20 WATCH SYNC BYTt OFT L442 OLT IRQH * 2 * 3 * 4: * 5: * r * 0: - 9 1341 1321 LSI I 1512 -913 LS30 AND6 AVDC AVDO n^D£ Ida *9?thk*um error) br4JchloERR Ida '1 1 {rattrnascht. branch io EM search tor specilic block compute checksutn. *t up tor search tot j sector ■■■ -r -■.:'■ -._■■ ylorcompart every byte *nhdr muat be iderr ica) comfiare to header iocp. loop et tue headri search tor block head * - mat - tnait se^d error code * 1 no error can l hnd block head no sync character Call brock not p*«en checksum error ve'ifv error write wtib vintr prorect on cherJtMim error in verted header •10 data ran ihto hwt headrr *M cUUrdmAtnaich '16: decockrg erruf send sob status, nake motor stav on lonoe*. check poh type purpje stack i'%3F) get a byteT corrpare io vart *J header, branch | no< equal to HEAD watch tor sync ch*r.scter> biiPE. bvcL450 let riync present, branch it yes bit IFRt bet VVATCM ; te*l rl byte present loop until yes % contains * ol utses. branch to WaTCH nit x * 0 bH PB it t tea tf svik prewm rhen return *iuii to* sync character tei umer tor 20 ms limn en a byte send r>*o bytes, set tor normal read mooV chjroe EOITT anc FCR to lend »vnc erwjcMeCBI.CALCB2|u3Jt-%innn010Kgetabytr reset VIA Utfs fet new byte resrt VIA rmp B^TF (pet near tnle* byteiobes«crii»sti.x rn?ernirxrocaiewmJkaecor)d> set neit tn*ernipi resettimer ser\*ce motor cher^itrnotoronai^sfeKhngltae^et service stepper motor check rf on track d not then LSI t on track. c**r tiepptnt (*«. chexk nest aepper (^mp U2C) check osreciipn - **r oct or step in sitpu; (** step out 1-1 «orr r«rt» stepper pouiton test if ORVST ready pop the slack ot aand iiheim V 120.110 bvt JOC.I03 Liyt SAO 150 rewt and interrupt vectors wordfortri *FOTC rttiu^oe ivord «rqh IfFfrj interrupt 8050 Dual Disk Controller RAM Usage lac Ubtf nescnption oooo CLOCK contro-ter dock 0001 WTTbCUC motor dock dock/ 16 0002 -0003 vrmrv motor hmer dnveO / dnve 1 1 * ) when motor : ■ . ■ • on tOtsvher. motor should be turned o« 00O4 4005 ORVST dnvv status words bus 0-5 track * bit 6 aeppingfl- no. l-ye* Ut 7 accelertfingO* noh f ^ yev 0006 400: STEPS dumber of slept to new track or>» COW uicd s«th interrupt 0009 «00A AORK ( * 0)cso*ea seek deeance ( * 1 ) c toscsz seek Erection 0008 DTRCK number ."' tpecc* tor tormat ouoc D5ECT number ot secton unhi desired sector oooo CSECT ctosesi lector from current po*d»on O00E O012 STAB sector hceovr ubte : same torrne: «s HDRS i^bte 0013 DHVI current dnve * 0014 TRACK track number tor cknev *re* brtsCvi part olid brtt 2>7 irack number 0015 KEX75 nra sector on dnve 0016 SECTS number o* sectors/track 0017 4018 BUFPT lorhi pomrer tnto BLF5 table 0019 401A HDRrW lo/hi potfiter tnto HDscS tabie 4 IFF rh*n **j rub OU1B FTTtUH tormat court Iff ^ no action 001C-0010 IP U indirect pouiiet*) 001E CNT error count 001F JOB current job bet ng done 0020 jQiNUN current rob *1 0021 -0072 ORVTIbX track droe n currently on 0023 JKG4 STPCNT WsicpcnuM*} 0025 Otttt'M (. rhecksurn •] 002€ 81 0027 nx? otttk NXTJOB nc»t tob optimal track Mek QO& rtfTIW mt track ophiTUJ track >ee* 0O7A*C3r stack ram tor 6S04 U040 VIAA vrOS«522 V V . pub 0O4O VB Tht 653P Oak Contto^er enntattu M bytes or RAVI tor use b> rhe to04 CPU flWKflS is used tor storage 0U2A-OO3F i*the Oack seen br ihc 65GM ai HCU1 3f OOtl 0O42 0013 0044 0O4S 0046 -004A 004B '>HC 00411 0O4C 0f*o oow 0061 im.;-: -0OSE P08F nam VMAB Till TIMER ACR fFR IER Mm DOLT EOIT nwtfi mita" TICK bttt0>l stepoer motor oVwe *l bit> 2-3 siepuer motor drive 'O bit 4 jrveor | oR btl 5 irsvtorOosI biz t pi I control btl bu ? sync oetevi I * na 0 ■ ye> pot» oVa input data-ckrertron rest>ster b M*a/iumnrdbv FQC timer i latch and counter tow timer 1 counter hreh jpprart unuvd by fDC auiillary control feeder prnpheral control regtue r be 0 sersoO C4):byiereedv I *yes+0*t>u b*sl-3 ca2 fill/erne normal jcc «ync/filt xt be t settol cbl error (feicctrd J - ve>. O - no bdiS.7 ct>2 read/wrik wnle dx rrao n in flae. ree/urr iW enable re»Met VKBUM yx>t0J)rttF porta dataoui direction yevt j port b btl 0 tw«ch0vdrirr K l*dlive*l C"K I *2 treQuency ^tt 3 wriie protect i -ye* bat 4 nddhevdseseci bM C unuvd daid direction revives b appears as urvjted bv FTX? timer/ 1 0*^ RAM wenjpt irtrrh+»» MOt SOarti-iMFF W)2:*>0Wl0fF 0402 wo3 -w;i HIM ^Mjftn 0499 -W9T 0490 0*9E CM9F 04AU 04AI iMA2 04A3 04A4 WA5 04 M 04A7 04AAIB' ctmtT JOBS 04OJ 44FF HOR^ Tnftl CAPI GAP2 V/CJcMW nCDOB pHAsi-: nFTIK ffiDrVS www IWFT *»BI CTLCJ rvSIDES srtivu TA8.1 sv-to motor cutott time robque bl 7 0-i(nore 1 1 sobprrvnt btutMnddt 000 read (n> f"i read oVaH block 001 wnte (91 V\ wrcedafabixk 010 verttv f At [ 2\ veraS data bsock written Oil seek (Bl (3) icei ssMOhC track and sector 100 bump (Cl |4) r*vwre placement ot head t l$+H *3 -2 »nc -I *«* 0 id) 1 i42 F<0ilS"-6partoltc!) 2 irack 3: sector' 4 : rheduum Soft 6, 7: spore " sectorvtrack ineia^ixed by dew eap \ sue set by ck» gap 2 uxr hc rjy dot uo*d *n knnwi *or mm * ol byte* dot veruon number active pub number o^a on dtMciir preceded by^ vrrrf »>ti;. "'^"i- daca on oHtrrc preceded t^J v*rw sync *07* chAsum lolsow^ i56 data, then *ppn>* I6*pacirj[b\te% I- tinused by FDC ■]

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8050 System Constants 8050 Disk Memory Map 54 [He* Vi ' WO SOO SCO 10 so: SOt SOI SOI 102 so; so: so: SOJ S03 Ku S04 S04 «H SOS S05 SOS m S06 so* so: w: so? so: so: SOS SOB Labd I '*es*.-*i ;■>_■-■ NOTFDt RDUODE VhL ATNA L»ER RDYL5T s£onr VVTWOae AJVOOE daco DOSVER PRGTYP MOMODE USRT\P LOTftK WOOCS REOYP RFDO HTTRK HXF1L5 VTYPES CMDCHN N&CMDS USSL own* EftRCHS IC6050 TYPMSK VESfJcft EOIO EOISNO L£01 MKCHN5 t/o not ready open read modr toe code tor validate * r 2CV, * tree latencr Nag t/o toady io hsren sequential hie type open write mode open Append rrvsoV data accepted * output diversion program tor lype open rood try mode uv *i*e type tow track number number of rnoo>s wsthtn table U00l5rrrWA.Uk relative Me type ready Inr data - output h.^h fjrt * lotrk * I "!*!"■ number of hlectame* in swing numoer of file type* from TYPIST (D5PUR 1 command channel » m«hra*2 tfaii other tor companion with ub*e 8CTAB {AFRWEP; njmber- ol tide wcior link* oVert hie type error channel number s macho* * I *w ltrtton tOentifier . 8050 :yp* mask lor matching pattern type creiirc. ke* verify error POi-OutpuJ ncMcoiriosend active led I -navimum number of channel* SOS PCMD soc LDCMD SOC MSGLEN soc NCWDS SOD CR SOF CMDSA S10 OAVO • TO DW5A 110 L£O0 no SSIOFT 111 !R$A 112 tWSA si: MAXSA SIS DSLEK SIB MsStt SIC CBPTR S1E CMC4N0 120 ton S20 ERRLED 520 OVRFLO S30 &ADSYN S3) i BADCWD S32 LONOLN 133 fiADFN S34 NOFtiE sag went J3A CMDLEN S3F UKINT *3F UNL5N WO DAVI S40 DYF1LE 140 NOAO 141 man S42 FM2O30 S43 ~V.K'\ command* nor parsed error toad command * / load co^nund i mage length of btocksfree -n*»*|eaiSCS29-raEMSC numb*- ol command* Itom CMDIU. ( VIDMBUP4TRSN i carnage return command channel secondary addrr*u data v**d - output error channel secondary adoe« active led 0 offsrr into ho> lector for data bloc k pointers internal read wcondary address ch^nneJ internal wrtie leconclar) adcVes* channel - ;» rr ,rr. *^-r <1j-t address lenglh of Ctreoon butler nambuf trrt itze command bjHer pcMoter command index ■ ? eot 'input ftfoVafe iniiiaiixanon emy led overflow Oaf value error gefteraUynua erroi mval(d corrmand Jong Ime invalid filename no file jiveo command file noc lou nd en£h d comrrArvd buf**r Into 0 to $ tree teeeunttten command number dira valid -mput dirrynielag no dau accepted - input dos rormat ventcn * tor MMO drive do* format version * lor 203C dnw dot format venton * tor 305Q * erro* erro* error error Ir1**: 8050 RAM Memory Map with Zero Page Contents at Power Up Het Ua*. III! OCMH 034W 04-09 0A4H3 X CO Of ' ^ 10 12 1} U IS I' i: i$ 19 IA ia it ID IE 21 ZJ-2G 27-28 29-4* 00 01 02 09 M :> n OA oa oc 00 OE or 10 ii 12 19 14 15 l< IT IA 19 IA I& IC ID IE IF 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 29 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E 2F 3D 31 32 33 34 35 36 Jt\ 39 39 3A IB 3C 3E 3F 40 41 42 JJ 44 45 44 Gmnm CHM^r: EA FF 00 42 04 00 00 OS 00 00 00 40 28 48 00 00 00 00 01 00 00 06 OF 6F 3F 00 W 00 00 00 00 00 oo oo 00 28 OO 00 00 05 41 00 00 II 00 12 00 13 00 20 00 21 00 22 00 23 10 30 OO 3) 00 32 X; 33 00 40 00 *[ 00 42 on 45 UHttW BMPVT TEMP TO Tl T2 TO T4 IP LSKADft nxAM ISNACT TIXACT ADrtSEO PRCTTW DRVNL'M TIUCK SECTOR UNDX SA ORCSA DATA RO HI R2 R3 R4 ROW KCW DIRHJF PUFT^B Function Uwr Jump Table ftwnte* - *FFEA Bit Map pQ*n»e» - S4KO Temp Work 5p«ce InfiPKl Pomtet Variable - WOflO Usien AduYew Dcrxe * * S20 Talker Addrew Oevxe * * S40 Actrt* Uwene* Ra« Adit* Talker Flag Addressed Hag Last Program Accrssed Current Drtvr Number Current Track Current Sector Logical Inde* Current Secondary Addrew Ori^na) Secondary Address Temporary Data Byte Trmp Work Area Temp Work Area Temp Work Area Temp Work Area Tf mp Work Arra Re»j t of Wuti i pK'y Divide fcn* ItemanOer oi Mulivtv/ Divide Rtrt* Potnie* To Directory Butter - S4305 Burter Bvte ftr* \b tntnn. 2byte>ea(h poini io Current byte in corresponding bu* Bofter &>iePtr* Butler *0U** HJ* Bufler-I Low High Bufler*2Ljw High Buner^low High Buffer *4L^« High Bulger »5 L*w High Bu«ci*6Low rfcgh Buftrr*7U>w rfaf, Buftrr-S L>w rfajb Bulter'SUjw High Buffer *I0 Law Hign Butler *\\Um rM BAM Drive 0 Low BAMDnveOHmh BAM Drive 1 Low 6AM Ortve I High CMD Buffer Low CMDeVletH-*A MtS' 84 65 -'■ 6T 6ft t-> 6A 6fi 6C 6D 6E 6F "i :: 22 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 "A 7B TC 7D 7C 7F 80 : oo i>: 0»j oo 00 00 f-; 00 i*> 00 00 00 fair:' BUFl VBKL R£CL Error Output Bufkr Low Error Out put Bu*ler H^ -\ Inactive Flags For Buffers neMlGbyses store bufler pairs tor douc4e tallerin*. bkcksj ol seo, (i)e^ b*7 = 1 mOxaies inactne *>uf>r direct access chamels use onry one buner. 2nd eniry is set io SFF mc^catir^ no Duller Active Flags For Butters secord burV? lumber of pair auuoaf ed wtsh channd \cmoerOJ&kKfc*Low Uw Record * To F*nd Relative Hie NBKH RECH NR RS Summer Ol Blocks Higli H«jh Record * To Find Relative? Fik Sen rtaurd T^y* Rnai^e Record Suj"Tfh*r FIFTH RECPTTS 55WW SSIND RELPTS msK F.vnsp ^o>ycta.-ited From Relai at Record Sidr Sector • a Ketative Record mora Into Side Sector Pir To lv Bvte Warned In REL Fiie Sector Of Directory Entnes Sentries. I byseeacn.indicaiinf secior ot dirrctory entr>' *or corresponding filename in CVD6UF Inde*; r* Directory Emnes Sentries I bvtera^h indicating inr inoex-2 into *enor ttrom rZNT5EC| 50-94 L»5!i9 9A.A1 A2-AS AA AB AC-flE &F t>pe rmsmatcn S65 NC6LK error no block S66 8AOTS error iUe||ai track or sector S67 5Y5T5 error illes)a system track or lector 570 KOCHNL error no chained avaitabte ST) DIRERR error ; director) error STC D5KFUL error duk lull ST3 CWV2 com Cta v2 5 aOSXJ message number ST4 SODRTV* error dnvr not reMy 178 NSSP , numoer o* porntrn ir side aecior S8C ATM i am inactive S80 EOrOUT ; talk with eo* SSO LRF last record nag 180 WIFDI not reeved flagnvdnve 1 Stt READ rontroilerpbiype read S» . TALKER leee talker 'tag S81 RKDEOt random with ecu S88 ROVTU taJk noooi S89 Rr^DTOV random efinrdy s rdvtlk * rdylsi S90 WRITE corttrol^r tobtype wrrte SAO WVERFY controller toorype wnte/ verily S80 SEEX coriroiler iob type . seek SB8 SECSEX controller tob type sector seek so BUMP controller iob type bump the head SDO JUMPC controller pob type tump to user ml routine *» ERRTOK siic otrrror message lOkentafc^ tec EXEC controller roO type : execute ml routine 90 91 92 >LJ 94 95 96 97 99 9A 9B 9C 9D 9E 9F i? A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 AA Afi AC AD AE af B2 B3 84 BS M B7 88 69 BA ee BF CO Cl a a C4 a C6 a a C9 CA C8 CC CO a CF DO oo 00 00 00 oo 00 00 00 00 oo 00 00 00 00 00 01 oo 00 00 00 01 98 20 0A FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FT FF FF FF FF FF 8F OF FF FF 82 00 00 00 00 00 00 30 FF 00 00 00 00 00 RLDRV PATTVP raiTr CHNRDY EOlFLTi JOBMJM UNTXS CHfiDAT Detaull *n«g. Dme Number PalTfm. Re^acetOo*e*FUt|» Tjpe Channel File Type 8 entries. I byte each comatna life type time* 2 pi^u dme num bttT * 1 indicates search doth tirwtjt SEQ* type J PRG- typeS LTSft •typr3 R£L-typ»4 chrect accea* ^ type 7 Channer Status Bentne*. I byteeach indKaaes channel status tor **ee lalk and listen sequences. bitT e I channel n 00* readchaeiiiet I (r » wrste channel 0 I * reaoVwrire chatnH 1 1 c no channel CMDBUFtwniecnannet) Error Channel (read tharmtf) Channel Data Byte contains data byte for output ro leee through GET routinea L5TCHR CC ,TYPF. Channel Last Character Potnter laai char pointer m active but auociated wiin channel -Oif not Last blockintecjfile r^cttve File Type " The Balance Ol Zero Page Is Plot Lfed Ckrectly By DOS ** 00=00 01*00 D2*OOD3«-0OD4-O0 D5*00 D6-0OD7-O0 08.00 09^00 DA-OODB-OODC-OODD-OO DC «0ODF-O0 EO^OO £1-00 E2-00 E3-00 E4-00 E5-00 E6-00 E7-00 E8^00 E9-O0 EA^O0eB-00eC-COED-A8EE*A8EF-04 FO^BO Fl-« F2-BI F3^$3 F4.7D fo-E£,F6-7D F7-.£E F8^67 F9*EFFA.ACFB-EFFC-34FD^C4 FE-78 FF-F2

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55 8050 RAM Memory $0100i E v 35 o o ■ * .2 e 3 0) a Cf) I s i i a OIWK'IFF 0200 0201 02O2 0204 0205 OK* 0307 0R1 03M 0285 0286 0287 OMtfrT 1000 iooi 1002 1005.191 1 icot I0DS 1006 1007 iooa 1009 IOOA 1MB IO0C I ODD ItiOE 100F 1010 1011 1QIM02D 1021-IQu ID2M022 1025-1024 1025-1026 1027-1028 1029-102A I028-I02C 1O2O102E I02M030 I03M032 1033.(03* lO»i034 1037*1038 103*IO3A 1038-103C T03O-I03E 103F-1040 Lite Deacnptron PADDi IEEEOO pjQfv PAD2 padd: PB02 pbod: ATNND ATNPD ATNhE ATNPt V >D6Sc^f inetfack iter data in tree data tt 4«Oion ■rrr d*ln out t unconnected iMvmtpi DH4y f " tun ol uurvtf mrrnufy * * ) mcaor acceler at run dHev motor cuia4< time buf-0 X* Code* are bjf'1 fMrW) t^tAsspeoned bui*2 bvhe«dernio data but bu* -3 190 - Wree- Mi( * 4 * syrcified W5 tAO * Venty - compare t A * IfMfiM buf*6 bvhe«c*trw*hcL*t*bjl buf *7 JB0 - Seek ■ rind any header on track but *8 sptahed by hoY put in data but bul *9 SCO - Bump - track must be set lo I but *10 positions hud W track I bul *1 1 100* Jump- rump lo user ml codr b«IM2 MidiUbX buf *I3 1E0 * Liecm* * same «* Jump with buJM4 head in pMtonarsd dnve vip-ed roU tracfcnurrrber used by rorartfler lor quirk reference to t rack * must rnatch track in corresponding fteatfrr i^he*den^rbuners0-l4 IStntnesotB ^irtwdi controller calculate* chectaum upon execution ol rob bit 6 and 7 are utetj as IB fit enswfcV ojrfriwry set at Q and 0 bul*0 IDI.ID2 r-uT *0 inH teclCtf but *0 checksum, off bufOiparr! spare? buf'l IDI.ID2 bttf *t IfSClC MCtOf buf *! checksum, ofl btif'l spetel. spare? buf*2 ID) 102 buf *2 track, seen* bur *2 checksum, otf t*i!*2tpar*L.*pant2 bul -3 IOI . 102 bul *3 Hack, **ctor buf *3 cftecksum off bu**3*pwl. w*2 Job&TorCodrt returned ireo Job Que *her Job t% execuud **o error JO 1 Cl«n'rhndhe#detbkir1t t02 Noiynccn««aeT (03 Ovj biock oo< prAeni . *0* Chfcium erf in (ki btk *C6 nofuw5.S0e VenrV error $07 Wrue pfOteci oft 106 Chhsum err in rtdr 109 Dm on mio r>f*i hdr 10A OiU *d miyniKti 106 Deeodirtf error 110 8050 Dual Disk ROM Map tCMJMOM 1049-1050 I05MOSS 1059-1060 KKMOfig 1069-1070 toTi-ion 1079-1080 I06M06S 1089*1090 I09I-IOM I05^I03£ robrief«o>r robatoder job tMoVr |obhe*a>t fObfte^oV pobh+Mfc' pobne^oV P^bhNdrr rc*nc*o>r NUMSEC VERMJH I0AO AOJOB 10AMQA2 PHASE I0A3 STPTKK 10A4 NZONES 10A5 SYNDLy 10AIV10A7 WPSV-' I0AS-IDA9 : u p7 I0AA P8I I0AB cfuy 10AC \SI0O lOAO-IOAF 10B0 MAXTRK 1 OKU 067 TWHUM lOBfVIOfif oftstt 1X0-I0EF loro-ioft VNMI I0F2 NMiac 10T3 AU70FC 10H now 10FS REVCMT IOFo-IOFT MOO BUF5 MOO*! IFF I2O0-I2FF I30CH3FF 1400-ICFF ID00-1FFF nus 20«>Wr72 100-21 FF 2200-2?rT 230(W3fF 240C-2FFF yXXMWF 3100-JIFF 32«>-32rT 330CL33FF 340MFTF 4rt0O^0R+ 4I0M1FF *2ftM2FF 430M3JA 433B 43X 433D 43JE 433F 434W34I 4J42-4343 BAMO BAM1 CMD61T CMONUM STRSH TTJrfPlA CMD lstsb: BUVSF, DSK1D bW-4 iOUD2.(rk vK-chkR.rn.on. 2i*>ire* buf'S tOIJOS.trk.MCthbu^ ofT. 2 ipvn buf*6 ID1JD2.irk. wt chk*un\ o«, 2 *p»r« bul'T IDi.lD2,irk.»fCChkwm,olf.2jpam bur*S JDlJD2jrk»ectchlu«fntofl 2ipar« bu.'S IDl.lD2.trltiec-cntaufn.orT,2»ore% bul*IOIDI.rD2. irk.wctchJojumtotT2«»or» bul *l I CI. JD2, UK *k. chtauffi. off. 2 ^ro bul *12 CI. iD2. irk. i^c.chkKim. ofl\2spare* bwi *13 CI. (D2. trk. mc chk»um_ on. 2it»*« buJ *H ID). 1D2. (rk. tec chkwm on. 2 tptra *eaorv track (*blr do* verwi rxtmber controller'* actUv tor p|j wrne protect change lUfi Uv Mate of wnt prefect switch block rdervifrer common flag 2 number of von ort diskertr ci^a/hj common vinibi+t here mauLinum track nomber * 1 number oM*a track me*cf> lone but l*f zonr recovery track other lor wqumiMl indirrci for nmi vector nmi in progress tt ag *uto uVvre initulzarxiri iU$ tecior increment lor tccjuem^ File* error recoven* ccunc se* a 10 ariempt^ iinutrd lam vjfftoldatibuttrrt dM^bvner'O daiibuHer'l Jttkbw*lf*a unconnecied lormat do wr oa0 arr* cooV Irom O100 ro CrTT u menfO fwre by routine M CC93. Sornuj a cVik 04i* Hurler' 3 Da: COIAC conlfoller power up dMfnoiho plu^ miruuuitm C42I 0CHK3N checksum byteO C422 PARSXQ p«ne and secure «fl R| m comnand bufler C*66 ENDCWD Mirxettfbl .T.m-..M lermintCron C470 SCREND trornENOCUO vratctimtn C496 CUChtRft cornirwyl k*^ error procwinf C49f StMPRS MB|itpiMf C483 PRSCXN P*nec*rien varurore clwractef i» round C58I CWOSTT irutitJue corurund (»»* pomten. ^ . CSAA CM0HST CltJr VtfTltbiO ■ 1 1 ■ s r . C50f OEDftV *et ItfoVrveind libit potneers C3EO ALLDHS *ei uC> jil d«*e* Irom F7CNT cm SCTWV $er drive rtumbr* C633 SCTANV w* dnve Irom an v conbfjrarkon C6S8 T0CW\f 'c^gle dn*e (>uinbtr C6C4 FStSCT Ml potmen lo one tue *rre*m md check fvpe C689 tstiwi >oi cruiraacr in eccumuljfor lor T> or T C696 AtTOfT "■' r«M iubrourino check d drvnum drrvr t% imted ■f f CAli* iharoudrv brlorr jay heeoVr *n*o M trantlerred [ha rouEtne worki routine end* rn error if #rrr *rror bui dok Id occun C6D9 OPTSCM ofeinul letirch lor lookup *nd find nlr 04F SCHTBL *rarcni«ole trri0.180.HI.JJ.il 181.181,181 181 H*143 142147 C7$E LOOlCtJP look up «ll Ille5 m *tre*m end fiii rabm with into OSA FFRE find *e« hie name matching *nv hie in ttream and rerurn with entry tound tfuffod mro larjln C7C4 FSOflL Irorr. FFH£ Had lite fQnmnuout CTE7 CCMPAH comparr aL fcarrumti in ttrram teblr «rn e#ch *+*i enlrv in i he directory OH CMPCHK chert iat^Tor unround hie* OH SlrOST toerch oVfciory rerum wuh vabd entry wuh arond ■ 0 or return* wuh In drteied entry with > id* 1 cms SUCWT irMiaoe a teorch C329 StAftCH conunue a warm C94F AUT0I auio irot hilixat «n rouflinet when urak pieced in dnve C96V TTtNAME u«naarr filename tront earnmand toouHer BUC* COBB I BCTAP 'jnC Lmjt ol Jhc string In cixr\m»f\d bunrr (el li* etMi\k from dirrciory blank name bufler nrw directory in tilling cakuiaie and print lie rrambrr o( btoclu free bste bk>ct* f fee wratrn lilrt^ delete liie by Imks deleir d^/TCTorJ, entry duplicate ctak copy block* Irom one tWve to other copy one irack Iftimp * 2 brock* n wrttetemp - Zbutmout irantfvr rormai cvd*(o buHrrO and Mart cnnfrollrr rormaliirvj check* ku rvpe and parvus *>ecal c**r fromOSKCPY nofmait^rv fromOSKCPV paj-ceftrjfcle copy cask to dak routine* if amlrr name trorr cairectorv bufler to command butkr set up variables tutvroutine copy filet*) io on»F drive Irom COPY cneckilesromitfanre open 4 sci up rrad file |rr ftMbfH rename We namr i ** carectorv IrcrnaCHWO check i/o lile lor e*j*tancr * entrance poi^it mernory access com rnancb (m-ei menxrfy execute (m-r) memory read memory comrnand error |nvv*i memory write user accm command* "uC" IWM u*njmp vector to point to ln>u i*xrx\iie codcbvthetablr userooowirufnTirodetermfne *ct»or MflAM ua*t act*on roeieculrand set up arrordiofS optn direct acc-a* butVr Irom open channel * Mock command* bad f.M>: * command error jvntax error find ojmm*n4lFFr F1URK F1L5CC PATTLG IMAGE ORVCMT DRVFLC LS1UN FOUSD DfRS£C 0£LSEC DEtJND L5TBCF INDEX RLOiT -YPfLC MOOE JOBrTIT^ EPTR TOFF N0BL NDBH HOOftV EmuF current o^k id - dnve t bam curty (lag - dnve 0. dnve I cbreciory entry lound lag directory l^irtf Hag Command waiting flag kujrcai indei f linda) use word MhlMVftftHl record *i» track ol star tecior taoor ol ttoV sector ISentnw. 1 byieei:at indev number o* block* lemporarv ^eniph ol command *tnng • I character under parser pointer Lift** in compar ftlettrewn I couni ft* stream 2 count fUv stream 2 po>nter tabsecrfft^amepoutior.sincrnd^)! Srmnes I byte each therefore. S filename* ma* in cmd sjrine TOrrespond n^ ew*es point at dnve number lor hlename. H present Mhersvaeiirsi char of Uename rid* present po>tt*er 4 mosetf uplolstrhir ol niename anef d# is set rn TRKS and HDftS unused track erf 1 C block * n IHe dunng searches U»T« | inoVatvs pattern matching sector ot Itl block in litedunrig learches pattern pretence Hag the stream ir.ia^e number ol dnve iwcne* dnse search ftag la*t drr\ e >»uhoul error lound ilag m directory swehes directory sector sector of l*t avattab> emry indri cr* l*t availabue entry ■0 if last block curren! indei in bulfer counter, lile enine* match by tspe flag active hienvjde{r.w) iob return Tug pointer lor recovery total track cA»et blocks free > low drive 0 dnve I block* tree * h^h dnve 0 dnve I nodnvertag dnveO dm* i unused ram directors butler error mesa age butter uTtconneOTd O0C1 bomp D0CD BUiPAft DOFF ASCHEX 0150 OECTAB 0153 BLKFR£ DISC BUALC OIBF BUR02 0195 CR3N 0199 bi>:ro3 OJAF BLKRD DIBS UBLKRD DICC BUCWT D*F2 UBLKViT D1 FE BLKttXC D21R BUPTR D220 8UFTST 0240 8KOTST O250 8UTST D269 FNOREL 0287 MULPLY 02C9 Ol\*254 02C9 Dls*2*>4 D2CC DJVI20 0202 DIVIOO 0334 ana 0330 ACCX4 0340 ACOC2 0348 AO0RES D3SS DflLilUF D3TC tVT COBS PLTBYT 03CA IHTORv' D3E4 (TRIAL D3F5 HTM W2A ttFOS 04SB STR[«. 047F Ruur 0483 WRTBLF C4A7 FNDRTH Nock command* fumpiatuei astabow* ) BLKAiC rib-aj 1015C BLKFRE (b-0 101 S3 BLKRD (b-rj 1D1AF BIAV*T l>w|;10JCC BLKOC |rx| IOjFE BUKPTR (b-pt 1 1D2I8 parse brock parameter* conven ascn In hen deCirnaJ table byt 1 10 |D0 tb-hbiocMree tb-4t*vxk-aibcatr l>r Hibroutine b-r subroutine b-r subroutine {b-n Nock-rraJ user drrect read (b-w) block- wrile user direct wn«e tb-rl btoct-eiecutr I b-ot block -pointer IM lor ajllocated bunV tetated >o secondary at^reu lest block operation parameter* te* tor legal block *r*j vet up dmr Irack and sector t*nd relative file multiply resui *rec'irec*ur*rec pcAMion cavrde result - quotrenv remainder - actum - I di»debyZ54 cav>o>r» 120 divtuun rout me teroresuM m uttipu- accum i 4 multiply actum * 2 acrd accum lo result ivUte active buffer * in butnum main routine lo wnie to channel put accum mio active buffer of lind* inilsHoe drvVtV command rated for by 1NITOP nitiakw drive (ORVHUMp calculate free bsocks nan double buftmng uu»ir«cit.seoor a> Parting Uock Mart a read too on track >rcior Mart a wnle rob on track sector Arid readkftannel x

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56 Die: mowcH 0*0F tvprl D4E3 GETPftE 0*Ft GETBYT DS10 noevT D557 wiitbyt QS&) INCPTVT DS3D shorn D5« GETYVCH C699 gftvvch D69C GETRCH D5E0 FRECH* D600 reunx D6II REUUF 0645 GETBUF DS7C FREflUF D690 , CLRCHN D63C CUXTHN 06C1 FNDLKX D6K) cant DttP RNDGTT 0741 SEQGET D7S4 GCTErH D7SC MTBUF D79F DrTTRD 07 A3 DRTWRT D?Ai CRT DTBt OPMRO OKi OPM WR D7CB NKDRBK D61B FRDCH D&* CBTTNT !*j: DftDBYT W7 emw Dos* DSSE MX 0667 D8CA DW)f D60F D6U oats DSF2 D6FF SrJTUB smoe TVJKR T5CHK VSERR OOREAD OOREAD OOWRfT DOX)B WATJOB TSTXJK frri irate channel »s toe type entered by gcfbyt read bytr horn active butter and Hi flag >f lau data byte read 4 chancier from (lit and read next Nock if needed vntr 4 character and write buffer out ioda« ri its M irtcrement pcanter of active butter in DRVauM io *w mcacated by 15TXW of active buHer sets up butler number and aflocafes Imdx r/ni ranee lot wnte entrance tof iwl tree tfsannel associated wvh secondary address . tree read and write Channel* but not channel IS ntai the and* release l&e owners get I free buner number free butter clear channel channel dNnd hrsdaireetindxiouae rrwkasusedir. UNUSE get the new character from a channel direct file get teoueniia) hie character pet aw error channel read nru tatter ot able arret bfock read direct bock write actual read/ write routine Of^ infernal read cr-annrt < teconCar\ aocrrss- 16 I open infernal *nte channel ( secondary address * 16 J ji.tMire rev dir block on track 39 and mark as used in bam Vee rne internal channel! secorsdan adores**!^) -ead the active bolter pcantet dVeci read byte jnota table of hajh bytt aoomses «l tuners byieSll.II2.*l3 byre 120. 121.122. 123 byte $30 $31 132 ill byte MO Ml $42 $43 set last *>o vtf tttl** Io* drrve number act fob up and cheek track and sector ria-fal track or lector traca>'*rcrof cneck wme w »eoe^ vef |J0fl ttrror ne oic tmp io error d ertor on mum read entrance point wnae entrance porni actual do lob no vjit vrthliobf a)i*tone then return (etf it p« y) is done yei it not done returrL ^ ok men return rfKrefeFt E6A7 E6AE E6B5 E6CI LfXD D9I3 OK C^Orlok return DS15 NOTiXT €• 1. nc done vet 0961 QUIT Quit routine DSS8 QtTT7 •nor encountered D9C6 HEDOFF «t dnve head o*Set DSO MO\^£D move dnve head D9F6 DORCC do la* yob recovery 0A1C 5ETMDR te* header oJ aarve, buHer o\ the current lindi io track. WOO4. DA3E ADDF1L ■d add s k to eJmory EDOO ECHK5M Chectajrr byteOfor «-$FROM EDOt OPEN ope/> cnanneJ from »eee panes me input wni(f thai is lent aa an ccen d*ia channel, load and uve channei* #t* atkxaiec and the dir a searcned toe U enarrr contained m the ttnnt; COIC OP02 rromOPEN toad latf program E030 OP02I from OPEN hoatfOVvoory £049 OPW trorn OPES open director)' as sequent i*J Uf E05F OP041 tronOPC\ open "** oVect access We E066 OP041S from OP£N prof ram hie type CD81 OP05 tmmOP£M lynUaefTor £!20 0P«1 from QPVi check lo« rvpiacerall CUF OPRI5 from OP£\ bad blename emy EtW OP62 PromOPlS save/mte-ith r*©4acef0> E17E OP90 reornOPES open read A bad £1&3 OPW rrornOPE.^ Ue not found error EEAJ 0fM5 from 0PE.N np» mismatch error El 00 OfREAD from OPEN openantadMe €220 OPWRIT front OPES open a write 4te £22C rjPHN frorrOPEh opentincthed £246 CKTV check mode or file type £24E CKM1 from CXTU . check mode E2SB CICT1 tromCCTll Chert Itle type E266 APPEND append hie £790 LOAOIR loadoarvejon £50D CLOSE doae the hie associated viih secondary ado>est EJIC CUIO frDmCtOSC ckose oVectoey nte EJX CISML ffomCUHE doaeaiinies E3IA OiCHn rrornClOSE Cocaie and close specific kle type E3C OiREL fromOOSE ciote rein.ve We E3» CLSwrrr IromCtOSE clnaeawntecfianneJ E30C CliOtR directory dote on open mm** We £470 OPNRCM open v«*d channel ««h 2 buffers E4Lk iNTPnfT trrttalac vmabtes lor open channet E5IC OPWWCH apen a »rae cnannet »«h 2 buffers ESCE PtfTSS pur bste rto s»de sector E5D6 SCrTC let/tlear naa^ E5D6 strrnc mUt E5D£ CLRFLC timit E5E7 T37TX reufwaf ESEC TSTWRT 'est *r*rte ESF» T5TCHH MM br artrve Mm from bnda table E631 SCTtLB write out butter it olny £630 SETtNK put track sector into butler E64C CETINK fa lint from buffer into track and teoor £659 NUUNK set track ink • 0 and lector U * last norvaero charactet C66fi SCTTO tet up potnier to bu4ker E67S curmj: read track and sector from header £692 WltTAB set up tor write m pb que. branch to SJ 1 0 £699 ftOAB »* voter rend in pb que. branch to SJ 10 E£A0 WKTOUT setgptorwrinrmjououe branch kSH E6C7 E703 ETI4 E7IE ET2B E7JA E750 H63 E767 E787 E76E ET93 E75E ETAS £705 E7£fJ £7F9 E865 EflAS EoD4 E$1C E32E E93E E^9 RDt% WRTSS RDSS SJIO 5J20 ROLNK BCTOBO OJtflLF SSSCT SSD!R 5ETSSP S5POS IBRD lB^T art EA28 EA20 EA9R £AQ E8CC EB12 EB34 EB4C EC76 ED29 E£37 EEJ7 U36 £EBZ EEEA EF29 £F36 EF30 r^60 ET71 FTJ3C FQ5A F091 FDA3 FuAB F005 FOR F0f9 FDFF FI3A na F1A4 FtBE FtCl F1D9 F2S2 F25D 5CALI SSCALC ADDT12 SSTEST CETACT CAF1CS SXTBEC \RBUF ROPUT VRTREL CLREC SCIRTV CDfRTY RDREL SETUT FNDLST 5SEN0 BREAK RECORD POSTTN POSBUF BH£RE KJUUV ATGriR Afx>Ra NEV.3S ERRTAB CTIND ERWOVE EADVI ERROR CMCCR2 TTXERR L5NERR HDtOEC BCDOEC 030 CTABYT ADOSUM PEZRO DSKINT PUIO PUIO PJ20 FVIC CR20 CTESTI F6S4 F6S9 F6o« F66C F6A5 Ffc>9 F77B F7W OIACOK iMTTAB SETSEC SeTERR IDLE ATMIRO USTth LSTRTN TUX TIXRTN STDIR MOVBUF GCTDIR VCTCMR WKBAM VVSEO USCCRR VHKSK VSCTT3 tVTMAPS tfBMBLF ndv NCWMAP MEWHPV set vp for read in rob que. branch to SJ20 set up lor write in wb our. branch to RDSS set up lor read in poo que accessed bv VRTAB * ROAB aaeA*erJb>WRTlXT. R0*N set track/sector !rom link n bunVr transfer bvtes Iromone ouffet to othev Clear buHer (iven set mo> sector pointer to aero wt DfRSuT with current tide setlot pomter set CMRBUF4 BUnXB wtf n cutrtnt tide sector potnte* potaiion tide ««ctor and BUFTAB to unum s»nd indirect Uock-ro4d incknta Woctt-wf ite code for above routines ajefbdesextot pointer cakuiate * sidt sector blocks rrquared fromSCAL* add -lade sectors needed x 120 ie*t ssnum 6 vsiftd lor residence d ranpe fetachte buffer number art actt*e buher number, set loused & flag* mark end of record then move on io next record read tract, sector link into burVr write relative data into butter write restive record put zero* MO balance ot nruitrre record set any flagt clear dinyflar read retail ve tie set last character m record find Us character m record posiiton t*de sector and BUHAB to end of tav record »l*f(al system track or sector error encountered position relative potmen to $ven record number or to last record rf out o* range pcvin.fi reisiive dau block into active builet and new block into inactive bunW po&tion proper data blocks into butters Check if recuired biodi. is m buflei set null recorcb in act/ve outer tor eitens«or aoU next record to record sue ard leave m actum, if c« I then buffer boundary tut been crossed add Woe** io rdatrvr file oenrrate new tde sector and Ut old »*de secxo to reflect it error message labAr end of error tani* move error message Prom ERRTAB to ERRBU F errot advance and rheck con'roiJer error entr>M ■-error*, a -rob") command errot talker error recovf ry listen error rreovery convert hex to bed convert bed to decimal transfer error message to error butler Utitny Loader used to toad user programs or system utilities trom dtsa and execute them format print* 1 5* 40 filename where He type ot filename ts lar hardware reoutred cunnect dau and ctoct line io ground fi-4-S on connenorl on entry onty rec^utrement is that the filename ot me file ro be loaded be the first yjceyted name m the r »>mmar*j buhere hie open on the internal channel checfcstfthif w^theUsitaeinfhehk error if i; was adeb ^pchecksum into location rl aloonthm newsum - oxhurr. * mtMe * carry error disptay routine blinks the error ** I mall three led* intitiatox disk lor PUIO power up diagnostic Bl tero page accending ratter;* then trstrero page test two 64k -a* roms eetf all common ram controller test and tntialnation error ■iifcj nMt !-r po>ntet table set up sector/track table depending on the controller used set up power on error menage com dos *2.5' tcBe loop does housekeeping while waiting tor job atn irq procesa irq on am. fasten to pet clear stack set J*sten routine m*n •outine listen routine set laJk routine mam routine talk routine directory toadir* Kmction. get the buffer and oet * started transfer filename to listing bufser get charactet from cbrectory loading vandate hie* wnh bam. create new ba of files entered m directory mark bam with file sectors mark track sector (BMPfrTl as used rx> bkxk error tst mask byte I2.U I6EM.I28 set bam wmebarr maps bam buffer byte 0.1 .2.3 new ttormat) a diskette OUdd a new map on cksaotte Set new barnL cafled by vaoiR fSOS BAMOUT f»3: MAPOtT FMJ SCRBAU fwe NUMFRE FB77 FRCTS FoAJ DTYBAM F»AB USEOT5 r^E*! FWXSE FW2 BMASK F90A srrvAP F9SB JC412X TSSF SfTBJ F967 ROBAK rWC RDNBAM P992 MBAM F9BC CLRBAV racs KfXMR F9DC SCTUM fBFZ ERfiOFT f^FB NXTTS FA2F NXTERR FA4S FNONXT FA7F IrtTTS FAB4 FHDSEC FAC3 DESS FAC8 5HBMP r^D4 GH3EC FAFA AVCK FB2C UAXSEC FB39 tCtUP FB46 OIRTRK FB47 5AMSI2 FB4S WAPOFF FB49 DSKNUI FWA BAVfTrCK fWO BAVSEC FKJ CMD7BL FBSC enter i - stan page, eu if C4 CJUMPL FB6T i according to contents Fo-73 FB;r> CA.MPH STRLCT FB67 FB*xr FB91 FB9I F892 rB33 FB95 kiOOLT TPLST T\PI5T TPll^T TP2LST EROO EROO ERO ER1 ER2 ER3 MM DRIVER F1C3 FFEA FfTA FFTC FTFt SMI PATCH UBLOCK DSICJST sTNlfiQ set links, version number and wnte *t write out the H map to the dnve m L5TJOB (active! verify trse bam b«k count matches t he bctt calculate ine wrnoer of free osoctcsort dnve number mark a track, sector as free m bam ntdrfuhf mark irack. sector fB«PNT> as used cakuiates indea into bam tor FfbTTS and USEDTS tut mask tatae byte 1.2 « 16.32.RI2S sets up BMPVTy to bam bf track and dnve number set .a * tobnurn * 8 set tc-tnu T! ' drvruim < oamjob read fit bant in read next bam in y * barrator " Prack ■ bmpm - >bam lorn) * rrsapoff clear the bam area read directory nam on actrvity kd Mpecihed by o>\ num turn off error led returns new available: track and sector given current t and s from NXTTS disk Ml error fcnd ihe next optimum sector returns optimum mirui tr«cfc.tecror ftnd sector directory error set inosred bam potnier Oy dr\ num set bam and find avauiabJt sector stamng tt sector bit map vakcfciy check returns number of sectors located on specific track kit! protect tor. directory track number number erf bytet^ttack ir bam of (set of bam n sector onset of disk name in bam sector bam irack hnk table bam sector Imk laWe rotnmand search table (vatidace mmahae. duplicate, m-. po»a*on. utloO. copy rename, scratch. new| corrjnard lump taote low bvtes byt*7l VtROlR bviicA motet byiiC2 OtPlCT bytlot MEM byt!79 BLOCK b>tSC7 USCR b>t S20 : RECORD byt 1F3 UUOOR bytSCO DSKCPY bytlFS RENAME bytS35 SOITCH byt»A9 NEW command rump tabtr h^h oytet a e bytM byt 5 byl6 byt 6 byi 3838.39 bytO.3.; byt vidmbupoNcrsn .b* user. byim byi*03 bytlCB: trytiCF byt iDO bytlCF byttEA bytiEF bytlCC bytSCE OylSCB: byl »F6 : by: XDQO! I oyt %I001I OyistOOOJI rrodetatAe VTRD1R INTDRV OUPLCT MEM BLOCK US£R RECORD LTLODR DSKCPV rblNAME SCRTCH NDV structure images lor commands byt aoioioooi DSKCPV .byt %l 101 1101 RE-SAMf 100 SCRATCH 110 NEWf 100 LOAD byi rwam lile type table Oyt dtpul (DEL 5£QH PRa USR. REU 1 st character in name of hie type byt dspui 2nd character in name of hhe rype byl eerse 3rdcfuranerinrtameofhltrupe byt iqgn* errot flag v*r(.»LWrt fca Cu bytO bytS3F bytl7F bytSBF byt IFF byt 141,342 nurrrtecrtabl) f4Jsr, SD188 UBUCVtT user bsock wnie |u2) I01F2 user pgp through |u3) S1300 user imp through M) SI303 user imp mrough |u5l 11306 user jmp through furj) S1309 user imp through (u7) »13fXT user imp through fuft) I130F kerttal nrm SFBC0 kernai disk matialaathsn | F0DS krenai atn irq rjroress %F2tB

