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A SHORT GRAMMAR OF ATTIC GREEK BY REV. FRANCIS M. CONNELL, S.J. HOLY CROSS COLLEGE, WORCESTER MASSACHUSETTS ALLYN AND BACON BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO ATLANTA SAN FRANCISCO

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y ι w^. l^^ "l^^c COPYRIGHT, 1919 BY F. M. CONNELL 14Ori»ooTi ^rrse J. S. Cuehing Co. — Berwick & Smith Co. Norwood, Mass., U.S.A.

PREFACE The present book is designed for those who wish to study the essential elements of Greek grammar with a view to the intelligent reading of ordinary Greek prose. No attempt is made to analyze the inflections, and unusual constructions have been dispensed with or treated concisely. While especially suited for elementary work, it will serve more advanced students who are intent upon the literary rather than the grammatical aspects of the language. Attention may be drawn to the following details. Homeric forms and constructions, which enlarge and embarrass both etymology and syntax of most grammars, have been omitted. This seemed feasible because modern text-books of Homer present an adequate outline of the author's peculiarities by way of introduction, to which the student can be referred. In the inflection of verbs stress is laid upon the formation of the principal parts of regular verbs. But only the most general rules of formation are presented, since verbs must be learned in practice from the dictionary rather than be pieced together from given principles. A great deal of material assistance has been accorded the author by the Reverend G. A. Dillon, of Woodstockon-Hudson, by Messrs. F. X. Downey, F. X. Byrnes, J. F. Doherty, J. J. Brown, of Woodstock College, Maryland, and others, to all of whom he is bound to make grateful acknowledgment. F. M. C• July, 1919. m

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TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I LETTERS. SYLLABLES. ACCENTS Thb Alphabet 1 VowBLS AND Consonants 2 Diphthongs 2 Breathings 8 Consonant Changes 8 Contraction 4 Elision 6 Movable v 6 Crasis 6 Quantity β Accent β Punctuation 10 PART II INFLECTIONS Inflection 11 Declension of the Article 11 Declension of Nouns 12 First DecleDsion 12 Second Declension 16 Third Declension 17 Irregular Noune 23 V

vi TABLE OF CONTENTS PAOB Dbclension of Adjectives 24 First and Second Decleneioiie 25 Third Declension 28 First and Third Declensions 30 Irregular Adjectives 82 Participles 83 Comparison of Adjectives 87 Numerals 89 Declension of Pkonouns 41 Personal Pronouns 41 The Intensive Pronoun , . .•.... 42 Beflexive Pronouns 42 Possessive Pronouns 43 Demonstrative Pronouns .43 Interrogative and Indefinite Pronouns 46 Relative Pronouns 46 Reciprocal and Adjectival Pronouns 47 Conjugation of Vekbs 49 Augment and Reduplication 60 Accent of Verbs 62 Conjugation of εΙμΙ 68 Conjugation of (o- Verbs 66 Principal Parts 6β Synopsis of Tenses 61 Conjugation of \ύω β3 Contract Verbs 69 Mute Verbs 78 Liquid Verbs 79 Second Tenses 81 Conjugation of μχ- Verbs 84 Irregular Verbs 96 Verbal Adjectives 100 PART III AD\rERBS. PREPOSITIONS. WORD FORMATION Adverbs 101 Prepositions ..... ^ 101 Word Formation .... li)3

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii PART IV SYNTAX PAOK Classification of Sbntbncbs 106 Syntax op Nouns 108 Nominatiye 100 Vocative 100 Accusative 100 Dative Proper 112 Ablatival Dative 115 Genitive 117 Syntax of Adjectives 123 Syntax of the Abticlb 125 Syntax of Pronouns 120 Syntax of Verbs 133 Voices 133 Tenses of the Indicative 134 Tenses of Other Moods . . . . . . . .137 Moods in Simple Sentences 143 Moods in Dependent Clauses 146 Purpose Clauses 146 Object Clauses 146 Result Clauses 147 Causal Clauses 148 Conditional Sentences 140 Concessive Clauses 163 Temporal Clauses 154 Relative Clauses 156 Attraction of Moods 157 Indirect Discourse 158 The Infinitive 162 The Participle 166 The Verbal Adjective 160 Synopsis of the Uses of ού and μή 170 Synopsis of the Uses op Λ^ 173 Appendix: List of Important Verbs 175 Greek Index 181 English Index 187