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57 154 1 System Constants 1541 Disk Memory Map E in * • (ft s ^ a e ! e I 1 I a Hejv* Labd OlCTiplKtfi 100 LED1 100 NOTTOY wo RWOCC SCO VAL W DATIN »l USHER 101 UASM JO) RDYL5T w» S£QTYP SOI WTMODf 102 APMO0C 107 OATOLTT 103 DOSVES 102 PWTTYP 102 TOLONG 103 MASK? 103 MDMooe W3 TOMAKY 103 LSRTYP SM CUGN 101 CMDCHN 104 CAP2 101 SMODLS 104 fiiiriT 104 tobig 105 BFCTT 105 ERRCMH 105 MXF1L5 105 STVT*5 WS MJU5YN 105 TOSWAL 106 8UNDX U6 MXCHNS 106 NBOtOS 106 NOTFND 106 NSSL 106 NLMJOC 106 RDMAX WT OlltTYP »? WA5W no led on i'o not reedy openmati modr rob code for validate data m bne eenai Usterter flat t" t rruftk for §er converter* ready to kttcn ■ v" ■ *eo uen ' ►= ' type oprtwntcmodc Open Ifpnd mod* data Out dc* version open program rype formaterror can i find sync mark bit mask for gcr conversion open mockN mode formal error too many counts ofvnuteffype dock m command channel . r- * minimum sue of gap after data block number o* rnjOes in labia rnodbt \\ FE&6 *v«am | open relative type fcrrrut error rtf cnoaajrt space ' ■ . ■ " outer count error channel number maximum number of filenames mi stnna) number or dtfterrm file type* (1FTB8 &*Qur I gcr byte ooura lor ujc of sync ar*a lormat error pap2 loo trttaJ) bam linda lor floating barm rrwuumum number ol charmer in system ' r i ' ■ a error lite not found number of uaV-sector link* number of pot* ■octo* distant* *ait open owed We type Cat mask for fcr convert-on w: TYPMSK mask lor type tats 107 VERERR conmaVe verify error 109 CLKCUT clock out 106 EOtSND noafeoiHc sand 106 ED) notraoi) !c send 106 LHX' active W »9 CAfl gap after header to dear arate *n o^ 109 mm wnre nun.-m«rn 10A CBTTR cofTtmard bufspr poimer 10C IOCMO loac! command imaffr IOC MSGLEH tenajh of bocki tree mesaage af 1C617 we NCMD5 rumber o* commands f «dmtjup*ci,sn ) 10C WRTMAX wme maximum WD Cft camaraprrtum 10F CM05A command channel seconoary acMrets number tor LXINT powcr up lopcai moVi uaage 'i nuvi S0F MA5K5 bii mask for fa conversion 110 ATNA ain active 110 ERS5*, error cftartnrl lacoodary addresa number 1)0 S5JOFT otbet into ss for data bkek potmen III IRSA inrtmai read se2F 30-31 32-J3 34 35 36 37 36 39 3A 38 X 3D 3E 3F 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 46 19 4A IB «C 4D it 4F SO 51 52-55 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 ^ M OA Oft oc 0D 0t 'iK 10 II 13 13 14 IS 16 1? 13 19 JA II 1C ID It If 10 II :: 33 24 23 26 27 2* 29 2A 28 2C 20 2C 2T 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 36 39 3A 38 X 3D 3£ 3F 40 41 42 43 44 is 46 4T 4ft 4$ 4A 4B C 4D 4E 4F 50 51 52 53 54 00 00 00 00 DO 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 rtl 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 €D 01 01 10 03 00 00 rX ..: 00 00 00 00 00 00 X 00 00 00 X 00 00 00 00 ft) 00 00 00 00 00 N 00 00 FT 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 07 00 » 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 Jlto H0R$ FkWfaCA DSKID HEADER Aajoe WP5W LWTT DRV5T DftVTOK STA3 SAVrKT BUFPtrT MDRPNT GCWYT CiOERR BYTOtT BITCMT BID HBIO OrKSUW H1SIB BYTI DWVE CDR1VC JOBN TRACC Nxnoe NXTRK SECT* VfO*X JOB cntACt: D6ID ACLT1M SAVSP sn?s TMP C5ECT rrVCn SXTBF TOXVHT ocma FTNUM STAB Job Que Bu*»er*0 Bueler'l MmT«9 BumrC] &ufl#**4 Bufler-S ^b Headers Bufler •r*0-H*aji BuNer'l-lurw Bufsrr*t-H,iih BunVr*2-Lcnw Boiler 1 - Hign BufferO-Low 9uffe- *3 - hagh Buffer -4- UvBuPer*4-ri«sm Bumrt'5-Lov. Burler *5 - Hisjh MasrjrCopvO*C*sklD DnveO Drtv^O HorUsad-Onvel rroiLried-Drrvel Jmasje Of Laar Header ID8y»e I ID Byte 2 Track Sedof Checksum ComrorlersAniveJob Wnlt Protecr Qsansjv Flag Dnv* 0 Drivel ua >jd" a';.„." DnveO Drrvf 1 Orra* Current Status DnveO Speed Tlmng FUf Caive TtKfc Number Drive 0 Dnvol *M)r«9e T*bk For GCR Conversion 5&-5C Temporary 5a>e Pc-mrer Location Acirvr-BoiJef Pomter rMder Pointer Track Sooor CCRPo*nser Lndicatfi GCR Deoodr Error Br-e CouAtcr For CCR/B-rsary Conv BttCoumer DauBiockID Header Block ID Checksum *noi used o>ractry ■ not used oVectty Orrva Number Currwa Active Onve Number Current Job Number Trick - traemal 5torasje Location Hesitiob Nestf Track lecsor Par Track For FcmTiaftinf Working Storasje Location **Typ* .rsoiusavJojmcm DwuBtocklD Accet Time Delay Saire 5iack fantrr Sarp* To Diml Track Temporary Storisje Location Current Sector NroSetsrx Po»raer To Sax GCR Source Buffer Ptr To Sen Byte Location In Buffer GCR/Bftfia/v Flag In Acuve Buffer Current Fomut Track Btraary Tabst GOV Btnary Work Area 5C sr « 61 62-63 64 65-66 67 66 68 6A 6B-6C 6f>6£ 6F-74 75-76 55 56 sr SB i; 5C 50 $£ fl ft (.} $4 65 66 6A SB 6C 60 «€ 6P 70 71 :; 73 74 TS 76 77 T7 76 78 79 n 7A IK 7B 7B K 7C TD TO 7£ It If IT B0 80 n 81 82 82 83 83 84 84 BS 85 BA B3-3L AF-93 M-95 97 96 IkVaj A 7- AD *7 6A 8B 8C 80 90 91 92 93 9* **& 96 97 9* » 9A 9B 9C 90 9€ 9T AO Al A2 A3 AA A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 AA AB DO 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 OC 04 Oi oe oo 05 Fa C8 22 EB 00 00 OA C5 EA FT 00 00 6F 00 00 FF H 00 en 01 28 48 00 00 CO 00 00 00 00 oo 00 04 OF 6F 3F 00 00 00 CD 00 OO 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 oo 04 02 00 06 00 00 03 00 04 00 05 00 06 00 * 07 00 02 06 02 FT FT FT FF 05 GTAB AS Af AC15TP RSTEPS ftXTST MINSTP VNMI NHPU AUTOFC seme REVX>T L-5PJMP SMPVT TWPT0 Tl n T3 T4 IP LSSADfi TIXADR 15NACT TlXAa AC+1SED ATVPSD A174MOD PRGTHrC ORVNLM TRACK SECTOR UNDX 5A C«CSA DATA RO Rl R2 R3 M RESULT ACOJU WRBCF ICMD «YPA CONT 6\'rrAB GCR Tabic CCRyEhnary Work Area HJFO nkjmber Q\ &n^ To Aad W ah Mead Acceleration Factor &*ps To Cto Belore Corrplere Number Ol Run Step* Pointer To feppinff Bin - 1FA05 Minimum Steps Required To Accel indirect For HM1 - 1£8?2 NMJInrV0freuFU« Auto Dnvf Imt^iaation Flasj Sector tncremenT Fot Sequent |sj| Error Recovery Coum Ukt JumpTabte Pointer * 1FF&A Bii Map Poinler Temporarv Work Space indirect ^V-ntef Vir*bte LeUcn Addreu Device * * 120 Talker Addreu Omw * * 140 Actrve bsarner FUt\ "■ i ■■ I ■"*>- r :Addresaednjg Artentior) Pendng flasj InATTrMoor Lasi Proaram Accesaed Current Orrve Number Current Track Current Sector Logical Index Current Secondary Address Ons^naJ Secondary Addmu Terrtporary C*u b>te Ttmp Work Area Temp Work Arta Temp Work Area Temp Work Area Temp Work Area Reauh Of Mulnoly/Dtvine Rtns RematnoeT Of Uukiply/Divior fcrrt Ponter To Directory BuTter I E££ Command In Not Used MY PA Flatj hot Used Serial Bii Counter Buffer Byte Ptrs- Buffer *0 Lo* BtSrSer «0 Hu|h Buner'ILow Bufrcr*0Hign Bufser^Lo* 6\n>r'0Hi(|li Buner'JUw Buner *0 H*e-i r3uner*4li>w Buner -Orkajh CMDkUtarLow Hsfjn . Error Bulf Lo» High Inactive Flap For Buffers it; TOPKf: top ol read cwerflow befc on a nMS 145 TOPWRT top of »iue crveerso*' bunVr in a »riie 150 J«PC jump command 150 WREC error record nca preaeni 1S1 RECOVF error overflow in record 152 BrGRL error nletooUrtjf 15F Lfc7lK umaik command 160 EXECD execute command 160 RLOFTJ error hie open 161 RLftOP error file not open 162 FUtTTD error: lilc not tounti 163 FL£X?T error: Ike exists error 164 wtsrrp •nor : 1a> type rnrsmatcn 165 SOBIJC error no Mock 166 8ADTS error iketjti (rack or sartor 167 SrTl3 error: ticgal rysaem rnxk or sector 170 NOCHNL error no channel* avatUbar 171 o;rerr erjo» ttneJAty error 172 05KFDL error dsfcen? lull 173 CBMV^2 com doi v2.6 v ITO meaaace numbrr 174 NODftV error; drive not readv 178 SSSP numtrr of putntenm ttde sector 17D MASK6 bit mjok tor f*rr convenaon 160 ATN am in 160 EOtOUT taikMtneof 180 LRF Imz '^ ''1 '.-s w luacu b*t mask tor tjn conversion WC READ conr+oifcf rob type read 160 TALKER latter fta| 181 siNOEOi random wtth eoi 188 fiDYTU talM no r 189 RNDRDV rarvoom ctinrrjy 190 WTtTiT :ontrolkf robivpe wrt* 1A0 WVWFV Controller rob type venfy *B0 SEEK com roller rob type seek KO BUMP ControHer cibtypc: bump 100 MA5K2X mi mas* tor per corrvers^tT 10ft JIMPC controller sob rype pump 1E0 EX£C ■■':,- roorypr esecuTe 1£0 MASK7X ^a mask Sor ecr v. rrvettion 1F0 UA5K4X !rt reasA tor gcr converuon ira mask; ,: r*i fvt » i ^-nK-^iii rehrfetxtt to Drive I are mostly unused locations AC 06 AO FT AE-84 AC FT BUFI AF FT 80 FT b: FF B2 FF B3 FF 84 FF BS BS 00 *8*a bs-ba BS 00 RECL 86 00 b: 00 88 CO CO BA OO BB BB CO NfiKH BB-C0 BB 00 R£CH 8C 00 BD 00 BE 00 8F 00 CO 00 C1-C6 CI 00 Sf* a 00 C3 00 C4i » cs ; 00 C6 00 C7-CC a 00 R5 C8 00 C9 oo CA 00 CB 00 CC 00 CD-02 CD FT SS CE FF CF FT DO FT 01 FF 02 FF D3 03 00 F1PTR D4 D4 00 Htrni P', OS 00 SMUU 06 D& 00 SSI\D 07 D7 00 REUTrl CeVDC M 00 LVTSK rv 00 OA 00 r>B 00 DC 00 DO-EJ DO 00 ENTIND DE 00 OF 00 E0 00 £1 oo E2-E6 £2 00 RLT»v £3 00 £4 00 ES 00 E6 oo E7-EB F^ 00 PATTiT Zi 00 E3 oo EA 00 Active Rap For Butren ^ufrber CM Blocks U» [mv Re^orrj * To Firvd n>-aii.vc Fik NNjmberOtBtoctallajh rU Record * To F.nd Relative File EC-F1 F7-F7 FB F9 FA-FE CC ID a n n P4 F3 F7 f~£ h^ FA FC FD Ft FF-100 FF (00 X OO 00 CO 00 00 00 r-; 18 St 00 X 01 02 03 06 03 Sen Record Tabre Ktaative liecord Raj Table Me Sector TaM fiow CHNftI» EOIFIC J0MUM LRl^TTsi NODR^ File ':jt.i J Pointer 1* Byte Wanted From ReUii ve Recorfl Side Sector Number Of JWiatrve F>le index into Side Sector Plr To 1st Byte Warned In Rel Ft* Sector Of & reoory Enines Index Of Directory Entnra Detatli F^aa> Dnve Number Pattern. Replace. Ooted- Flags. Type Channel Fjst Type C>ujnnet5ra»yi Temporary £01 Current iob Number Least Recentty Used Suisrr Table No Dnve Fog Dnve 0 Dnve I Not Used

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1541 RAM Memory $010058 Location um DMflfftOtt 0101-0102 fj\KVf.K dwk venion from 1o\0 0)03 ZPtND • iXNUVd 0.04-OIFT inesuct 02CO-O229 CUDftLf command buffer 022* CHDNUH command numb** 022B-202O UNTAB matey address >. 023E-0243 CHNDAT cnarineioaubyte 0244-0249 LSTCHP channe1 ran characier pointer 024A 7>?E active fiie type me STftStZ ■trine, ut m command buffer •xw TEMPSA temporary secondary addrext «40 CMD wmpoeary *>b command 024E LSTCK Uaisecto* 024F Btn>5£ buffet aOgcetion 025I-O2S2 mdirty bamdirtvfUaj drive* 0 iii.J i 0253 ENTFND dVrecorv entry found flag 0254 0IRL5T directory tattrvg ILatj! 0255 CUDWff command waiting flag 02» UWSC k^jcif ndex (Iindxj use wo?d 0#7 LBU5ED uw butler used 02Sfl REC record *ux? 0239 TRKSS track of tide sector 025A SECSS sector Ol tide sector 02SB-02SF ISTjOB taut* 026&-0265 DSEC moot ol directory entry index of directory entry 026C-O2& OtKO 026C ERWCRO •rror word lo* recovery 026D ER1EO error kd mask lex fla^nnsj 026C PMMV last proeram dnve 026F PRGSEC last program sector 0270 WUNDX wnie totxai inde» 0271 RUN0X tad ctpca l ndex 0773-0Z73 NBTEMP number brocks te-mnorary 0J74 CMDSC command stnnsj sue 037$ CHAR character under parser 0276 UUT ponuei amil m corner 0277 FICTT 4 *? \i rr jni 1 count OTO ttCNT Ml stream 2 courv C279 F2PTR fie itream 2 pointer c27a-o;:f nu&L f lexeme pointer 1541 Disk ROM Map tax ^>te 0»i GOO cm CI2C CI 46 CIW CIBD CIOJ ClDl C1E5 CIE£ C2Bj C2DC C3I2 C320 C33C C36B C3S* as* C360 C3CA C440 C44F C488 C4&S C4D8 CSS9 CSAC CSAC ce.r CMP ROM FREECO SCTLOS ERROFF ERRON PABSXQ ENTXMD CLACS CWDERR SlMPftt PRSCLN UCCMD PARSE CMDSET CMDfiST ONECftV ALLDRS SfJDRV SETANY rooofiv rsTovi OPHCH SCH1H lOOKi'P FTRE FNDRI COMPAR CMPCWC SRCHST SRCHST SCARCH AUTQJ L»DCf>plKXl CM TRNAML TUCHBF C6A6 P^DLMT C6CE arm am CTAC BUCNB as: NEWOiR C806 MSCFR£ CBI7 FFEM5C C823 SCRTCH CB70 DEU1L C8B6 OELJJ1R C3CT WJPLCT C8C6 FORMAT CSFC OWCPV C932 PUP5! C9S2 COPY C9AT CV C9FA OPIRFL CA35 aSYTE CAJ9 GCBVTf CAS3 CYtXT CAM MKAHfi MR at ion (-C0FT) contr^fr coo> parch ipacr (urn on act-rity kd lpecdied by dm* numbtf turn off *rror led lum Oft error fed par>* and execute Qrinf m comnund butfrf uxwvihj! command (ermif-aiion clear command bullrf command level «■■ - - procc*aing *mp*epaftet hnd pc*i open interrul read Hr jet a byiettniemalwt up) petabyte copy relative rrcordj rena^T^c Jilc rune \t\ director^ 02»3-02^ ROW Illtafc/raVt 0G2» SECT teoor number counter oaS-0289 F1L5£C l*C liruVsrxtor iaoo PB datapoflb 02SA PATTIC Pdltem pretence f M| 1801 PA1 data port a - unused 02tt IMAGE Afe uream lmane IB02 DDRBt oat j direction register port b oaac DRVCNT number of drive teatthes »803 OORa: daSi dirrci.or retjittcr port a 0280 DRVTIC drive teArch flag 180* TILC1 timer \ tow counter 028E LSTMV Utl drive witnour ertor l«S T1HCI timer \ high counter 028F FOUND lou^d (lag tn d rectory tettrcho isos T1MER1 nmer one counter 0290 WRSEC directory *eaor 180G nai t*mer 1 tow latch 0»l DEl^CC tecto* oi im •* ailabre entry ;9o: T1HLI timer 1 high latch 0292 DEU\D mdw of J ti mailable entry IBOd T21CI tuner 2 low counter 0793 L5TBUF ■0 it lati brock tao9 T2HCI iimer 2 high counter 0294 INDEX ajnenr indei-nbuhfr ibqa SRI sfiift nrfitter 029S FtLCNT couniet . fire mine* )*>B ACRI auxJUr) controt nir^yer 0296 TYPFLC rrujtchbyrvpefiati iflOC PCR1 oenp^eraJ ccrttrol rt^^jrr s MO0€ ■dive mode (r, w) 1800 IFRI inierrupt flag register JOBRTN (Ob n*turniUAg I80E IERI mrerrupr enable reftHe* 0399 EPTR poinrer tor ferorerv ICOO D5KCVT •--- ' :r-.-.:-.. *- i i ■ -vir-f ..! ■ '.039A TOTF tout track utfaet bd 0 step head ir C39ft-03C UBAM lati bam update pointer bit I step head out 029O-029C TBAM irack number of 6am image hi 2 mctoron 02A1-02BO BAM btninratti brl 3 ad led 02B1-02D4 VAMBUF diredory bullet but wrrie protect sense ft2DS-02FS ERRBtiF errcr rvstacpe Duller Oil 5 dentiry seseci 0 02F9 WBAM don t-wnee-b*m fur* btt 6 density teieCI 1 02FA-02TO ND&L blocks free lo*> bvte dnve 0 and 1 br:7 *>iKdeteci 02FC-02FO \DBH bfocastree htdh byte dnveOand 1 ICO) 0ATA2 data porta O2F£-02tT PHASF pf\a*e oll*er IC02 dorb: data OVreciion for port b 0300 BITS *un ol data butler* IOW LE0OUT ddrOullIcOOforoutpuf *J 0300 «.'» tor mat ofrwruoad ima^ 10)3 dora: data direction lor pott a 03OO*43Fr BUFFO ouner-0 IC04 TILC2 timer 1 low counter 0400-04FF BUFFI bullet *I IC05 TIHC timer 1 hign counter 05OO-O5FF 8UFF2 bulltr** IC06 TILL2 timer I low latch 06CO-06FT BUFf3 hiflVS 1C07 TIHU tiicr i hifti latch 0*20 CST error counter decrement* from 10 ICCW T2LL2 letter 2 low Latch 0620 FVTVAR lormat varubte 1C09 T2tH2 timer 2 rugf* latch 0621 MM **umbe» bttwten sync and non-**nc ICOA S« Shift ttu/atttr 0623 TOYS m>moee of crte* in **flf> IC0B ACR2 ajM .iyjry control rrsjater 0624-OG2S TRAL JCOC PCR2 peripheral control rctftsarr 0626 DTRCK diuancetorrack 1C00 IFR2 imerrupi r^a refttfer 0627 R£MDR rernaindrr of v?r tCOE l£JC LOterrupl ersaore register 0 e • a I Q W^ CACC CAF8 CBID CB20 CB4B C8S0 CBSC CB63 CB6C CBT? CCIB cm CC30 0M CC30 CHKJft MEk( WEWEA MEA1RO MFA1FJ5R UEtfWRT USER usftivr U$10 LSR£XC Of>\BLX BLOCK BUCI0 BLK30 BLK40 Bute 9CTAB CCSF CCAI CCF2 CCFS CI»3 CD36 CD3C CD«2 COW C05F C073 CD97 CDA3 CDBO OXK cof: C0F5 Ctf>£ CE71 CE77 CE^T CEA3 CE80 OBF OOo CEW C£I» cza CEO CE£0 CtFA CEFC CF1E CT76 CFTB CFK CF9B BiypAP DECTA8 BIKFRt: BlXAiX BLKRD2 CTTSM BLKRD3 &LKRD UBUCRD BLKWT UBLKV.T RLKEXC BIXPTK BUFTS7 6KOT5T BLKTST FN0REL MtJLPD' WV254 DIV2S4 LHV120 DfVlW D4VI50 DIV200 [MV300 Drv*oo DIV500 DIV600 orvToo ZERRE5 «XX4 ACCX2 ADORES UtUNT LRUILP D8USUF DBL30 DBSET TGlBUF P1BY7E cnexk i/o file- tor etrsianccjchkio entranced rnemorv1 *cceu commancb rrtemory-eaecute i rn-el mafl*or>-r«W(m-f) bad ammafld error memory- Ante tm^m) user command* user ajrnp mitiaku user code ennaive lot execution u«r code execution rrom labfe Cptl dihKi *Ca) ♦XXH 8LXFRE Wock-free (iVft IC0M BIXRO btock-re*J 0>r) IC073 BUCWT Nock-write |V-j SCCA3 BIXEXC brock-execute ib-*} tCDBD BLK7TR btock-potftter (b-p> p*r*e brock parameter* com^en awn to hex and sort conversion m rabie* 0toirru>HjVt b>1 1J0.10C Wock-fre«(r>f) btock-aHoca*e(b-at (b-r)surjrourinr (b-r)swDroutine (b-r) subrourme block-vead(b-r) user direct read block- wnie fb-w) u»e* direct wnie block -execute (o-ej Mock- pointer (b-pj lot tor aitocafed buflei retaierj to secondan addreu vest block operation parameter lest tor legal btocfc and set up dnve. track, sector Un4 relative hie .input* . R£CL 1 byte - tow record number . RECH I byte - high reco** number . RS I byte = record utt byte = first byte wanted Irom record RECPTR output* SSMJM . SSINO ;R£LVTR muKiply I b)*e • s*4t trjetor r*umber I byte * index into tide sector I bjTe ^ pointer tofcrsi byte wanted rasutt - rec number x rtcutt * recpoitrer dnsde resuh-ojuotienr. rerna*nder ^accwrnulator * 1 drv^deby2S4 dr«deb>]20 dmdebyZ^e dmde reroresuir rnulitptr accumuLator X 4 rttulhprr arxumulaior X 2 add accumuLatoi to resort fetvP ^ r»uli* actum ♦ I.2J inrtaaae the Iru table ■e-w recently used table update doubie burler routine to twitch the actrve and inactive butter* error - no burlrrs dou r- * buftrr set ro^r>e i he inacrjve and active butler* CFAF CFB7 CFTt D00S OOOE LCC3 D0C7 EOCS C"XB 0107 012$ DI2F 0137 0156 DI9D D1C6 0103 DlOf DkOf 0!E2 01 £3 D22T 02tS D25A D2BE D2BA D2DA D3I3 0339 D37F 0348 D3AA D3CC O400 0409 D414 0440 CH60 r>to4 Dtoo W7S 04W 04a 04DA DtEo 04 CB D4F6 0506 osoe OS4A OSSF 0572 DS7A U5&6 054A 05*JC 05» 05 At 05C2 05C4 D63S 063F D644 PBYTE PUT PUTBrT INTOftV ITRIAL NrXAtC STRRD RDBUF ■wnvw STRT1T FNDRCH FN0WCH TYrTlL CE1PRE GETBYT ROBYT WRTBLF P*CP\T S£TTJR^ CtrTATH ocnrtM CETRCH getr: FRECHN REim ROBUF CBTMtf FNDBLT FROAC CLRCHN CLDCMN STti3UF FNDUt>, CCYTC CCT RNDGET 5ECCET GrTT6 GrTTUbt NXTBUF ORTRD DtTTWRT D#TT OPMRD 0PMVVR NXORSK SeTtTmrT FREKH CtlPNT SCTTXR DRMYT 5ETUB SCTK)B TSCRR TSCHK VNEftft S)BI DOREAD DOR£AD DOWRJT OOJOB WATX>3 T5TXSB OK Norvrr OUT ourn REC7 HEADQFF mam rouunetownie tochannet pur accumulator into actrve buffer of ktptM index ir.tuniM drives (command) ifbtiacoe orlve(drvnum) count number ol tree block* star* double buffering, use track, sector as tuning btork flan a mad rob oft track, sector entry point flan a *nte 90b on track, sector entry1 point actual tab routine tnC read channel ft nd wnte cnannet S« We type set up x.y from active butter number read a byte from acxrve buffer and set na> d

The text on this page is estimated to be only 4.48% accurate

59 D693 D6A6 D6D0 D6E4 D7CF DTEfl om OTFF DG15 D61C dm: DBEl Oftfti rare DMO D945 0965 D9A0 D9E3 WEF DA09 DAIC DAie DA2A DAS5 DACC OACH DAE9 DAK DAFT D60? D63C D662 DBAS DC46 0CB6 DCDA DO80 DD9S DD97 DDA6 DO AH DC67 DOF1 DOFU ococ oei9 D£2fl D£3fl DE3E D£50 DESO DE5T DESE DE65 DE6C DE73 DC« OCAS DCC1 DED2 OEDC 0EE9 0£Fft DF1B on\ DF2S DF4S DF4C DF5C DF65 DF66 D»3 DF9E DFB7 DTOO EGX eoTc EOAB E0F3 EI05 ENS E120 E16E El 82 EIC8 £707 E275 E29C E2CO E2E2 E304 E31C £338 E4SE E4F ifiOA E60A E645 E*xe E706 E76T E77F Of02 EMDfiO OP021 OP04 OTO4I OTOlJS 0PC6 OP8I OP8I5 0PS2 OP» OP95 OPH5 OPREAO OPW«fT OPFih OCTM CXM2 am APPEND LOADtR CLOSE asio OS15 OiALL CIS2S CLSOtN OSREL CISVVKT CLSDIR OPNRCH INJTT OPrWVCH pims 5CFLC srmc cutac TSTRC 75TWRT T5TCT\ SCRUB STTLNK gftlmc NUilNK SETO antic GCTrtDR WrTTAB ftOAB VYRTOLT RDIN VVRTSS RDSS RDLHK B0TOBC CLRBLF SSSET SSDIR 3ETSSP SSPOS IBRD tfJVVT IMP CSSPVT 5CAL1 ADCT12 AOORT5 SSTEST GeTACT GAFUS GET1KA PtrnNA forme NRttJF REIPUT wrtrel OJutC swrrv ram RDREL SCT15T FTvOtST SSEND BREAK RECORD POSTTK PQS8UF BHERf NLLBUF AEOhR AOORa ADORt WVYS& ERRTAB ETEND ERROR CMDCR2 TUXAR L3NERR HECDCC BCDDEC OKERR EftMOVT EAOVI torn MOVHED mvfdrrvr *t±t dorec do Usr job recovery SETWDfl Mt fMiig of active buArr of me .."■■■ neb to trick, mow. id ADDfU »*tM*to' open crvenrtel Irom rCCC parte* the iripusmng it* ,iynii w open data channel. k*i or save channefe w stkxatcd rfw dir it M«rthcd lof ttie filerwnt conuirye tn thf «trtnf (ti kwl directory (t> opm drvoory « tequcniitl ftlr fl> op*fl *' dirtd mttt frk pehl* ff J tfntftx rrrof (tJchecfcio*wpUCT(#) (t) tud filename rfrot (Tl i«w«/wnee with repUcv f4M Cl Open retd A kud (1) ftlrnoi ?ounderro' (1) type mumaich tn^r 4ft open j r*M)hJ* (ft opta a write fik (t> open ftnvhed check mode w lite type checfc mode check type ^jpendhle lo*d directory doee the hie u*oci«ed wir> tfcondw «ddrpu dose okrectocy hk ewor - (ree irnem«l crunne dowtiiniet env * free inter ru) chenneS loc*e i <: tpeci="" frfe="" type="" close="" reunveut="" ekhewntefitr="" directory="" clove="" on="" open="" wnw="" ft="" road="" ctonnet="" with="" bohen="" ..-="" :="" m="" v="" tntnnei="" wwe="" cnamef="" i="" buom="" put="" byte="">ruo Wfc lector tevrMrnati ■MfHj darn) ret 1W; ten wtve 14V »jr active Aho from liACb ub* wT«e out buffer it diffy pu rack* lector into butler ftt hrk from ouHer ittto tr*c* & aecto* set track hnk -* 0 4 lector link * 11* nor>*aro cruracter Mt up pointer to bufler redd fftcfc* sector from neodrr do read and wnte pobs set up for write in fto que. brancfc 10 SftO set up lor re*d in jdta que, branch to sjlO HI up lor wnie in |ob que, branch to S|20 «t up *o» read in rob que. branch to *j20 set up lor wnte in job que branch to rdsS set up lor road » n tob q«e set track/secsor trom knit in buner cJear butter fpven set side sector potnter 10 iero set Qlrbul with turrcre side lector poime? set dlfbui tt bultab wtth current uck sector potnter pottbon nde sector A buliab 10 ssnum tstnd inrartCT b*ock-re*J tho)rrct bkek-wnte code lor above rtnt jet sale tecior po>rtie* cxkUate mo> asxtori \*x ssnum A sund tor mo>nre «t ■ j - ■;|n acove buffer number fei acove buffer nurnber set ftused & &ag) f« inactive channels boner numbers put inaotve buele* to 10 new retatrve record road into buffer wme retaure dau to bufte* wToereUtrre -ecord put aeros into bfisnee of nHauvr record buffer set dirty fta| ctear dirty flag read relative record set ia*i character in record Ind last cnaracter m record > ■- r ■ . r. bo> sector 4 bultab so end *1 lav record r-: 1 ' ■ ■ - r ■:■ track or secsor error encountered posihon rrtative pointers to ajven record nurnber or Last record rfOUl €i ranfr position mat 1 vr data Nock into acm-e eumjr 4 nen Wock into maon«e buffer position proper 6sa« Nocks mto buffers check d required Nock is *n buffer «t nuA record* in acuve buffer tor e*tera»ori add record soe wrth nent record A leave tn accumulator. at < - 1 rtktn butle- boundary |#J been crossed add bsocks 10 resatrve fike teneraar new side sector and tut otd side sectors to rrOrci n error message* ttMf end of error tabic ccKitroawrrrrorrnrrv command error taJkrrmor recovery Itturtcr rrror lecovery conren h*x to bed oorrert bed to dsomal ItwhStt frror mm ape 10 error buflc r"" whfTT filr type of fcJmamr t% ust fuvdware rrquired connect data and dock line- to ground. (2 -4- S on rorinectoO on entnr only rccajtrerneni a thai the fttavansr of (he fife 10 be loaded be the feu spcofted name in the command b>lSFFjFTlrT,iFF.tFFtrTSFFirT buffer lSrT.IB0.iainOSFFSCOttOSS0 on exit: if the ate existed on dttk and could be round, and no byt IFF 1FF.120 S30 IFF SFy\S6Q 170 checksum errors were encountered, it it now loaded into byt IrT .SSaJAO 1B0.1FF.1DWEOJFT anemory* ready to rsecuce registers - all destroyed F9C0 OCRLO fCTrOwtnietab*e execution of ttse profarn is staned ai the first byte Joadni byt IFF IFF! FT IFF IFF teT.IFF.IFF cmdbuf contains Ihe parameter smn^t lor the freshly oafrtl Isyt IFF SOS SCO 101 IFF 100.104,105 ubtitv or user program byt IFFSFFOT 103 IFFiOF.IOoJOT E7A3 UTLODR utility loader entry jiin byt leTJOMCVVMMrTjOO (0E.1FF ETOd r»2 U7ID10 UTLDfcP file record letch loop F8E0 GOtBIN entry pomt lor ftt4#>. last gcr to binary converstcm byte storage loop F934 CC^HDR convert header into gcr search image and place in s£ab imagr ES39 Local routines used by LTTLOOR cce^ns0ulDfDTrlSC5CHfilD E«39 GTXBYT fetches a byte trom the Hte open on tne inatrnal channel check* F969 ERRR dak controtkr error rsandkng n if ihit wat the ton byte in the file, error *f n wa* show ■ F97E TURNON turn on dnve motor 'pfet'(pre-naiorr irrrrorotion error, F9«f TTcSWF turn off dnve motor EWB ADDSUM xH* up f^rxk.»minxi locatior. ri aieonrnm newtum^ F99C END motor and stepper control rout ine> ottbum * newbyte *€*«■¥ inputs: ecpecti newbyte >n F99C END irq ifflo controller every 10 ms accumulator j outputs: rl * nevnum. accumuiasor isdealroyed F5A5 EWDOOI Ital write protect 6B&3 ATNlftQ star otarn/ircroufines F9Bt ENCO02 test for phase offeet L»3B ATP^rn' at n service routine FXB LSDS0 no phase offset, ctseck active dnve ©09 TALK set mk along bus F9D6 CND33X nothing hardening, rut stag* left to end33 E99C j-vDt set data oui high F9D9 EHD14 Mmethtng is happening, check what H is ESA5 DAtLOW set data out low F9FA END30 teat if step needed SB7 CLKtOW set dock oui row FX02 ENDW goto proper stepper state imp initsti CUCKI set dock oui mgh FADS INACT »>tt ab* steps) E»> DEBNC wait lof repry from bus FA0F, INACJ0 test rl we can grjgjj, set up short step mode calculate A see up number . t accel steps E30 ACPTIr *eroJ bus Uaten rtns FAIC INAC20 EA2E U5TD* main set listen tin FA2E DOCTEP do step, check d m or out EAiE FRMERR release an bus i*ne* FA32 5TPOVT SJCpOUt EA56 EAS9 ATMO* TSTATN servu> at n request test tor am FA3B SHORT short step mode, set up settle pointers m nxtst and settle time in adsip decrement settle time factor, set up inactive suteOnact) pointers in nvu EAf>£ PEZRO error dt&pUy routine. Winks the error* * t m ait three teds FA4E $€Tl£ EAAO DSWNT miroiute disk tor routine below EAAC PUIO power up dUMgnostr: FA63 S7PI\ srepin EAO RMIO lest two 64k bd rams . enter 1 • start page, ewi if ok FA?B SSACL sub ace* tact or EAEA CRJO lest all common ram FAST SSRffi last stepping mode rm EAFD RAUT5T test ram FAA5 SSDEC sub decet tactor E8IF PERR2 error FABE END33 disable MK to 6502 EB22 OIAGOK diafnosticsoksofv Fact CODE format routine for Ice (SF7B0) EBaB fVTTAS instable butter pointer tabic fafs L2I3 test if on right track number EBDS SETESft set up power on errrx message 73 com do* v2 6 IS41 00 FBW L2U test for write prceeci E8E7 IDLE tdfeoop waAintioriornethirigiooo FE39 FVAIT wait for sync wait lor no sync EC9E STDIR o>rtctoey loading turKison get the butler and orr n started FWE nvArn ED59 MOVBUF trarttler file name to listing buffer 5B43 FTO) reset mierrur^ rlagstifr) to start trmer ED6T CTTDtR oet character tor directory loading F870 RD09 calculate the drfferance between sync and noruyrsc and adust E06M VEJtDfft validate fite* with bam. create new bam according 10 conierc* null accordingly of fifes entered in directory FBB6 COUNT couni number of bytes in data segment EDCS ^KBAM mark bam with file sectors FBCE ChTT20 tynclound EEOO X£W new (torrnai) a dakctie FBQ* DS06 cak number bytn required to record tn track EEB7 NEWMAP bu4d a new map on dnketic FC3F MAX tO :reete header images EEF4 MAPOUT | ww oui the bii map to the drive tn istpb (active) FCSS CRTTMT Creole data taoct of zero EEFF SCRBAW «nte bam accordjtvf to drvnum FCBt mrsim wree sync EFU SCTcVT Set bti map poinicr, read m bam il necessary FD2C COMP verify lorrnat EFtO MJMFItE calculate ihe number of free blocks on drvnum FD3S CMPR10 *nd*ync get header byte EFSC WFREE mark a track, sector as (ree in bam RM) CMPR15 EfW DTY8AM set dirty flag FDM O-TRtt rest if 100 many rrron EF90 WUSED marktracK secsor, (bmptt) as used FD62 TSTDAT iest data EFCF FHEL-SC calculate moex into bam for target secsoi FDM FWTEND brfflgi rtn end EFE9 BUA5I; tut mask table byi r2.UI6.32.64 128 FDA3 SYTvCLR erase track we*i »yrrc write out num syncs EFFi rxbam write the bam acvonJi n« to wbam Bag FDC3 WRTVUM FCC6 OJtEAM near the turn area TO) FwtTERR lormai error Full ^TBAM set bam image rn memory lave temps FDE5 MOVUP move number gj fcg/arj ir buffer up 69 bytes FDSB WAP twap images of ^i ■ FEOO KILL dtsabfewree n>^ SWAP3 transfer bam 10 nsemoey image FE0E CtiAR rnabiewnte FDSf FOAS 5WAP4 PUTBAM set pending wric fiaf FE30 FBTOC lormat Nnary to gcr convemon corrverts burler to gcr without put memory image to barn hbid F06E 5*AP1 transfer image 10 bam FE67 SV5IRQ rnasn system rrq routine TOD1 CLNBAM clean track number for image* FE«5 DIRTRK byt 18 A rectory track number FOC*7 RED6AM read tn bam if not present FE« BAMSIZ byt 4 mjmber of bytesvtnch es bam F10F BAM2A setbampo>ntentnbu"JAbufl rabies Ft»7 MAPOfF byt 4 offset of bam in sector FI16 WCTT5 -text track 1 sector, returns nest avaiaJable track A sector eaven FE08 D5KNAM byt 190 : offset of disk name in bam sector airrent rrack A sector, allocation d from track 1 6 towards rm CM DTOL d>t VrdmbupoVcrs.^ command search table I & 3S by full tracks (validate, iniiiakre. duplicase m- . b- . user4 FtSA NXTERR disk U error pc-sibon. ullodr copy, rename, scratch, newl FtT3 FNDNXT find next optimum secic FEK CIUHPL command fump table low FIA9 IPTTT5 teturru optimum imt *»J track & sector FEA1 GUMPH command sump table hieti FtEfi FTvIBEC — " — FIA5 STRUCT wruciuee irnages lorcomrrurnds FIB DCRR directory error byt XOlOlOOOIdrsk copy FIFA GETSEC set bam and And avatUTKe sector starting at sector byt % 1101 M0I rename F220 AVCK bil mapvabcsryctwxk byt It 00011100 scratch F24B MAXSEC nurnoer of teciors tootled on speolic track bytSSIOOHIIOnew F35« WUP bllpeotearon rtot rmpfemenied with tS4){rts) byi %00O1 MOO toad F3S9 OmhfT imrtataatton of corvroller F133 MOD15T byt rwam mode tabte F280 LCC main controller loop, scans sob que for rjbs. finch fjb on ourreru FEB6 TF15T byi :-.,. Alt rype iabte(deL '-. ■, -r ftJ) track if 11 exists rTBfl TYP15T byt dspur F28E TOP sop at loop ^0 scan tob que FFX0 TT115T iryt'eerr* F?H QCE set status stepping FEC5 TF215T byt kxerl F33C COTU set track A sector FtCA LLDMSK iedmask F36T EXE execute bu4cr FECC ER00 error flag vanabtes kx bt F37C BMP bumpbuArr FECC EROO byt ICO F393 SETJB set rob FKD ERO bytlJF F3BI 5EAK scaflrobque FECE ER! bjt!7F F4)« DONE return ok codr rTCF ERZ bytlBF NIB BADID id mismatch error FEDO ER3 byt IFF F*IE CSE^R cti«*ium error in tittotr not NUWSEC byi 17.18.19.21 .rujfTa>vc^cWfet»fsecsori/iracl F453 WSECT lind best secsor 10 service FED5 VOtNUU .byt 4} ; format type Fe$7 Cnvb:n convert header in stab so binary in header FEW N20NES byt 4 j number of rtenstry tones P4CA REED read in irscx sector spcrtfied m htadct FED7 MAXTTuX byt 36 ; maximum track number + 1 F30A DSTRT find header and sian reading data FED7 TRXNUM byt 31 .25 IB : ton* rjoursdarsts track rrumbers F5I0 SACK hndheaocr FEDfi OFT5ET byi 1 ,irT IFF 1 0 : offset lot tr^overy FS53 ERR header not found cero FEED BURND tryl I03IW 105 J06.I07M7 . butler index F5« 5YNC wait for sync mark FEE6 ECKX5M bytO Ir^lFrrynctiecksum FHE WRJCKT wnse pob write out data butler FEE7 \Mr |mp(vnrm)IOu65 F50 CHKBLK check Nock FEEA PEA7A patch lor power on erron FSR WTOBIN wnte binary data FEH SLOWD patch area Sot 1541 disk with stow senai lecerve FrJSJ VUFY verifyoattNock convert to get verify tmagc test against data FEFB CIXDAT new dock tow and oatafughlu* patch area block convert back 10 tsmary FFTJt NNMI new nral routinr FbCA SECW sector seek FTE6 drfauti : : .■■■!■ '■< user comrnand FSOO PUTsSC fast binary logo routine ICBC6 sormat ^7F BCTAB binary 10 gcr labte IF98F rrnolf ; byt 10a.sM.Ii2.I13.SOCSOFII6.1I7 FFEA inftUXK user command set up ; byi W9.i19J1A.S!B.I0OJI0.1IE,t15 IC05F U8LKRO user Nock read FTSF BtSCCR binary 10 gcr conversion routine, does in place conversion of buffer to err uang crvertVjw brock creases wree image I brock «d rJurracter * 256 data byte* * 1 check sum * 2 off bytes * 240 binary bytes 260 binary bytes • 325 gxr 325 » 256 * 69overflow|ic lObrti/gcroyieJ 1CD97 UBUCWT user brock wrnt 10500 1 :mksto buffer '1 •0503 -"10506 --10509 --I050C -'F?£6 CET4CB fasi iter lo bmary conversion WSOF --PSAO GCIuMI fcr high byte table an occuranceot Sff ir either the htftt or low :abSe corssteuses an IFF0I NNM3 new nmi routine JEAA0 DSWNT disk inshaluatron JFE*7 SYWrWj

The text on this page is estimated to be only 14.67% accurate

Music Symbols 60 * -or*-'" ADove staff: play I octave higher (Note = Nob x 2} Below slaff play 1 octave lower {Note » Note / 2) Slur or Bowing: Indeates Legato when connecting a group of notes. Indicates a Tie when connecting 2 notes ol the same pitch (2nd note « NOT played - value ot 2nd note is added to the value of the 1 st note) or Trill: Alternate adjacent notes rapidly. Slight Accent. Staccato Marks: Shorten duration of note(s) J = 1 70 Mordent: Ray note, add next higher note a*xl release, nokfcng 1st note Inverted Mordent: Pfay note, add next lower note ano release, hading istnaie Pedal: Attack and Release. Pedal Release, Turn. 8 Dal Segno: Like GOTO (label) Crescendo: Smoothly increasing intensity. 4 9 B 3 -4. 3 Moderate Staccato. Metronome Setting. Ctels: Treble or G, Bass or F, C Clef. Beat Interrupts: Divide the beat into other than the regua' notation Sharp, Double Sharp. b 97 Flat, Double Flat. Decrescendo: Smoothly decreasing intensity. 2. First & Second Endings: Piayenctng 1, then 2 (omit t) Ih =ll X Repeal Maries: Like FOR I = t TO 2 Repeat Measure. I § I c * " * Natural. Meter Signalurea: 214. 6/8. 3/2. 414. 212. respectively Whole Rest, Hatf Rest, Quarter Rest. y f s fT\ ' .--'T \i ji Fermataor Hold. indicates voice line moving from one staff to another Arpeggiate: Play notes in a chord successively from bottom to too. or top to bottom, respectively j^st-r Glissando: Slide notes. Down-Bow, Up-Bow: For str-ngea nstruments Accent Marks: intensity or pressure increase on note V» Rest Via Rest, Vn Rest. Multiple Measure Rest: Rest for n measures Natural Harmonic: On stringed instruments m u o J J JO J I Artificial Harmonic on tne Violin Sounds 2 octaves above iower tone. Notes: Double Whole (breve). Whole (semibreve), HaM (minim), Quarter (crotchet) Notes: Eighin (Quaver). Sixteenth (semiquaver). ThirtySecond (demrsemlquaver) Dotted Note: Increment duration by 50% Tremolo: Repeat rapidly tor duration of note Octave 4 C D E FGABl •« Octave 5 C D E F G A B I m ja_ Middle C T7 C D E F G A Bl Octave 2 CDEFGAB Octave 3 C# D# F# G# A# CK E. & A. B. B, F« E. C* II III cTdTe F G A B B# C. O, E# F. G. A. D»| E«| F. G*, A« B» Cb II III II III II III II III C D B B c Doh Tonic D Ray Supertonic E Me Mediant F Fah Subdominant G Son Dominant A Lah Submediant B Te Leading Note C Doh Tonic C Major no signature G Major 1 sharp D Major 2 sharps * A Major 3 sharps iln i*ft C Major no signature F Major B Flat Major E Flat Major 1 flat 2 flats 3 flats m m m E Major 4 sharps pi - ii 4% o n¥»ii'i! B Major F Sharp Major C Sharp Major A Flat Major D Rat Major G Flat Major C Flat Major 6 sharps 7 sharps 4 flats 5 flats 6 flats 7 flats _Q_ tr^r ■ W , \m. "—ii e e < 8 Ss i e 1 s a i ! JS H

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61 s S (Note Frequency Table Frequency in Hz Based on formula: Note- = Note»-i x 2 1 (1/12) Octave Not Accessible) (" Octave Only Partially Accessible) Note in: For: Octave: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 CB2 — — 0 1 2 3 — VIC Voice 1 VIC Voice 2 VIC Voice 3 \ 0 1 0 2 1 0 3* 2 1 3* 2 3* •• C64 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 m + 4/C16 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 C 16.3516 32.7032 65.4064 130.813 261.626 523.251 1046.50 2093.00 4186.01 c# 17.3239 34.6478 69 2957 138.591 277.183 554.365 1108.73 2217.46 4434.92 D 18.3540 36.7081 73.4162 146.832 293.665 587.330 1174.66 2349.32 4698.64 D# 19.4454 38.8909 77.7817 155.563 311.127 622.254 1244.51 2489.02 4978.03 E 20.6017 41.2034 82.4069 164.314 329.628 659.255 1318.51 2637.02 5274.04 F 21.8268 43.6536 83.3071 174.614 349.228 698.456 1696.91 2793.83 5587.65 F# 23.1247 46.2493 92.4986 184.997 J 369.994 739.989 1479.98 295996 5919.91 G 24.4997 48.9994 97.9989 1 95.998 391 .995 783.991 1567.98 3135.96 6271.93 G# 25.9565 51.9131 103.826 207.652 415.305 830.609 1661.22 3322.44 6644.88 I A 27.5 55.0 110.0 220.0 440.0 880.0 1 760.0 3520.0 7040.0 A# 29.1352 58.2705 116.541 233.082 466.164 932.328 1864.66 3729.31 7458.62 B 30.8671 63.7354 123.471 J 246.942 493.883 987.767 1975.53 | 3951 .07 7902.13 Chord Note Derivatives Notes are shown in diminishing order of importance. ! 8 (0 e e 1 i I e. i X H Chord Major Minor Seventh Minor 7th Diminished A" / G# AB C EB G#B D# AB C GB EB G# B F# D# G#B D F A A C#E ACE A C#G E A C G E A C E° F# BB / A# BB D F BD D° F BB D AB F B° D° A° F BB DB E G B / C° B D#F# B D F# B D#A F# B D A F# B D F AB C / B# C E G C EB G C E BB G C EB B" G C EB F# A Db / C# D° F AD C#E G# DB F C° AB C#E B G# C#E G A# D D F#A D F A D F#C A D F C A D F AB B EB / D# E° G BB E° GB BB EB G DB B° EB GB DB B° Ec GB A C E / FB E G#B E G B E G#D B E G D B E G BB D° F / E# F A C F AB C F A EB C F AB EB C F AB B D EB / F# F# A# C# F#A C# F#A#E C# i F# A# E C# F# A C D# G G B 0 G BB D G B F D G BB F D G BB DB E Chord Augmented Suspended 4th Major 7th Major 6th Major 9th AB / G# AB C E AB 0° E3 AB C G EB AB C F EB AB C BB GB EB A A C#F A D E A C#G#E A C# F# E A C# BB Gb Eb BB / A# BB D F# BB EB F BB D A F BB D G F BB D C AB F B / C B D#G B E F# B D#A#F# B D#G#F# B D#C#A F# C / B# C E G# CFG C E B G C E A G C E D BB G DB / C# r> f a DB Gc AB DB F C AB D6 F BB A° DD F Eb CB AD D D F#A# D G A D F# C# A D F# B A D F# E C A EB / D# EB G B EB AB BD E° G D BB EB G C BB EB G F DB B° E / P E G#C E A B E G#D#B E G# C# B E G# F# D B F / E# F A C# F BB C F A E C F A D C F A G EB C EB / F# F# A#D F# B C# G° BB F DB G# A# D# C# F# A# G# E C# G G B D# i G C D G B F# D G B E D G B A F D

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CB2 Note Values Reset Port with POKE (PET:59467 / VJC:371 47 / C64:56587), 0 PET/CBM : POKE 59467.16 : POKE 59466. (Oct) ; POKE 59464. X VJC 20 : POKE 37147. 16 POKE 37146. (Oct) ; POKE 37144, X C64 : POKE 56587.16 POKE 56586. (Oct) : POKE 56584. X VIC 20 Note Values Where two values are shown, it is necessary 10 alternate between them to get the true note Voice frequency registers are 36874/5/6 » Ncnse reg is 36877, Volume is Lo nybWe o( 36878. See Memory Map Note Oct=15 I OC, = 51 Oct = 85 Octave 0 Octave 1 Octave 1 (Octave 2 Octave 2 Octave 3 B 251" 125 251 125 251 125 C 238 118 238 118 238 118 C# 224 110 224 110 224 110 D 210 104 210 104 210 104 Dff 199 99 199 99 199 99 E 188 93 188 93 188 93 F 177 88 177 88 177 88 F# 168 83 168 83 168 83 G 158 78 158 78 158 78 G* 149 74 149 74 149 74 A 140 69 140 69 140 69 Aff 133 65 133 65 133 65 Square Wave Frequency Formulae Frequency Output (F) - Dock / 2 (N where: Clock - 1.000.000 Note C Octave 0 Octave 1 Octave2 Octave 3 Value Alt. Value AIT. Value A: Value Ait 131 192 195 224 239 240 Cff 140 197 226 240 241 D 145 200 227 228 D# 151 203 229 E 158 206 207 231 F 161 162 208 209 232 F# 166 167 211 212 233 G 173 174 214 234 235 Gff 178 216 238 236 A 181 182 218 219 237 A# 185 186 220 221 237 238 B 189 190 222 223 239 >2)(C) C -8 tor Oct =15 Number in Table

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63 o I I 8 IB fi 6 J s J 1 VIC 20 Screen & Border Colours POKE 36879. X: Border Screen BLK 1 WMT REE CYN PUR QRW BLU YEL BLK 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 WHT 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 RED 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 CYN 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 PUR 72 73 I ?A 75 76 .77 78 79 GftN 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 3LU 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 YEL 120 j 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 ORG 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 Lt.ORG 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 PNK .68 169 170 171 172 '73 174 175 Lt. CYN 184 185 186 187 188 169 190 191 Lt-PUR 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 Lt.GRN 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 Lt.BLU 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 Lt. YEL 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 Colour Codes Colour VtC Black White Red Cyan Purple Green Blue Yellow Orange Brown Light Orange Pink Yellow-Green Dark Grey Light Cyan 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8" 9" 10' 11" C64 4 ASCJ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 11 144 5 28 159 156 30 31 158 129 149 150 150 151 Colour; VIC Medium Grey Light Purple Blue-Green Light Green Light Blue Dark Blue Light Grey Light Yellow 12" 13" 14" 15" C64 12 13 14 15 + 4 ASCII 13 16 14 15 152 152 153 154 154 155 * = Not available as a character colour Colour values for VIC/C64 are POKEd into the appropriate registers (see memory maps). +4 values are used m the COLOR Command (same for C1 6). ASCII values are PRINTed using CHRS. Table Of Secondary Addresses Eg. OPEN 4, 4. 7 ; 7 is the Secondary AdGress on CBM orinters that alters line spaong Once open the new value can be sent Secondary adoresses are noi applicable to the VIC 20/Commodore 64 RS-232 routines ('device' 2). keyboard (device 0). screen (device 3). or the CBM 801 0 Modem (devce 5). I/O Dev>ce & Device Number (DV*) Sec Printer Cassette Vic/64 Cassette Disk Addr lor 2 1 8 0 Print data sea read Load& Load, and D r exact! v as relocate (dllt) read receded 1 Pnnt data Write tile + Load without Program Save according to end-of-ftie relocating previously marker on detmed format Close 2 Format Wrrte fde + eof Wrrte file * eot RAW channels Set-up + end of tape marker on Close + end of tape marker on Close are 2-14 3 Set number of lines per page for paging 4 Enable printer format diagnostics 5 Oefme a programmable character 6 Set spaong between lines 7 Upper/Lower case 8 ASCll/Graph»cs 9 Suppress Diagnostic Message Printing 10 Reset Printer 11 Set Unj-Direcwn 12 Reset Unh Direction 13 Set Conoense mode 14 15 21 Reset Condense mode Set oseudo letter quality Command Ch Reset pseudo letter Quality 17 Storing t>t image data 18 Printing bit data previously written Commodore 6545 Video Chip POKE 59520, R* RO R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 RIO R11 R12 POKE 59521. Value R13 R14 R15 R16 R17 Horizontal total number of cnaracters on line (Nht) incJudng horizontal retrace, (true value - number + 1) Horizontal number of characters displayed {Nhd) Distance (in characters) from left to right margin o* screen + 1 Sync wiath, Lo nybbie is vertcaJ sync width (m lines) Hi nybWe is horizontal sync (in characters) Nunber ot d«p*ay lines including retrace (Nvt), Vertical position of the edge o' the screen Number of display lines on screen (Nvd) Height of upper edge from bottom of screen (in lines displayed) Interlace and Skew:Brt 0 1 = interlaced mode 0 ■ non interlaced mode Bill rf Bit 0-1 then interlace and video mode Bit 2 not used Bit 3 not used B*t 4 1 -scan from 32770 in memory Bit 5 l -scan from 32772 m memory Bit 6 cursor (not implemented on the PET) Brt 7 cursor (not implemented on the PET) Number of lines between top of one dismay line and top ot the next Cursor (not implemented on the PET) Cursor (not implemented on the PET) Control Register Bit 0 add 256 to start address (51 2 for 8032) Bit! add5i2tosta'taddress(1024for8032) BK2 invert flyback Bit 3 invert vtdeo signal Bit 4 use top half ot4K character generator Bit 5 (not implemented on the PET) Bit 6 (not implemented on the PET) Bit 7 not used Value + 32768 is address of first cnaracter (multiply by 2 for 8032) Cursor iocaton HI (not implemented on the PET) Cursor location LO (not implemented on the PET) Light pen position HI (read only) Light pen position lO (read only) 8032 Control Characters Most functions can be activated by combinations of simultaneous key depressions, a phenomena of the keyboard hardware- Notice that the CHRS values of complimentary functions differ by 1 28. Function CHRS ESC/RVS Keyboard Combination BELL 7 G GRAPHICS TEXT 142 14 Shift N N Both Shifts + ' SCROLL DOWN SCROLL UP 153 25 ShTY Y Left Shift + TAB + l SET BOTTOM SET TOP 143 15 Shrfl 0 0 Shift * Z + A + L Z + A + L INSERT LINE DELETE LINE 149 21 Shift U U Shift + RVS + A + L RVS + A 4 L ERASE BEGIN ERASE END 150 22 ShrttV V Shift + TAB + 9 + DEL TAB + B + DEL SET/CLR TAB TAB 137 9 Shift I I Shift 4 TAB TAB 8032 Window POKEs TOP 224. T where T-OIo 24 BOTTOM 225. B where B = T to 24 LEFT:226.L where L«0 to 79 RIGHT213.R where R-L to 79

The text on this page is estimated to be only 25.98% accurate

VIC 20 Screen Memory To move the screen. POKE 36869. (PEEK(36869) AND 1 5) OR X POKE 36866. (PEEK(36866) AND 127) OR Y 4«(PEEK(36866)AND128> 64'(PEEK(36869)AN0112) = Location Decimal ('*K blocks) 128 0 0 128 128 512 129 0 1024 129 128 1536 130 0 2048 130 128 2560 131 0 3072 131 128 3584 132 0 4096 132 128 4608 133 0 5120 133 128 5632 134 0 6144 134 128 6656 135 0 7168 135 128 7680 136 0 8192 136 128 8704 137 0 9216 137 128 9728 138 0 10240 138 128 10752 139 0 11264 139 128 11776 140 0 12288 140 128 12800 141 0 13312 141 128 13824 142 0 14336 142 128 14848 143 0 15360 143 128 15872 Hexadecimal $0000 $0200 0400 0600 0800 0AOO OCOO 0E00 1000 (dill w/exp) 1200 1400 1600 1800 1A00 1C00 1E00 (default) 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 2A00 2CO0 2E00 3000 3200 3400 3600 3800 3A00 3C00 3E0Q Commodore 64 Screen Memory To move the screen: POKE 53272. (PEEK(53272)AND1 5) OR X 64 (3-PEEK(56576)AND3) ■ 16384 * (X-64) - Locator. X For Screen at Bank 0 (default): Decimal Hexadecimal 0 0 $0000 16 1024 0400 (default) 32 2048 0600 48 3072 OCOO 64 4096 1000 80 5120 1400 96 6144 1800 112 7168 1C00 128 8192 2000 144 9216 2400 160 10240 2800 176 11264 2C0O 192 12288 3000 208 13312 3400 224 14336 3800 240 15360 3C00 Commodore 64 VIC II Address To move VIC II: POKE 56576. (PEEK(56576) AND 252) OR X :X - 3-8ank# Bank X VIC II Chip Address Range Decimal (16K clocks) Hexadecmal 0 1 2 3 3 2 1 0 0-16383 16384-32767 32768-49151 49152-65535 S0000-3FFF (defaiit) 4000-7FFF 8000-BFFF COOO-FFFF Note: Cnaracter ROM only available with VIC l> in bank 0 a 2 VIC 20 Character Base To move the Character base: POKE 36869. (PEEK(36869> AND 240) OR X X" 32768 - (PEEK(36869)AND15) ■ 1024 - Location Decimal (1K blocks) Hexadecimal 0 32768-34815 S80C0-87FF (dflt) 1 33792-35839 84O0-8BFF 2 34816-36863 8800-8FFF 3 35840-37887 8CO0-93FF 4 36864-3891 1 9O00-97FF 5 37888-39935 9400-9BFF 6 38912-40959 9800-9FFF 7 39936-41983 9C00-A3FF 8 0-2047 0000-O7FF 9 1024-3071 0400-OBFF 10 2048-4095 0800-OFFF 11 3072-5019 0C00-13FF 12 4096-6143 1000-1 7FF 13 5020-7167 1400-1 BFF 14 6144-8191 1800-1FFF 15 7168-9216 1COO-23FF • X - PEEK(36B69) AND 1 5 Commodore 64 Character Base To move the character base POKE 53272. (PEEK(53272) AND 240) OR X (3-PEEK(56576)AND3> • 16384 + (X'64) - Location X* For Screen at Bank 0 (default): Decimal (2K clocks) Hexadecimal 0 0-2047 $0000-07FF 2 2048-4095 0800-OFFF 4 4096-6143 1000-17FFM 6 6144-8191 1 800-1 FFF "2 8 8192-10293 2000-27FF 10 10240-12287 2800-2FFF 12 12288-14335 3O00-37FF 14 14336-16383 3800-3FFF ' -X-PEEK(53272)AND14 '1 - Lower 2K of Character ROM (Bank 0 or 2 only) (default) '2 - Upper 2K of Character ROM (Bank 0 or 2 only) Character ROM Contents Character ROM is the same in all machines, bul only acMressable m VIC 20>C64 2K Block VIC 20 Commodore 64 Contents Default Address Default Add-ess VIC II Image Dec (V?K blocks) Hex Dec('*Kbiock$) Hex Hex 0 1 32768-33279 33280-33791 33792-34303 34304-34815 34816-35327 35328-35839 35840-36351 36352-36863 8000-8 IFF 8200-83FF 8400-85FF 8600-87FF 8800-89FF 8A00-8BFF 8COO-8DFF 8E00-8FFF 53248-53759 53760-54271 54272-54783 54784-55295 55296-55807 55808-56319 56320-56831 56832-57343 DO00-O1FF D200-D3FF D40O-D5FF D6O0-D7FF D800-D9FF DAOO-OBFF DCOO-DDFF DEOO-DFFF 1000-1 1FF 1 200-1 3FF 1400-15FF 1600-1 7FF 1800-19FF 1A00-1BFF 1CO0-1DFF 1E00-IFFF Upper case characters Graphics characters Reversed upper case characters Reversed graphics characters Lower case characters Upper case and graphics characters Reversed lower case characters Reversed upper case and graphics I s I a S j

The text on this page is estimated to be only 22.46% accurate

65 Sprite Design Sprue Colour #2 Sprue Cotour #3 POKE 53285. POKE 53286. O 0) I w 0 e e | a 0 Sprite Enable: POKE 53269. PEEK(53269) OR 2 1 Sprne# POKE Sprrte X-Expand POKE 53264, PEEK(53264> OR 2 1 Sprrte* Sprrte V-Expand: POKE 53271 . PEEK(53271) OR 2 1 Spnie# Background Priority POKE 53275. PEEK(53275> OR 2 r Sprite* Sprite Multi Colour Mode: POKE 53276, PEEK(53276) OR 2 1 Sprite* Mull i Colour Mode Bit Pairs Background Colour. PEEK(53281). Use: 00 Sprrte Colour Use: 01 Sprrte Colour #2 Use: 10 Sprrte Colour *3 Use: 1 1 Column 1 2 0 1 3 4 6 7 9 10 12 13 15 16 18 19 21 22 24 25 27 28 30 31 33 34 36 37 39 40 42 43 45 46 48 49 51 52 54 55 57 58 60 61 3 2 5 8 11 14 17 20 23 26 29 32 35 38 41 44 47 50 53 56 59 62 Bit BH 7654321 0|7 65432 1' 8n 076543210 T III r— li; __ 1 ■ :i 1 i_ 1 1 ■' _Ll __L Ill . ■ i I _ i 1 1 T ■ j L i _ , i _|_ _!_ ] 7 6 i i 4 3 2 - ol; ' 6 b 4 32 11 7 6 ! 5 4 3 2 1 0 Column 1 00 03 06 09 OC OF 12 15 18 1B 1E 21 24 27 2A 2D 30 33 36 39 3C 2 01 04 07 OA OD 10 13 16 19 1C IF 22 25 28 2B 2E 31 34 37 3A 3D 3 02 05 08 OB OE 11 14 17 1A ID 20 23 26 29 2C 2F 32 35 38 3B 3E (0-7) Sprite # Pointer; POKE 2040 + Sprite* Sprite Colour: : POKE 53287 + Sprite*, X-Position: POKE 53248 + Sprite*. X Position Y-Position; POKE 53249 + Sprite*, Y Position Column 1 2 3 Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 7 6 5 Bit 4 3 2 1 0 p 6 Bit 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 : 1 3 4 5 I 6 7 8 TT 9 10 11 12 13 14 r _L 15 16 17 rx 18 19 20 21 22 23 1 , 24 25 26 4J i 27 28 29 | 30 31 32 33 34 35 ! ' 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 ' 45 46 47 1 48 49 50 I 51 52 53 54 55 56 j 57 58 59 ' 60 61 62 I i \ f 6 b -• 3 2 1 0 / 6 5 4 31 2 1 0 ' b 5 4 3 2 1 'J Column 1 2 3 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 OA OB OC OD OE OF 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E 1F 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E 2F 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 3A 3B 3C 3D 3E (0-7) Sprite # Pointer: POKE 2040 + Sprite* Sprrte Colour: : POKE 53287 + Sprite*, X-Position: POKE 53248 + Sprrte*. X Position Y-Position: POKE 53249 + Sprite#. Y Position Column 1 2 3 Bit Bit 7654321 0|7 6543 2 1 0 II 6 Bit 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 l 2 1 _:t: 3 4 5 6 7 8 _|_ i i 9 10 11 it 12 13 14 — |_ -41 ' I 15 16 17 18 19 20 | 1 1 . 21 22 23 _ I 24 25 26 ! 1 27 28 29 J— _. J_ 30 31 32 33 34 35 1 1 L_ 36 37 36 I 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 "l — 48 49 50 ~r 51 52 53 54 55 56 ~r 1 57 58 59 J— — T~ T^ 60 61 62 T i '654 3 2 1 u / ts 5 4 3 2 * u 7 6 5 4 J 2 1 0 Column 1 2 3 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 OA 06 OC OD OE OF 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1A 1B 1C ID IE 1F 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E 2F 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 3A 3B 3C 3D 3E (0-7) Sprite # Pointer: POKE 2040 + Sprite*. Sprite Colour: : POKE 53287 + Sprite*, X-Position: POKE 53248 + Sprite*. X Position Y-Position: POKE 53249 + Sprite*. Y Position Column 1 2 3 Brt 7 6 5 4 3 2 I 0 17 6 Bit 5 4 3 2 1 0 Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 0 0 1 2 I _J ,_ 3 4 5 6 7 8 J_ i 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 £ 18 19 20 1 — 21 22 23 T 1 i "r i 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 J_ | . 33 34 35 -41 _ i~ I 36 37 38 I j 39 40 41 ■ I 42 43 44 45 46 47 -L _ , 48 49 50 ■ J 51 52 53 54 55 56 T~l 57 58 59 |~ 60 61 62 1 I I ; 7 6 s 4 3 2 1 u t b b ~ J 2 ! 0 7 6 4 o 2 ' 0 Column 1 2 3 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 OA 08 OC OD OE OF 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1A 1B 1C 10 1E 1F 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E 2F 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 3A 3B 3C 3D 3E Sprite * (0-7) Pointer: POKE 2040 + Sprite* Sprite Colour: : POKE 53287 + Sprite*. X-Position: POKE 53248 + Sprite*, X Position Y-Position: POKE 53249 + Sprite*. Y Position

Character Design 66 Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 _ Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Character # Character* Character # Screen Design 0 3Z7W 40 Column PET/CBM Screen Map 9£C0 3^B3^9Q 33767 e ! s 8 a I ] J J e. S e

The text on this page is estimated to be only 13.53% accurate

67 7&8Q VIC 20 Screen Map (without expansion memory) 8 ! •9 1 | fr I 1 2 3 4 S 6 7 a 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 11 19 20 21 22 23 1E00 1E16 1E2C 1E42 1E58 1E6E 1E94 1E9A 1E90 1EC6 1EDC 1EF2 1F09 1F1E 1F34 1F4A 1F60 1F76 1F9C 1FA2 1FM 1FCE 1FE4 7680 7681 7682 7683 7684 7696 7686 7687 7686 7689 j 7690 7691 7692 7693 r 7694 7695 7696 7697 7696 1 7699 ) 7700 7701 7702 7703 7704 7705 7706 7707 7708 7709 7710 7711 7712 7713 7714 7715 7716 7717 7718 7719 7720 7721 7722 7723 7724 7725 7726 7727 7728 7729 7730 7731 7732 7733 7734 7735 7736 7737 7738 7739 7740 7741 7742 7743 7744 7745 7746 7747 7746 7749 7750 7751 7752 7753 7754 7755 7756 7757 7756 7759 7760 7761 7762 | 7763 7764 7765 7766 7767 7768 7769 7770 7771 777? 7773 7774 7775 7776 7777 7776 7779 7780 7761 7762 7763 7764 7785 7786 7767 7786 7789 7790 779^ 7792 7793 7794 7795 7796 7797 7796 7799 7800 7»1 7802 7803 7804 7805 7806 7807 7808 7809 7610 7611 7612 7813 7814 7615 7816 7817 7618 78:9 7820 7821 7622 7823 7824 7825 7826 7827 7828 7829 7830 7831 7632 7633 7834 7635 7836 7837 '838 7639 7640 7641 7642 7843 7844 7645 7846 7847 7848 7649 7850 765i 7652 7853 7654 7855 7656 7857 7658 7859 7860 7861 7862 7863 7664 1 7865 j 7866 7867 7868 7669 7870 7871 7872 7873 7874 7875 7676 7877 7678 7879 7860 7881 7882 7863 7864 7665 j 7886 7887 7866 7689 7890 7891 7892 7893 7894 7895 7896 7697 7898 7899 7900 7901 7902 7903 7904 7905 7906 7907 7908 7909 7910 7911 7912 7913 79T4 7915 7916 7917 17918 7919 7920 7921 792217923 7924 7925 7926 7927 7928 7929 7930 7931 7932 7933 7934 7935 7936 7937 7938 7939 7940 7941 7942 7943 7944 7945 7946 7947 7948 7949 7950 — -J 7951 7952 7953 7954 7955 7956 7957 7956 7959 79K) 7961 7962 7963 7964 7965 7966 7967 7966 7969 7970 7971 7972 7973 7974, 7975 7976 7977 7978 7979 7960 796t 7962 7963 7964 7965 7966' 7987 7968 79*9 7990 7991 7992 7993 7994 7995 7996 7997 7996 7999 8000 8C01 8002 8003 8CC4 8005 8006 8M7 8008 t8009 8010 8011 8012 6013 8014 8015 8016 8017 8018 8019 8020 8021 8022 8023 8024 8025 8026 8027 i8026 8029 6030 8031 8032 8033 8034 8035 8036 8037 8033 8039 8040 804' 8042 8043 8044 8045 8046 8047 8048 8049 6050 8051 8C52 8053 8054 8055 8056 8057 K>58 8059 8060 8067 8062 8063 8064 8065 8066 8067 8068 8069 8070 6071 8072 6073 8074 6075 8076 8077 8078 8079 mo 8061 80B2 6063 8064 8065 8066 8087 8068 8089 8090 8091 J 8092 8093 809* 8095 8096 8097 8096 8099 8100 6101 6102 6103 8104 8105 6106 6107 6106 6109 8110 8111 6112 8113 8114 8115 6116 6M7 8118 8119 6120 8121 8122 8123 ■ 8124 6125 8126 6127 8128 8129 6130 ( 8131 8132 8133 8134 6135 6136 6137 8136 8139 6140 8141 B142 6143 8144 8145 8146 8147 8146 8149 6150 8151 6152 8153 6154 I 6155 6156 6157 8156 1 8159 8160 8161 8162 8163 6164 8165 6166 8*67 |ei68 6169 8T70 8171 8172 8173 8174 8175 6176-8177 6178 8179 8180 8181 8162 6183 8184 6165 9165 36400 VIC 20 Colour Table Map (without expansion memory) 1 9600 2 9616 3 962C 4 9642 5 9659 • 966E 7 9694 1 969A 9 9660 10 96C6 11 96DC 12 99F2 13 9709 14 971E 19 9734 19 974A 17 9790 M 9779 19 979C 20 97A2 21 9796 22 97CE 23 97E4 8400 j &401 6402 6403 8404 6*05 6406 6407 18406 8409 6410 8411 6412 8413 8414 6415 8416 6417 8416 I 6419 |6420 8421 6422 16423 8424 6425 6426 8427 6428 8429 18430 6431 8432 6433 8434 6435 8436 8437 8438 8439 8440 8441 8442 6443 8444 8445 6446 6447 8448 6449 6450 6451 645? 8453 8454 1 6455 8456 6457 i 6458 8459 8460 (6468462 6463 6464 6465 8466 6467 8468 6469 6470 8471 8472 8473 6474 8475 8476 8477 6478 8479 8460 6461 6462 8463 8464 8485 6466 8487 6488 6489 6490 6491 6482 8493 I 8494 8495 3496. 8497 6496 8499 8600 6501 8502 8503 8504 8505 8506 8507 6506 8509 6510 8511 6512 8S13 8514 8515 8516 8517 8518 8519 8520 6521 8522 6523 8524 6525 8526 6527 8528 *. 6530 6531 6532 6533 6534 8535 ■■ 8536 8537 8538 6539 8540 8541 6542 8543 8544 8545 8546 6547 8548 8549 6550 8551 6552 8553 6554 8555 6556 6557 8556 6559 8560 8561 6562 8563 656418565 6566 8567 6566 8569 6570 8571 6572 8573 8574 6575 8576 6577 8578 6579 6580 8561 6562 6563 6584 __ __ 858$ 6586 6587 8566 6569 I 8590 J 6591 6592 8593 8594 8595 8596 8597 6596 8599 8600 8601 8832 9603 8604 6605 8606 8607 6606 8609 8610 8611 6612 8613 8614 8615 8616 6617 ~~ 1 1 6616 j 6619 8620 8621 6622 8623 8624 6625 8626 86?7 8626'8629 8630 8631 6632 8633 8634 6635 8636 6637 863816839 6640 864' 8642 8643 6644 8645 8646 6647 8648 8649 66S0 8651 8652 8653 8664 8655 8656 8657 | 6656 8659 8660 6661 8662 8663 6664 6665 8666 8667 8668 6669 6670 8671 8672 8673 9674 8675 8676 8677 8678 8679 8660 8681 8662 8683 8684 8685 8686 8687 8686 9689 8600 8691 8692 8683|8694 8695 8U9G 8697 6696 67GO 8701 8702 6703(6704 6705 8706 8707 8706 6709 8710 6711 8712 8713 8714 8715 6716 8717 6718 8719 6720 8721 8722 8723 8724 8725 8726 8727 8728 6729 6730 8731 6732 8733 8734 8735 8736 8737 6738 8739 8740 6741 8742 8743 8744 8745 6746 8747 8748 8749 8750 6751 8752 I 8753 8754 8755 8756 8757 8756 8759 8760 8761 8762 8763 8764 8765 6766 6767 ' 8766 8769 8770 | 6771 8772 8773 8774 6775 6776 8777 8778 8779 8780 8781 6782 8783 6764 6765 8786 8787 8786 8789 j 8790 8791 6792 8793 1 8794 6795 8796 6797 6796 '6799 6800 I 8801 8802 6803 8804 6605 6606 8807 6608 8809 8810 88K 8612 8813 8814 8815 6816 8617 8616. 6819 8820 8621 8822 8823 8824 8825 8626 8827 6828 8829 8830 6631 8812 6633 8834 8635 6636 8837 8836 8839 6640 6641 8842 6843 I6844 6645 6646 8847 8846 j 6849 6650 8851 8852 8853 8854 6855 6656 8857 8858 8859 8860 8861 8862 6663 6864 8865 8666 8867 6666 8869 8870 6871 8872 8873 8874 8875 8676 8877 6876 8879 3880 8881 6862 6663 668416685 __ 6886 6667 6866 8889 8890 8891 8892 6893 6894 8895 6896 8897 8898 ~_ 1 8899 !6900 8901 8902 8903 > 8904 6905 3890*