A SHORT GRAMMAR OF ATTIC GREEK PART I LETTERS — SYLLABLES — ACCENTS THE ALPHABET 1. The Greek Alphabet consists of twenty -four letters. Capital Small Nam» • Latin Equivalent A α alpha a Β Ρ beta b Γ γ gamma g Δ δ delta d ε c epsilon e ζ ι zeta ζ Η Ά eta e θ θ theta th Ι ι iota i Κ κ kappa k Α λ lambda 1 Μ Vmu m Ν ν nu η Ξ S xi X Ο 0 omicron δ Π ΊΓ pi Ρ Ρ Ρ rho Γ Σ σ, S sigma s Τ τ tau t τ υ upsilon u φ Φ phi ph χ χ chi ch ψ ψ psi ps ί1 ω omega 0 The small sigma has the form 9 at the end of a word ; elsewhere it is written L σ ; as, στασ*9, stoMS. 1

2 LETTERS — SYLLABLES — ACCENTS VOWELS AND CONSONANTS 2. The letters of the Alphabet are divided into the following groups: 1. Seven Vowels : of these two, η and ω, are long by nature ; two, € and o, are short by nature ; three, a, 4, and u, are sometimes long, sometimes short. 2. Seventeen Consonants : of these four are called Liquids^ — λ, /i, v^ p\ nine are called Mutes^ and are classified as follows : Smooth Middle ASPIB. TT-mutes 7Γ β φ (Ubials) K-mutes Κ 7 χ (palatals) T-mutes Τ Β θ (dentals) three are Double Consonants^ viz. : f, — generally equivalent to σδ f , — equivalent to a «-mute Η- σ ψ^ — equivalent to a 7r-mute + o" one is Sibilant^ σ (?). (α) Gamma, γ, before a κ-mute or ί has the sound of n, and is called gamma nasal. Thus, άγκών is pronounced ankon; φάλαγζ is pronounced phalanx, DIPHTHONGS 3. Two vowels may unite to form a diphthong. All diphthongs end in ι or v. They are divided into two classes : Proper Diphthongs: ai^ 6£, Ot, VLy αν, βυ, ου, ηυ. Improper Diphthongs: 9, 27, 9>.

CONSONANT CHANGES 8 4. In Improper Diphthongs, the second vowel, 4, is silent. It is written under the first vowel, and is called iota iubscript; but when a capital letter is used, the iota is written on the line. Thus, a is written *Ai ; 17 is written Ήλ ; φ is written Ώλ. BREATHINGS 5. Every vowel or diphthong beginning a word must have a Breathing written over the vowel or diphthong. The Rough Breathing ' has the value of the letter A. Thus, αίμα is pronounced haima^ ωρα, hora, Ιστορία^ hutoria. The Smooth Breathing * is not heard at all in pronunciation. Thus, αριθμός^ arithmos^ άκρόττοΧίς^ akropolis. 1. In Proper Diphthongs the breathing is written over the second vowel ; as, αίτ€ω) νιος, 2. The consonant ρ at the beginning of a word is always written with a rough breathing ; as, ρίω. Double ρ is sometimes written with two breathings ; thus, ΤΙνρρος, Pyrrhus. CONSONANT CHANGES 6. Consonants in a word are sometimes modified for the sake of euphony, especially when they occur in succession. Note for example the following : 1. The consonant v. (a) V before a 7r-mute (ττ, /S, φ) or ψ and before μ is changed to μ ; as, έμττνέω for βιζ-τπ^ώ). (δ) ν before a /c-mute (/c, 7, χ) or ξ is changed to 7 (nasal) ; as, ί^κόιττω for έν-κότΓτω. () V before λ or /o is regularly changed to λ or p, respectively, and before σ is regularly dropped; as, βλλβΛτω for ίνΧβίττω, βύ^αίμοσι for €ύ8αίμονσι. Consequently, the compound verb iv βαΧΧω is found in the dictionary as έμβάΧΧω. So too έν-ττίττΎω is found as β/ΑττΑττω, ίν-μ^νω as εμμένω^ βΡ-καΧάο as έ^καΧ€ω^ avv-Xeyw as συλλ^ω.