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^VIC 20 Screen Map (with expansion memory at $2000) 68 1 2 3 4 5 « 7 l 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 IS 17 IS 19 20 21 22 23 1000 1016 102C 1042 1068 106E 10434 109 A 1060 10C6 10OC 10f2 1109 111E 1134 114A 1160 1176 118C 11A2 1168 11CE 11E4 «96 4097 4098 4099 4100 '4101 4102 4103 4104 4105 4106 4107 4108 4109 4110 4111 4112 4113 4114 4115 4116 4117 4118 4119 4120 4121 4122 4123 4124 4125 4126 4127 4128 4129 4130 4131 4132 4133 4134 4135 4136 4137 4138 4139 4140 4141 4142 4143 4144 4145 4146 4147 1 4148 4149 4150 4151 4152 4153 4154 4155 4156 4^57 4*58 4159 4160 4161 4162 4183 4184 4165 4166 4167 4168 4169 4170 4171 4172 4173 4174 4175 4176 4177 4178 4179 4160 4181 ■ 4182 4183 4184 416S '4186)4107 4168 4189 4190 4191 4192 4193 4194 4195 4196 4197 4196 4199 4200 4201 4202 4203 4204 4205 4206 42C7 4208 4209 4210 4211 4212{4213 4214 4215 4216 4217 4218 4219 4220 4221 4222 4223 4224 4225 4226 4227 4228 4229 4230 4231 4232 4233 4234 4235 4236 4237 4238 4239 [4240 4241 4242 4243 4244 4245 4246 4247 4248 4249 4250 4251 4252 4253 4254 4255 4256 4257 4258 4259 4260 4261 4262 4263 4264 4265 4266 4267. 4266 4269 4270 4271 4272 4273 4274 4275 4276 4277 4278 4279 4280 4281 4282 4283 4284 4285 4296 4287 4266 4269 4290 4291 4292 4293 4294 4295 4296 4297 4296 4299 4300 4301 4302! 4303 4304 4305 4306 4307 4306 4309 4310 4311 4312 4313 4314 4315 4316 4317 4318 4319 4320 4321 4322 4323 4324 4325 4326 4327 4328 4329 4330 4331 4332 4333 4334 4335 4336 4337 J4336 4339 4340 4341 4342 4343 4344 4345 4346 4347 4348 4349 4350 4351 4352 1 4353 4354 4355 4356 4357 4358 4359 4360 4361 4362 4363 4364 43654366 4367 4368 4369 4370 4371 4372 4373 4374 4375 4376 4377 4378 4379 4380 4361 4382 4383 4384 4385 4386 4387 4388 4389 4390 4391 4392 4393 4394 4395 4396 4397 4396 4399 4400 4401 4402 4403 4404 4405 4406 4407 44C6 4409 U10 4411 4412 4413 4414 4415 4416 4417 4418 4419 4420 4421 4422 4423 4424 4425 4426 4427 4426 4429 4430 4431 4432 4433 4434 4435 4436 4437 4438 4439. 4440 4441 4442 4443 4444 4445 4446 4447 4448 I 4449 4450 1 4451 4452 4453 4454 4455 4456 4457 4458 4459 4460 4461 4462 4463 4464 4465 4466 4467 4468 4469 4470 I 4471 4472 | 4473 4474 4475 4476 4477 4478 4479 4480 448: 4482 44B3 4484 4485 4486 4487 4488 4489 4490 449" 4492 4493 4494 4495 4496 *U97 J 4498 4499 4500 4501 4502 4503 4504 4505 43)6 4507 4506 4509 4510 4511 4512 4513 4514 4515 4516 4517 4518 4519 4520 4521 4522 4523 4524 4525 4526 4527 4528 4529 4530 4531 4532 1 4533 4534 4535 4S36 4537 4538 4539 4540 4541 4542 4543 4544 4545 4546 4547 4548 4549 4550 4551 45S2 4553 4554 4555 4556 4557 4658 4S59 4560 4561 4562 4563 4564 4565 4566 4567 4568 4569 I 4570 4571 4572 4573 4574 4575 4576 4577 4578 4579 4580 4581 4562 4583 4564 4585 4586 458? 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73 < u I 6 e e I J True ASCII Conversion Table Dec x256 x256 + 32768 Hex CBM True 0 0 32768 00 1 256 33024 01 2 512 33280 02 3 768 33536 03 4 1024 33792 04 5 1280 34048 05 6 1536 34304 06 7 1792 34560 07 8 2048 34816 08 9 2304 35072 09 10 2560 35328 OA 11 2816 35584 OB 12 3072 35840 OC 13 3328 36096 OD 14 3584 36352 OE 15 3840 36608 OF 16 4096 36864 10 17 4352 37120 11 18 4608 37376 12 19 4864 37632 13 20 5120 37888 14 21 5376 38144 15 22 5632 38400 16 23 5888 38656 17 24 6144 38912 18 25 6400 39168 19 26 6656 39424 1A 27 6912 39680 1B 28 7168 39936 1C 29 7424 40192 1D 30 7680 40448 1E 31 7936 40704 1F 32 8192 40960 20 33 8448 41216 21 34 8704 41472 22 35 8960 41728 23 36 9216 41984 24 37 9472 42240 25 38 9728 42496 26 39 9984 42752 27 40 10240 43008 28 41 10496 43264 29 42 10752 43520 2A 43 11008 43776 2B 44 11264 44032 2C 45 11520 44288 2D 46 11776 44544 2E 47 12032 44800 2F 48 12288 45056 30 49 12544 45312 31 50 12800 45568 32 51 13056 45824 33 52 13312 46080 34 53 13568 46336 35 54 13824 46592 36 55 14080 46848 37 56 14336 47104 38 57 14592 47360 39 58 14848 47616 3A 59 15104 47872 3B 60 15360 48128 3C 61 15616 48384 3D 62 15872 48640 3E 63 16128 48896 3F ! # $ % & ) + / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 NUL SOH STX ETX EOT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI DLE DC1 DC2 DC3 DC4 NAK SYN ETB CAN EM SUB ESC FS GS RS US ! ■ # $ & ( ( ) + > ? / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 < > ? Even Parity Dec Hex Oct Binary Odd Parity Dec Hex Oct 0 00 129 81 130 82 3 03 132 84 5 05 6 06 135 87 136 88 9 09 10 OA 139 8B 12 OC 141 8D 142 8E 15 OF 144 90 17 11 18 12 147 93 20 14 149 95 150 96 23 17 24 18 153 99 154 9A 27 1B 156 9C 29 1D 30 1E 159 9F 160 AO 33 21 34 22 163 A3 36 24 165 A5 166 A6 39 27 40 28 169 A9 170 AA 43 2B 172 AC 45 2D 46 2E 175 AF 48 30 177 B1 178 B2 51 33 180 B4 53 35 54 36 183 B7 184 B8 57 39 58 3A 187 BB 60 3C 189 BD 190 BE 63 3F 03OlOllMlllfll 017 l'Alpipi6ii;|llMl inmtioi .jljijlQ'i iiinmoi iioioirni) 237 lfl.lfl'61 \'\ Hlf H 240 Bgjpi 041 EgHjj 042 l°/.l6lj'9 243 pgrfrrj 044 245 246 047 050 251 252 053 254 055 056 257 060 261 262 063 264 065 066 267 270 071 072 273 074 275 276 077 128 80 1 01 2 02 131 83 4 04 133 85 134 86 7 07 8 08 137 89 138 8A 11 OB 140 8C 13 OD 14 OE 143 8F 16 10 145 91 146 92 19 13 148 94 21 15 22 16 151 97 152 98 25 19 26 1A 155 9B 28 1C 157 9D 158 9E 31 1F 32 20 161 A1 162 A2 35 23 164 A4 37 25 38 26 167 A7 168 A8 41 29 42 2A 171 AB 44 2C 173 AD 174 AE 47 2F 176 BO 49 31 50 32 179 B3 52 34 181 B5 182 B6 55 37 56 38 185 B9 186 BA 59 3B 188 BC 61 3D 62 3E 191 BF BCD EBCDIC TTJjWi tm 35 fi

64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 Even Parity: bit 7 OR'd in to make total number of bits Even Odd Parity: bit 7 OR'd in to make total number of bits Odd 74 Dec x256 x256 + 32768 Hex CBM Even Parity True Dec Hex Oct Binary Odd Parity Dec Hex Oct BCD EBCDIC 16384 16640 16896 17152 17408 17664 17920 18176 18432 18688 18944 19200 19456 19712 19968 20224 20480 20736 20992 21248 21504 21760 22016 22272 22528 22784 23040 23296 23552 23808 24064 24320 24576 24832 25088 25344 25600 25856 26112 26368 26624 26880 27136 27392 27648 27904 28160 28416 28672 28928 29184 29440 29696 29952 30208 30464 30720 30976 31232 31488 31744 32000 32256 32512 49152 49408 49664 49920 50176 50432 50688 50944 51200 51456 51712 51968 52224 52480 52736 52992 53248 53504 53760 54016 54272 54528 54784 55040 55296 55552 55808 56064 56320 56576 56832 57088 57344 57600 57856 58V 2 58368 58624 58880 59136 59392 59648 59904 60160 60416 60672 60928 61184 61440 61696 61952 62208 62464 62720 62976 63232 63488 63744 64000 64256 64512 64768 65024 65280 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 4A 4B 4C 4D 4E 4F 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 5A 5B 5C 5D 5E 5F 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 6A 6B 6C 6D 6E 6F 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 7A 7B 7C 7D 7E 7F a b c d e f g h i i k I m n o P q r s t u V w X y z \ \ @ 192 A 65 B 66 C 195 D 68 E 197 F 198 G 71 H 72 I 201 J 202 K 75 L 204 M 77 N 78 0 207 P 80 Q 209 R 210 S 83 T 212 U 85 V 86 W 215 X 216 Y 89 Z 90 219 92 221 T 222 *■ 95 ' 96 a 225 b 226 c 99 d 228 e 101 f 102 g 231 h 232 i 105 j 106 k 235 1 108 m 237 n 238 o 111 p 240 q 113 r 114 S 243 t 116 U 245 v 246 w 119 x 120 y 249 2 250 { 123 \ 252 125 126 DEL 255 CO 300 41 101 42 102 C3 303 44 104 C5 305 C6 306 47 107 48 110 C9 311 CA 312 4B 113 CC 314 4D 115 4E 116 CF 317 50 120 D1 321 D2 322 53 123 D4 324 55 125 56 126 D7 327 D8 330 59 131 5A 132 DB 333 5C 134 DD 335 DE 336 5F 137 60 140 E1 341 E2 342 63 143 E4 344 65 145 66 146 E7 347 E8 350 69 151 6A 152 EB 353 6C 754 ED 355 EE 356 6F 157 F0 360 71 161 72 162 F3 363 74 164 F5 365 F6 366 77 767 78 770 F9 371 FA 372 7B 773 FC 374 7D 775 7E 776 FF 377 I'MJlfllOlOlfalOlj lAijiMHMOml HMJipifr imi:pi? rrmr Qllllljl PAH OlQMiOHLUJ i'A.lliPiyijlQlllQI W.1 1 1 (II 9 . 1 IffTTTtl IW 10:9:1 lJOEflD WHIOHfrijIjIQIjI PAlilOlQIiniiiQl IfllilOIOlilllLLD ^ijioijioioinE [■'hl'i ifli j iqiQiOii : I'/^ipijiflifl.-nyi w;j:

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75 0) c 1 a E o S 3 i s e s s s c. CompuServe »s ottering a 30 minute free demonstration To access the system, dial youi local network mat supports CompuServe. Once connected, type a carnage return When asked Host Name, type: CIS When asked User ID, type 77770. 1 01 When asked Password, type: FREE-DEMO Network Phone Numbers The following letters are used to identify tte network services. 1 CANADA 819-373-2600 D Trois Riviere* 514-377-1260 D Vallevfield Alberta (AB) 403-264-9340 D Calgarv 403-4204185 D Edmonton Sukildipwin (SA) 306493-7611 D Moose Jaw 403-791-2884 D Fori McMu nay 306-922-4233 D Prince Albert 403-539-0100 D Gnnde Praine 306-565-0111 D Regtna 403-3294755 D Lelhbridge 403-5264587 D Medicine Hal 403-343-7200 D Red Deer 306465-6660 D Saskatoon USA ■. h ■ ^m mH ^b. ^ ■ imL m l ^^h. m ■ mami British Columbia (BQ Alaska (AK) 604-374-5941 D Kamloops 604-860-0331 D Kelowna 604-354-4411 D Nelson 604-564-4060 D Prince George 907-276-0271 G Anchorage 907-338-7222 T Anchorage 907-456-3282 T Fairbanks 907-586-9700 G Juneau 907-789-7009 T Juneau 604-635-7221 D Terrace 604-687-6280 C Vancouver 604-687-6138 C Vancouver 604-687-6043 C Vancouver m m mi ■ m m mi m^ m m m m ^k 907 659-2777 T Prudhoe Bay AUtwuna(AL) 205*236-2655 T Anmston 604-689-8601 D Vancouver 205-328-2310 G Bessemer 604-388-9300 D Victoria 205-879-2250 C Birmingham 205-87*22450 C Birmingham 205-32*2310 C Birmingham 205-M2-4141 T Birmingham 205*792-0914 T Dothan 205-767-7960 G Florence Manitoba (MB) 204-7254878 D Brandon 204-638-9244 D Dauphin 204-822-6237 D Morden 204-239-1166 D PortglaPrairi m ■ h ■■ ■■ h h h mH m m ■- ■ am k m k ■ m m 205-536-WO5 C HuntsvlUe 204-785-8625 D Selkirk mmi ^b. ^b. mi m ^m ^b. mi mi mu ^h. ■■ 205-539-2281 G HuntsviUe 204-326-9826 D Stembach 205*882 3003 T HuntsviUe 204-778-4461 D Thompson Km mi m ^b. m m^ ^h ^b. mi ^h i k ^b k k HmH mi ■■ mmi 205-432-1680 G Mobile 204-175-2740 D Winnipeg h m ■ v ^b. ■■ ■■ m m ■■ ^b m ■ m mmi mm ■ m ^h. 205-3434414 T Mobile 205-262-0010 C Montgomery 205-2694090 G Montgomery New Brunswick (NB) 506-548-446: D Balhurst 506-7594561 D CampbeHton 205-265-4570 T Montgomery 506-739-6621 D Edmundston 506-454-9462 D Frederklon 506-854-7078 D Moncton 205-767-7960 ? Sheffield Arkansas (AR) 501-782-3210 T Ft. Smith 1 506422-4451 D Newcastle 506493-7399 D Saint John l ■ l ^m ^m ^m m^ mi mH m m ^^h ^b am ■« amm 501-321-9741 T Hex Springs 501-932-1147 T Jonesboro 506-328-9361 D Woodstock mBi m ■ ■■ ■■ m m h l mi 501-6664464 C Utile Rock 501-6664478 C Utile Rock 501-372-4616 G Utile Rock New* ouodland (NF) 709-726-4920 D St. John's Nova Scotia (NS) 5014664886 T Utile Rock S0I-756-220I T Sprinadale 902-667-5035 D Amherst ■ ma m m ^h ^h l l l mH^nm^ ^^^h. mBi » * • A rm 902-5434850 D Bndgewaler 902-477-2000 D Halifax Arizona fAZi 602-256-295) C Mesa 902478-1030 D Kentville 602-254-0244 G Mesa 902-752-0944 D New Glasgow 602-256-2951 C Phoenix 902-539-7010 D Sydney 602-254-0244 G Phoenix 902-662-3258 D Truro 602-254-5811 T Phoenix Ontario (ON) 602-256-2951 C ScottsdaJe 602-2544244 G Scottsdaie 602-256-2951 C Tempt 416-7914900 D Brampton 519-756-0000 D Brantlord 602-2544244 G Tempe 613-345-0520 D Brockville 602-748-2004 C Tucson 613-589-2175 D Chalk River 002-748-2009 C Tucson 519-354-7710 D Chatham 602-747-0107 G Tucson 4164234000 D Oarkson 613-938-9700 D Cornwall 519422-1714 D Gait 602-79O-C764 T Tucson California (CA) *r ■ V^T^fc* Mil mf UBH 416-523-6800 D Hamilton 213-507-0909 G Alhambra 613-549-7720 D Kingston 818-308-1800 T Alhambra 519-5794009 D Kitchner-Wtrloo 714-520-9724 C Anaheim 519479-7500 D London 714-520-9733 C Anaheim 416-357-2702 D Niagara Falls 714-5584061 G Anaheim 7054763900 D North Bav 714-9660313 T Anaheim 416-5794920 D Oshawa 415-778-3420 T Anttoch 613-567-9100 D Ottawa 818-308-1800 T Arcadia 705-7484940 D Peterborough 805-323-7691 C Bakersfield 519-334-9920 D Sarma 805-3274146 G Bakersfield 705-942-4960 D Saull Ste.Mane 805-3254366 T Bakersfield 416488-5620 D St. Catharines 415-366-1092 T Belmont 705473-9602 D Sudbury 818-789-9002 T Beverly Hills 807423-9644 D Thunder Bay 818-841-7890 T Burbank 416-366-1869 C Toronto 415-591-0726 G Burtingame 416468-4000 D Toronto 415-952-4757 T Buriingame 519-973-1000 D Windsor 408-9804100 T Campbell 5)9-485-5220 D Woodstock 213-306-2984 G Canoga Park Prin

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76 404-7334346 404-790-4119 404-722-7967 404-571-0556 404-327-0396 912-741-1011 912-744-0605 404-424-0025 404-291-1000 912-236-2605 912-232-6751 Augusta Augusta Augusta Columbus Columbus Macon Macon T Marietta T Rome C Savannah T Savannah Hawaii (HI) 8065244110 C Honolulu 808-528-1450 T Honolulu Iowa (1A) 319-3644911 319-363-7514 402-34 1 -7733 319-324-2445 309-794-0731 515-270-9410 515-270-1581 515-288-4403 515-277-7752 319-5564263 319-351-1421 319-354-7371 515-7534667 712-252-1681 319-233-9227 G T G C T c c G T T G T T T T Cedar Rapids Cedar Rapids Council Bluffs Davenport Davenport Des Moines Des Moines Des Moines Des Moines Dubuque Iowa Qiy Iowa City Marshalltown Sioux Gtv Waierioc Idaho (ID) 208-384-5660 208-384-5666 208-3434611 208-3434404 206-523-2964 208-233-2501 C C G T T T Boise Boise Boise Boise Idaho Falls Pocatello lllinoi! ffli 3 12-9384500 G Arlington Hghts 312-896-2137 c Aurora 312-859-8483 G Aurora 312459-1143 T Aurora 618-277-9806 T Belleville 217-384-6428 G Champaign 217-356-7552 T Champaign 312-443-1250 c Chicago 312-332-7382 C Chicago 312-9384500 G Chicago 312-922-4601 T Chicago 312-9384500 G Cicero 217-431-3133 1* 1 Danville 217-4224835 G Decatur 217-4224612 T Decatur 312-790-4400 T Downers Grove 314-421-4990 G Easi St Louis 312-771-9667 T Fores Park 815-233-5585 T Freeport 312-7904400 T Glen Ellvn 815-7224703 G Jolkt 815-727-1019 T Jolief 815-9324850 T Kankakee 312-438-3771 T Lake Zunck 312-3624820 T Libertyville 312-953-9680 C Lombard 2194384353 T Memllville 312-9384500 G Oak Park 312432-7370 C OakbrookTerr 3094374570 G Peoria 309437-5961 T Peoria 309-7944731 T Rock Island 81S-9654400 G Rockford 815-3984090 T Rocklord 312-9384500 G Skokie 217-522-5101 C Springfield 217-753-1373 G Springfield 217-753-7905 T Springfield 312459-1143 T St Charles 217-3844428 G Urbana 217-356-7552 T Urbana 312-790-4400 T Wheaton ln

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77 I I s u s i 1 614-587-0932 513-864-1521 216-678-5115 419-224-2996 419-5266067 5 13-644-0O96 C T G T T T 216-455-0066 T 216575-1658 513-324-3816 419-255-8116 4l9-2S5-78fii 419-255-7790 216394-6529 216743-1296 216744-5326 G T C G T T G I Granville Hamiltor. Km! Uma Mansfield Marysville North Canton Parma Springfield Toledo Toledo Toledo Warren Youngsfown You uptown OkUhom. (OK) 405-223-1552 405-232-4546 405-233-7903 405-355-0745 405-232-4546 405-946-4799 405-946-4860 405-232-4546 405-947-6387 406624-1112 916749-8801 918-749-8850 918-584-3247 918-582-4433 T G T T G C C G T G C C G T Ardmore Bethany Enid Lawion Norman Oklahoma City Oklahoma City Oklahoma City Oklahoma City Stillwater Tulu Tulsa Tulsa Tulsa Oregon (QR^ 503-754-9273 503-683-1460 503-485-0027 503-779-6343 503-773-1257 503-232-1072 503-232-4026 503-2963028 S03-226O627 503-3767712 503-399-1453 G G T G T c c G T G T Corvallis Eugene Eugene Medlord Medlord Portland Poniard Portland Portland Saiem Salem Pmn>ylv»nui (PA) 2167766960 215-4363330 2168666978 814-946-8888 2168666978 216873-0300 814-453-7538 814-899-2241 814-4568501 412-837-3800 717-657-9633 717-2366882 717-7636481 814.535-7576 216265-7230 216337-4300 216337-9900 717-397-7731 412-837-3800 215-7360495 412-652-4223 2166669190 412-2869950 2165661051 216574-0620 216567-4390 4)2-391-8818 412-391-7732 412-288-9950 412-642-6778 216374-5600 216372-4473 717-961-5321 717-3464516 814-237-6408 216574-0620 2166669190 717-822-1272 717-8466550 717-8463900 C G T T Allentown Allentown Allentown At loon a Bethlehem Downmgton Erie Eric Erie Greeniburg Hamsburg Harrisburg Harrisburg Johnstown King ot Prussia King of Prussia King of Prussia Lancaster Lairobe Levi ttown Newcastle Nofristown Penn Hills Philadelphia Philadelphia Philadelphia Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Reading Reading Scranton Scramon Slate College Upper Darby Valley Forge Wilkes Barre York York Puerto Rico (PR) 800-462-4213 T Mavaouez 800-462-4213 T Ponce 809- 792-5900 T San Juan Rhode UlMdffU) 401-847-0502 401 -2734200 401-781-8600 401-781-8505 401-751-7912 401-2734)200 401-751-7912 401-7662400 T T C c G T G T Newport Pawiucket Providence Providence Providence Providence Warwick Woonsocket South Carolina (SQ 803-763-0090 C Charleston 803-722-4303 G Charleston 803-577-0452 803-798-3630 803-254-0695 803-254-7563 803-233-3486 803-271-9213 803-5861637 803-382-7924 T C G T G T G r Charleston Columbia Columbia Columbia Greenville Greenville Spartanburg Spartanburg South Dakota (SD) 605-224-0481 G Pierre 606341-3733 C Rapid City 606341-5337 T Rapid City 6063368S93 G Sioux Falls 6063360780 T Sioux Falls TewweefTN) 616968-1130 6)67561161 6162661020 901-424-21 14 6166768901 6165265500 616690-1543 901-452-8530 901-452-1710 901-521-0215 901-S27-8006 6163661947 616244-3702 615-8863530 615-482-9080 G G T T C G T C c G I C G T T Bristol Chattanooga Chattanooga Jackson Knoxville Knoxville Knoxville Memphis Memphis Memphis Memphis Nashville Nashville Nashville Oak R.di*e (TX) 9166769151 916672-4611 806372-6934 8063860304 S12-444-7234 512-9261130 512-444-3280 713-422-9746 512-541-2251 409-7760184 409-7794)184 512-884-9030 512-883-8050 214-76i-0599 214-761-9040 214-7460127 214-6368888 817-5669273 9165664661 916S65-4670 916532-7907 916533-1453 817-870-2461 817-870-2468 817-332-4307 817-877-3630 409-762-4382 409-7667338 713-2262550 713-2262330 713-227-1018 713-5566700 8174534-2810 512-22543004 214-2363196 214-2364041 806763-5081 806747-4121 806797-0765 5 12-63 1-0020 916687-1464 916561-9811 915-683-5645 409-722-3720 409-724-0726 916561-9611 916563-3745 916944-7621 512-4363883 512-2268004 512-2268002 916561-9811 409-7667338 214-592-1372 817-752-9743 817-752-1642 817-761-1315 G Abilene T Abilene G Amarilto T Amarillo C Austin G Austin Austin Baytown Brownsville T Bryan T College Station G Corpus Christi T Corpus Christ! C Dallas C Dallas G Dallas T Dallas T Denton C ElPaso C El Paso G ElPaso T ElPaso C Ft. Worth C Ft. Worth G Ft. Wonh T Ft. Worth G Galveston T Galveston C Houston C Houston G Houston T Houston T Killeen G Lackland G Longview T Longview C Lubbock G Lubbock T Lubbock T McAllen C Midland G Midland T Midland G Nederland T Nederland G Odessa T Odessa G San Angelo C San Antonio G San Antonio T San Antonio G Terminal T Texas City T Tyler G Waco T Waco T Wichita Falls Utah njT) 801-627-1630 801-627-2022 801-3760645 801-521-2890 801-3560149 801-364-0780 G T T C G T Ogden Ogden Provo Salt Lake City Salt Lake City Salt Lake Otv Virginia (V A) 202-429-7896 G Alexandria 202-429-7896 G Annandaie 703-841-9834 C Arlington 703-691-8200 804-9768815 804-971-1505 80-1-971-1001 8046261186 703-352-7500 202-429-7896 703-691-8390 703-691-8200 202-4267896 804-2460021 7064361800 804-5261903 S04-744-4860 804-5966600 804-5967608 804-461-6128 804-461-6167 804-6261186 804-8567751 804-862-4700 804-6261186 804-8567751 804-358-8274 804-7869902 804-744-4860 703-344-2036 703-344-2762 202-4267896 202-4267896 804-6261186 804-872-9592 T Arlington C Charlottesville G Charlottesville T Charlottesville G C G T T G C G T T G Chesapeake Fairfax Fairfax Fairfax Fairfax Falls Church Hampton Herndon Lynchburg Midlothian Newport News T Newport News C C G T T G T C G T G T G G G Norfolk Norfolk Norfolk Norfolk Petersburg Portsmouth Portsmouth Richmond Richmond Richmond Roanoke Roanoke Springfield Vienna Virginia Beach Williamsbur s nl EL 802864-0608 802^58-2123 802-229-4966 802-223-3519 G Burlington T Burlington G MoMpelier T Mofltpelicr Washington fWA) 2069369982 G Auburn 206-447-9012 G Bellevue 206-647-0666 T Belli ngh am 2068267720 T Enumclaw 206577-5835 G Longview 206754-0460 G Olympia 2064362772 T Olympia 509-3763367 T Richland 206241-9111 C Seattle 20624 1-7023 C Seattle 206447-9012 G Seattle 206-2860109 T Seattle 509-3264)515 C Spokane 509-4554071 G Spokane 509-747-4105 T Spokane 2064327-1791 G Tacoma 206272-1503 T Tacoma 206693-0371 T Vancouver 5066666227 G Wenaichee 509-453-1591 T Yakima Wuconmn (Wf) 414-722-5580 6063666883 414-4766381 414-4766935 414-7861614 716832-1211 715-832-1354 414432-2815 414-432-3064 6067861450 6062S6-6S2S 606257-5010 606221-4211 606221-0891 414-4766935 414-4766381 414-271-3914 414-7861614 414-722-5580 414-2361082 414-552-7217 414-632-3006 4)4-334-1240 T T C C T G T G T T C G T T c c G T T T G T T Appleton Beloit Brookfield Brookfield Brookfield Eau Claire Eau Claire Green Bay Green Bay La Crosse Mad:son Madison Madison Madison Milwaukee Milwaukee Milwaukee Milwaukee Neenah Oshkosh Racine Racine West Bend West Virginia (WV) 304-7669700 304-3466471 304-3469575 304-7362331 304-523-2802 304-S264406 304-292-2175 304-2969371 304428-8511 304-232-3589 C G T C G T T C T C Charleston Charleston Charleston Huntington Huntington Huntington Morgant own Parkersburg Parkersburg Wheeling Wyoming (WY) 307-2665167 C 307-2360164 T 307-6384421 C Casper Casper Cheyenne CompuServe CIS Commodore Information Service My local CompuServe Number is: My CompuServe Account Number is: T-TOP TOP menu page. Goes directly sage CIS-i M - MENU Previous MENU. Goes back to the menu page thai points to the current page. A single will also return to the last menu it there isn't a next page. G-GO Go n. Go — ww directly to page 'n'. *n' may either be an information provider/number combination, like TRS-1 . or a number alone The latter will refer to the current information provider. H - HELP Displays HELP file. S - SCROLL S n. . . SCROLL from item 'n\ (Note: there MUST be a space between S and ihe page number. Example: S 4 will output pages until the last page in a series is reached. If at a menu page, n' specifies the menu item to scroll from. OFF or BYE Tnese commands will disconnect you from the Information Service immediately. F - FORWARD FORWARD a page. Displays the next page tn a series of pages. A single key will do the same thing. B - BACKWARD Returns to the Dreceding page P - PREVIOUS Go to the PREVIOUS item from last selected menu, if 5 was the last choice. P will display item 4 N-NEXT Go to the NEXT item from last selected menu If 5 was the last choice. NEXT will display item 6 R-RESEND RESEND the current page. This is useful if the current page has scrolled off the screen or after a HELP command. Control Characters Control characters are entered by holding down the Control key white at the same time pressing the character key. Some keyboards do not have a CONTROL key Programmers usually designate the OFF/RVS key as the Control key But it is not a true Control key. Therefore the RVS key ts (most often} pressed and released before entering ihe character The control characters most often used are. t = Control tC tu tv tH tA ts to to tp interrupts display or a program's execution so that you can enter another menu selection or command. deletes the line which you are currently typing redisplays the partial line you are typing and allows you to continue typing the line backspaces, deleting the character that was there. Note that the character may not disappear from your screen but it is no longer recognized by the computer. temporarily suspends output at the end of the current line. Enter tO to resume. temporarily suspends output immediately, even if it is in the middle of a line Enter tQ to resume output. resumes output after tA or TS stops output which ts In process (cannot oe resumed). interrupts output and takes you to a command prompt.

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78 CompuServe Category Index SIG = Special Interest Group Category P*8 Scientific SIC PCS-125 Economic News FIN- 10 Orch-90SIC HOM-13 Educational Research Sig HOM-28 Outdoor SIG HOM-38 Educators' SIG HOM-137 PDP-11 PCS-53 Edutech CAI PCA Official Tour Guide PGA Election "84 VOT PR and Marketing Forum SFP-48 Electronic Bounce Back EBB Pan Am Travel Guide PAN Electronic Gourmet HMS Panasonic SIG PCS-114 Category Page Parenting & Family Life PFL Pascal SIC PCS-55 Peak Delay Guide POG Personal Computing PCS Personal File Area CIS- 174 Personality Profile TMC- 17 Popular Science, Auios PSC Popular Science* Energy PSF. Popular Science. New Product PSP PowerSoft's XTRA-SO PCS-56 Pnmetime Radio Classic* PRC Product Ordering as-54 Programmers SIG PCS-158 Quick Quote FIN-20 Quick Reference List QUICK RCA SIG PCS-57 Rapaport Diamond Broker RDC Religion SIG HOM-33 Republican Forum HOM-41 Reversi GAM-40 Rick's Arcade Center ARC Roulette CAM -42 SAVINGS-SCAN SAV SHO-TIME Movie Catalog MOV Scott Adams Games GAM-28 Scramble GAM -4 3 SeaWar GAM-57 Shareholders Freebtes FRE Shawmut Bank o< Boston SHW Shop-at-home HOM-40 Ski SIG HOM-36 Social Security Administration SSA Society of Mining Engineers SME Software Author's SIG PCS-II7 Space StC HOM-127 Space Trek GAM-26 Space War GAM-25 Sports SIG HOM 110 SlLPost-Dispalch. Autos SPD StL Post-Dispatch. Business SPD SiL Post-Dispatch Jobs SPD StL Post- Dispatch. Real Est SPD StL Post-Dispatch. Spons SPD SiL Post-Dispatch. US News SPD StL Post-Dispatch. Classified SPD Standard & Poors FIN-20 State Capital Quiz TMC-44 Stevens Business Reports SBR TR5-80 Professional Forum PCS-2I TR580 Model 100 SIG PCS-154 TYMNET logon instructions LOG-11 Tandy Newsletter TRS TeteComm SIG PCS-52 Telenet logon instruct LOG-20 Terminal Software PCS- 20 Texas Instruments Forum PCS-27 Text Editors PCS-20 The Business Wire TBW The College Board TCB The Electronic Mall EM The Multiple Chow TMC The National Satirise KCS The New Tech Times ntt The World of Lotus LOTUS Touch-Type Tutor TMC Travel Fax ESC Travel SIG HOMI57 TravelVision TRV Trivia Tesi TMC Unified Management UMC United American Bank HOM-152 User Directorv HOM-4 VAX SIG PCS- 16 VIDTEX Information VID Value Line Financials FIN-20 Value Line Protections FIN- 1 8 Veterinarians Forum SFP-37 Victory Garden vrc Video Information VIF Washington Post. Business TWP-I2 Washington Post. Editorials TWP Washington Post, Financial TWP Washington Past, Gov't News TWP Washington Post. Politics TWP- 15 Washington Post. Sports TWP Washington Post, US News TWP Washington Post. World News TWP West Coast Travel WCT What's New NEW Whole Earth Software SIG WEC Words of Wit & Wisdom WWW Work-at-home SIG HOM-M6 Worldwide Exchange WWX Wumpus GAM-44 CO c "3 a E o U IS f e < (8 * u V 6 g i u fit e. I

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79 c s a ! 3 e 1 8 l 6 e | a 24h Denotes 24-hour operation • Nighttime Operation Bulletin Boards By Area Code ** Hum-User System T200 Baud Allowed 201 O 201-864-5345 ABSSAptfe-Maie, New York. NY □ 201*835-7228 ABBSCCNJ. Pcmpton Pla*ns. NJ D 201491-7441 A.CCESS.Wyckorl Nj D 201-79O5910 ArjhrodiieE. Haledon. NJ O 201-627-5151 Conterence-Tree Flagship Rockaway NJ D 201-272-3686 Ckaf Your-MatC* #14, Cranford. NJ D 201-462-0435 Dut-Your-Maicfi #21 , Freehold. NJ D 201*486-2956 Forum-80. Linden NJ D 2014284623 Forum-80 Monrnoutn. J r file. NJ O 201-994-9620 Net-Works The Barn, Lrvngston. NJ Q 201*738-4630 Prates D«$tnbutjng a 201-366-2209 P-ratesI/0 D 201-423O610 Places Unknown D 201*790-6795 Photo40. Haledon. NJ D 201-932-3887 PMS Rutgers Un-v McrolaB Ptscaiaway. NJ D 201-867-6874 RATS System Whippany. NJ D 201*584-9227 RCPW Flanders. N J D 201*272-1874 RCP/M RBBS Granted, NJ D 201-7754705 RCP/M RBBS Ocean. NJ O 201-747-7301 RCP/M RBBS Paul Bogdanov)cht NJ D 201-932-3879 RCP/M RBBS Rutgers. New Brunswck. NJ O 201425-1797 RCP/M The C-Unft, NJ D 201-233-5997 Snerwood Forest 24h «r 24h *r «r 24h 24h 24h 24n 24h * ?4h □ 202*364-8617 ALadOn s Lamp D 202-2768342 ARMUDC Washington. DC D 2024634165 NWOS D 202*337-4894 Program Store 0* DC. Washingwv DC D 202*676-9947 Wa^HouSe \W 24h 203 D 203-744-46*4 O 203488-7952 Q 203634-0026 D 203-7485763 Buftet-80 DanDury . CT Butiei40. Seymour CT Spectre-80 Te*com 7 New Fa»r1*e!d. C 24h 204 Q 204-7854742 Selkirk BBS. Selkirk MB CAN 205 24ft D 2084924373 C 205-272-5069 C 205-972-1685 G 2054954749 8u»et40. Gadsden. AL Forum40. Montgomery* AL Pentagon RCP/M RBBS NACS/UAK Huntsv*'eL AL 2*n 24* 206 D 206-9384119 ABBSAopJeCratei. Seattle. WA G 206-2444438 ABBS Apple Crate w . Seame. WA D 208466-9043 AC.CE S S , Oh/mp*, WA D 2064214665 AnchorCP/M 0 208*525-5410 Apple Crate l. Seattle WA D 206-546-6239 ARBB. Seattle. WA O 206424-0203 CaliAPPL.E Seattle WA O 206-2564824 DtfYour-Maten *16. Seattle. WA Q 206-723-3282 Forum-8Q Seattle WA O 2084834403 JCTS Reomond. WA D 206-767*7777 Kingdom of Seven. Seanle. WA O 206-527-0897 Marf Board42+ Seattle. WA D 206-7624141 MmnBin. SeaOe. WA D 206-334-7394 MSG40 Everett WA D 206-7434021 NWWCUG Edmunds. Seartle. WA D 206-783-9798 Plates erf Puget Sound. Seattle. WA a 206-488*2368 PMS Software Unhmfled, Kenmore, WA D 206-357-7400 RCP/M Otympa. WA O 206-4564066 RCP/M RBBS Yelm.CtymptB. WA D 206-7834879 Seecomm4Q Seattle. WA 24h 24h 24h 24h 24h 207 □ 207439-2337 RCe/M Programmers Anonymous. Gorham. ME 24h* 209 D 209*298*1326 Diai-Your-MaK* f 26f Oovts, CA 97 212 D 2124984519 Q 212-933-9459 a 212-740-5660 D 212497-3392 D 212-991-1064 D 212-441-3755 O 212431-1786 D 212-5414975 Q 212-41 &0949 D 2124284375 □ 212-997-2488 D 212-285-7240 O 212-442-3874 □ 212-799-4649 P) Queens. NY Bronx BBS New York. NY Bullet40.NewYork.NY Comm40. Queens. NY Connection40. Manhattan NY Connecwn-80. Wooonaven. NY Kracker's KasOe MMMMMf 2. New York. NY Net-Works. Brooklyn. NY Nybt*es40 NY PMS Mcgraw-H* Books. New York. MY RCP/M ABBS Manhattan, New York. NY S*ster Staten e One) D 213450-4580 MMMMMH Santa Monica. CA (hneTwo) D 2134524111 MMMMM#3. Manna Del Rey.CA D 213421-2257 MMMMM#4. Lawndale. CA D 213*336-5535 Net-Works Coin Games. Los Ange*es+CA Q 21345*4694 Net- Works Computer World. Los Angetes.CA O 213-345-3670 Nel-WorKsEncuio.CA D 213-388-5198 Net-Wonts Magnetic Faniases, Los Angeles. CA O 213454-3075 Net-Works Pirate's tnn.CA D 213473-2754 Net Works Softworx. West Los Angeles. CA D 2134814880 Novation Co .. Los Angeles. CA D 213960-5643 Orade. North Hollywood. CA D 213-784-0204 Outer Limits #1 VanNuys.CA D 2t3-7824390 Outer Limits #2. Van Nuys CA O 213-36TX)211 Phantoms Hollow Granada Hitts.CA D 2134724287 Prates Mountain. LosAngetes.CA a 213-395-9B13 Plates Paper. Santa Momca. CA O 213-331-3574 PMS. Los Angeles. CA D 213468-5801 RBBS, Sar- Fernando. CA O 213-3954460 RBBS. Santa Monica t CA D 213-799-1632 RCP/M CB8S Pasadv>a,CA D 213-360-5053 RCP/MH Granada Hrts.CA O 213298-5927 RCP/M. LOS Angeles. CA D 213-841-2503 RCP/M RBBS GFRNOau Exchange P^osVerdes.CA 24h * O 2134534398 RCP/M RBBS. Hollywood. CA J4h D 213-973*2374 RCP/M RBBS IBM PC. Hawthorne CA * D 213-5774947 RCP/MRBBS Pasadena. CA J4h * D 213447-0661 The Frigate D 213-3754137 Torture Chamber. Los Angeles. CA D 213457-2038 Tw^ghtZone D 2134S9-7735 Ye Pawn Shoppe Los Angeles. CA 24h 24h* 24he 24h 24h ©-cat 24h 24h * 24h 214 D 214-424*3862 ABBS Dallas fnfo Boara. Dallas. TX O 214-960-7854 ABBS Tsedunon HI. Dallas. IX D 214431-7747 ABBS The Piise. OMM, TX D 214-289-1386 BBS40 Dtftr^g DaHas.TX D 2144444781 Net-Works App*e Shack, TX □ 214-361-1386 Net-Works Deltas. TX O 21 4-239-5842 Net- Works Edecbc Computer System*. Drf las TX D 214424-7455 Net-WrjrkS Wfiesap. TX □ 214-9314274 RCP/M CBBS. Dailas. TX D 214-241-1939 RCP/M CBBSMaxcom. 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DaBas. TX ABBS Turnersville. NJ ABBS. Vancouver. BC. CAN ABBS Vermont Essex Junction. VT ABBSV*oeoAdv Mov*Ma?Quee. Evanston. IL ABBS Wesl Palm Beach. FL ABC Vancouver BC. CAN ACCESS AnnapO-is. MD ACCESS 0»ympt*WA ACCESS Phoena AZ A.CCESS Pnoena AZ ACCESSPhoen*.AZ ACCESS. Phoenix AZ A C C E S S Scottda* AZ AC CE SS. Wyckoff, NJ Access-80. Tampa. FL Access One. CA ACS Arlington Heights. IL ACS. Cmcago. IL Adventure BBS Adventurer* s Tavern Aladdm's Lamp AJcatraz AJINipniBBSCA Alpha, ^ampa. FL Alpha Byte. CA American BBS American Networks #2, Meta^e. LA AMIS Aft C A.O.E.. Sterbng Heights Ml AMtSAoogeeM^a-ni FL AMIS. Clarendon Hiiis.iL amis GRASS. Grand RatwJs. Mi AMiS Gra'ex. Cupertino. CA am:S rBBBS. San Jose. CA AMiS MACE .Detroit, Ml AMtS Mage Lantern. Maofeon. Wi AMtS Starbase 12, PNade(pfaar PA AMES TABBS. Sunnyvale. CA Anchor CPfM Apnrod1e-E< Haleooa NJ Apollo's Chanot. Apoto Fl Apoantons Cove Apole Crate I. Seattle. WA Apple Crunch. 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Vancouver. BC. CAN 6BS,Annandae VA BBS Apollo, Phoenix. AZ BBS Atari Ams, Kansas City . MO BBS BR . Los Angeies. CA BBS Cotomet. Providence. Rl BBS Commodore. San Juan PR BBS Computer Apptcations Co Poland. Oh BBS Express BBS Meathkc Store Warwick Rl BBS Homestead. FL BBS IBM Hosicomin Aflanta. GA BBS fBM Hosicomm. f wfax. VA BBS IBM Hosicomm, Fa*fax. VA BBS IBM Hosicomm. Fa#fax. VA BBS IBM Hosicomm. Farfa*. VA BBS IBM Hosicomm, Houston. TX BBS IBM Hostcomm. Sw njjT^ci. VA BBS IBM Hosicomm. Toronto ON. CAN BBS IBM PC. Annandale. VA BBS IBM PC. AtWta GA BBS IBM PC. Auwa GA BBS IBM PC. Betevilte. MD BBS IBM PC. Sethesda. MD BBS IBM PC. Charlotte. NC BBS IBM PC. Computer Society. Boston MA BBS IBM PC. Culver City. CA BBS IBM PC. DaleCfty. VA BBS IBM PC. Gaflhersburg MD BBS fBM PC. Great Fails. VA BBS IBM PC Wadsorywi BBS IBM PC. Ntes. H BBS IBM PC Rockvie. MD BBS IBM PC Venna. VA BBS iSM PCmodem. Chicago. 1 BBS IBM PCmodem. Chicago. IL BBS MCUA Houslon, TX BBS Pensacoia. FL B3SSUE Miwajkee.WI BBS Systmk, Providence. Rl BBSTneS#ehou$e Minneapolis. MN BBS 16. Santa Rosa, CA BBS-80 Oaitrug. Dal^s, TX Beach Game System BigTopGarnesSysien. Milwaukee Wi Bird House. San Jose. CA Blax'80 BBS. Phoeno:. A2 Boca Harbor Boston in*ormaiK>n Exchange. Boston. MA Bradley Brokers BBS Toronto ON CAN Bradtey Brothers BBS Download. Toronto ON. CAN BraoJey Computer BBS Bronx BBS New York. NY BSBB. Tampa. FL Buccaneer s Harbor Bull 80. Toronto. ON CAN Bull BBS (ETl Magazine). Toronto ON . CAN BuHet-80 Boston. MA Chesteriand OH Clarks Summtt PA DanouryCT El Paso. TX Fayettevrfle.GA Gadsoen al HafresOurg, MS HOWfftfi IA 24h 24h 24h 24h 24h 24h 24h 24h 24h 24hi 24h 24h 24h 24h 24h • 24h 24h 24h 24h 24h 24h m 24h 24h 8 2in 24n 24h 24h# 24hS 24h £ B^itei-80 Butlet-80r Butlei-80 BuHet*0 Bu^etSO Bullef*0 BuUet-80 BuHet*0 BuJiet-80 BufletSO Bu^et-80 BUW80. 7 30pm-8am.24h*kndS 24h * 24h 24h 24h Ironton. OH Langhorne PA New York. NY Crange Couniy Butet-80 Ptr ate Place Bu»et 80. 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Chicago. (L 24h D 61^692-1961 Or- me Saba. San Dego. CA 24h D 612-546-1013 OrvTargei D 213-980-5643 Orac*e Nonh Hollywood. CA 9r □ 714-537-7913 Orange County Data Exchange, Ga' den Grove. CA D 312-397-6308 0&9 6809 BBS. Pautme Q 416-464-9663 OSBOARD Toronto. ON. CAN 24h a 914-725-4060 OSUNY. Scarsdate. NY Q 213-784-0204 Outer Lm*s * i „ Van Nuys. CA 24ft D 213-782-6390 Outer Limedon, NJ D 714-645-8100 P*g Sty. Costa Mesa, CA D 304-744-2253 Pir«*80 D 415-775-2364 FV aM Bay 0 51*332-3443 p*ates B^gade. Montreal PQ CAN D 617-691-1349 Plates Chest D 516-698-4006 Plates Cove G 201-736-4630 P>raies Deputing D 314-576-4109 Pirates Emconum D 314*991-2744 Pirates Forge O 617*63-1237 Pirates Hoeout. Lexmgion, MA D 201*366-2209 Prates I/O D 612-825-5852 Pirates teiana O 301-869*747 Prates Landing a 914434-1268 Urates Lodge 0 305-3354640 Pirates Loft II Q 213-472-4287 Pirates Mountain, Los Angeles. CA 0 206-783*798 Plates Of Puget Sound. Seaffie. WA D 213*395*9813 Prates Paoer Santa Mon»ca. CA a 605*492-3150 P*rates Phunhouse, Thousand Oaks. CA a 313-968-2645 Pirates Prison II D 30S423-2756 P+raies Reef R D 305454*398 P*rsiesReef D 703*4*1665 Pirates Trove D 703*23-4791 Pirates Trove III D 415-924-6282 Pirates Wa'enouse D 201-423*610 Places Umnoivn D 516*935-2481 P*over Net D 713441-4032 PMBBS D 714-7724868 PMS"rJ'\ Anaheim CA 24ft O 907-344*558 PMS Anchorage, AK a 816-252*232 PMS Apple Bits. Kansas Crty. MO 24ft a 617*767-1303 PMS Apple Gudd. Weymouth MA 24h 0 301-764-1995 PMS. Baittfnore. MO 24ft D 702478-9106 PMS Century 23 Las Vegas. NV 24h Q 312*73*057 PMS. Chicago, IL 24n D 51*471-2753 PMS. Qnonnai'. OH D 617-774-7516 PMS Computer Crty. Danvers. MA Q 619-582-9557 PMS Computer Merchant San D*go. CA 24h D 503*89-2655 PMS Computer Solutions. Eugene. OR 24h D 619*271*613 PMS Dale* Systems lnc.H San Diego. CA 24h O 312-964-6513 PMS Downers Grove/Sn. Downers Grove H 0 619-265*428 PMS Ed Tech. San Diego. CA O 301-466-3176 PMS. EllcoftCiCy. MD D 619-746-0667 PMS. Escona*oo. CA • O 619*79-7036 PMS F*oopy House. San o«go. CA 24h O 619-251*538 PMS Fioooy House D 501*4^*197 PMS Ft Smith Comp. Qu&, Ft Smith. AK D 409-233-7943 PMSGulfcoast. Freeoort TX 24h D 312-295*926 PMS lAC. Laxe Forest JL 24h D 317-787-5486 PMS. JndtanapolQ. tN 24ft O 619-578-2646 PMS K»d s Message System. San D«go. CA 24h Q 416-445-5192 PMS Logic Inc. , Toronto. ON. CAN 24nS 0 21 3-331 -357C PMS. LOS A/xjeles CA 24n D 216-832-8392 PMS. Massilton. Oh 24h D 212*997-2438 PMS McgrawH II Books. New York. NY 0 6l2-92«699 PMS. Minneapolis. MN 24h 0 213-346*1849 PMS O.A.C . Woodland Hrfls. CA 24h a 301-653-3413 PMS. Pike$v*e, MD 0 415-462-7419 PMS Pieasanton CA 24h D 503-245*2536 PMS Portland, OR 24h D 415-651-3453 PMS. Poncrfa Vasey. CA 24h D 216*67*7463 PMS Raug, Akron. OH 24h D 415-490-7878 PMS Red>ngton Group. Fremont. CA 24h D 201-932-3887 PMS Rutgers Ua-v Mcrtfab Pscaia-vay.NJ D 619-727-7500 PMS. San Marcos. CA 24h C 408-688-9629 PMS Santa Cruz. 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97 I a a O a e 2 hi (0 X ! e e i 1 IEEE Standard Definitions Capitalized Mnemonics represent interface states and remote messages, lowercase represent local messages received. From "IEEE Std 488-1978" Name Definition Name Definition Name Definition AC Add'essed command ACQS Avcceoi Oaia stale ACG Addressed command group ACRS Acceptor ready sate AO Addressed AH Acceptor handshake AH1 Compiele capability AHO No capability AIDS Acceptor idle state ANRS Acceptor not ready state ANSI Amencan National Standard's Institute APRS Affirmative Poll Response State ATN Attention AWNS Acceptor Wait lor New cycle State C Controller CACS Controller addressed state CADS Controller idle state CAWS Controller active wait state CIDS Controller Cle state CPPS Controller parallel dcii state CPWS Confo'le* parallel poll wait state CSBS Contraier standby state CSNS Controller service not requesteo state CSRS Controller service requested state CSWS Controller synchronous wait state CTRS Controller transfer state DAB Data byte DAC Data accepted DAV Controller Data valid DC Device clear OCAS Device clear active state DCIS Device dear :dle state DCL Devce dear DO Devce Dependent DID Data input OT Devce t"gger DTAS Device Trigger Acirve State DTIS Devce trigger state END End EOl End Or identity EOS End 01 Strmg F Active false (F) Passive False GET Group Execute Trigger GTL Go To Local gts Go To Standby IDY Identriy IFC Interlace clear lat Individual status LorLE LACS LADS LAG LIDS LLO LOCS Ion LPAS (Ipe) LPIS Hn lun LWLS M MLA or (MLA) MSA or (MSA) MTAof(MTA) nba NDAC NPRS NRFD NUL OSA OTA PACS PCG POFS pon PP PPAS PPC PPD or (PPD) PPE or PPIS PPR PPSS PPU PUCS rdy REMS REN RFD RL RQS rsc rev rtl Listener or emended listener Listener active status Listener Aodressed State Listener Address Group Listener >dle state Local lockout Local state Listener only listener Primary Addressed Sate Local Poll Enaoie Listener Primary idle State Listen Local unlisten Local Wtn Lockout State Multiline My Listen Address My Secondary Address My Talk Address New Byte Available Not Data Accepted Negative Poll Response State Not Ready For Data Nufi byte Other Seconoay Address Other Talk Address Parallel poll addressed to configure state Primary Command Group Power off Power on Parallel Poll Parallel Poll Active State Parallel Poll configure Parallel Poll Disable Parallel Poll Enable Pataiel Pd Idle State Parallel Pon Respo-ise Parallel Poll Standby State Parallel Poll UncoM

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IEEE 488 Bus Signals Manager ATN Attenton The controller (PET/CBM/B) sels this signal low while it rs sending commands on the data bus When ATN is low, only peripheral addresses and control messages are on me data bus. When ATN is high, only previously assigned devces can transfer data. Transfer DAV Daia Valid When DAV is low, this signifies thai data is vaW on data bus Manager EOI End or Identify When the last byte of data is being transferred the talker has the option of setting EOl low. The controller always sets EOI low while the last data byte is being transferred from the controller Manager IFC interlace Clear The controHer sends rts rnternal reset s*gnal as IFC low (true) to initialize all devces to the idle siate When the controller is switched on or reset. IFC goes low for about 100 milliseconds Transfer NDAC Data Not Accepted This signai is held low (true) by the listener while reading. When the data byte has been read, the listener sets NDAC high This signals the talker that data has been accepted. Transfer NRFD Not Ready for Data When NRFD is low (true), one or more listeners are not ready for the ne>:t byte of data. When an devices are ready. NRFD goes high Manager SRO Serwce Request Not implemented En BASIC, but available to me user. Manager REN Remote Enable REN is held low by the bus controller The PET/CSM has a pin grounded that keecs REN permanently low Data D101-8 Data Input/Oulput Lines 1-8 These signals represent tne bits of information on the data bus When a D10 signal is low. it represents 1 and when high 0. General GND Ground Ground connections. There are six control and management signal ground returns, one data signal ground return and one chassis shield ground lead IEEE Byte Transfer Sequence 98 COMMENTS Nol Bt«dy (Of Dm Data Not Aecepwd (ft o a. a s O a IEEE Port Pinouts 1 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 1011 12 COEFHJ KLMN (Eoge-on view) IEEE Connectors Pins Pirnf Pmr HOI DK>2 DK33 CHCM EOI wv NRFD NDAC IFC SRO ATN Shwld/Earth Groury) o 1 13 D*05 2 14 D106 3 IS DI07 4 16 DI06 5 W REN 6 18 DM Ground 7 19 ^0" NRFD Ground 8 NDAC Ground 9 10 2i IFC Ground 22 SRO Ground 11 23 ATN Ground 24 , S*flnal Ground o ^^^ta^^nJ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 A B C D E F H J K L M N I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Mnemonic DI01 DI02 D103 DI04 EOI DAV NRFD NDAC IFC SRO ATN GND DI05 DI06 DI07 DI08 REN GND GND GND GND GND GND GND Definition Daia Inpui/Output Line #1 Daia Input/Oulput Line #2 Daia Input/Output Line #3 Daia Input/Output Line #4 End or Identify Data Valid Nol Ready For Oala Daia noi Accepted Interface Clear Service Request Attention Chassis Ground (IEEE cable snieid) Data Input/Output Line #5 Data Input/Output Line #6 Data input/Output Line #7 Data Input/Output Line #8 Remote Enable DAV Ground NRFD Ground NDAC Ground IFC Ground SRO Ground ATN Ground Data Ground (DI01 -8} Pin Numbers for Standard IEEE Cable Connector

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99 99 £ s a G S 1 X PET/CBM User Port 1 3 5 7 9 1113 15 17 19 2123 25 6522 Registers e 1 I e 1 a a a. J 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 (Edge-on view) Pn# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 e 9 10 II 12 A B C D E F H J K L M N Function G'ound TV Video SRQ EOI Dag Sense READ1 READ 2 Wr.te ven Horiz GND GND GND CA1 PBO PBi PB2 PB3 PB4 PB5 PB6 PB7 CB2 GND Descr:pnon System Ground Video Out tor external displays Connected to IEEE SRQ Connected to IEEE EOI Held low causes power up to Diagnostic routines Connected to cassette 1 read ime Connected to cassette 2 read line Diagnostic tape write verity TV Vertical 'or externa) displays TV Hrjrfzoniat 'or external d'Sp'ays Edge sensitive input ot 6522 VIA PB0-7 are independent progran-mabe lor Input or Output Special I/O &n ol VIA Digital Grouno Commodore 64 User Port 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 S 9 10 11 12 ABCDEFHJKLMN (Edge-on view) Pm# Function Description i Ground System Grouno 2 + 5V ( 1 00 ma maxim urn) 3 RESET Cold Stan Memory is NOT destroyec 4 CNT1 Serial Port counter irom CIA #1 5 SP1 Senai Port trom CIA #1 6 CNT2 Serai Port counter iron- CIA #2 7 SP2 Serial Port trom CIA #2 8 PC2 Handshaking hne Irom CIA #2 9 Senai ATN Connected to Serial Bus ATN Line 10 9 VAC * Phase Transformer output (50 ma maximum) 11 9 VAC -Phase Transformer output {50 ma. maximum) 12 GND A GND B FLAG2 C PBO PB0-7 are independently programmable D PB1 lor Input or Output E PB2 F PB3 H P84 J PB5 K PB6 I PB7 M PA2 Special I/O pm of CIA N GND C64 / VIC 20 Keyboard Matrix 2 8-Bit I/O Ports. 4 Control Lines. 2 1 6-Bit Counter/Timers. 1 8-Bit Shift Register Reg# Register Function 0 I/O Port B Data register 1 I/O Port A Data regster. witn Handshaking 2 I/O Port B Data D rection 3 I/O Port A Data Direction 4 Read. Timer 1 Counter low Resets T1 int. Flag (IFR Bit6) Write; Timer 1 Latch low T1 Latch low xferred io T1 Counter low on writm Reg 5 5 Read. Timer 1 Counter high. Write Timer 1 Latch high. Latch high transferred to T1 on writing 6 Write; Timer 1 Latch low Contents transferred to Reg 4 Read: Timer 1 Latch low. Does not reset Ti int. Flag 7 Write: Timer 1 Latch high. Start up value, no transfer Read Timer 1 Latch high 8 Write: Timer 2 low. Read Timer 2 tow. 9 Write Timer 2 high. Transfers T2 Latch low to T2 Counter low. Resets T2 Int. Flag (IFR B.t5) 10 Serial I/O shift register. Shift OUT Bit 7 first out. then rotated to Bit 0 Shift IN: Bit 0 loaded first, rotated towards Bit 7 11 Auxhiliary Control register 12 Peripheral Control register 13 Interrupt Flag Register (IFR) 14 Interrupt Enable Reg;ster (IER; 15 I/O Port A Data, no handshaking DDRA/B: Bit = 0 Input, Bit = 1 Output (Remember: NOT I/O) Commodore 64 Expansion Port 22 21 20 19 1S 17 16 15 U 13 12 11 10 9 9 7 ROW Column (bit in locattor 56321) 7 6 S 4 3 2 1 0 $FE dn F5 F3 F1 F7 rt nrn DEL $FD l.shti E S Z 4 A W 3 SFB X T F C 6 D R 5 SF7 V U H B 8 G Y 7 SEF N 0 K M 0 J I 9 SOF ® L P + SBF / » r.shf HOME ; • £ S?F STOP 0 C- SPACE 2 CTRL — 1 Notes. 1 ) The Shift Lock Key is connected :o the let: shift key 2) The RESTORE Key i s not perl of the keyboard matnx. but s directly wired to generate ar i NMI Interrupt wher struck. z YXWVUTSHPNMLKJHFEDCBA (End view) P:n« Name Description 1 GND System Ground 2 -SVDC Total User Port and Cartridge devices 3 ♦ 5VOC can draw no more than 450.Tia 4 IRQ Interupt Request line to 65 1 0 (active low). 5 R/W Read/Write 6 Dot Clock 6. 1 8 MHz video dot cock 7* I/O 1 I/O Block 1 @ SDEOOSDEFF (active low) unbuffered I/O e GAME Active low TTL input, 9 EXROM Active low TTL input. 10 1/0 2 I/O Block 2 @ $OF00-$OFFF (aci-ve low) buffered TTL output. 11 ROML 8K decoded RAM/ROM block ® $8000 (active tow) buffered Ttl output. 12 BA Bus Available signal from the VIC II chip ■ unbuffered i is maximum toad 13 DMA Direct Memory Access request line (active tow input) is TTL input. 14 D7 Data bus t>t 7 * 15 D6 Data bus tut 6 ' 16 D5 Data bus bit 5 * 17 D4 Data bus cm 4 ■ 18 D3 Data bus bit 3 * 19 02 Data bus di! 2 ' 20 D1 Data bus bit 1 * 21 DO Data bus DUO " 21 GND System grounc A GND System Ground 8 ROMH eK decoded RAM/ROM Block @ SEOOO buffered C RESET 651 0 RESET p-n (adrve low) buffered TTL out/unbuffered m. D NMI 6510 Non-Maskable Interrupt (active tow) buffered TTL out. unbuffered in E ♦2 Phase 2 system clock F A15 Address bus bit 15 * H A14 Address bus bit 14 * J A13 Address busb-t 13 " K A12 Address bus bfl 12 ' L A11 Address bus bit 1 1 ' M A10 Address bus b.t 10' N A9 Address ':usbfl 9 • P A8 Address bus on 8 ' R A7 Address bus bit 7 ' S A6 Address bus bit 6 ' T A5 Address bus bit 5 ' U A4 Address bus bit 4 * V A3 Address bus bit 3 ' W A2 Address bus bit 2 * X Al Address bus bit 1 " Y AO Address bus bit 0 " Z GND System Ground

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Pm* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 '8 19 20 21 22 A b C D E F h J K L M N P R S T U V w X Y Z VIC 20 User Port 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 VIC 20 / Commodore 64 Serial Port 100 A B 1 ;OEFHJKLMN (Edge-on view) Pm# Name Description 1 Ground System Ground 2 + 5V ( 1 00 ma maximum) 3 BESET Cold Start Memory is destroyed 4 JOY0 Joystick Switch 0 5 JOY1 Joystick Switch 1 6 JOY 2 Joystick Switch 2 7 PEN Light Pen Input Also Joystick Fire Button 6 SENSE Cassette Switcn sense line 9 Serial ATN Connected to Serial Bus ATN Line 10 9 VAC -Phase Transformer output (50 ma maximum) 11 GNO 12 GND A GND 8 CB1 C PB0 PB0-7 are independently programmable D PB1 tor Input or Output E PB2 F P83 H PB4 J PB5 K PB6 L PB7 M CB2 Spec-al I/O p>n ol VIA N GND Pini Name 1 SRO 2 GND 3 ATN 4 CLK 5 DATA 6 RESET Description Serial SRO m (active low) System Grounc Serial ATN IrVOui Senal Clock In/Oul Ser a) Data In/Out Resets all devices on Senal Ous (aciive low) VIC 20 Audio/Video Port £ 0 a. 3 I 3 o 3 a c 3 ha X VIC 20 Expansion Port 22 21 20 19 16 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 P.n* Name Description Colour 1 - 5V 10 ma. maximum Red 2 GND System Ground _ 3 AUD Audio Out Grey 4 VIDL Video Low Black 5 VIDH Video High White CoWur refers to Radio Shack Part* 42-2394 ZYXWVuTSRPNMLK (Ena view) Name GND CD0 CD1 CD2 CD3 CD4 CDS CD6 CO 7 BLKi BLK2 BLK3 BLK5 RAMI RAM2 RAM3 VR/W CfVW IRQ NC + 5v GND GND CAO CA1 CA2 CA3 CA4 CA5 CA6 CA7 CAB CA9 CA10 CA11 CA12 CA13 1/02 V03 •02 NMI RESET NC GND Description System grouna Data bus b-tO * Data bus tut 1 ' Data bus Dt2 ' 0aiabusbt3 ' Data bus 01 4 ■ Data bus bit 5 ' Da:abusbit6 ' Data bus bn 7 • 8k decoded RAM/ROM block 1 @ $2000 (active low) 8k decoded RAM/ROM block 2 @ $4000 (active low) 8k decoded RAM/ROM block 3 @ $6000 (active low) 8K decoded ROM block 5 @ $A000 (active low) 1 k decoded RAM block @ $0400 (active low) 1 k decoded RAM block @ $0800 (active low) ik decoded RAM block @ $0C00 (active low) Read/Wnte line from VIC Chip (hKjh-reao. low-write) ReadAVnte line from CPU (high-read, low-write) Interupt Request line to 6502 (active low) Address bus bit 0 " Address bus t>t 1 ' Address bus bit 2 ' Address bus bit 3 ' Address bus bit 4 ' Address bus bit 5 ' Address bus bn 6 ' Address bus bit 7 * Address bus bit 8 * Address bus bit 9 ' Address bus bit 10 * Address bus bit 11 * Address bus b«t 1 2 ' Address bus bit 13 * I/O block 2 (locate:: at $9600) I/O block 3 (located at $9C00i Phase 2 system clock 6502 Non-Maskable interrupt (active low) 6502 Reset c*n (active low) Commodore 64 Audio/Video Port Pm# Name Description 1 LUM Luminance 2 GND System Grouna 3 AUD Audio Out 4 COMP Composite V>deo 5 JACK Audio In 6 CHR Chroma out 7 N/C No connection 8 N/C No connect-on VIC 20 / Commodore 64 Joystick Ports UnDuflO'ed. i low power Scftonky TTL load max Pm# Name Description 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 JOYO JOY1 JOY 2 JOY 3 POTY FIRE + 5V GND POTX Also the Light Pen input (C64 port 1 only) 100 ma maximum System Ground Nole See Memory Map lor reading Joystick Ports

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101 i o a. 3 I 3 o 3 a c u cd X e e < 0) u (0 & e e 3 S a e u I J 6520 PIA Registers 2 8-Bit I/O Ports. 4 Conlrol Lines. Control Register Bit 2 is used to seiecl Data or Direction Registers Reg# CRA Bit 2 = Register Function 0 0 I/O Port A Data D:reclion Register (DDRA) 0 1 Peripheral I/O Port A Daia register (PA) 1 Control Register A (CRA) Reg# CRB Bit 2 = Register Function 2 0 I/O Port B Data Direction Register (DDRB) 2 1 Peripheral I/O Port B Data register (PB; 3 Control Register B (CRB) DDRA/B: Bit = 0 Input, Bit = 1 Output (Remember: NOT I/O] PIA Control Registers 7 6 |lRQi|iRQ2f Q CA2 Control SS I CAT Control J~l Control Register A (Chip Address + 1 0 0 IRQ! = 1 on CA1 going low. IRQ disabled 0 1 IR01 = 1 on CA1 going low. IRQ enabled 1 0 IRQ1-1 onCA1 going hgh. IRQ disabled 1 1 IRQ1 = 1 on CAT going high. IRQ enabled IRQ1 cleared by reading Per pheral I/O Register A 0 Chip Address + 0 = DDRA Chip Address * 0 = Peripheral I/O Port A 0 0 0 IRQ2 = 1 on CA2 going low. IRQ disabled 0 0 1 IRQ2 = 1 on CA2 going low, IRQ enabled 0 1 0 IRQ2 = l on CA2 going high. IRQ disabled 0 1 1 IRQ2 = 1 on CA2 going high, IRQ enabled IRQ2 cieared oy reading Peripheral I/O Register A 0 0 0 0 CA2 set on IRQ1 = 1 (CAT transition) CA2 cleared after PA -ead 0 0 1 1 CA2 set on every $2 negative edge CA2 goes low tor i 2 cycle after PA read l 0 Manual control: CA2 low ' 1 Manual control: CA2 high IRQ Flags Set by external events IRQ Flags Ciearea by reading I/O ports 1 0 IRQ1 IRQ 2 CB2 Confol CB1 Control 0 0 0 0 0 I I Control Register B (Chip Address + 3) 0 0 IRQ1 = l on CBl going low. IRQ disab ed 0 1 IRQ1 = i on CB1 going low. IRQ enabled 1 0 IRQ1 = 1 on CB1 going hgh. TO disabled 1 1 IRQ! • 1 on CBl qomq high. :RQ enabled IRQ1 cleared by reading Peripheral I/O Registe' B 0 Chip Address + 2 = DDRB Chip Address + 2 - Peripheral I/O Port B 0 RQ2 = 1 on CB2 going low IR~Q disabled IRQ2 " 1 on CB2 going low. IRQ er.aoled 0 RQ2 = 1 on CB2 going high. TO disabled IRQ2 - 1 on CB2 going high. RQ enabled RQ2 cleared by reading Peripheral I/O Register B 0 Q 0 0 0 0 0 CB2 set on IRQ1 = 1 {C81 transition) CB2 cleared after PB write CB2 set on every 0>2 negative edge CB2 goes low for 1 02 cycle after PB write Manual control. CB2 low Manual control CB2 high IRQ Flags Set by external events IRQ Flags Cleared by reading I/O ports

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6522 VIA Control Registers 102 0 Timer 1 Ctrl T7 Shift Reg Control Latch Ctr> 0 0 0 0 c Auxiliary Control Register (Chip Address + 1 1 ) I . 1 0 0 PA Latch disabled. PB Lalch disabled 1 1 PA Latch enabled P3 Latch enabled 0 _L o 0 Shift Register disabled Shift IN: shift rate controlled by Timer 2 Smi 'N s"i^ r--;!f- "Paroled Dv 02 Shit N snit rate controlled by External Clock source Shift OUT: Free-Running Mode, rate controlled by Timer 2 Shift OUT: rate controlled by Timer 2 Q Shift OUT, rate controlled by 2 clock rate (in one-shot mode Decrement Counter 2 on pulses from PB6 g 0 One-Shot Mode 1 Free-Running Mode PB7 disabled PB7 enabled e i RO Tl T2 CB1 CB2 SR CA1 CA2 Interrupt Flag Register (Chip Address * 13) O 3 q "3 a • 2! to I (0 Flag Set Transition at CA2 Transition at CA1 8 Bits Shifted IN/OUT Transition at CB2 Transition at CB1 Timer 2 Timeout Timer l Timeout Interrupt Occurmg Flag Cleared Reading/Writing I/O Port A Reading/Writing I/O Port A ReadingAWriting Shift Reg Reading/Writing I/O Port B Reading/Writing I/O Port B Reading T2 low / Writing T2 High Reading T1 low/ Writing T1 High Clearing any interrupt 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 I S'C | Tl i T2 |C3t |CB2 ■ SR ca 1 ; 1 CA2 I I I I I 1 I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Interrupt Enable Register (Chip Address + 14) Interrup! Disabled Interrupt Enabled Set Enable Flag write 1 OR'd with Flag Sit n = 1 Clear Enable Flag: write 0 OR'd with Rag Bit n = 1 1 CB2 Control ". i™i CA2 Control GJ^D I 0 0 0 It 0 0 Peripheral Control Register (Chip Address + 1 2) 0 Interrupt Flag Reg Bill = 1 on CA1 going low Interrupt Flag Reg Bit! = 1 on CAT going hign interrupt Flag Reg Bui cleared by reading I/O Port A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Input Mode: IFR BitO = 1 on CA2 go;ng low (IFR BitO cleared by read/write of I/O Port A) Independent Int. input Mode: IFR BitO = 1 on CA2 going low (IFR BitO is not cleared by read/write o* I/O Port A) Input Mode. IFR BitO = 1 on CA2 going nigh (IFR BttO dea'ed by read/write of I/O Port A) Independent int. input Moce: IFR BitO - 1 on CA2 going high (IFR BitO is not cleared by read/write of I/O Port A] Output Mode w/Handshakmg. CA2 goes low on read: ng/wn ting I/O Port A (CA2 goes high on pulse from CA1) Pulse Output Mode: CA2 goes low for one 4>2 cycle on reading/writing I/O Port A Manual Output. CA2 set low Manual Output: CA2 set high 0 interrupt Flag Reg Bit4 = ' or CBl going low interrupt Flag Reg BH4- 1 orCBI going high Interrupt Flag Reg Bud cleared by reading I/O Pert B 0 0 0 interrupt Input Mode !FR Bit3 = 1 on C32 going low [IFR Bit3 cleared by reading/writing I/O Port B) independent Int. Input Mode: IFR Bit3 = 1 on CB2 going low (IFR Bit3 is not cleared by reading/writing I/O Port Bj 0 Input Mode: IFR Btt3 = 1 on CB2 going high (IFR Bit3 cleared by reading/writing I/O Port A) independent Inl Input Mode IFR Bil3 = ' on CB2 gomg mgn (IFR Bit3 is not cleared by readmg/wrimg I/O Per; A) Output Mode w/Handshakmg C32 goes low on reading/writing I/O Port A (CB2 goes high on puise 'rom CBl Pulse Output Mode CB2 goes low for one 4>2 cycle on read ■pg/wnt;ng I/O Port A Manual Output CS2 set low Manual Output CB2 set high J «

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103 6526 CIA Registers ^ce T2 clock rate H 0 Free-Running Mode One-Shot Mode Register Function 3 i/OPcr: AOatareg.ste* I/O Por:B Data regtste^ I/O Por: A Data Direction I/O Port B Data Direction 0 no e"ect Transfer A Latches to A Counters, timer running or slopped Timer A counts at 2 clock rate Timer A counts on positive transitions from pin 40 (CNTJ Q Sena Port (p n 39) input at external clock rate (pm 40, CNT) Senai Port output at V? TA timeout rate minus line loading (max »2-^ 2) Read Timer A Counter low. Resets TAInt Flag {ICR BitO) Write; Timer A Latch low. TA Latch low xferred to TA Counter tow on writing Rep 5 Read: Timer A Counter high Write: Timef A Latch h>gh Latch high transferred to TA on writing Read TimefB Counter low Resets TB ini Rag (ICR Bill Write Timer B Latch low TB Latch low xferred to TA Counter low on writing Reg 7 Read Timer B Counter high. Write Timer B Latch ftign Latch high transferred to TB on wntmg TOD at 60 Hz (apply 60Hz to ftn 19) TOD at 50 Hz (apply 50Hz to pin 19) 7 1 0 IRQ 0 FUG PaAlrm TB I TA Interrupt Control DATA Register (read) (Chip Address + 1 3) Flag Set Flag Cleared Timer A Timeout Timer B Timeout TOD - Alarm Settings 8 shifts of Serial Port (IN or OUT) FLAG pm grounded (pin 24) Interrupt Occunng Reading K3R" Reading ICR' Reading ICR" Readmg ICR" Reading ICR' Reading ICR" ■ 6 5 A 3 2 1 0 [sic I X X | FLG J |Alrm| | TB | TA I I I I I 0 0 0 0 0 — t 1 1 1 1 " User responable tor preserving (lags in case of multiple interrupts Interrupt Control MASK Register (write) (Chip Address + 1 3) Interrupt Disabled, X = unused Interrupt Enabled Set Enable Flag: write 1 OR'd with Flag Bit n Clear Enable Flag: write 0 OR'd with Flag Bit n 1 7 6 5 4 3 |mput Mode|Load| »:, 0 tin* '.Ul'i ■ ■

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Commodore 64 Board Layout At leasi 3 circuit boards exist, but differences are minor in most cases Pull-up Resistors (CIA) Serial Port Buffer Reset & NMI Generator 64KRAM RAM Multiplexer Programmable Logic Array Analog Input Multiplexer 6581 SID Chip 6567 VIC-II Video Chip Shielded Video Section 7812 Voltage Regulator Colour Intensity Adjustment Clock Frequency Adjustment Voltage Step-up Circuitry 7805 Voltage Regulator LED Connector Keyboard Connector 6526 CIA 1 Serial Port Pull-up Resistors 6526 CIA 2 BASIC ROM Kernal ROM Character Generator ROM Colour Memory 6510 CPU RF Modulator Cassette Motor Control Expansion Port Connector Fuse Joystick/Paddle Connectors Power Connector Resistor Colour Codes 1st Band: 1st Digit 2nd Band: 2nd Digit 3rd Band: Multiplier (# of Zeros) 4th Band: Tolerance Colour Value •'Remember:'* Fractional Multipliers Black 0 Bad Colour Multiply by: Brown 1 Boys Gold o -o Red 2 Rape Silver 0.01 Orange 3 Our Tolerance Pfcwit* Yellow 4 Young No Band ±20% Green 5 Girls Silver ±10% Blue 6 But Gold ±5% Violet 7 Violet Grey 8 Gives WhitP q WUinnlv Transistor Leads Base Emitter Collector Collector Base Emitter 1

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105 V) fi 0 s a 3 C c 2! ■a X I 8 1 I a i i 2 ACIA / VIC 20 / Commodore 64 / B / + 4 RS 232 Control Features not common to all machines are so noted. OPEN LF, 2, SA, CHR$( Control Register SA 1 2 3 129 130 131 B Series: Open Oulput Channel Open Input Channel Open Input/Output Channel Output Channel, Convert CBM to ASCI Input Channel. Convert ASCII to CBM input/Output. Convert ASCH—CBM ACIA/VIC20/C64/B/ +4 RS 232 Status ST. Stilus Vanabie - Status Register i- Parity Error 1 - Framing Erro* i ■ Receive* Buffer Overrun AC(A 1 m Recervei Regtsier Ft* VIC/64 0 - Receiver Buffer Empty AClA 1 ■ Transmitter RegtSfe' Empty] vie -'64 i * CTS Signal Mi»ng i ■ Career Detected i -Daia Set Nch Ready 1 - Interrupt Has Occured 1 1 5J4 3 2'|C| Lh 6 5 4 3 21 0 0 n)+CHR$(r Command Register Baud 0 o 0 0 0 Notes • The Command Register is optional tor V064/ + 4 • If the LF* is 128 or greater, a Line Feed will be sent after each Carnage Return • The Secondary Address SA does not affect RS 232 operation • Before Closing tne channel, check output buffer for data with VIC/64 100 IF PEE K<669K>PEEK(670) THEN 100 ASCII Definitions ACK Acknowledge FS File Separator BS Backspace FF Form Feea BEL Bell GS Group Separator CAN Cancel HT Horizontal Tab Cfl Carnage Return LF Line Feed DLE Data Link Escape NAK Negative Ack DEL Delete NUL Null DC1 Device Control 1 RS Record Separator DC2 Devce Control 2 SI Shift in DC3 Device Control 3 SO Shrft Out DC4 Device Contra 4 SOH Stan Of Heading EH End of Medium STX Stan of Text EOT End Of Transmission SUB Substitute ETB End olXmssion block SYN Synchronous Idle ETX End of Text US Unit Separator ENG Enquiry VT Ver teal Tab ESC Escape c 1 1 0 1 c User' 50 75 110 134 5 0 150 300 0 600 1200 2400 2400 3600' 4600* 1 7200' 9600" 192C0* VIC/64 not impfementea B/+4:UMr« Vte External RCVR Clock ACIAVB/ * 4 VC'64 No! Used 1 External Internal ) B Series: + CHR$(0) + CHR${0) not used but necessary B Series XXX No: Usee vic;$4 Handshake ACIA/ + 4 Data Terminal Ready 3 Lira 1 XLrne Disable Rcv/Xmit (DTR high) enable Rcv/Xmit (DTR low) VIC/S4 Word Length 1 ' 8 Bits 7 Bits 6 Bits 5B'ts Slop Bits 1 Stop Bit 2 Stop Bits 0 0 XXX NotUsed ACIA and + 4 Receiver interrupt E nable IRQ Iron Status Reg Bit 0 Disable FRO Interrupt ACIA and +4 Transmitter Controls Transmit Interrupt RTS Level Disabled High Enabled Low Disarmed Disabled Low LOv, Other Transmit BRK Duplex j Fgl! Half Parity x o Oisabtec i t Odd Even I Mark 1 Space Pin Assignments For RS 232C Connector Secondary Transmitted Data 14 Transmit Clock 15 Secondary Received Data Receiver Clock Unassigned Secondary Request To send Data Terminal Ready (DTR) Signal Quality Detect Ring Detect 22 Data Rate Select 23 Transmit Clock 24 Unassigned 25 Ground Transmitted Data Received Data Request To Send (RTS) Clear To Send (CTS) Data Set Ready (DSR) Logic Ground Carrier Detect Reserved Reserved Unassigned 12 Secondary Carrier Detect 13 Secondary Clear To Send RS 232 User Port Lines 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 I I 10 11 12 VC 20 RS 232 is controlled by VIA 1 (6522) at $91 10 C64 RS 232 S controlled by CIA 2 (6526) at SDO00 SuperPET RS 232 is controlled by ACIA (6551) at $EFF0 8 Series RS 232 ts controfled by ACiA (6551) at SDDOO +4 RS 232 is controlled by ACIA (6551) at SFDOO Pin* Ch:0 Desenpton Abrv 0.' Modes A GND Protective Ground GND 1 2 B FLAG2 Received Data & IN 1 2 C PBO Received Data SIN 1 2 D PB1 Request to Send RTS OUT 1* 2 E PB2 Data Terminal Ready DTR OUT 1" 2 F PB3 Ring indicator Rl IN 3 H PB4 Received line Signal DCD IN 2 J PB5 Unassigned IN 3 K PB6 Clea' To Send CTS IN 2 L PB7 Data Set Ready DSR IN 2 M PA2 Transmitted Data S~ OUT 1 2 N GND Signal Ground GND 1 2 3 Available Modes i) 3-Une interface (S-. S„. GND) 2) X-Une interface 3) User available only (unused in code) * these lines are held high during 3-lme mode

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Cartridge Connector 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 B 7 « 5 4 3 2 1 B Series Connectors Expansion Connector 106 60 58 56 54 52 50 46 46 44 42 40 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 SRPNMLKJHFEOCGA Pin Name 1 Pin Name 1 RO A BD0 2 A1 B BD1 3 A2 C BD2 4 A3 D BD3 5 A4 E BD4 6 A5 F BD5 7 A6 H BD6 8 A7 J BD7 9 AS K GNO 10 A9 L GND 11 A10 M SRW 12 All N S02 13 14 A12 + 5VDC P H CS3ANK • CSBANK 2 15 + 5VDC S CSBANK3 Audio Jack 1 2 3 5957S553514947454341393735333129272S2321 1917151311 9 7 5 3 1 Power Connector 1 2 3 Pin 1 2 3 Name To Speaker N.C. To Speaker 4 5 6 Video Connector 12 3 4 5 Keyboard Connector 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 S 4 3 2 1 P.n Name 1 50:60 HZ 2 ■12VDC 3 +*2VDC 4 GNO 5 GND 6 -5VDC \ ooooooooooooo OOOOCOOOODOO 25 2423 2221 201918 1716 15 14 Pm Name I Pm Name ; PAO 14 PA1 2 PA2 15 PA3 3 PA4 16 PA5 4 PA6 17 PA7 5 PBO 18 PCO 6 PB1 19 PC1 7 PB2 20 PC2 8 PB3 21 PC3 9 PB4 22 GND 10 PB5 23 GND 11 PB6 24 GND 12 PB7 25 PC4 13 PC5 Pm Name 1 Video 2 GND 3 Vertical Sync 4 GND 5 Horizontal Sync 6 Key 7 GND RESET Connector Ptn Name 1 2 To RESET Swttch To RESET Switch Co-Processor Connector 40 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 IB 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 393735333129272523211917151311 9 7 5 3 1 Pm 1 Name Pm Name + 5VDC 2 + 5VDC 3 + 5VDC 4 + 5VDC 5 GND 6 GND 7 GND 6 GND 9 GND 10 GND 11 HHAS 12 IR03 13 •12VDC 14 Extras 15 12VDC 16 3~0~ 17 RTS" 18 LPEN 19 21 SR/W TODCLK 20 22 EXTBUFCS DISKROMCS 23 BOOTCLK 24 N.C 25 S02 26 BT£5 27 29 SOI BD3 28 30 r^T EYTPSTCS 31 BD4 32 BD2 33 BD5 34 BD1 35 DB7 36 BOO 37 8A13 38 BD7 39 BA14 40 BA15 41 BA1 42 BAO 43 BA2 44 BA11 45 BA3 46 BA10 47 BA12 48 BA4 49 BA9 50 BA5 51 BA8 52 BA6 53 BPO 54 BA7 55 9P1 56 BP2 57 NMI 58 BP3 59 RDY 60 EG (0 | a a a O a e g to i (0 X User Connector 13 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 IS 21 23 2S 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 Pm Name P.n Name 1 GND 2 -B2 3 GND 4 PB3 5 PC 6 Flag 7 2D7 8 2D6 9 2D5 10 2D4 11 2D3 12 202 13 201 14 200 15 107 16 1D6 17 1D5 18 104 19 1D3 20 102 21 ' 0 1 22 100 23 CnT 24 +5VDC 25 IFtQ 26 S° Pin Name P,.Name 1 EXTMA 2 DRAMOO 3 EXTMA2 4 ORAM01 5 EXTMA7 6 DRAM02 7 EXTMA6 8 DRAM03 9 EXTMA5 10 DRAM04 11 EXTMA4 12 DRAM05 13 EXTMA 1 14 DRAM06 15 EXTMAO 16 DRAM07 17 GND 18 GND 19 GND 20 GND 21 23 GND GND 22 24 BUSV 1 P2REFRE0 25 GND 26 ^REFGRNT 27 GND 28 BPO 29 GND 30 BP1 31 GND 32 BP2 33 35 N.C 34 36 BP3 BUSY pRCHJHir.S 37 EXTBUFR/W 38 ERAS 39 DRAM R/VV 40 ECAS — RS 232C Connector 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 \oooooooo O O O O O / Yooooooo o o o o o / 252423222120191817161514 Female ConneclO' Pm Name 1 SHIELD 2 TxD 3 RxD 4 RTS 5 CTS 6 OSR 7 GND 8 DCD 11 -5VDC 18 12VDC 20 DTR 24 RxC (an others N.C) BRIGHTNESS CONTROL IEEE Connector 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 A B C D E F H J K l. M N (Edge-on «*) P,n Name Pm I Name 1 Di 05 2 D2 B D6 3 03 C D7 4 04 D D8 5 EOI E REN 6 DAV F GND 7 NRFD H GNO 8 NDAC J GNO 9 IFC K GNO 10 SRO L GND 11 ATN M GND 12 SHIELD N GND RESET POWER SWITCH CARTRIDGE SLOT IEEE RS232C PORT

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107 Chip Pinouts I O c y ■ B V "2 x 6502 v»C 1 RDYC 2 O.OUTd 3 mcc 4 N.C C 5 NMlC 6 SYNCE 7 CPU VccC ABOC ABIC AB2C AB3C AB4C AB5C AB6C AB7Q AB8C 17 AB9C 18 AB10C 19 abii r 20 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 40 39 3R~esei 3 4>, OUT 38 DS.O. 37 D^IN 36 HN.C. 35 DN.C. 34 DR/W 33 IJDBO 32 HDB1 31 DDB2 30 DD83 29 DDB4 28 UDB5 27 UDB6 26 DDB7 UAB15 I] ABU DAB13 DAB12 25 24 23 22 21 6509 CPU Ready C 1 IBOC 2 SYNCH 3 AECC 5 VccC 6 A0C 7 AC 8 A2C 9 A3C 10 A4£ 11 A5C 12 A6C 13 A7C 14 A8C 15 A9C 16 A10C 17 A11 C 18 A12C 19 A13C 20 40 IJOdIN 39 HR"esei 38 H*°OUT 37 HR/W 36 I] DO 35 DD1 34 IJD2 33 DD3 32 IJD4 31 DD5 30 DD6 29 DD7 28 DS.O 27 DP0 26 DPI 25 HP2 24 HP3 23 HA15 22 21 DA14 ]Vsa 6510 CPU ClkOINC i Ready E 2 IROC 3 NMlC 4 AECC 5 VccC 6 A0[I 7 AlC 8 A2C 9 A3C 10 A4C 11 A5C 12 A6C 13 A7C 14 A8C 15 A9C 16 A10C 17 A11C 18 A12C 19 A13C 20 2-80 CPU A11 C i A12E 2 A13C 3 A14C 4 A15C 5 *C 6 D4C 7 D3C 8 D5C 9 D6C 10 + 5VE 11 D2C 12 D7C 13 00 C 14 01 C 15 INTC 16 NMlC 17 HATJC 18 mZGC 19 iDRQC 20 40 HA10 39 DA9 38 HA8 37 UA7 36 DA6 35 DA5 34 UA4 33 I]A3 32 HA2 31 JA1 30 DAO 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 HGND HRFSH jm DReset 3 BUS RQ DWaTt 3 BUSAK DSD 6520 PIA (Peripheral Interface Adapter) 6522 VIA (Versatile Interface Adapter 0 i < 8 i e i 3 J ! 0> 6526 CIA (Complex Interface Adapter) 6529 SPI {Single Port Interface) 20 jvx 19 DCS 18 UDBO 17 DDB1 16 UDB2 15 HDB3 14 I]DB4 13 DDB5 12 JDB6 11 JDB7 VaC 1 40 IJCA1 VssC 40 DCA1 PAOC 2 39 DCA2 PAOC 2 39 DCA2 PA1C 3 38 DIROa* PA1C 3 38 I]RS0 PA2C 4 37 I]!r75b" pA2C 4 37 DRS1 PA3C 5 36 DRSO PA3C 5 36 DRS2 pA4C 6 35 I3RS1 PA4C 6 35 IJRS3 PA5C 7 34 D Reset PA5C 34 3 ^eset PA6E 8 33 I] DO PA6C 8 33 UDO PA7C 9 32 301 PA7C 9 32 DD1 PBOE 10 31 HD2 PBOd 10 31 QD2 PB1C 11 30 303 PB1C 11 30 I]D3 PB2C 12 29 DD4 PB2C 12 29 HD4 PB3C 13 28 GD5 PB3E 13 28 DOS PB4C 14 27 DD6 PB4Q 14 27 HD6 PB5E 15 26 DD7 PB5C 15 26 DD7 PB6C 16 25 3** PB6C 16 25 D«v PB7C 17 24 DCS1 P87C 17 24 Hcsi CB1C 18 23 DC52 CBlCI 18 23 DCS? CB2C 19 22 Dcso CB2C 19 22 UR/W V«C 20 21 UR/W VccC 20 21 UiR5 6525 TPI (Tri-Port Interface) VssC PAOC PA1C PA2C PA3M5 PA4C 6 PA5C 7 PA6C 8 PA7C 9 PBOd 10 PB1C H PB2C 12 PB3C 13 PB4C 14 PB5C 15 PB6C 16 PB7C 17 FCC '8 TODC 19 Vcc C 20 6581 -SID CHIP (Sound Interface Device) CAP1AC CAP1BC CAP2AC CAP2B C ReieiC 4bC RAVM csr Aor A1C A2C A3M A4C GNDT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 9 10 11 12 13 14 28 ZJVoo 27 3 Audio OUT 26 J EXT IN 25 HVcc 24 IJPOTX 23 UPOTY 22 DD7 21 DD6 20 DD5 19 HD4 18 DD3 17 DD2 16 DD1 15 DDO 40 HCNT v»C 1 40 UDB7 39 DSP PAOC 2 39 DDB6 38 DRSO PA1E 3 38 DDB5 37 3RS1 PA2C 4 37hDB4 36 URS2 PA3C 5 36 DDB3 35 DRS3 PA4T 6 35 DDB2 34 3 Reset PA5C 7 34 UDB1 33 HOBO PA6C 8 33 UD80 32 DDB1 PA7C 9 32 DPC7 31 DDB2 pboc; 10 31 3PC6 30 DDB3 PB1M 11 30 DPC5 29 ZIDB4 PB2C 12 29 UPC4 28 IJDB5 PB3C 13 28 DPC3 27 DDB6 PB4C 14 27 DPC2 26 DDB7 PB5C 15 26 DPC1 25 d^ PB6C 16 25 DPC0 24 UFLA7J PB7C 17 24 HRS0 23 DCS CSC 18 23 DRS1 22 "3 RAW R/WC 19 22 DRS2 21 DM VooC 20 21 uResei 6551 - ACIA (Async Communications Interface Adapter) GNDC 1 CS0C 2 CSTC 3 Reset C 4 R^C 5 XTAL1 C 6 XTAL2C 7 RTSC 8 CT5C 9 T.DC 10 T5TRC 11 R.DC 12 RSOC 13 RSid u 28 HRW 27 3*>> 26 DM 25 DDB7 24 DDB6 23 DDB5 22 DDB4 21 DDB3 20 DDB2 19 DDB1 18 DOBO 17 DSSR 16 DDCD 15 DVcc

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6545-1 CRT Controller 6567 VIC CHIP {Video Interface Chip) GNDZ 1 40 Z Vert Sync D6Z 1 40 ZVcc Reset Z 2 39 Z Hoz Sync D5Z 2 39 ZD7 LPENC 3 38 ZIRAO D4Z 3 38 ZD8 CCO/MAO Z 4 37 URA1 D3Z 4 37 ZD9 CO /MAI C 36 IJRA2 D2Z 5 36 ZD10 CC2/MA2 Z 6 35 ZRA3 Did 6 35 ZD11 CC3/MA3 C 7 34 ZRA4 DOC 7 34 ZA10 CC4/MA4 H 8 33 ZDBO IRT5Z 8 33 ZA9 CC5/MA5 C 9 32 J OBI LP(Z|9 32 ZA8 CC6/MA6 C 10 31 ZDB2 csz 10 31 ZA7 CC7/MA7 M 11 30 ZDB3 rvwch 30 ZA6 CR0/MA8 C 12 29 ZDB4 BAZ 12 29 ZA5/A13 CR1/MA9C 13 28 _)OB5 v^Z 13 28 HA4/A12 CR2/MA10Z 14 27 DDB6 Color Z 14 27 DA3/A11 CR3/MA11 Z 15 26 ZDB7 Sync + Lum Z 15 26 ZA2/A10 CR4/MA12Z 16 25 DCS AECZ 16 25 5A1/A9 CR5/MA13Z 17 24 ZRS 4>OUTZ 17 24 2 A0/A8 Display Enable Z 18 23 z*HASZ 18 23 ZA11 Cursor Z 19 22 ZRA/V CaSZ 19 22 Z*'IN v«t 20 21 ZCCLK GND Z 20 21 Z®Color 2516EPROM 2K x 8 Bits 6560/61 VIC II CHIP (Video Interface Chip) N.C.C 1 40 ZVoo Comp Color Z 2 39 ZIN R/WZ 4 37 Z OPTION DB11Z 5 36 ]P*r DB10Z 6 35 3P0 DB9Z 7 34 ZA13 DB8Z 8 33 DA12 DB7Z 9 32 ZA11 DB6Z 10 31 ZA10 DB5Z 11 30 ZA9 DB4Z 12 29 UA8 DB3Z 13 28 DA7 DB2P 14 27 ZA6 DB1Z] 15 26 DA5 DBOZ 16 25 ZA4 POTXZ 17 24 ZA3 POTYZ 18 23 ZA2 Comp Snd Z 19 22 3A1 VssZ 20 21 ZAO 2532 EPROM 4K x 8 Bits 2564 EPROM 8K x 8 Bits Low power operation when C3 lines high. V-cm; Apply + 25 volls to program chip memories A7Z 4 24 ZVcA6Z 2 23 ZA8 A5Z 3 22 ZA9 A4Z 4 21 Zv*> A3C 5 20 DCs A2d 6 19 ZA10 Aid 7 18 ZA11 AOZ 8 17 ZD7 DOZ 9 16 ZD6 DlZ 10 15 5D5 D2Z 11 14 ZD4 GNDZ 12 13 Z03 ?*QV Low power operalion when £3 lines high. Apply + 25 volts lo program chip memories 2316 2K Static ROM 2332 4K Static ROM 2364 8K Static ROM 2Kx8Bits 4K x 8 Bits ZVcc 8K x 8 Bits A7C 1 24 ZVcc A7C 1 24 A7Z 24 Zv= A6Z] 2 23 ZA8 A6C 2 23 ZA8 A6Z 2 23 ZA8 A5Z 3 22 ZA9 A5H 3 22 JA9 A5Z 3 22 ZA9 A4Z 4 21 Z^S3 A4Z 4 21 ZCS2 A4Z 4 21 ZA12 A3Z 5 20 ZC5T A3Z 5 20 ZCST A3Z 5 20 ZCS1 A2Z 6 19 ZA10 A2Z 6 19 ZA10 A2Z 6 19 ZA10 A1Z 18 ZCS2 A1Z 7 18 ZA11 A1Z 7 18 DA11 AOZ 8 17 ZD8 AOZ 8 17 ZD8 AOZ 8 17 HD8 D1C 9 16 ZD7 DIE 9 16 DD7 DIM 9 16 ZD7 02 Z 10 15 ZD6 D2Z 10 15 ZD6 D2q 10 15 306 D3Z 11 14 ZD5 03 Z 11 14 ZD5 D3Z 11 14 DD5 GNDZ 12 13 HD4 gnoH 12 13 UD4 GNDZ 12 '3 DD4 Low power operation when £3 hnes high. V-c*. Apply ♦ 25 volts to program chip memories. 556 Dual Timer Discharge 1 Z 1 Threshold 1Z 2 Ctrl Voltage 1 Z 3 Reset 1 Z 4 Output 1 Z 5 Trigger 1 Z 6 GNDZ 7 Z Discharge 2 Z Threshold 2 Z Ctrl Voltage 2 Z Reset 2 Z Output 2 Z Trigger 2 4116 16K Dynamic RAM 2114 Static RAM 1Kx4Bits 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 ZGND ZCAS Z Data OUT ZA6 ZA2 |A1 |A0 D+5V 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 ZVcc ZA7 ZA8 ZA9 ZDO ZD1 ZD2 ZD3 ZR'W 555 Timer GNDZ s ZVcc Trigger Z 2 7 Z Discharge Output Z 3 6. Z Threshold Reset Z 4 5 Z Ctrl Voltage (ft 3 O c 0) u •s z i U & i e i I r u

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109 Checking Semiconductors with an Ohmmeter TO C o z 3 § U § • • (0 I (0 X 0 s e 1 1 S S a I Ohmeter + lead to Anode (forward bias) Cathode (reverse bias) P-N Diodes (including Zener, Ph o tod i odes, or any simple P-N junction) Ohmeter -lead to , Operational Results Cathode Anode short or low resistance (10-1000 ohms depending on diode type) Ohmeter + lead to open or high resistance (Germanium: IM ohm typical. Silicon: 10M ohm or greater Tunnel Diodes Anode (forward bias) Cathode (reverse bias) Ohmeter -lead to Cathode Anode Operational Results short or low resistance same, slightly lower with Cathode on +■ Photoconductive Cells Ohmeter +jead to | Ohmeter -lead to Operational Results Either end Either end Ohmmeter reading should be equal in either direction. Resistance should increase as light decreases. Ohmeter -Head to Anode (forward bias) Cathode (reverse bias] Photodiodes, LEDs. Photovoltaic Cells (LED: Short Lead = Cathode) Ohmeter -lead to Cathode Operational Results short or low resistance (10-1000 ohms depending on diode type) Anode open or high resistance (Germanium: 1 Mohm typical. Silicon: 10M ohm or greater NPN Transistors Ohmeter + lead to Emitter Ohmeter -lead to Base Base Collectoi Base Emitter Collector Emitter Operational Results High resistance, unless ohmmeter voltage exceed breakdown voltage Low resistance (forward biased junction) Base Collector Collector. Emitter High resistance Low resistance, usually not as low as Emitter-Base junction since Collector is lightly doped High resistance, about 10-50 times less than Emitier-Base reverse bias resistance High resistance, slightly higher with Collecto ron PNP Transistors Ohmeter + lead to Emitter Base Collector Ohmeter -lead to Base Emitter Base Operational Results Low resistance (forward biased junction) High resistance, unless ohmmeter voltage exceed breakdown voltage Base Emitter Collector Collector Collector Emitter Low resistance, usually not as low as Emitter-Base junction since Collector is lightly doped High resistance High resistance, slightly higher with Emitter on High resistance, about 10-50 times less than Base-Emitter resistance Ohmeter + lead to Anode (forward bias) Cathode (reverse bias) Four-Layer Diodes, Silicon Unilateral Switches (SUS) Ohmeter -lead to Operational Results Cathode High resistance (1 Mohm or greater) Anode Ohmeter + lead to Either end High resistance, greater than Anode-Cathode, but immeasureable without accurate meter DIAC, SBS ~~ ~~ Ohmeter -lead to Either end Operational Results High resistance. IMohm or greater Ohmeter + lead to Anode (forward bias) Cathode (reverse bias) Gate SCR (including light-activated SCR), GCS (gate-controlled switch) Ohmeter -lead to Cathode Anode Operational Results High resistance. IM ohm or greater, slightly less for hi-current SCRs Cathode Cathode Gate Anode Gate Anode Gate High resistance. IM ohm or greater, usually higher than Anode-Cathode direction High resistance (same as P-N Diode) Low resistance (same as P-N Diode) High resistance. IM ohm or greater High resistance. IM ohm or greater TRIAC Ohmeter + lead to Either Anode 1 or 2 Gate Ohmeter -lead to Either Anode 2 or 1 Operational Results High resistance. 1 M ohm or greater, slightly less lor hi-current SCRs Anode 1 Anode 1 Gate Gate Anode 2 Anode 2 Gate Low resistance Low resistance High resistance High resistance

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1W Ohmeter +lead to Basel UJT (Unijunction Transistor) Ohmeier -lead to Base 2 Base 2 Emitter (forward bias) Basel Base OperationaJ Results Typically 4K-10K ohms Same, 4K-1 OK ohms Base Emitter (forward bias) Base 2 Emitter Typically 3K-15K ohms High resistance, 1M ohm or greatei Base 2 Typically 2K-I0K ohms, usually less than Emitter-Base 1 Emitter High resistance. 1M ohm or greater Ohmeter + lead to Basel Complementary UJT Ohmeter -lead to Operational Results Base 2 Typically 4K-1 OK ohms Base 2 Base Emitter Base 2 Base I Emitter (forward bias) Basel Emitter (forward bias) Same.4K-lQKoh ms Typically 3K-15K ohms High resistance. 1M ohm or greatei Emitter Typically 2K-10K ohms, usually less than Base I -Emitter Base 2 High resistance. 1M ohm or greater Programmable UJT (PUT) Ohmeter * lead to Anode Cathode Anode Gate Gate Cathode Ohmeter -lead to Operational Results Cathode Anode High resistance, 1M ohm or greater Gate Anode High resistance, IM ohm or greater Low resistance (forward bias) High resistance Cathode Gate High resistance High resistance Ohmeter + lead to Drain Ohmeter -lead to Source Source Gate Gate Drain Drain Source Drain Source Gate N-Channel JFET (Field Effect Transistor) Operational Results Typically 500-5K ohms Same, 500-5K ohms Low resistance (forward biased P-N junction) Low resistance (forward biased P-N junction) Gate High resistance, 10M ohm or greater, unless Ohmmeter voltage exceeds JFET breakdown voltage High resistance, 10M ohm or greater, unless Ohmmeter voltage exceeds JFET breakdown voltage P-Channel JFET Ohmeter + lead to Ohmeier -lead to Source Drain Drain Source Gate Gate Drain Source Gate Gate Drain Source Operational Results Typically 500-5K ohms Same, 500-5K ohms Low resistance (forward biased P-N junction) Low resistance (forward biased P-N junction) High resistance, 1 OM ohm or greater, unless Ohmmeter voltage exceeds JFET breakdown voltage High resistance, 10M ohm or greater, unless Ohmmeter voltage exceeds JFET breakdown voltage Enhancement MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET) Ohmeter - lead to Ohmeter -lead to Drain Source Gate Gate Source Drain Drain Source Operational Results High resistance, 10M ohm or greater High resistance, I0M ohm or greater High resistance, IQOM ohm or greater, either direction High resistance, 100M ohm or greater, either direci ion Ohmeter + lead to Drain Source Gate Ohmeter -lead to T Depletion MOSFET Source Drain Drain Gate Source Operational Results Typically 50O-5K ohms Same. 500-5K ohms High resistance, IQOM ohm or greater, either direction High resistance, 100M ohm or greater, either direction CO e » (2 I 3 •o e o u E t * 2! 1 u X e j e I J | a S 2 X H

The text on this page is estimated to be only 21.34% accurate

in CO U "S E Inch Fractions in Decimal & Millimeters Inches Decimal Millimeters Km V32 Vl« 0.0156 0.0313 0.0469 0.0625 0.397 0.794 1.191 1.588 %4 7fe4 Sfe4 %a % 0.0781 0.0938 0.1094 0.1250 1.985 2.381 2.778 3.175 %4 '%4 "Am "Km %? 3/l6 0.1406 0.1563 0.1719 0 1875 3.572 3.969 4.366 4.762 1%4 %a V4 0.2031 0.2188 0.2344 0.2500 5 '59 5.556 5.953 6.350 ,7fe4 *%4 2%4 %2 %0 0.2656 0.2813 0.2969 0.3125 6.747 7.144 7.541 7.937 2,fe4 ?%4 2%4 24fe4 "62 % 0.3281 0.3438 0.3594 0.3750 8.344 8.731 9.128 9.525 2%4 ?%4 27fe4 2%4 ,3/32 7/l6 0.3906 0.4063 0.4219 0.4375 9.922 10.319 10.716 11.112 2%4 3qfe4 3,A>4 3%4 '%2 v2 0.4531 0.4688 0-4844 0.5000 11.509 1 1 .906 12.303 12.700 3%4 3%4 3%4 3%4 17/32 %6 0.5156 0.5313 0.5469 0.5625 13.097 13.494 13.891 14.287 37fe4 3%4 3%4 4qfe4 '%2 % 0.5781 0.5938 0.6094 0.6250 14.684 15.081 15.478 1 5.875 4\fe4 43fe4 *%2 'Vie 0.6406 0.6563 0.6719 0.6875 16.272 16.669 17.067 17.463 4%4 *%4 47fe4 4f%« 23/32 % 0.7031 0.7188 0.7344 0.7500 17.860 18.238 18.635 19.049 4%4 5%4 5%4 2%2 13/16 0.7656 0.7813 0.7969 0.8125 19.446 19.842 20.239 20.636 53fc4 54 5%4 5%4 2%2 % 0.8281 0.8438 0.8694 0.8750 21.033 21.430 21.827 22.224 »%4 5%4 5%4 6%4 **32 ^16 0.8906 0.9063 0.9219 0.9375 22.621 23.018 23.415 23.812 61fe4 6%4 63fe4 6-%4 31/32 1.0 0.9531 0.9688 0.9844 1.0000 24.209 24.606 25.004 25.400 International System of Units (SI) Units Prefixes Prefix Symbol Multiplier Prefix Symbol Multiplier Exa E 10,J Deo d 10' Peta P 10** Cent. c '0' Tera T 10" Mini m 10J Giga G 10> Micro m 10 ■ Mega M 10* Nano n 10* Kilo k 103 Pico p 10" Hecto h 10-' Femto f 10 ,s Deca da 10' Atto a 10 '• SI Base Units Quantity SI Unit Symbol Length Meters m Mass Kilograms *g Time Seconds s Electric Current Amperes A Temperature Degrees Kelvin K Amount ol Substance Moles mol Luminous Intensity Candeia ca SI Supplementary Units Quantity SI Unit Symbol Plane Angle Radians rad Solid Angle Steradans S' SI Units Without Special Names Quantity SI Unit Symbol Area Square Meters m? Volume Cubic Meters m* Linear Velocity (Speed) Meters/Secono m/s Angular Velocity Radians/Second noYs Linear Acceleration Meters>SecorxJ Squared m/tf Angular Acce*er a:ion Radians/Second Squares 'act's1 Wavelength Meters m Density Kilogram/Cubic Meier kg/m* Concentration Moles/Cubic Meter mol/m' Specilic Votume Cube Meier$/Ki!ogram m3/kg Luminance Candela/Square Meter coVm' Dynamic Viscosity Pascal Seconds Pa x s Kinematic Viscosity i Square Meters/Second m?/s Moment of Force Newton Meters N x m Surface Tension NewtoniMeter N'm kradance (Heat Flux Density) Watts/Square Mete' W'mJ Entropy (Heat Capacity) Joutes/Kelvin J/K Specific Entropy Joutes/K ilogranvKelvi n J/(kg x K) Specific Energy Joules/Kilogram J/kg Thermal ConduCtrvrty Wans/Meter-Kelvn W/(m x K) Energy Density Joules/Cu&c Meter J/m> Etecirc Fie*o Strength VoHs^Meter V/m Dectfc Charge Density Coulombs/Cut>c Meier C/m> Surface Density of Charge (Flux Density) Coulombs/Square Meter G/m* PermiTVvty Farad&Meter F/m Current Density Amperes/Square Meter Ajm> Magnetic Field Strength Amperes/Meier A/m Permeability Henries/Meter Him Molar Energy Joules/ Mole J/mol Molar Entropy Joules/Mole Kelvin J/(moi x K) Radian; intensity Watts/Sterad'an W/sr Radiance Watts/Square Merer Steradian W/(m> x sr) Exposure Coulombs/Kilogram C'kg Absorbed Dose Rate Grays/Secona Gy/s SI Units With Special Names Quantity SI Unit Symbol Derivative Frequency Hertz Hz 1/SO'S' Force Newtons N m x kg/s' Pressure, Stress Pascals Pa N/IT^ Energy, Work. Quantity of Heal Joules J N x m Quantity of Heat Calorres cai Power. RaatantFlux Watt W J/s Quantity of Electricity. Electric Charge Coulombs C s x A Electric Potential, Potential Difference Electromotive Force Volts V W/A Electric Capacitance Farads F CA/ Electric Resistance Ohms ^ V/A Electric Conduciance Siemens S AA/ Magnetic Flux Webers Wb V x s Magnetic Flux Density Teste i WO/nV Inductance Hennes H Wb/A Luminous Flux Lumens lm Cd x sr Illuminance Lux Ix lm/m> Activity of Radionuclides Becquerafs Bq S' Absorbed Dose of ionising Radation Grays G. j /kg

The text on this page is estimated to be only 14.22% accurate

Names For Large Numbers i ■ French & US, Number British & German Number Name Eg j vaient of Zeros Equivalent of Zeros million 1000 thousands 6 1000 thousands 6 milliard 1 000 millions 9 1000 m dlons 9 bilBGfl 1000 mill ons 9 1.000.000 millons 12 trillion 1000bifiiorscr 12 i .000.000 brltons or 18 lOOO.OOOmillons 12 1 .000.000 millon millions 18 quacrthon lOOOimiions 15 1 ,000.000 trltons 24 autniilifon 1000 quadrillions 18 1 .000.000 quadnll ons 30 BtXtffiOfl lOOOquinlillons 21 1. 000.000 quintiihons 36 sepltllon lOOOsextillions 24 1 000.000 sexl#on$ 42 ocitil - ATN(X/SQR(-X.X + 1)> + n/2 ARCSEC(X) = ATN(X/SQR(X.X-1)> ARCCSC(X) - ATN(X/SOR{X-X-l > + (SGN(X)- W2) ARCCOT(X) » ATN(X) - n/2 Hyperbolic Sine Hyperbolic Cosine Hyperbolic Tangent Hyperbolic Secant Hyperbolic Cosecanl Hyperbolic Cotangent SINH(X) = (EXP(X)-EXP{-X))/2 COSH(X) = (EXP(X) + EXP{-X))/2 TANH(X) - EXP(-X) / ( EXP{X> * EXP(-X))-2 + 1 SECH(X) - 2/(EXP(X) ♦ EXP(-X) CSCH(X) - 2/(EXP(X)- EXP{-X) COTH(X) = EXP(-X)/(EXP(X)- EXP(-X)) - 2 + 1 Inverse Hyperbolic Sine inverse Hyperbolic Cosine inverse Hyperbolic Tangent inverse Hyperbolic Secant inverse Hyperbolic Cosecant inverse Hyperbolic Cotangent ARCSINH(X) » LOG( X + SOR(X«X + 1) ) ARCCOSH(X) = LOG(X/SOR(X.X-l)) ARCTANH(X) = LOG< (1 + X) 1 (1 -X) ) ' 2 ARCSECHfX) = LOG{SQR(-X-X + 1) + 1/X) ARCCSCHp() = LOG(X'SQR(X-X-1 ) + (SGN(X)- I -n/2> ARCCOTH - LOG(X) + i02 Roman Numerals i 1 XI 11 XXX 30 CD 400 n 2 XII 12 XL 40 D 500 in 3 XIII 13 L 50 DC 600 IV 4 XIV 14 LX 60 DCC 700 V 5 XV 15 U(X 70 DCCC 800 VI 6 XVI 16 LXXX 80 CM 900 VII 7 XVII 1 7 XC 90 M 1000 VIII 8 XVIII 18 C 100 MCM 1900 IX 9 XIX 19 CC 200 MM 2OO0 x 10 XX 20 CCC 300 V 5000 Rules: 1. An overhead line indicates the value multiplied by 1000 Repeal ng a iette' reoeats >ts value (XX = 20, CCC = 300) Boolean Truth Table AND OR NOT XOR 1 AND 1 - 1 1 AND 0 = 0 0 AND 1 = 0 0AND0 = 0 1 OR 1 = 1 1 ORO - 1 0OR1 = 1 0OR0 = 0 NOT 0 = 1 NOT 1 = 0 1 XOR 1 =0 1 XOR 0 = 1 OXORi - 1 0 XOR 0-0 Result is i it Doth bits are i Result :s 1 rt erthe' bit is 1 Each b« is complemented Result is 1 ii one or tne other bu: rot bcr. Force Formulae Force = Mass x Acceleration Horsepower 1 HP = 33000 Foot Pounds of Wo

The text on this page is estimated to be only 16.54% accurate

113 I a 3 o i e < v I 6 1 | a Unit Conversion Table Avoirdupois: indicates regular English measure - based on 16 ounces to the pound. To Convert Multiply by To Gel: Abcoulombs 2.998 x I01fl Statcoulombs Acres 160 Rods Acres 10 Square Chains (Guntcrs) Acres 43560 Square Feet Acres 0,4047 Hectares Acres 100000 Square Unks (Gunters) Acres 4047 Square Meters Acres 0.0016 Square Miles Acres 4840 Square Yards Acre Feel 43560 Cubic Feet Acre Feel 123348 Cubic Meters Acre Feet 3259k10* Gallons Amperes/Square Centimeters 6452 Amps/ Square Inch Amperes/Square Inch 0.1550 Amps/Square Centimeter Ampere- Hours 3600 Coulombs Ampere- Hours 0,03731 Faradays Ampere-Turns 1.257 Gilberts Ampere-Turns/Inch 0.4950 Gilberts/Centimeter Ampere-Turns/ Meter 0 01257 Gilberts/Centimeter Angstroms 3937 xlO> Inches Angstroms 10" Meters Angstroms 10Microns Ares 002471 Acres (US.) Ares 119.60 Square Yards Ares 100 Square Meters Arpents (French measure) 5847131 Meters Arpents (French area measure) 03418894 Hectares Astronomical Units 149597870 x 10* Kilometers Atmospheres (aim ) 760 Centimeters-Mercury Atmospheres 33.90 Feet of Water (a; 4° Q Atmospheres 29.92 Inches-Mercury (at 0° Q Atmospheres 1X333 Kilogram/Square Centimeters Atmospheres 14 70 Pounds/Square Inch Atmospheres 1.058 Tons/Square Foot Atmospheres 0.007348 Tons/Square Inch Atomic Mass Units (amu): 1660531 xIOKilograms B a Barrels(dry> Barrels (L'S) (liquid) Barrels (oil) Bars Bars Bars Bars Bars Baryls Bolts (US.) (cloth) Board Feci Board Feet British Thermal Units (BTU) BTU BTU BTU BTU BTU BTU BTU BTU/ Hour BTU/Hour BTU/Hour BTU/Hour BTU/Minute BTU/ Minute BTU (thermochemical (/Minute BTU (InternationalJ/Minute BTU/Square Foot/Minute Bucket (British) (dryl Bushel (struck measure) Bushel (struck measure) Bushel (struck measure) Bushel (struck measure) Bushel (struck measure) Bushel (struck measure) Bushel (struck measure) Bushel (heaped) Bushel (heaped) 7056 105 315 42 09869 10* 1.020 x ID' 2089 14.50 1.0 36.576 2359.7 144 1.0550 x 10in 7783 252.0 3.931 x lev 1054.8 2.928x10107.5 10.409 0.2162 0.0700 3.929 x 10" 0.2931 12.% 0.02356 17.57250 17.58426 0.1221 1.818x10* 4 32 1.2445 2150.42 35.238 64.0 32.0 1.278 2747.715 Cubic Inches Quarts (dry) Gallons (US.) Gallons (oil) Atmospheres Dynes/ Square Centimeter Kilograms/Square Meter Pounds/Square Foot Pounds/Square Inch Dynes/ Square Centimeter Meters Cubic Centimeters Cubic inches Ergs Foot-Pounds Gram-Calories Horsepower- Hours Joules Kilowatt- Hours Kilowatt-Meters Uter- Atmospheres Foot-Pauixfs/Second Gram-Calories/Second Horsepower- Hours Waits Fool- Pounds/Second Horsepower Watts Watts Watts/Square Inch Cubic Centimeters Pecks Dry Quarts Cubic Feet Cubic Inches Liters Pints (dry) . Quarts (dry) Bushels (struck measure) Cubic Inches Calory-grams Candle/Square Centimeter Candle /Square Inch Carat (c) Carat Crista Centares Centigrams (cgm.) Centiliters (d) 3 96832 x 10' 3.142 0,4870 3086 200 (Cx9/5) + 32 I J) 0.01 0.3382 British Thermal Units Lamberts Lamberts Grains Milligrams Fahrenheit Square Meters Grams Ounces (US liquid i To Convert, Multiply bv; To Get Centiliters 06103 Cubic Inches Centiliters 2.705 Drams Centimeters (cm.) 0.3937 Inches Centimeters 10 Millimeters Centimeters 393.7 Mils Centimeters 0.01094 Yards Centi meters/ Second 1.1969 Feet/Minute Centimeters 'Second 0.03281 Feet /Second Cent) meters/ Seco nd 0.036 Kilomelers/Hour Centimeters/Second 0.1943 Knots Centimeters/Secon d 0.6 Meters/ Minute Centimeters/Second 0.02237 Miles/Hour Cen U meters/Second 3.728x 10Miles/Minute Centimeter-Dynes 1 020xlO' Centi meter-Grams Centi meter- Dynes 1.020x10* Meter-Kilograms Centi meter- Dynes 7.376 x 10* Pound-Feet Centi meter- Crams 980.7 Centi meter- Dynes Centi meter-Grams 10* Meter-Kiloarams Centimeter-Grams 7.233x10-Pound-Feet Centimeters ol Mercury 0.01316 Atmospheres Centimeters ol Mercury 0.4461 Feet of Water Centimeters ol Mercury 136.0 Kilograms/Square Mete' Centimeters ol Mercury 27.85 Pounds/Square Foot Centimeters ol Mercury 0.1934 Pounds/Square Inch Central 100 Pounds Central 45.359 Kilograms Chains 66.0 Feet Chains 792.0 Inches Chains 20.1168 Meters Chains 22.00 Yards Circular Mils 5.067 x 10* Square Centimeters Circular Mils 7.854 x I0r Square Inches Circular Mils 0.7854 Square Mils Circumference Coal Tubs (NOD.) 6.283 Radians 100.0 Pounds Cord (stacked wood) 3.6246 Cubic Meters Cord (stacked wood) 128 Cub*c Feet Coulombs 2.998x10Statcoulombs Coulombs 6.242 x 10" EJem Ch. Coulombs 1.036x10' Faradays Coulombs/Square Centimeter 64.52 Coulombs/Square Inch Cubic Centimeters (cc.) 3.531 x !0> Cubic Feet Cubic Centimeters 0.061023 Cubic Inches Cubic Centimeters 1x10* Cubic Meters Cubic Centimeters 1.3079x10' Cubic Yards Cubic Centimeters 2.642x10* Gallons (US) Cubic Centimeters 2.199x10* Gallons (Imp.) Cubic Centimeters 0.0010 Liters Cubic Centimeters 1.0 Milliliters Cubic Centimeters 0.0021 Pints (liquid) Cubic Centimeters 0.001 1 Quarts (liquid) Cubic Feet 1728 Cubic Inches Cubic Feet 0.02831685 Cubic Meters Cubic Feet 7.48052 Gallons (US. liquid) Cubic Feet 28.317 Liters Cubic Feet 59.84 Pints (US. liquid) Cubic Feet 29.92 Quarts (US, liquid) Cubic Feet/Minute 472.0 Cubic Centimeters/Second Cubic Feet/Minute 01247 Gallons/Second Cubic Feet/Minute 0.4719 Liters/Second Cubic Feet/Minute 00011 Quarts (liquid) Cubic Feet/Minute 0001 1 Quarts (liquid) Cubic Feel/Second 448.831 Gal Ions/ Minute Cubic Feet/Second 0.646317 Million Gallons/ Day Cubic Feel Aluminum 169 Pounds of Aluminum Cubic Feet Brass 520 Pounds of Brass Cubic Feet Brick 125 (approx.) Pounds of Brick Cubic Feet Cast Iron 450 Pounds of Cast Iron Cubic Feet Concrete 145 Pounds of Concrete Cubic Feet Copper 555 Pounds of Copper Cubic Feet Cork IS Pounds of Cork Cubic Feet Glass 160-180 Pounds of Glass Cubic Feet Gold 1204 Pounds of Gold Cubic Feet Hardwood 45 (approx.) Pounds of Hardwood Cubic Feet Ice 57 Pounds of Ice Cubic Feet Lead 708 Pounds of Lead Cubic Feet Silver 655 Pounds of Silver Cubic Feet Softwood 30 (approx.) Pounds ol Softwood Cubic Feet Steel 490 Pounds of Steel Cubic Feet Water 62.43 Pounds of Water Cubic Inches 16.387 Cubic Centimeters Cubic Inches 0.000S787 Cubic Feet Cubic Inches 1 6387 x 10' Cubic meters Cubic Inches 2.1433 x lfr1 Cubic Yards Cubic Inches 0.004329 Gallons (US.) Cubic Inches 0.003605 GaJ Ions (Imp) Cubic Inches 0.016387 Liters Cubic Inches 1.061x10s Mil-Feet Cubic Inches 4.433 Drams (liquid)

The text on this page is estimated to be only 14.30% accurate

To CtHivefl Multiply bv: To Get To Convert: Multiply by: To Get: 11* Cubic Inches Cubic Inches 0.554 0.03463 Ounces (liquid) Pints (US, liquid) Faradays Faradays 26.80 9649 x 10* Ampere-Hours Coulombs Cubic Inches Cubic Meters 0.01732 mo* Quarts (US. liquid) Cubic Centimeters Raradays/Second Fahrenheit 9.649x10' (F-32)xS/9 6 V»- V %J i\f 1 J JfJ Amperes (absolute) Cubic Meters 35.31 Cubic Peel Fathoms Feel Cubic Meters 61023 Cubic Inches Fathoms 1 828804 m CC1 Meters Cubic Meters 1.308 Cub* Yards Feet 0.3048 Meters Cubic Meters 264.2 Gallons (US.) Feet (French measure) 0.324841 Meters Cubic Meters Cubtc Meters 220.0 1000 Gallons (Imp) Liters Feel (US survey, limited use) Feet 0.3048006 12x10:' Meters Mils Nautical Miles Cubic Meters 2113 Pints (US liquid) Feet 1.645 x JO* Cubic Meiers 1759.4 Pints (Imp. liquid) Feet 1 .894 x 10vm. ■ ■■ m m ■ -qm. ■ t. t. ■ ■ ■ Statute Miles Cubic Meiers J*K. ft l % M 1057 Quarts (US. liquid) Feet ot Water 0.02950 Atmospheres Inches of Mercury Kilograms/Square Centimeter Pounds/Square Feet Pounds/Square Inch Cent l meters/Second Cubic Meiers 880.1 Quarts (Imp. liquid) Feet ol Water 0.8826 | 1* Cubic Tons Cubic Tons Cubic Yards Cubic Yards 40 1 1327 27 46.656 Cubic Feel Cubic Meters Cubic Feet Cubic Inches Feel of Water Feel of Water Fee: of Water Feet /Minute 0.03048 62.43 0.4335 0.5080 Cubic Yards 0 76456 Cubic Meters Feet /Minute 0.01829 b^bi ^m m ■. ■. ■. ■ h m ^m m. ^m ■. -^b. ■ -^bi ^m bh bh ■. ■ ■ Kilometers/ Hou r 0) Cubic Yards 202.0 Gallons (US) Feet/Minute 0.3048 Meiers/ Minute Cubic Yards 168.2 Gallons (Imp.) Feet/Minute 0.01136 Miles/ Hour ^^ Cubic Yards 764.5 Liters Feet/Second 30.48 Cent! mete rs/ Second 0 Cubic Yards 16159 Pints (US liquid) Feet/Second 1.097 Kilo mete rs/ Hou r U Cubic Yards 807.9 Quarts (US liquid) Feet/Second 0.5921 Knots Cubic Yards 1345.5 Pints (Imp. liquid) Feet/Second 18.29 Meters/ Minute c 2 Cubic Yards 672.7 Quarts (Imp, liquid) Feet /Second 0.6818 Miles/ Hour Cubic Yards/Minute 0.45 Cubic Feet/Second Feet/Second 0.01136 Milifi/Minule Cubic Yards/Minute 3.367 Gallons/Second Kirtcins 90 Gallons Liters o Cubic Yards/Minute 12.74 Liters/Second Firkins 40.91 ■S Cunits (timber) Cunits (limber) 100 0 2.83168 Cubic Feet Cubic Meters Foot-Pounds Foot- Pounds 1.286 x 103 1.356x10' British Thermal Units (BTU) Ergs Gram -Calories e Cups(Cdn) 227.0 Milliliters Foot- Pounds 0.3238 =) Cups (US.) Cups (measuring) 236.0 8 Milliliters Ounces (liquid) Foot-Pounds Fool-Pounds 5.0505 x IO; 1 356 Horsepower- Hours Joules Kilogram- Meters Kilowatt- Hours Foot- Pounds/Second Horsepower Cups (measuring) Cups (measuring) 0.5 16 Pints (liquid) Tablespoons Foot^Pounds Foot- Pounds FoqI- Pounds/ Minute Foot-Pounds/Minute 0.1383 3.766 x IOT 0.01667 3.030x10* D Daiton 1.650x10" Grams Days 86400 Seconds Foot- Pounds/Minute 2.2597 x 10s Kilowatts Degrees (angle) 1.1111 Grads Foot- Pou nds/Second 4.6263 BTU/ Hour Degrees (angle) 60 Minutes Foot-Pounds/Second 0.07717 BTU/Minute Degrees (angle) 001111 Quadrants Foot-Pounds/Second 1.818x10' Horsepower Degrees (angle) 0.0 1 745 (or n/ 180) Radians Foot-Pounds/Second 0.01945 Kilogram-Calones/ Minute Degrees (angle) 3600 Seconds Foot-Pounds/Second 1.356 x!0J Kilowatts Degrees/Second 0.01745 Radians/Second Furlongs 660 Feet Degrees/Second 0.1667 Revolutions/ Minute Furlongs 201.168 Meters dk Degrees/Second 0.002778 Revolutions/Second Furlongs 0.125 Miles QJ Dekaliter ski) 2.642 Gallons (US) rurlongs SL Rods X Dekaliter (did.) Dekaliter (dkl,) Drams (dr) (avoirdupois) Drams (dr. ap) (apothecaries) Drams (apothecaries') 3.1729 1.135 4*1 •■ *V J CfcO Gallons (Imp ) Pecks a. f-urlongs 220 Yards "o G 27.343; 60 3888 Grams Grains Grams Gal Ions (gal) Gallons Gallons Imperial 8 4 1 2009 Pints (liquid) Quarts (liquid) US Gallons ! < Drams (apothecaries) 0.1371429 Ounces (avoirdupois) Gallons U.S 0.8327 Imperial Gallons Cubic Centimeters Drams (apothecaries ) 0 125 Ounces (apothecaries') Gallons (US.) 3785 Drams (tr dr)(Iiquid)(avoirdupoisl 0.0625 Ounces Gallons (US.) 01337 ■^H ^^ ^^ V ^H ^^H. ^H. ■• V V V V V ■ -^H ■. ^H. ■. "^B Cubic Feet Drams (liquid) (avoirdupois) 0.2256 Cubic Inches Gallons (US.) 231 Cubic Inches Drams (liquid) (avoirdupois) 3.6967 Milliliters Gallons (US.) 00038 Cubic Meters Drams (avoirdupois) Drams (liquid) (British) 17718 0217 Grams Cubic Inches Gallons (US.) Gallons (US.) 1024 3.785 Drams (liquid) Liters (0 ft CD I a Drams (liquid) (British) Drams (liquid) (Bntish) Drops (Cdn. Hospital) Drops (Cdn. Hospital) Dynes Dynes Dynes Dynes 0.961 3.552 0.01 0.05 Drams (US liquid) Milliliters Teaspoons Milliliters Gallons (US.) Gallons (US.) Gallons (Imp.) Gallons (Imp.) 32 128 4545.6 0.1606 Gilts (liquid) Ounces (US liquid) Cubic Centimeters Cubic Feel 1.020x10Grams Galkms(Imp.) 277.42 Cubic Inches 10; Joutes/Centimeter Gallons (Imp.) 0.00456 Cubic Meters 10* Joules/Meter (\ewtons) Gallons (Imp.) 1229.77 Drams (liquid) Liters 7.233 x 10' Poundals Gallons (Imp.) 4.5456 •• Dynes 2.248 x 10* Pounds Gallons (Imp.) 38.43 Gills (liquid) Ounces (Imp. liquid) Pounds of Water Al Dynes/Centimeter Dynes/Square Centimeter ff^_ 111 jik f 0.01 • • > Ergs/Square Millimeter Gallons (Imp.) 160 s 10* Bars Gallons (US.) ol Water 6.9489 A Dynes/Square Centimeter Dynes/Square Centimeter 9.869 X IO: Atmospheres Gallons (Imp.) ol Water 8.3453 Pounds of Water fvi 2,953 xlO* Inches of Mercury (at 0* C) Gausses 6.452 Unes/Square Inch Webers/ Square Centimeter Webers/Square Inch X uynes/5quare Centimeitr 4 0)5k lOInches of Water (at 4° Cl Gausses Gausses 10* 6.452x10* 0 S E Ells Ells ll 4 30 45.0 Centimeters Inches Gilberts Gilberts/Centimeter 0.7958 2.021 Ampere-Turns Ampere-Turns/Inch Ergs 9.480 x 10" BTU Gilberts/Centimeter 79.58 Ampere-Turns/Meter B Ergs 1.0 Dyne-Centi meters Gill (gi.) 142.07 Cubic Centimeters 0 Ergs 7.3756103x10w Foot-Pounds Gill ^^ T | I 7.219 Cubic Inches ^j Ergs 02389x10" Gram-Calories Gill 4 Ounces (US liquid) Ergs 1.020x103 Gram-Centimeters Gill 0.118 Liters » Ergs 3.7250x10" Horsepower-Hours Grade 0.01 571 Radians Ergs 10" Joules Grads 0.90 Degrees (angle) w Ergs 0.2778 x 10" Kilowatt- Hours Grains (troy or apothecaries') 1.0 Grains (avoirdupois) & Ergs/Second 5.688x10* BTU/Minute Grains 64.799 Milligrams Ergs/Second 4.427 x 10* Foot-Pounds/Minute Grains 2.286x10' Ounces (avoirdupois) I Ergs/Second 7.3756 x 10* Foot-Pounds/Second Grains 0.04167 Pennyweight (troy) Ergs/Second 1.341 x 10'° Horsepower Grains/US Gallon 17.118 Parts/ Million 0 Ergs/ Second 1.433x10* Kilog ram-Calories/Minute Grains/ Imp. Gallon 14.286 Parts/Million Q E'^s/Second 10*" F 10* Kilowatts Grains/US Gallon Grams (g.) Grams 142.86 980.7 15.432 O OA7 « 1 ft-1 Pounds/Million Gallons Dynes Grains Farads \1if rof&rarts ""VI Vl**« *JUJ wtgjiia V ou f x J ir * Joules/Centimeter H

The text on this page is estimated to be only 16.29% accurate

115 CD I CD I I 3 o c 3 ! 8 i 1 I To Convert. Multiply bv To Get Grams 9.807 x 10-1 Newtons Grams 0.03527 Ounces (avoirdupois) Grams 0.03215 Ounces (troy) Grams 0.07093 Poundals Grams 0.002205 Pounds Gram-Calories 3.9683 xlO3 BTU Gram-Calories 4.1868x10' Ergs Gram-Calories 3.0880 Foot- Pounds Gram-Calories 1.55% x 10* Horsepower-Hours Gram-Calories 1.1630x10* Kilowatt-Hours Gram-Calories/Second 14.286 BTU/Hour Gram-Centimeters 9.297 x 10* BTU Gram-Centimeters 980.7 Ergs Gram-Centimeters 9.807 xlO> Joules Gram-Centimeters 2.343 x 10Kilogram-Calories Gram-Centimeters 10' Kilogram- Meters Grams/Centimeter 5.6x10* Pounds/Inch Grams/Cubic Centimeter 62.43 Pounds/Cubic Feet Grams/Cubk Centimeter 0.03613 Pounds 'Cubic Inch Grams/Cubic Cent imeter 3 405 x 10: Pounds/Mil-Fool Grams/ Liter 58.417 Grains/Gallon (US.) Grams/ Liter 1000.0 Parts/Million Grams/ Liter 8.345 Pounds/1000 Gallons Grams/ Liter 0 062427 Pounds/Cubic Feet Grams/Square Centimeter 2.0481 Pounds/Square Feet H Hand 10.16 Centimeters Hectares 2.471 Acres Hectares 1 076 x 10s Square Feet Hectoliter (hi.) 26.418 Gallons Hectoliter 2.838 Bushels Hogsheads (British) 10.114 Cubic Feet Hogshead (US) 8.42184 Cubic Feet Hogsheads (US) 63.0 Gallons (US.) Hogsheads (US) 52.4 Gallons (imp.) Hogsheads (US) 236.4 Liters Horsepower 1.014 Horsepower metric Horsepower (metrk) 0.9863 Horsepower Horsepower 42.44 BTLV Minute Horsepower 33000 Foot- Pounds/Minute Horsepower 550 Foo*-Pounds/Second Horsepower (metric) 542.5 Foot- Pou nds/Seco nd Horsepower 10.68 Kilogram-Calones/ Minute Horsepower 0.7457 Kilowatts Horsepower (boiler) 33479 BTU/Hour Horsepower (boiler) 9.803 Kilowatts Horsepower Hours 2547 BTU Horsepower Hours 2.6845x10" Ergs Horsepower Hours 1.98 x 10* Foot-Pounds Horsepower Hours 641190 Gram-Calories Horsepower Hours 2.6845x10* Joules Horsepower Hours 2.737 x Iff Kilogram-Meters Hours 0.04167 Davs Hours 0.005952 Weeks Hundredweights (cwt.) (gross or long) 112 Pounds Hundredweights (g ross or long) 50.802 Kilograms Hundredweights (gross or long) 0.05 Tons (long) Hundredweights (net cwtXnet or short) 1600 Ounces (avoirdupois) Hundredweights (net or short) 100 Pounds Hundredweights (net or short) 45.359 Kilograms Hundredweights (net or short) 0.0453592 Tons(melhc) Hundredweights (net or short) 0.0446429 Tons (lonn or gross) 1 Inches 2.540 Centimeters Inches 1.578x10'Miles Inches 1000 Mils Inches 6 Picas (typography) Inches 72 Points (typography) Inches 2.778x10' Yards Inches of Mercury 0.03342 Atmospheres Inches of Mercury 1.133 Feel ol Water Inches of Mercury 003453 Kilograms/ Square Centimeter Inches of Mercury 70.73 Pounds/Square Foot Inches ot Mercury • 0.4912 Pounds/Square Inch Inches o( Water (at 4° 0 2.458x10' Atmospheres Inches of Water (at 4* Q 0.07355 Inches of Mercury Inches of Water (at 4*Q 2.540 xlO> Kilograms/ Square Centimeter Inches of Water (at 4' Q 0.5781 Ounces/Square Inch Inches of Water (at 4° Q 5.204 Pounds/Square Foot Inches of Water (at 4* Q 0.03613 Pounds/Square Inch International Amperes 0.9998 Amperes (absolute) International Volts 1.0003 Volts (absolute) International Volts 1.593 xlO1* Joules (absolute) International Volts 9.654 xl C Joules J Joules 9.478x10* BTU Joules 10' Ergs Joules 0.7376 Foot-Pounds Joules 2 389x10Kilogram-Calories Joules 0.1020 Kilogram-Meters Joules 2.778 x 10" Kilowatt-Hours Jou 1 es/Cent i mete r 1.020x10' Grams Joules/Centimeter 10: Dynes To Con vert Multiply bv: To Get; Joules/Centimeter 100.0 Newtons Joules/Centimeter 723.3 Poundals Joules/Centimeter 22.48 Pounds K Kilderkins 17 Gallons Kilderkins 77.28 Uters Kilogram-Calories 3.968 BTU Kilogram-Calories 3088 Foot-Pounds Kilogram-Calories I J60 x HP Horsepower- Hou rs Kilogram-Calories 4186 Joules Kilogram-Calories 4.186 Kilojoules Kilogram-Calories 426.9 Kilogram-Meters Kilogram-Calories 1.163x10' Kilowatt *Hours Kilogram-Meters 9,294 x 103 BTU Kilogram- Meters 9.804x10' Ergs Kilogram- Meters 7.233 Foot-Pounds Kilogram- Meters 9804 Joules Kilogram- Meters 2.342 xlO3 Kilogram-Calories Kilogram-Meters 2723 x 104 Kilowatt- Hours Kilograms 980665 Dynes Kilograms 0.09807 Joules/Centimeter Kilograms 9807 Newtons Kilograms 70.93 Poundals Kilograms 2.2046226 Pounds Kilograms 0.0685 Slugs Kilograms 9.842 xlfr1 Tons (long) Kilograms 1.102 x!0J Tons (short) Kilograms/Cubic Meter 0.06243 Pounds/Cubic Feet Kilograms/Cubic Meter 3.613 x 10' Pounds/Cubic Inch Kilograms/Cubic Meter 3.405 x 10'" Pounds/Mil Foot Kilograms/ Meter 0.6720 Pounds/ Feet Kilograms/ Square Centimeter 980665 Dynes Kilograms/Square Centimeter 09678 Atmospheres Kilograms/Square Centimeter 32.81 Feet of Water Kilograms/Square Centimeter 2896 Inches of Mercuiy Kilograms/Square Centimeter 2048 Pounds/Square Foot Kilograms/Square Centimeter 14.22 Pounds/Square Inch Kilograms/Square Meter 9.678 x 10Atmospheres Kilograms/Square Meter 98 07 x 10* Bars Kilograms/Square Meter 3.281 x 10^ Feet of Water Kilograms/Square Meter 2696 x 10Inches of Mercury Kilograms/Square Meter 9.806650 Pascals Kilograms/Square Meter 0.2048 Pounds/Square Foot Kilograms/Square Meter 1422x10' Pounds/Square Inch Kilograms/Square Millimeter 10* Kilograms/Square Meter Kilolines 1000.0 Maxwells Kilometers 3281 Feet Kilometers 3.937 x ICH Inches Kilometers 0.621371 Miles Kilometers 1094 Yards Kilometers/ Hour 2778 Centimeters/Second Kilometers/Hour 5468 Feet/Minute Kilometers/ Hour 0.9113 Feet/Second Kilometers/ Hour 05396 Knots Kilometers/ Hour 16.67 Meters/ Minute Kilometers/ Liter 23521458 Miles/Gallon (US.) Kilometers/ Liter 2.8248094 Miles/Gallon (Imp.) Kilowatts 56.92 BTU/Minutc Kilowatts 44253.7 Fool-Pounds/Minute Kilowatts 736 7 Foot-Pounds/Second Kilowatts 1.341003 Horsepower Kilowatts 14.34 Kilogram-Calories/ Minute Kilowatt -Hours 3413.10 BTU Kilowatt- Hours 3.60x10" Ergs Kilowatt-Hours 2.656 x!f> Foot-Pounds Kilowatt- Hours 859850 Gram-Calories Kilowatt- Hours 1.341 Horsepower-Hours Kilowatt- Hours 36 x 10* Joules Kilowatt- Hours 3.671x10s Kilogram- Meters Kilowatt- Hours 3.53 Lbs. o! Water evapd at 212F Kilowatt-Hours 2275 "'* raised from 62 to 21 2F Knots 6080 Feet/ Hour Knots 1.689 Feet/Second Knots 18532 Kilometers/ Hour Knots 1.151 Statute Miles/ Hour Knots 2027 Yards/Hour L Leagues (Internationaj naulkal) 5.556 Kilometers Leagues (UK nautical) 5559552 Kilometers Leagues (US nautical) 4.828032 Kilometers Leagues 15.840 Feet Leagues 3 Miles (approx) Leagues 5280 Yards Legal Subdivisions (Cdn.) 40 Acres Legal Subdivisions (Cdn.) 01618742 Square Kilometers Light Years 9.46091 x 10i; Kilometers Light Years 5.9*10'Miles Lines/Square Centimeter 1.0 Gausses Lines/Square Inch 0.1550 Gausses Lines/Square Inch 1550x10* Webers/ Square Centimeter Lines/Square Inch 10* Webers/ Square Inch Lines/Square Inch 1550x10Webers/Square Meter Links (Engineers s) 0010 Chains links (Engineers 5) 20 1168 Centimeters

The text on this page is estimated to be only 16.07% accurate

To Convert: M Links (Engineers!) Links (Surveyors!) Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters Ulers Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters/Minute Liters/Minute Liters/Minute Lumens Lumens Lumens/Square Poof Lumens/ Square Foot Lux Lltipty by ToGtl Maxwells Maxwells Megalines Megohms Meters Meters Meters Meiers Meters Meters Meters/Minute Meters/Minute Meters/Minute Meters/ Minute Meters/Second Meters/Second Meters/Second Meters/Second Meter- Kilograms Meier- Kilograms Meier-Kilograms Microns Miles (UK. Nautical) Miles (US Nautical) Miles (US Nautical) Miles (Statute) Miles (Statute) Miles (Statute) Miles (Statute) Miles (Statute) Miles Miles/ Hour Miles/Hour Miles/Hour Miles/Hour Miles/Hour Miles/ Hour Miles/Minute Miles/Minute Miles/Minute Mil-Feet Milliers Milligram (mg) Ml Digrams/ Liter Milliliters (ml) Milliliters Milliliters Milliliters Millimeters Million Gallons (USVDay Million Gallons (ImpyDav Mils Mils Mils Mils Miner's Inches Minims (British) Minims (US. liquid) Minims (US. liquid) Minutes (angle) Minutes (angle) Minutes (angle) Minutes (angle) Myriagrams Myriameters Mvnawaits 120 792 0.02838 1000 0.03531 61.025 1.308x10' 0.2642 0.21999 2.1133 1.75969 1.0567 0.87988 0.908 5.885 xHH 4,4033x10' 3 6665x10' 0.07958 0.O0I496 1.0 1076 0.0929 Inches Indies Bushels (US dry) Cubic Centimeters (cc) Cubic Feet Cubic Inches Cub* Yards Gallons (US liquid) Gallons (Imp. liquid) Pints (US liquid) Pints (Imp. liquid) Quarts (US liquid) Quarts (Imp. liquid) Quarts (dry) Cubic Feet/Second Gallons (US.)ZSecond Gallons (lmp,)/Secor.d Spherical Candle Power Watts Foot Candles Lumens/Square Meter Fool Candles M 0001 Kilolines 10*0.001 Webers 10* Maxwells 10Microhms 3.2808399 Feel 39.37 Inches 5.396 x l(f Nautical Mites $.214x10' Siaiuie Miles 1.0936133 Yards 1.179 Varas 0.05468 Feel /Second 0.06 Kilomeiers/'Hour 0.03238 Knois 0.03728 Miles/ Hour 196.8 Feet/Minute 36 Kilometers/Hour 2.2369363 Miles/Hour 0.03728 Miles/ Mi nute 9.807 x 10' Centimeter- Dynes Ufi Centimeter-Grams 7.233 Pound-Feet 10* Meters 1 853184 Kilometers 1.1507794 M iles (Statute) 6.076.11549 Feet 0.8689762 Miles (US. Nautical) 5280 Feet 8 Furlongs 6.336 x 10' Inches 1.609344 Kilomeiers 1760 Yards 44 70 Centimeters/Second 88 Feet /Mi nute 1 467 Feet /Second 0.8684 Knots 26.82 Meters/Minute 0.4470 Meters/Second 2682 Centimeters/Second 88 Feet /Second 60 Miles/ Hour 9.425x10Cubic Inches 10000 Kilograms 001543236 Grains 1.0 Pars/Million 1.0 Cubic Centimeters 0.271 Drams (liquid) 16.231 Minims 0.061 Cubic Inches 0.0394 Inches 154723 Cubic Feet/Second 1.85815 Cubic Feet/Second 2.540x10' Centimeters 8.333 xlO* Feet 0.001 inches 2778x10Yards 15 Cubic Feet/Minute 0.059192 Cubic Centimeter 1.0408 Minims (British) 0061612 Cubic Centimeter 0.01667 Degrees 1.852x10-' Quadrants 2.909 x 10' Radians 60.0 Seconds 10.0 Kilograms 10.0 Kilometers 10.0 Kilowatts N Nepers Newtons Newtons Newions/Square Meter 8 686 0.2248 101 1.0 Decibels Pounds Dynes Pascals To Convert Noggins Noggms Multiply by To Get: 116 1.0 142 Gils Milliliters Ounces (oz.) (avoi rdupois) 1 6 Ounces (02.) (apot hecaries') 8 Ounces (avoirdupois) 4375 Ounces (02. t ) (troy or apothecaries ) 480 Ounces (avoirdupois) 28350 Ounces (troy or apothecaries*) 31 103 Ounces (troy or apothecaries) 20 0 Ounces (avoirdupois) 0.0625 Ounces (avoirdupois) 091 15 Ounces(iroy) 1,09714 Ounces (avoirdupois) 28349 x Ounces US. (liquid) 1041 Ounces British (liquid) 0*961 Ounces(fl.oz.)(US.)(liquid| 1.8047 Ounces(US.)fliquid) 29.573 Ounces (liquid) 0.125 Ounces (liquid) 0.0296 Ounces (British) (liquid) 1 .734 Ounces (British) (I iquid) 28 4 1 2 Ounces/Square Inch 4309 Pascals Pascals Pascals Pascals Parsecs Parsecs Parts/Million Parts/Million Parts/Million Pascals (Newtons/Square Meter) Pecks (pk) (British) Pecks (British) Pecks (US.) Pecks (US) Pecks (US.) Pecks Pecks Pennyweights [dwij(troy) Pennyweights (troy) Pennyweights (troy) Pennyweights (troy) Perch (French area measure) Petrograds (sawn timber) Petrograds(sawn timber) Picas (typographv) Picas Pints (liquid) Pints (liquid) Pints (liquid) Pints (liquid) Pints (liquid) Pints (liquid) Pints (liquid) Pints (dry) Pints (dry) Planck's Quantum Points (typography) Poise Poundals Poundals Poundals Poundals Poundals Pound-Feei Pound-Feet Pound-Feet Pounds (lb.) (avoirdupois) Pounds (avoirdupois) Pounds (avoirdupois) Pounds (lb. t.) (troy) Pounds (troy) Pounds (troy) Pounds (avoirdupois) Pounds (avoirdupois) Pounds (avoirdupois) Pounds (avoirdupois) Pounds (avoirdupois) Pounds (avoirdupois) Pounds (troy) Pounds (troy) Pounds (troy) Pounds (troy) Pounds (troy) Pounds (troy) Pounds/Cubic Feet Pounds/Cubic Feel Pounds/Cubic Feet Pounds/Cubic Inch Pounds/ Foot Pounds/ Inch 10' 10 0.10197 0.020886 14503774 19x10'3.084x10" 0.0584 0.07016 8.345 I.45136x Ifr' 554.6 9091901 0.25 537 605 8.809582 16 8 24.0 L55517 0.05 4.1667 x lOl 34.18894 165.0 4.67228 0.I6667(V6) 0.4233 473.2 28875 2 128 16 4 0.4732 33.600 0.55)0 6.624 xl(K 008333 (Vr») 100 13826 14.10 01383 001410 003108 1.356 x 10" 13825 0.13825 16 14.5833 121528 12 13.1657 0.82286 256 7000 453.592370 4 448 32.17 0.0005 5760 373.24177 240O 3.6735x10* 37324x10-' 4.1143x10-' 0.01602 5.787 xlO* 5.456 x 10* 1728 1.488 1786 Drams Drams Grains Grains Grams Grams Pennyweights Pounds Ounces (troy) Ounces (troy) Metric Tons Ounces British (liquid) Ounces US. (liquid) Cubic Inches Milliliters Cups Liters Cubic Inches Milliliters Dynes/Square Centimeter Newtons/Square Meter Kilograms/Square Meter Pounds/Square Foot Pounds/Square Inch (psi) Miles Kilometers Grains/Gallon (US.) Grains/ Gallon (Imp.) Pounds/Million Gallons (US.) Pounds/Square Inch Cubic Inches Liters Bushels Cub* Inches Liters Pints Quarts Grains Grams Ounces (troy) Pounds (troy) Square Meters Cubic Feet Cubic Meters Inches Centimeters Cubic Centimeters Cubic Inches Cups Fluid Drams Fluid Ounces Gills Liters Cubic Inches Liters Erg-Seconds Picas Grams/Cent i meter-Second Dynes Grams Newtons (Joules/Meter) Kilograms Pounds Centimeter-Dynes Cent 1 meter -Grams Meter-Kilograms Ounces (ozKavoirdupois) Ounces (troy) Pounds (troy) Ounces (oz.t.) (troy) Ounces (avoirdupois) Pounds (avoirdupois) Drams Grains Grams Newtons (Joules/ Meter) Poundals Short Tons Grains Grams Pennyweights (troy) Tons (long) Tons (metric) Tons (short) Grams/Cubic Centimeter Pounds/Cubic Inch Pounds/Mil-Foot Pound/Cubic Foot Kilograms/ Meter Grams/Centimeter

The text on this page is estimated to be only 15.58% accurate

117 (0 c 0 « g 0 u 3 0 c ! I B S 1 I 0 To Convert; Multiply bv To Get Pounds/ Mi 1-Foot 2306x10* Grams/Cubic Centimeter Pounds/Square Fool 4.725 x 10Atmospheres Pounds/Square Fool 0.01602 Feet o( Water Pounds/Square Foot 001414 Inches ol Mercury Pounds/Square Foot 4882 Kilograms /Square Meter Pounds/Square Foot 47.88026 Pascals Pounds/Square Foot 6944 x 10 r Pounds/Square Inch Pounds/Square Inch 006804 Atmospheres Pounds/Square Inch 2307 Feet ol Water Pounds/Square Inch 2.036 Inches ol Mercury Pounds/Square Inch 703.1 Kilograms/Square Meter Pounds/Square Inch 6894.757 Pascals Pounds/Square Inch 144.0 Pounds/Square Foot Pounds of Water 0.0160179 Cubic Feel Pounds ol Wafer 27.68 Cubic Inches Pounds of Water 0.1198 Gallons (US.) Pounds ol Water 009975 Gallons (imp) Pounds of Waver/ Minute 2.670 xlfr< Cubic Feet/Second Q Quadrants (angle) 90.0 Degrees Quadrants (angle) 5400.0 Minutes Quadrants (angle) 1.571 Radians Quadrants (angle) 324x10' Seconds Quarters 12 701 Kilograms Quarters 2.0 Stones Quarts (qt) (liquid) s. Ounces Quarts (liquid) Drams Quarts (liquid) 025 Gallons Quarts US (dry) 0.969 Quarts British Quarts British (dry) 1032 Quarts US. Quarts US. (liquid) 0,833 Quarts British Quarts British (liqu id) L20I Quarts US. Quarts British 69 354 Cubic Inches Quarts (US.) (dry) 67201 Cubic Inches Quarts (US.) (dry) 1.101 Liters Quarts (US)(liquid) 003342 Cubic Feet Quarts (US) (liquid) 5775 Cubic Inches Quarts (US) (liquid) 946.4 Cubic Centimeters Quarts (US,)(liquid) 1.238 x1a1 Cubic Yards Quarts (US.) (liquid) 09463 Liters R Radians 572958(orl80/irl Degrees Radians 3438 Minutes Radians 0.6366 Quadrants Radians 2.063 x W Seconds Radians/Second 9.549 Revolutions/Minute Radians/Second 0,1592 Revolutions/Second Revolutions 4 Quadrants Revolutions 6283 Radians Revolutions/ Minute 6 Degrees/Second Revol utions/Second 360 Degrees/Second Revolutions/Second 6283 Radians/Second Rods (Pole or Perch) 025 Chains (Cunlers) Rods (Pole or Perch) 16.5 Feet Rods (Pole or Perch) 5.029 Meter? Rods (Pole or Perch) 55 Yards Roods 0.1011714 Hectares Roods 1210.0 Square Yards S Scruples (sap) 20 Grains Scruples 1296 Grams Seconds (angle) 2778 x 10* Degrees Seconds (angle) 0.01667 Minutes Seconds (angle) 3087x10* Quadrants Seconds (angle) 4.8481 x 10* Radians Sections 640 Acres Sections 10 Square Miles Sections 2.589988 Square Kilometers Slugs 14.59 Kilograms Slugs 32.17 Pounds Slugs 12,57 Steradians Square Centimeters 1.973 xia Circular Mils Square Centimeters 0.001076 Square Feet Square Centimeters 3.861 x I0,( Square Miles Square Centimeters 0.1550 Square Inches Square Centimeters 1.196XI04 Square Yards Square Feet 22957x10* Acres Square Feet 1.833x10* Circular Mils Square Feet 929.0304 Square Centimeters Square Feet 144 Square Inches Square Feet 3.5870 xlO* Square Miles Square Feet 9.290 x 10* Square Millimeters Square Feet 0.1111 Square Yards Square Feet (French measure) 105 521 Square Centimeters Square Inches 1.273x10* Circular Mils Square Inches 64516 Square Centimeters Square Inches 0.0069 Square Feet Square Inches 10* Square Mils Square Inches 7.716x10* Square Yards Square Kilometers 247.1 Acres Square Kilometers 10" Square Centimeters Square Kilometers 1.0764 xlQ: Square Feet Square Kilometers I 550 x 10* Square Inches To ConvertMultiply by ToGe: Square Kilometers 03861 Square Miles Square Kdometers 1.1960x10* Square Yards Square Meters 2,471 x 10* Acres Square Meters 10764 Square Feel Square Meters 1550.0 Square Inches Square Meters 3861 xlO* Square Miles Square Meters 1.1960 Square Yards Square Miles 640 Acres Square Miles 27.88x10* Square Feel Square Miles 2589998 Square Kilometers Square Miles 3 0976x10" Square Yards Square Millimeters 1973.0 Circular Mils Square Millimeters 0.00153 Square Inches Square Mils 1-273 Circular Mils Square Mils 6.452 x 10* Square Centimeters Square Mils 10* Square Inches Square Yards 2.066 x Ifr* Acres Square Yards 8361*0 Square Centimeters Square Yards 9 Square Feel Square Yards 1296 Square Inches Square Yards 0.8361274 Square Meters Square Yards 3,2283 x 10' Square Miles Stones 6.3503 Kilograms Stones 140 Pounds T Tablespoons 4 Drams (liquid) Tablespoons 05 Ounces (liquid) Tablespoons 3 Teaspoons Tablespoons 14,21 Milliliters Tablespoons iCdn. Hospital) 150 Milliliters Tablespoons (UK) 178 Milliliters Tablespoons (US*) 14 8 Milliliters Teaspoons 4.74 Milliliters Teaspoons 0.16667 Ounces (liquid avoirdupois) Teaspoons (Cdn Hospitals) 5.0 Milliliters Teaspoons (UK.) 552 Milliliters Teaspoons (US.) 4.93 Milliliters Tons (gross tn.) (gross or long) 1016.0 Kilograms Tons {gross or long) 2240 Pounds Tons (gross or long) 1.120 Tons (net or short) Tons (gross or long) 1016 Tons (metric) Tons (tonne or I.) (metric) 1000 Kilograms Tons (metric) 0.984 Tons (gross or long) Tons (metric) 1.1023113 Tons (net or short) Tons (metric) 2204.623 Pounds Tons (in, or net In.) (short or net) 2000 Pounds Tons (short or net) 907 A 848 Kilograms Tons (short or net) 320000 Ounces (avoirdupois) Tons (short or net) 29166.66 Ounces (troy) Tons (short of net) 2430.56 Pound* (troy) Tons (short or net) 089286 Tons (long or gross) Tons (short or net) 090718 Tons (metric) Tons (short or net)/Square Foot 9765.0 Kilograms/Square Meter Tons ol Water/24 Hours 83.333 Pounds of Water/Hour Tons ol Water/24 Hours 0.16643 Gallons (USj/Minute Tons ol Water/24 Hours 0.13858 Gallons (Impy Minute Tons ol Water/24 Hours 1.3349 Cubic Feet/ Hour Townships 360 Sections Townships 93.23957 Square Kilometers V Volts (absolute) 0.003336 Statvolts Volts (absolute) 1.602x10" Joules Volts/Inch 0.39370 Volts/Centimeter w Watts 3.4129 BTU(mean)/Hour Watts 0056884 BTO (mean)/Minute Watts 107.0 Ergs/Second Watts 44.27 Fool-Pounds/ Mi nule Watts 07378 Fooi-Pou nds/Second Watts 0.001341 Horsepower Watts 0.001360 Horsepower (metric) Watts 1.0 Joules/ Second Watts 0.01433 Kilogram Calories/ Minute Watts(lnternalional) 1.0002 Watts (absolute) Watt-Hours 3.6 x 10'" Ergs Watt- Hours 2656 Fool-pounds Watt-Hours 859.85 Gram-Calories Watt-Hours 0.001341 Horsepower- Hours Watt- Hours 3675 Kilogram-Meters Webers IIP Maxwells Webers 10* Kllolines Webers/Square Inch 1.550x10Gausses Webers/Square Inch 10Lines/ Square Inch Webers/Square Inch 01550 Webers/Square Centimeter Weber/Square Meter 10' Gausses Weber/Square Meter 6.452 x 10' Gausses Webers/Square Meter 10' Webers/Square Ceniimeter Webers/Square Meier 6.452 x 10' Webers/Square Inch Y Yards 91 44 Centimeters Yards 4.934 x 1CM Miles (nautccal) Yards 5.682 x Ifr1 Miles (statute)

The text on this page is estimated to be only 22.61% accurate

Geometric Areas and Volumes us A -Total Area Ab - Area of Base A - Area of Lateral Surfaces A- - Area of Top Section Nomenclature: abed - Length of Sides e.f - Angular Lengths h,H - Vertical Height LL - Arc Length p -Perimeter Db - Perimeter of Base CftA - Padii V -Volume Square a=b p-4-a A-a*a =.5*e*e e«a*sqr(2) =a-1.414 Cube A-6*a*a V-at3 Rectangle p-2«(a+b) e=sqr(a*a+b*b) a=sqr(e*e-b«b) A=a-b ParaHelopiped i A=2-(a*b+a-c+b*c) V-a-b-c Rhombus (Sides Equal and Parallel) a=b p=4«a-4-b e*e+W=4-a*a A=ah =e-f/2 Parallelogram or Rhomboid (Sides Parallel but Not Equal) p-2*(a+b) e-e+M=2*(a-a+b-b) A=ah Trapezoid p-a+b+c+d A-h-(d+b)/2 Trapezium p-a+d+c+e+f+g A=((H+h>f+e*H+g*h)/2 n-Sided Regular Polygon p-n*a a-2*sqr(r,*ri-r2*r?) A=n*a»r2/2 =n»a/2*sqrfr*ri-a*a/4) = n* areo of each triangle $ E \ (0 1 < u r, E § I t e e I 1 I I

The text on this page is estimated to be only 26.18% accurate

m a Right Angled Triangle p«a+b+c a=sqr(b*b+c*c) b-sqr(a*a-c-c) c-sqrfa-a-b-b) A-b-c/2 Equilateral Triangle p-3*a h-a/2*sqr(3) -a*.8666 A=o-a«sqK3)/4 =a«a-4333 Cone or Pyramid (Right Regular) V=Ae*h/3 where A« ~area of base Lateral surface =pe-L/2 where pa = perimeter of base A=-nT*sqr(r*r+h*h)+TT*r*r General or Oblique Angled Triangle p=a+b+c h=2/b-sqr((s-(s-a>(s-b)*(s-c)) where s-(a+b+c)/2 A=b*h/2 or A=sqr((s'(s-a)*(s-b)*(s-c)) Cone or Pyramid (General) V-As-h/3 where A&- area of base Circle A-n*r*r p-2*n*r Hollow Circle or Annulus A=n/4*(D*D-d*d) -n*(r?»r?-rt*ri) -n/2*(d+D)-(r^) -rr*(rt+ri)*(r?-fi) Sector of a Circle L-nn*0/18O =2-A/r A=n*e*r*r/360 =Ln/2 Frustum of a Cone (Right Regular) V-fv(AB+Ar+sqr(Ae*Ai))/3 A = L-(p*+pO/2 A-A+Aa+AA*« area of base Ai- area of top pe= perimeter of base pi = perimeter of top Ai = Lateral surface area Sector of a Hollow Circle L A=n*0*(r2»r?-r'*r.)/36O A-0w2Hl+L)/2 Frustum of a Cone (General) V - (Ab + At + sqr(As* AO) where As = area of base and At = area of top

The text on this page is estimated to be only 19.33% accurate

Segment of a Circle for 0<9O°: A-rn-(n-e/18O-sin(0))/2 for 0>9O°: A = r*r*(n-0/18O-sin(18O-0))/2 Ellipse psn*(a+b) p-n*0.5*(a+b)-sqr(a'b)) (Tiore accurately) A=n-a-b Frustum of a Cylinder (Right Circular) H h, Ai-w*r*{h+H) A-=n*r*sqr(r*r+((rvH)/2)t2) As = Tr*r*r A=Ai+A- + Ae V=TTTT-(h+H)/2 Cylinder (Right Circular) h "r— 3-Ai-2*n»r*h A«2*nn*(r+h) V=n*r*r*h Frustum of a (General) V=A-(L+l)/2 V-Ae-h Cylinder (General) A=pa*h A=A.+2-Aa V=A**h where As=area of base (n*r*r) Barrel wi:h sides benr to arc of a circ e V=n-h*(2'D*D+d*d)/12 with sides bent to arc of c pcrabolc V=209-h-(2-D*D+D-d+.75-d'd) Segment of a Sphere A-2"7TT*h orA=n/4*(4*rvh+b*b) V=n*h*h*(r-h/3) orV-TT*h*(b-b/8+h*h/6) Sector of a Sphere A=7in*(2*h+b/2) b=2«sq

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The Complete Commodore Inner Space Anthology has been brought to you by the makers of The Tech/News Journal For Commodore Computers Published once every two months. The Transactor brings you detailed and accurate infonrxjtion about the Commodore world from the inside out! Each issue is packed to the limit with concepts, programming techniques, hardware projects, events and product news, plus lots more! If keeping one step ahead of your computer is the scenario you demand, then The Transactor is the most cost effective accessory you can add to your system! And, we're 95% Advertising Free! Every article is printed back-to-back without interruption by advertisements. Transactor Disk Is also pubished along with every issue. Each disk contains every program from the corresponding magazine in order as they appear There is also a standard set of utity programs included to complement the programs. Subscribe to Both Today! Your Commodore System Will Love You For It!

The text on this page is estimated to be only 17.79% accurate

Jim Butterfield's Complete CI 28 Memory Map A few issues back we published an abridged C128 RAM/ROM map as prepared by Jim Butterfield. At the time we were quite pleased to have the privilege of publication. Although the maps were not in any way complete. they were good enough to start many hungry programmers on their way with the CI 28. After many months of careful and very well calculated pestering on our part. Jim has finally consented to allow us to publish his yet unreleased C128 Map. This opportunity comes as a form of prelude to Jim's yet unreleased new version of. "Machine Language For The Commodore 64 And Other Commodore Computers". Jim has carefully re-written it to include the CI 28. and as is usual with Jim's books, articles, videos. TV shows, etc.. etc., etc.. his Machine Language book takes the reader by the hand and gently force feeds knowledge without any painful infliction. Jim's new book is expected to be released in April of 1986. published by Bradey. a division of Simon and Shuster. As with his last Machine Language book, this version will be available most everywhere through many of the major book stores. If after this incredible bit of JB propaganda you remain unmoved, let me assure you that I am not being paid for this, except for a bottle of Steam beer he bought me in San Francisco {for which I paid him back promptly). If ever you get the chance, have a read. . you will not be disappointed. - RTE COMMODORE 128 Memory Maps Jim Butterfield These maps apply to the machine when used in the 128K mode. When used in the 64 mode, the machine's map is identical to that of the Commodore 64. Architecture: "Bank numbers" as used in Basic BANK and the MLM addressing scheme are misleading; in fact, they are more correctly "configuration numbers". Bank 0 shows RAM level 0, which contains work areas and the user's Basic program. Bank 1 also shows RAM. this time (for addresses above hexadecimal 0400) level 1 which contains variables, arrays, and strings. Other "banks" are really configurations, with various types of ROM or I/O overlaying RAM. Thus, bank 15 (the most popular) is ROM and I/O covering RAM bank 0. Bank 14. however, is ROM and the character generator overlaying RAM bank 0. Architecture is set so that addresses below $0400 reference bank 0 only. Other bank switching (more complex than the simplified 16-bank concept) is accomplished via storing a mask to address SFFOO, or calling up pre-stored masks by writing to SFF01-FF04. The Commodore C128 Memory Map as of February 1986 All Banks: Hex 0000 0001 0002-0004 0005-0009 00OA 00OB OOOC 000D 00OE 000F 0010 0011 0012 0013 0014 0015 0016 -00t7 0018 0019-0023 0024-0027 0028-002C 002D-QQ2E 0O2F-O030 0031 -0032 0033 -0034 0035-0036 0037-0038 0039-003A 003B-0O3C 003D-003E 003F-0040 0041 -0042 0043-0044 0045-0046 0047-0048 0049-0O4A 004B-004C 004D-004E 004F 0050-0055 0056-0058 0059-0062 0063 0064-0067 0068 0069 006A-006F 0070 0071 0072-0073 0074 -0075 Decimal 0 I 2-4 5-9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22-23 24 25-35 36-39 40-44 45-46 47-48 49-50 51-52 53-54 55-56 57-58 59-60 61-62 63-64 65-66 67-68 69-70 71-72 73-74 75-76 77-78 79 80-85 86-88 89-98 99 Description I/O directional register I/O porl. similar lo C64 SYS address. MLM registers (SR PC) SYS. MLM register save {A. X. Y. SR/SP) Scan-quotes flag TAB column save 0-LOAD. UVERIFV Input butter pointer/ number ol subscript Default DIM (lag Type: FF=string; 0O»numerk Type: 80 = imeger; 00 = floaling point DATA scan/UST quote/memory flag Subscripi/FNxflag 0*INPUT;W0=GET;S98-READ ATN sign/Comparison evalualion Hag Cutreni I/O prompi flag Integer value Pointer temporary sinng stack Stack for temporary strings Utility pointer area Product area lor multiplication Pointer: start-ol-BASrC (for bank 0) Pointer. start-ol-variaWes (bank 1) Pointer: slart-ol-arrays Pointer: end-of-arrays Pointer string-storage (moving downl Utility stnng pointer Pointer, limil-of-memory (bank 1| Current BASIC line number Textpointer BASIC work point Utility Pointer Current DATA line number Current DATA address Input vector Current variable name Current variable address Variable pointer lor FOR/NEXT Y-save. op-save, BASIC pointer save Comparison symbol accumulator Miscellaneous work area, pointers, and so Jump vector lor functions Miscellaneous numeric work area Accum*! exponent on 100-103 Accum'! mantissa 104 Accum' I; sign 105 Series evalualion constant pointer 106-111 Accum'2 exponent, and so on 112 Sign comparison. Ace* 1 versus *2 113 Accum*! lo-order (rounding) 114-115 Cassette buffer ten/Series pointer 116-117 Auto line number increment 0076 118 Graphics flag 0077 119 Color source number 0078-0079 120-12! Temporary counters O07A-0O7C 122-124 DSSdescnptc* O07D-OO7E 125-126 BASIC pseudo-slack pointer 007F 127 Flag: Ox direct mode 0080 -0081 1 28- 1 29 DOS. USING work flags 0082 130 Stack pointer save for errors 0083 131 Graphic color source 0084 132 Multicolor l(l| 0085 133 Multicolor 2 (2) 0086 134 Graphic foreground color (13) 0087 -008 A 1 35- 1 38 Graphic scale factors. X & Y 008B -008F 139-143 Graphic work values 0090 144 StaluswordST 0091 145 KeyswiichIA: STOP and RVS flags 0092 146 Timing constant for lape 0093 147 Work value, monitor. LOAD/SAVE 0094 148 Serial output: deferred character flag 0095 149 Serial deferred character 0096 150 Cassette work value 0097 151 Regisiersave 0098 152 How many open files 0099 153 Input device, normally 0 009A 1 54 Output CMD device, normally 3 009B -O09C 1 55- 1 56 Tape parity, output-received flag 009D 157 I/O messages: 1 92= all. 64 = errors. 0= nil 009E-009F 158-159 Tape error pointers 00AO-OOA2 160-162 Jiffy Clock HML 00A3-00AB 163-171 I/O work bytes OOAC-OOAD 172-173 Pointer: tape buffer, scrolling 0OAE-0OAF 174-175 Tape end adds/End of program 00B0 -00B1 176-177 Tape liming constants 00B2 -00B3 1 78- 1 79 Pointer: start of tape buffer 00B4 -00B6 180-182 RS-232. Misc work values 00B7 183 Number ol characters in file name 00B8 184 Current logical file 00B9 1 85 Current secondary address OOBA 186 Current device COBB -008C 187-188 Pointer lo file name 00BD-O0C5 189-197 I/O work pointers 00C6-00C7 198-199 Banks: I/O data, filename 00C8-0OCB 200-203 RS-232 inpul/outpul buffer addresses OOCC-OOCD 204-205 Keyboard decode pointer (bank 15) 00CE-0OCF 206-207 Prim stnng work pointer 208 Number ol characters in keyboard buffer 209 Number of programmed chars wailing 210 Programmed key character index 211 Keyshiftllag 0=noshifl 00D4 212 Key code: 88 tf no key 00D5 213 Key code: 88 if no key 00D6 214 Input from screen/from keyboard 00D1 00D7 215 40/80 columns: 0 = 40 columns 00D8 216 Graphics mode code O0D9 217 Characterbase:0=ROM.4 = RAM OODA-OODF 218-223 Misc work area OOEO-OOEl 224-225 Pointer lo screen line/cursor 00E2 -00E3 226-227 Color line pointer 0OE4 228 Curreni screen bottom margin 0OE5 229 Curreni screen lop margin 0OE6 230 Current screen left margin 00E7 231 Curreni screen right margin O0E8 -0OE9 232-233 Input cursor log (row. columnl OOEA 234 End-ol-line lor input pointer OOEB 235 Position of cursor on screen line OOEC 236 Row where cursor lives O0ED-OOEE 237-238 Maximum screen lines. columns OOEF 239 Curreni I/O character 00F0 240 Previous character pnnled OOF) 241 Character color 0OF2 242 Temporary color save 0OF3 243 Screen reverse flag OOF 4 244 0 = direct cursor; else programmed OOFS 245 Number of INSERTS outstanding O0F6 246 255 = Auto Insert enabled O0F7 247 Text mode lockout 00F8 248 0=Scrollingenablled 00F9 249 Bell disable 00FA -00FF 250-255 Not used 0100 -0JFF 256-511 Processor stack area 0100 -013E 256-318 Tape error log 0100 -0124 256-292 DOS work area 0125-0138 293-312 PRINT/USING work area 0200-02AO 512-672 BASIC input buffer 02A2 -02AE 674-686 Bank peek subroutine 02AF-02BD 687-701 Bank poke subroutine 02BE-02CC 702-716 Bank compare subroutine 02CD-02E2 717-738 JSR to another bank 02E3 -02FB 739-763 JMP lo another bank 02FC-O2FD 764-765 Function execute hook [4C781 0300 -0301 768-769 Error message link 0302 -0303 770-771 BASIC warm start link 0304 -0305 772-773 Crunch BASIC tokens link 0306 -0307 774-775 Print tokens link 0308 -0309 776-777 Start new BASIC code link 030A -030B 778-779 Get arithmetic element link 030C-O30D 780-781 Crunch FE hook 03OE-O30F 782-783 List FE hook 0310 -031 1 784-785 Execute FE hook 0312 -0313 786-787 Unused 0314 -0315 788-789 IRQ vector |FA65| 0316 -0317 790-791 Break interrupt vector JB003: 0318 -0319 792-793 NMl interrupt vector |FA40] 031A -031B 794-795 OPEN vector (EFBD] Th« Transactor 29 Juiy W6: Volume 7, Hsue 01^

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Note: Address values shown in bold are corrections since originally published. 031C -Q31D 031E -031F -0321 -0323 -0325 -0327 0320 0322 0324 0326 0328 -0329 032A -032B 032C -032D 032E -032F 0330 -033) 0332 -0333 0334 -0335 0336 -0337 0338 -0339 034A -0353 0354 -035D 035E -0361 0362 -036B 036C -0375 0376 -037F 038O -039E 0386 039F -03AA 03AB -03B6 03B7 -03BF 03C0 -03C8 03C9 -03D1 03D2 -03D4 03D5 03D6 -03D9 03DA 03DB -03DD 03DF 03E0 -03E1 03E2 03E3 03FO -03F6 FFOO FF01 FF02 FF03 FF04 FF01 -FF04 BankO: 0400 -07E7 07F8 -07FF 0800 -09FF 0AOC 0A0D 796-797 CLOSE vector [F188] 798-799 Set-input vecior [F106] 800-801 Sel-oulpulvfCtorlFHC] 802-803 Restore I/O vector (F226) 804-805 Input vector [EF06] 806-807 Output vector [EF79] 808-809 Test-STOP vector (F66EJ 810-811 GET vecior [EEEBJ 812-813 Abort I/O vector |F222| 814-815 Machine Lang Monitor link 816-817 LOAD link 818-819 SAVE link 820-821 Control code (tow) link 822-832 High ASCII code Jink 824-825 ESC sequence link 842-851 Keyboard buffer 852-861 Tab stop bits 862-865 Line wrap bus 866-875 Logical file table 876-885 Device number table 886-895 Secondarv address table 896-926 CHRGET subroutine 902 CHRGOT entry 927-938 Fetch from RAM bank 0 939-950 Fetch from RAM bank 1 951-959 Fetch from RAM bank 1 960-968 Fetch from RAM bank 0 969-977 Fetch Irom RAM bank 0 978-980 Unused 981 Current BANK for SYS. PEEK 982-985 INSTR work values 986 Bank location for string 987-989 Spnte work bytes 991 Atcum'l: Overflow 992-993 Spnte work bytes 994 Graphic/Text backgrounds 995 Graphic/Mulli color log 1008-1014 DMA link code 65280 MMU configuration register BankO Bank I Bank 14 Bank 1 4 over RAM I 65281-65284 MMU load config registers 1024-2023 40-column screen memory 0A0F -0AI7 0AI8 0A19 0A1A 0A1B 0A1D -0A1F 0A20 0A2I 0A22 0A23 0A24 OA25 0A26 0A27 -0A2A 0A2B 0A2C 0A2E -0A2F 0A40 -0A5A 0A6O -0A6D OACO OACI -QAC4 -0BBF -0BFF -0DFF -OFFF -1009 -I0FF -1130 -116E 0BC0 0CO0 OEOO 1000 I00A 1100 1131 II6F 1170 -1173 1174 -1177 1178 -1179 117A -1178 I17C -117D 117E -1ID5 11D6-11E5 1 1E6 -11E8 -I1EA 2040-2047 2048-2560 2572 2573 Spnte ideniity area (texi) BASIC pseudo-slack CIA CIA interrupt log limer enabled lie? 11E9 11EB UEC 1IED ItEE -HFF 1204 -1207 120B -120C 1210 -1211 1212 -1213 ROM Map 4000 Basic Entry Jumps 4B3F 4009 Basic Restart 4BCB 4023 Basic Cold Start 4BCD 4045 Set-Up Basic Constants 4BF7 4112 Chime 4C86 417A Sel Preconfig Registers 4C89 4189 Registers For SD501 4CB6 4 1 8D Init Sprite Movement Tabs 4D2A 419B Print Startup Message 4D37 4251 Sel Base Links 4D3A 4267 Basic Links 4D3C 4279 Chrgel For $0380 4DAF 42CE Get From ($501 Bank I 4DC3 42D3 Get From (S3F) Bank I 4DE2 42D8 Get From ($521 Bank I 4F4F 42DD Get From ($50 BankO 4F82 42E2 Gel From ($5C) Bank 1 4F93 42E7 Get From ($66) Bank 1 4FAA 42EC GetFrom($6l)BankO 4FFE 42F1 Get From ($70) BankO 5017 42F6 Get From ($70) Bank I 5047 42FB Get From ($50) Bank I 5050 4300 Gel From ($61) Bank I 5059 4305 Get From ($24) BankO 5064 430A Crunch Tokens 50A0 43E2 Check Kevword Match 50E2 4417 Kevwords 5123 46FC Action Vectors 5ID6 47D8 Function Vectors 51F3 4828 Defunct Vectors SIF8 4846 Unimplemetited Commands 5238 484 B Messages 5250 4A82 Find Message 5254 4B34 Update Continue Pointer 5262 Execute/Trace Stalemeni Perform |stop| Perform [end] Setup FN Reference Evaluate Evaluate Evaluate Pnnt ready' Error or Ready Print oul of memory' Error Break Eniry Ready For Basic Handle New Line Rechain Unes Resel End-of-Basic Receive Inpul Line Search B-Stack For Match Move B-Stack Down Check Memory Space Copy B-Stack Pointer Set B-Stack Pointer Move B-Stack Up Find Basic Line Get Fixed Pt Number Perform (list| Us! Subroutine Perform (new] Sel Up Run Perform [clr] Clear Slack* Work Area Pudef Characters Back Up Text Poinier Perform (return] 2575-2583 RS-232 work values 2584 RS-232 receive poinier 2585 RS-232 input pointer 2586 RS-232 transmit pointer 2587 RS-232 send poinier 2588-2590 Skepcountdown;FFFF=disable 2592 Keyboard buffer size 2593 Screen freeze flag 2594 Keyrepeat l28=all.64 = none 2595 Key repeal timing 2596 Key repeal pause 23*7 Graphics/lext toggle latch 2598 40-col cursor mode 2599-2602 40-col blink values 2603 80-col cu rsor mode 2M4 40-col video $D0 1 8 image 2606-2607 80 col pages -screen. color 2624-2650 40/80 pointer swap $E0-FA 2656-2669 40/80 dala swap $354-361 2752 PAT counter 2753-2756 ROM Physical Address Table 2816-3007 Casseite buffer 3008-3071 3072-3583 RS-232 input, output buffers 3584-4095 System sprites (56-63) 4096-4105 Programmed key lengths 4 106-4351 Programmed key definitions 4352-4400 DOS Command staging area 4401-4462 Graphics work area 4463 Trace mode: FF= on 1464-4467 Renumbering pointers 4468-44" 1 Direclory work pointers 4472-4473 Graphics index 4474-4475 Ftoal-fixed vector [849F| 4476-4477 fixed-floai vecior J793C] 4478-4565 Sprite motion tables (8x11 bytes) 4566-4581 Sprite X/Y positions 4582 Sprite X-high positions 4583-4584 Sprite bump masks (sprite backgnd) 4585-4586 Ught pen values. X and Y 4587 CHRGEN ROM page, text [D8j 4588 CHRGEN ROM page, graphics (DO] 4589 Secondary address lor RECORD 4590-4607 Unused 4612-4615 PU characters ( ,.$) 4619-4620 TRAP address: FFFF if none 4624-4625 End of Basic {Bank 0) 4626-4627 Basic program limit (FFOO] 1214 -1217 1218 -121A I21B -121F 1222 I22F 1234 -1237 1239 -I23E 123F -1270 123F -1248 1249 -1252 1253 -125C 125D -1266 1267 -1270 1271 -1274 1275 1276 -1278 1279 -127E 127F 12B1 1300 -17FF 1800 -1BFF ICOO -FBFF 1C00 -IFF7 1FF8 -1FFF 2000 -3FFF 4000 -FBFF Bank I: 0400 -FBFF lb A 14: DOOO-DFFF Bank 15: 4000 -CFFT D000-D02E WOO -D41C D500 D501 -D504 D505 -D506 D507 -D50A D600 -D601 10 -II 12 -13 IA IF D800 -OBE7 DC00-DC0F DDOO -DDOF DF00 -DF0A E000 -FEFF FF05 -FFFF 4628-4631 DO work pointers 4632-4634 USR program jump [7D28] 4635-4639 RND seed value 4642 Sound tempo 4655 Music sequencer 4660-4663 Note image 4665-4670 Current env pattern 4671-4720 Envelope tables .. 4671-4680 ADfSR) pattern 4681-4690 (ADfR pattern 4691-4700 Waveform pallem 4701-4710 Pulse width patient 4711-4720 Pulse width hi pattern 4721 -4724 Note: xx.xx.volume 4725 Previous volume image 4726-4728 Collision IRQ lask table 4729-4734 Collision IRQ address tables 4735 Collision mask 4736 Collision work value 4785 PEN work value 4864-6143 Unused 6144-7167 Reserved lor key functions 7168-64511 BASIC RAM memory (text) 7168-8186 Video (color) matrix (hi-res) 8187-8191 Spnie identities (hi-res) 8192-16383 Screen memory (hi-res) 16384-64511 BASIC RAM memory (hi-res) 1024-6451! Basic vanables. arrays, strings .as Bank IS.betow.excepi: 53248-57343 Character generator ROM 16364-53247 ROM: BASIC 53248-53294 40-col video chip 8564 54272-54300 SID sound chip 6581 Memory Management Unil 8722 54528 MMU pnmary config register 54529-54532 MMU preconfig registers 54533-S4534 MMU mode, ram registers 54535-54538 MMU page 0. page I regs 54784-54785 80-column CRT conir 8563 16-17 X.Y positions 18-19 On-chip RAM address 26 Background color 31 On-chip RAM data 55296-56295 Color nybbles 56320-56336 CIA 1 (IRQ) 6526 56576-56591 CIA2(NMI)6526 57088-57098 DMAstol 57344-65279 ROM: Kernal 65285-65535 ROM: Transfer. Jump Table 528F Perform [data/bend] 529D Perform |rem] 52A2 Scan To Next Stmnt 52A5 Scan To Nexl Line 52C5 Perform [if] 5320 Search/Skip Begin/Bend 537C Skip String Constani 5391 Perform [else] 53A3 Perform [on] 5X6 Perform [let] 54F6 Check String Location 553A Perform [print'] 5540 Perform [cmd] 555A Perform (print) 5600 Prim Formal Char 5612 Perform [gei| 5635 Getkey 5648 Perform (input'] 5662 Perform [inpul] 569C Prompl & Inpul 56A9 Perform [read] 57F4 Perform [nexl] 587B Perform [dim] S88S Perform [sys] 58B4 Perform [iron] S8B7 Perform [000] 58BD Perform [rreg] 5901 Assign 5975 Perform [auto] 5986 Perform (help] 59AC Insert Help Marker 59CF Perform [gosub] 59DB Perform [goto] 5AI5 UndefdSiatemeni 5AID Put Sub To B-Stack SA3D Perform [go] 5A60 Perform [com] 5A9B Perform [run) 5ACA Perform [restore] 5AF0 Keywords To Renumber 5AF8 Perform [renumber] 5BAE Renumber - Continued 5BFB Renumber Scan 5D19 Convert Line Number 5D68 Get Renumber Start 5D75 Count Off Unes 5D89 Add Renumber Inc 5D99 Scan Ahead 5DA7 Set Up Block Move 5DC6 Block Move Down 5DDF Block Move Up SDEE Check Block Limit 5DF9 Perform |lor] 5E87 Perform [delete] 5EFB Get Line Number Range 5F34 Perform [pudefj 5F4D Perform [irap] 5F62 Perform [resume] 5FB7 Reinstate Trap Pomi 5FD8 Syntax Exil 5FDB Prim canl resume' 5FE0 Perform [do] 6039 Perform [exil] 608A Perform [loop! 60B4 Print toop not found 60B7 Prim loop without do' 60DB Eva! While/Until Argumeni 60E1 Define Programmed Key 610A Perform [key] 6IA8 Perform [paint] 627C Check Painting Split 62B7 Perform [box] 642B Perform [sshape] 658D Perform [gshapel 668E Perform [circle] 6750 Draw Circle 6797 Perform [draw] 67D7 Perform [char| 6955 Perform [locate] 6960 Perform [scale] 69E2 Perform [color] 6A4C Color Codes 6ASC Log Current Colors 6A79 Perform [scnclr[ 6B06 Fill Memory Page 6817 Set Screen Color 6B30 Clear Hi-Res Screen 6B5A Perform [graphic) 63C9 Perform [bank] 6BD7 Perform [sleep] 6C09 Multiply Sleep Time 6C2D Perform [wait] 6C4F Perform [spriie] 6CB3 Bu Masks 6CC6 Perform [movspr] 6DE1 Perform [play] 6E02 Analvze Plav Character 6EB2 Set SID Sound 6EFD Play Error 6F03 Dolled Note 6F07 Nole Length Char 6F1E NoleA-G Tt>e Transoctof 30 Jmh/196A: Volume 7, tesueOl ]

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6F52 VfltXUiTl 864D Pull Siting Parameters 928D Call plot' B3C7 Pnnt error C854 ChrS<29) Cursor Right 6F69 6F6C Sharp Flat 8668 Evaluate 9293 Call get' B3DB Perform [1] C&5A ChrS(l7) Cursor Down 866E Exit Siring Mode 9299 Make Room For String B406 Perform [a.] C875 ChrS(IS7) Cursor lelt 6F78 Rest 8677 Evaluate 92EA Garbage Collection B536 Pnnt space C880 ChrS B57C Check 2 A-Matches C8A6 ChrH.ll> Lock 6FE4 869A Set Up String 9410 Evaluate B57F Check A-Malch C8AC ChrS(12) Unlock 6FE7 Length Characters Command Characters 874E Build Stnng io Memory 9459 Evaluale B58B Try Next Op Code C8B3 Chr$(19) Home 6FEC 877B Evaluate String 9485 Trig Series B599 Perform [d] C8BF Chr$(l46) Clear Rvs Mode 702F Chime Seq SID Vo*ce Steps Perform (filter] Perform [envelope] Perform jcoIlision| Perform (sprcolor] Perform (widih] Perform (vol! 87E0 Clean Descriptor Slack 94B3 Evaluale B5B1 Print C8C2 ChrS(18) Reverse 7039 S7FI Input Byte Parameter 94E3 Series B5D4 Display Instruction C8C7 Chr$(2) Underlme-On 1 Vv»* 7046 8803 Params For Poke/Wait 9520 Print Using B5F5 Print <3spaces> C8CE ChrS(130) UndCTliW-Olf 70CI 8815 Float/Fixed 99CI Evaluate B659 Classify Op Code C8D5 Chr$(l5) Rash-On 7164 882E Subtract From Memory 9B0C Evaluate B6AI Get Mnemonic Char C8DC ChrJ(l4J»Hash-Oit 7190 8831 Evaluate 9B30 Draw Line B6C3 Mode Tables C8D Open Screen Space 1 ■ w 71B6 8845 Add Memory 9BFB Plot Pixel B7I5 Mode Characters C91B ChrS(20) Delete 71CS 8848 Evaluate 9C49 Examine Pixel B72 1 Compacted Mnemonics C932 Restore Cursor 71 EC Perform (sound) Perform | window) Perform (boot] Perform (sprdelj Sprite Vectors 8917 Trim FAC'I left 9C70 Set Hi-Res Color Cell B7A5 Input Parameter C94F Chri(9) Tab * ■ WW 72CC 894E Round Up FAC'I 9CCA Video Matrix Lines Hi B7CE Read Value C961 ChfJ<24) Tab Toggle 7335 895D Print overflow 9CE3 Position Pixel B88A Number Bases C96C Rnd Tab Column 7372 899C Log Series 9D1C Bit Masks B88E Base Bits C980 Esc^z Clear All Tabs 7691 89CA Evaluate 9D24 Calc Hi-Res Row/Column B892 Display 5-Digit Address C983 Esc-y Set Default Tate 76EC Perform (sprsav) 8A0E Add 0.5 9DF2 Restore Pixel Cursor B8A5 Display 2-Digit Byte C98E Chri(7) Bell 77B3 Perform fast) 8A24 Multiply By Memory 9E2F Parse Graphics Command B8A8 Print Space C9B1 ChrlflO) Linefeed 77C4 Perform [stow] 8A27 Evaluate 9E32 Get Color Source Param B8AD Print Cursor-Up C9BE Analyze Esc Sequence 77D7 1 r Tvpe Match Check 8A89 Unpack ROM to FAC*2 9F29 Com Words Hi B8B4 New Line C9DE Vectors 77DA Confirm Numeric 8AB4 Unpack RAMI to FAC'2 9F3D Conv Words Lo B8B9 Blank New Line an Esc-t Top 77DD ConlirmSlnng 8AE3 AdiustFAC'l/*2 A022 Move Basic to S1C01 B8C2 Output 2-Digit Byte aie Esc-b Bottom 7TE7 Print type mismatch' Print formula loo complex 8B17 Multiplv By 10 A07E Perform [catalog/directory! B8D2 Byte to 2 Ascii CAIB Set Window Part 77EA 8B2E ♦ 10 A11D Perform |dopen| B8E7 Get Input Char CA24 Exit Window 77EF Evaluate Expression 8B33 Print division by zero' AI34 Perform (append) B8E9 Get Character CA3D Esc-t Insert Line 78D7 r Evaluate Item 8B38 Divide By 10 AI57 Find Spare SA B901 CopyAdd0toAdd2 CA52 Esc-d Delete Line 793C Fixed-Float 8B49 Divide Into Memory A16F Perform |dclose| B90E Calculate Add2-AddO CA76 Esc-q Erase End 7950 Eval Within Parens 8B4C Evaluate A18C Perform [dsave] B922 Subtract CA8B Esc-p Erase Begin 795C Check Comma 8BD4 Unpack ROM to FAC'I A1A4 Perform [dverify| B93C Subtract 1 a9F Esc-@ Clr Remainder of Scrn 796C Syntax Error Search For Variable 8BF9 Pack" FAC'I to $SE A1A7 Perform jdloadj B950 Increment Pointer CABC Esc-v Scroti Up 7978 8BFC Pack FAC'I to S59 AIC8 Perform [teave] B960 Decrement Pointer CACA Esc-w Scroll Down 7A85 Unpack RAMI lo FAC! Locale Variable 8CO0 PackFAC'l toRAMl A218 Perlorm |btoad] B974 Copy to Register Area CAE2 Esc*l Scroll On 7AAF 8C28 FAC'2 to FAC'I A267 Perform [header] B983 Calculate Step/Range CAE5 Esc-m Scroll Of! 7B3C Check Alphabet 8C38 FAC'I 10 FAC'2 A2A1 Perform |scralch| B9B1 Perform A32F Perform [collect | BA5D Outpul Address CAFE Esc-u Underline Cursor 7D28 r Print illega! quantity 8C68 Byte Fixed-Float A346 Perform [copy] BA90 Perform |@] CB0B Esc-e Cursor Non flash 7E3E Compute Array Size 8C75 Fixed- Float A362 Perform [concai] C0O0 -cintCB21 Esc-I Cursor Rash 7E71 Arrav Pointer Subnn 8C84 Evaluate A36E Perform [rename] C006 Get From Keyboard CB3" Esc-g Bell Enable 8000 Evaluate 8C87 Compare FAC 1 to Memory A37C Perform [backup] C0O9 Screen Input Link CB3A Esc-h Bell Disable 8020 Decrypt Message 8CC" Float -Fixed A3BF Parse DOS Commands C00C Screen Print Link CB3F Esc-r Screen Reverse 804A Evaluate 8CFB Evaluate A5E7 Print 'missing file name' C00F -screenCB48 Esc-n Screen Normal 8052 String to Float 8D22 String to FAC'I A5EA Print 'illegal device number' C0I2 -senkeyCB52 Esc-k End-ol-Une 8076 ^3 Evaluate 8DB0 Get Ascn Digit A5ED Print 'stnng loo long' C018 -pktfCB58 Get Screen Char/Cotor 80C5 Evaluate 8E17 Conversion Values A627 DOS Command Masks C021 Define FN Key CB74 Check Screen Line of Lo 80E3 Perform [pokej Evaluate 8E26 Print in'. . . A7E1 Print 'are you sure?' C024 IRQ link CB8I Extend/Trim Screen Line 80F6 8E32 Print Integer A80D Release Siring C027 Upload 80 Col CB9F Set Up line Masks 8139 Swap x With y Evaluate 8E42 Ron to Ascii A845 Set Bank 15 C02A Swap 40/80 CBBI E$c-j Start-ol-Line SI 42 8F76 -0.5 A84D IRQ Work C02D Sel Window CBC3 Find End-of-bne 81 6B Bvte to Hex 8F7B Decimal Constants AA1F Perform [slash; C033 Screen Address Low CBED Move Cursor Right 8182 w Evaluate 8F9F Tl Constants AA24 Perform jletch] C04C Screen Address High CCOO Move Cursor Let: 8I8C Get Graphics Mode 8FB7 Evaluate AA29 Perform [swap] C065 I/O Link Vectors CCIE Save Cursor 819B Evaluate 8FBE Raise to Memory Power AE64 Encrypted Message C06F Keyboard Shift Vectors CQ7 Print Space 8203 Evaluate 8FC1 Evaluate AF00 Basic Vectors C07B Initialize Screen CC2F Print Character 824D Evaluate 8FFA Evaluate B00O Perform |monitot] C142 Reset Window CC32 Print Till Color 82AE Evaluate 9005 Exp Series B009 Break Enlry CI SO Home Cursor CC34 Put Char to Screen 82FA r Evaluate 9033 Evaluate B00C Print break' CI 56 Goto Left Border CC5B Get Rows/Columns 831E F Evaluate 90D0 I/O Error Message B021 Print call' enlry C15C Set Up New Line CC6A Read/Set Cursor 8361 Evaluate 90D8 Basic open B03D Print 'monitor' C17C Do Screen Color CCA2 Define Function Key 837C Evaluate 90DF Basic chrout B050 Perform [r) C194 [IRQ) Split Screen CD2C Esc-x Switch 40/80 8397 Evaluate 90E5 Basic Input B053 Print 'pc sr. . .' C234 Get a Key CD57 Position 80-co) Cursor 83EI Evaluate 90EB Redirect Output B08B Gel Command C29B Input From Screen CD6F Set Screen Color 8407 Evaluate 90FD Redirect Input B0BC Error C2BC Read Screen Char C09F Turn Cursor On 8434 Evaluate 9112 Perform |save] B0BF Print T C2FF Check For Quotes CDCA Set CRTC Register 31 8490 Rnd Multiplier 9129 Perform jveriryj B0E3 Perform [x] C30C Wrap Up Screen Pnnl CDCC Set CRTC Register 849A Value 32768 9I2C Perform [toad) B0E6 Commands C320 Ascii to Screen Code CDD8 Read CRTC Register 31 849F Float-Fixed Unsigned 9I8D Perform [open] B0FC Vectors C33E Check Cursor Range CDDA Read CRTC Register 84A7 Evaluate Fixed Number 919A Perform [close] BI1A Read Banked Memory D63 Do New Line CDE6 Set CRTC to Screen Address 84 AD Float-Fixed Signed 91AE Get Load/Save Parameters BI2A Write Banked Memory C37C Insert a Line CDF9 Set CRTC to Color Address 84C9 Float (* a) 91DD Get Next Byte Value B13D Compare Banked Memory C3A6 Scroll Screen CEOC Set Up 80 Column Char Set 84 DO Evaluate 91E3 Gel Character or Abort B152 Perform |m] C3DC Delete a Line CE4C Ascii Color Codes 84D9 Check Direct 91EB Move to Next Parameter B194 Perform |:j C40D Move Screen Line CE5C System Color Codes 84DD Print illegal direct' 91F6 Get Open/Close Pararrt B1AB Perform [>] C4A5 Dear a Line CE6C Bit Masks 84E0 Pnnt undeTd (unction" 9243 Release I/O Stnng B1CC Pnnt esc-o, up' C53C Set 80-column Counter to 1 CE74 •lO-Collnii Values (SE0) 84 E5 Set Up 16 Bit Fix-Float 9251 Call 'status B1D6 Perform [g| C53E Set 80-column Counter CE8E 8U-ColIniiValues($0A40l 84 F5 Print direct mode onU 9257 Call'setlfs' B1DF Perlorm [j] C5SD Keyboard Scan Subrln CEA8 Prog Key Lengths 84FA Perform [del] 925D Call'setnam BIE8 Display Memory C65I Key Pickup & Repeat CEB2 Prog Key Definitions 8528 ■ ■ Check FN Svntax 9263 Cairgetin B20E Print C6DD Programmed Keys E000 Reset Code 853B ■■1 -■ -Hi ^^ HiV HHL m 1 X X ■■■. L L Perform |fn| Evaluate 9269 Call'chroul' B23I Perform [cj C6E7 Flash 40 Column Cursor E01B MMU Sel Up Bytes 85AE 926F Callclrchn B234 Perform jt| C720 Print lo Screen E056 -restor85BF Evaluate 9275 Call close B2C3 AddltoOpi C77D Esc-o (escape) E05B -vector85D6 Evaluate 927B Call -dair B2C6 Do Next Address C79A Vectors E073 V«cior>ioSU3H 860A Evaluate 9281 Print Following Text B2CE Perform [h] aB6 Print Control Char E093 -rarmas86IC Evaluate rramoctor 9287 Set Load/Save Bank B337 Perform [Isvj 31 C802 Pnnt Hi-Bit Char EOCD July 191 Cooe For High RAM Banks ih. 16: Volume 7, Issue Ol

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EI05 RAM Bank Masks El 09 -ioinilEIDC SelUpCRTCtogisiMS E1F0 Check Special R«ei E242 Reselto 64/128 E24B SwiichloMMode E263 Code to W2 E266 Scan All ROMs E2BC ROM Addresses Hi E2C0 ROM Banks E2C4 Print cbm' Mask E2C7 VIC85MSetUp E2F8 CRTC 8563 Set Up Pairs E33B -talkE33E -IBtenE43E -acptrE4D2 -secondE4E0 -tksaE503 -cioui- Prim Serial ESI 5 -unllkE526 -unlsnES35 Reset ATN E545 Set Clock High E54E Set Clock Low E557 Set Data High E560 Set Data Low E569 Read Serial Lines E573 Stabilize Timing E59F Restore Timing E5BC Prepare For Response E5C3 Fast Disk OH E5D6 Fast Disk On E5FB Fast Disk On/OH E5FF (NMI)Tranyriil RS-232 E64A RS-232 Handshake E68E Set RS-232 Bit Coum E69D (NMIJ RS-232 Receive E75F Send to RS-232 E79S Connect RS-232 Input E7CE Get From RS-232 E7EC Interlock RS-232/Serial E805 (NMI) RS-232 Control I/O E850 RS-232 Timings ES78 (NMI) RS-232 Receive Timing E8A9 (NMI) RS-232 Transmit Timing E8D0 Find Any Tape Header E9I9 Write Tape Header E980 Get Buffer Address E987 Get Tape Buffer Stan & End Addrs E99A Find Specific Header E9BE Bump Tape Pointer E9C8 Print press play...' E9DF Check Tape status E9E9 Print press record..' E9F2 Initiate Tape Read EA15 initiate Tape Write EA26 Common Tape Code EA7D Wait For Tape EA8F Check Tape Stop EAAI Set Read Timing EAEB (IRQ) Read Tape Bits EC1F Store Tape Chars ED5I Reset Pointer ED5A Sew Char Set Up ED69 Send Transitn to Tape ED8B Write Data to Tape ED90 (IRQ) Tape Write EE2E (IRQ) Tape Leader EE57 Wind Up Tape I/O EE9B Swiieh IRQ Vector EEA8 IRQ Vectors EEBO Kill Tape Motor EEB7 Check End Address EEC I Bump Address EEC8 (IRQ) Clear Break EEDO Control Tape Motor EEEB -getinEF06 -chrinEF48 Gel Char From Tape EF79 -chroutEFBD -openF06O Set CIA to RS-232 FOCB Check Serial Open F106 -chkmFI4C -chkoutF188 -closeF1E4 Delete File F202 Search For File F212 Set File Parameters F222 -ctaltF226 -clrchnF23D Clear I/O Path F265 -loadF27B Serial Load F32A Tape Load F3A1 Disk Load F3EA Burst Load F48C Close Off Serial F4BA Gel Serial Byte F4CS Receive Serial Byte F503 Toggle Clock Line F50C Print uO' Disk Reset F50F Print searching' F52I Send File Name F533 Print loading' F53E -saveF5B5 Termi nate Senal I nput F5BC Print 'saving' F5C8 Save to Tape F5F8 -udtimF63D Watch For RUN or Shift F65E -rdlimF665 -seilimF66E -stopF67C Print too many files' F67F Pnnl file open' F682 Print Tile not open F685 Prim Tile not found' F688 Prim device not present' F688 Print not input file' F68E Prim 'not output file' F69 1 Prim missing file name' F694 Prim 'illegal device no F697 Error *0 F6B0 Messages F71E Prim If Direct F722 Prim I/O Message F73I -setnamF738 -setlfsF73F Set Load/Save Bank F744 -rdslF757 Set Status Bit F75C -setmsgF7SF Set Senal Timeoul F763 -memlopF772 -membaF781 -iobaseF786 Search For SA F79D Search & Set Up File F7A5 Trigger DMA F7AE Get Char From Memory F7BC Store Loaded Byte F7C9 Read Byte lo be Saved F7D0 Get Char From Memory Bank F7DA Store Char lo Memory Bank F7E3 Compare Char With Memory B^nk F7EC Load Mem Conirol Mask F7F0 Bank Masks F800 SubrinstoW2A2-S02FB F85A DMA Code ioW3FO F867 Check Auto Stan ROM F890 Check For Boot Disk F90B Print booting' F92F Print*..: F9SB Wind Up Disk Bool F9B3 Read Next Boot Block F9FB To 2-Digii Decimal FA08 Block Read FA15 Print "i" FA17 Print a Message FA40 NM) Sequence FA6S (IRQ) Normal Entry FA80 Keyboard Matrix Un-Shifted FAD9 Keyboard Matrix Shifted FB32 Keyboard Matrix C-Key FB8B Keyboard Matrix Control FBE4 Keyboard Matrix Caps Lock FFOO MMU Controls FF05 NMI Transfer Enlry FFI7 IRQ Transfer Entry FF33 Return From Interrupt FF3D Reset Transfer Enlry FF47 Jumbo Jump Table FFFA Translc Vectors 8502 Processor I/O Registers DMA Controller 01)00 0001 ■" = m l*wi 7jtis • dUr Kr\ I Mofx aim 1 = ^' ■ ■ iii ■.]' i.'U' Hffin imier|S0tt»l L H 54S28 5452954533 S4S33 54534 54535 5*S3fi 54537 54538 DFO0 DF01 DFD2 DFD3 DF04 DF05 DF06 DF07 DF08 DF09 0F0A Busv Fault X X X X K X Exec Sum X X IRQ \(K Mode — L HotfArttfeis H — L Expansion Address — H X X X X X £xr*nwn8ank — L TransfefLeneh — H Checksum Veraon, Maximun-Memory ST! ft* 57(iW 57TGI 57ard Row SelecM inverted) PlifliAfl Ki Fire ftiofi: JOWlCk I 'U* Do»n Up DCul rytoirt Column Re*3 DC02 SFF-AUOuipui DC03 tOO -All Input DC04 OC05 Timer A L H DC06 DC0T — Timer B L H DCOC Serul (tfirtt Regiflet DCOD IRQ X X Rag SReg | X TinvB TimA Dcoe S Reg I/O TimerA Load 0/5 , Toffii^ . dcof 1 Timer B , *■ PRA 56320 PRB 56321 DORA S6322 DDRB56.r>3 TAL 56324 T*H 56325 TBL 56326 TBH 56327 56332 5*333 S63:H 56335 DDOO IN rTkTT 1 serial 1 (XT TioTT PJTVI OUT OIT Vrdco Bkxi DDOI Irl rix-DIN IN UJK OLT OIT1 :\ DD02 IN IN OUT OUT OUT OUT OUT OUT DD03 S06I«RS232 DD04 DD05 — Timer A L H DD06 DD07 — TimrB L H DOOD ft33T IN limn B A DOOE TimeDOOF . ' ■ ■ Timer BSut! PR.* icSTli PRB'-VG" DDRA56S78 DDRB 565i<< TAL 565811 TAH 56581 TBL 56582 TBH S6SS3 O S6S89 CRA 5659(1 CRB S65«! Conneded M nu uwd bs 0.5 "PRBisirtePmlleiUieiPon DDRA = VIFdiiew: The ■OMQOlor 32 Arty 1986: Volume 7, Issue Ol

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8564 Video Chip Control & Miscellaneous Registers Don D012 D013 DOM D016 1 Ex tended Or Mode Display I H Enable ow Sclni Y-Sctoll Rasier Register Light Pen Input X Y* Sprite 0 1 Sprite 7 I 53265 D000 DOOE 53266 DOOI DOOF 53267 53268 D027 D02E 8564 Video Chip Sprite Registers X Position Y Position Sprite 0 I 53248 Sprite Colour Reset Mull. Colour Column Select X-Scroll D018 VMI3 Screen \\V.2 VM1I VMIO C'riaMcte' bW C813 CB12 CB11 X D019 IRQ Interrupt Sense: Interrupt Enable: Pen Spr-Spr Collision apr-tfiai Raster D01A Light Pen Spr-5pr Collisions Spr-Bdck Collisions Raster Colour Registers D020 X Exterior Colour (Border) D021 X Background Colour '0 D022 X Background Colour * I D023 X Background Colour "2 D024 X Background Colour "3 D025 X Sprite MultiColour *0 D026 X Sprite MultiColour *1 D02F D030 |Kevboard Rows] TSST Test Cock 53270 53272 53273 53274 53280 53281 53282 53283 53284 53285 53286 53295 53296 7 1 6 Bit For Sprite*: 5 4 3 I I I 2 4 0 i 6581 SID Sound Chip (Identical lo 6581 on C64) Voice! Vo*eVwrl WOO W»7 EMC [HOI was D4HF D4Q2 W09 win W03 [MOA WII WW woe WI2 wos woe D4I.1 [■! ■■ :i-n.'_ WN . Frtquew\ L L Pyl*Wid.ft I H DBA V vtxa* Ivpe \SE PUL . SA* TRI ! Key AlTack tine i Jew lime . Gmrar Susim level 1 * i 1 KefcM Time 1* Vo*e! Voice 2 ¥«*:! 54273 5427* 54'SS 54373 542W> 54287 54274 512R1 54288 54275 54282 SU» S427B 5428J 542» 54277 54284 34*11 54278 $4285 54292 V(MBM"MBlHal> WIS [MIR WIT WIS D "R nonancr ' ' P*Mo«nd ' V3o" Hi . BP , LO Filler Freqweixy Filter Voice* , Fj! . W . V2 mem volume I I L. 54333 S43S2 54S5 54_>% Filler and Volume (wnleonly) Wl9 WtA WIB WIC Padu>X(A/D'l) ^dleYfA/D'Jt \ax3(rar»do!nt Envelope J 54297 542S8 S429H 54.*m Seroe {readonly) NolebpnulVaceFeMuro (TEST. RING. MOD. 5VNO are cmined hum The above diagram D0IO D015 D017 D01B D01C D01D D01E D01F X-Position High Sprite Enable Flags Y-Expand Background Priority Sprite MultiColour Mode X- Expand Interrupt: Sprite Collision Interrupt: Background Collision 8563 80-Column CRT Controller D600read(«flluM D600 Si(U« 121 Pen TeTT iSUr. 5178J Sprite 7 I 53262 53249 53263 53287 53294 D6H> 54784 0601 54785 Ttpiial Value OSOO Honzonial Total I2fi 1 SOI HonRimal Charavierv Dnplaved {81)1 Ml 1 K» Horaontal Svik powion 1112 sua Vwipt.iI Sync Width HofsoniiJ S^ih- W4:h landi 4101 X v< rtiedToCaJ Vertical Total A :L>or*l 5S0S X X X Jiuu I) 6106 X VrnK*IDuplaytd{2S) 2S 7*07 X Veflittl Sync Postf ion 2SwW 8 SOS X X X X X x Inrerlact* ik *soo X X X Scan br»» per Oi#*cieT • IOWA 3 Cuftor Mode CursoiStdn S3 llftfi X X x Cursor End 12S0C 13 SOD X X OspU> Adurm H L i) 0 14 JOE lSSOF Cursor tXddrns H L D it 16111) 17 SI 1 Lrt*hl frn Input H L WW vam% 18 SI 2 19 SI i ■ ™ Video RAM Address Sk regiser !I | L vafic% 20 SI 4 21 SIS — Colour Add res* H L ft D 22S16 Chwacter Tola! Grander Display Hocizot ital I3B H 23SI7 > X X Charodr Ospby Venial 24SI8 nil-- k Cop* 1 5crr 1 Blmk RVS | to* V Scroll 32 25 SIS H9 Map . i.lcx.r Em "TO PlXfl rt Scroti WorTl 26S1A Foreground Colour Background Colour Ji 27 SIB Sootl Control HoriMnttl II 28 SIC Char Set Address RAM X X X X K 29 SID X X X l i devmr Scan jm* Counl ■ 30SIE □mm Coum vane> 3ISIF Video faMdauiseerepsm 18 IW tarn** 32 131 33*21 — Block Cop* SiartAddre** H i 14S22 3SS23 — t>opU\ Enable t«pn tut 36124 X XXX DtoMRrffttJiRdr i 53264 53269 53271 53275 53276 53277 53278 53279 The Transactor 33 Jury 1986: Volume 7, Issue Ol

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Transactor TK* T* (.mpul«rl □Air Mail (Overseas only) $40.t;s include* S4 15 jriuiagr prr i«*uc* Canada Name & Address (please include your postal/zip code): □ Renewal (please include your Subscription Number from mailing label) □ New Subscription New address? Q □ Please send me The Complete Commodore Inner Space Anthology at $14.95 The Transactor Disk ( 1 54 1 /4040/MSD formal) □ Please send 6 consecutive disks to correspond with my magazine subscription: $45.00.* Please send the following disks at $7.95" each. □ Disk I ; All programs from Volume 4 □ Disk 2: Programs from Volume 5, Issue 01 to 03 □ Disk 3: Vol. 5, Issue 04 (Business & Education) □ Disk 4: Vol. 5. Issue 05 (Hardware & Peripherals) D Disk 5; Vol. 5. Issue 06 (Aids & Utilities) □ Disk 6: Vol. 6. Issue 01 (More Aids & Utilities) Transactor □ Volume 4. Issue 01 □ Volume 4, Issue 03 □ Volume 5, Issue 01 I Volume 5, Issue 02 □ Volume 5, Issue 03 □ Volume 5. Issue 04 I Volume 5, Issue 05 □ Volume 5, Issue 06 □ Volume 6, Issue 01 Back Issues: $4.50* each. □ Vol. 4, Issue 02 (Sound and Graphics) (Transition to Machine Language) (Protection & Piracy) (Business & Education) (Hardware & Peripherals) (Aids & Utilities) (More Aids & Utilities) • Ontario residents please add 7% provincial sales tax on disks and magazine hack issues - no tax on books (ie. "The Anthology"). NOTE: Prepayment required. Purchase orders will be accepted ONLY if accompanied by payment. □ Cheque/ MO. enclosed D Visa D MasterCard Cheque". Acct. * Dated. ./. Amount. Expires ./. use the following Commodore equipment: DVIC 20 DDatasftte DC 64 Disk Unit: D 4016/32 Q 1540/41 D8032/96 D4040 DSuperPET D8050 I use my equipment in the following environment: DHobby DBusiness DTeehnical DPublic School DHigh School D8296 D8250 DCollege/Univ. OI6/ +4 09060/90 DCKM Dealer D I'leasesend dealer information for The Transactor. 05/85

BUSINESS REPLY MAIL FIRST CLASS PERMIT NO 390 BUFFALO. NY POSTAGE WILL BE PAID BV ADDRESSEE Transactor 277 Linwood Avenue Buffalo, NY, 14209-9990 NO POSTAGE NECESSARY IF MAILED IN THE UNITED STATES |,„||,l„l..l.lll...l.l,l.l..l.l..l.l..ll... Business Reply Mail No Pottage Stamp Neceeaary if mailed in Canada Postage will be paid by: Transactor 500 Steeles Avenue Milton, Ontario, Canada L9T 9Z9