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4 LETTERS — SYLLABLES — ACCENTS There are two exceptions to the preceding. First, the preposition ev, in, remains unchanged before ρ and σ, as ίν-ρνθμας. Secondly, the preposition συν, ivitht before σ + a vowel becomes συσ, and before σ + a consonant becomes συ- ; as, σνσσώζω for συν + σώζω, and συσκ€νάζω for συν + σκευάζω. 2. When a smooth mute precedes a rough breathing in a following word or in forming compounds, it is changed to the corresponding aspirate ; as, καθ•αιρέω for κατ-αίρίω^ αφ* &v for ατΓ &v. Words for Practice Make the necessary consonant changes in the following words : συν -f φφω, συν -|- Χαμβάνω^ aw -\- /βάλλω, iv -{μενής^ ev ■\- βαίνω^ ταυτ ευρίσκω, iv -f χώ), τοΰτ αίρω, συν -h στβλλω, iv + ηεντβ, συν + ιταθης^ συν + χωρώ, μα^ έτερων, iv -h φανης, συν + ρέω, συν + καΚω, eir ήμϊν^ iv + τταΧίν, ηυναΐκ ορω, συν + σείω. CONTRACTION OF VQWELS 7. Two vowels occurring together in the same word are often contracted into one long vowel or diphthong. The following cases of contraction are useful in the inflection of nouns of the second and third declension. For contract verbs, see § 161. 1. ITie vowel a. α -h α or any €-sound (c, et, η, jy) is contracted into 5, and i, if it occurs, is subscribed. Thus, yipaa = γφα, yepae = yepd, τιμάει = ji/Lta. a -h any o-sound (o, ω, οι, ου) is contracted into ω, ι being subscribed. Thus, yepao^ = γφως, yepaoiv = yep^v. 2. The vowel €. € + α = ^, or ά, as yivea = yiv^', οστέα = οστά. e 4- 6 = 61, as rpiripee; = τριηρών:. 6 -I- 0 = ov, as yiveo^ = ydvou^. e before a long vowel (η, ω) or diphthong generally disappears, as y€veωv = yev&v.

CRASIS δ 8. TL• vowel ο. ο + ο = ot;, as νάο^ = νου^. ο before a long vowel or diphthong (in contracts of the second declension) disappears, as νόων = ρων. Words for Practice Contract the vowels in the following words, omitting the accent: χρι5σ€09, 7γο\669, κβραο^^ κάν€ον^ evpeo^^ Spee^ κίραα^ ρόο^^ γρνσίων^ κέραε^ apyvpdov^^ airXooi^j τριήρ€€^ ρόφ^ άΧηθ^ος^ σαφ€€^ €ύτνγέθίν^ ρόων^ ταχ^^ ήχόο^^ γηραοζ. ELISION 8. Elmon is the dropping of a short vowel at the end of a word when the next word begins with a vowel. Thus, TOVT ίστιν for τοντο eariv^ έφ* ήμϊν for €7γΙ ήμϊν. Elision is often neglected, and never occurs with irepij Ίτρό^ oTiy and many other forms. MOVABLE V 9. The consonant ν is regularly added to the following words, when they stand at the end of a sentence or before words beginning with a vowel : 1. to words ending in -σι ; as, ττοιονσιν ovBev for ττοιοΰσι ovBdv^ φΰΚαξιν iv ττόλει for φύΧαξι iv iroXjei. 2. to final e of the third person singular of verbs ; as, €\v€P αυτόν for eXve αυτόν. 8. to €στί from the verb βΐμί^ as βστιν αύτφ. The negative ου before a vowel with the smooth breathing becomes ουκ ; before a vowel with a rough breathing becomes ουχ (§ β, 2). Similarly the forms ούτως, thus, and c|, out of, are used before vowels, and ούτω and Ik before consonants. CRASIS 10. Crasis is the blending of a vowel at the end of a word with a vowel at the beginning of the next word. The sign *, called coronia^ is placed over the syllable formed by crasis. Thus, ταύτου for του αύτοΰ.

6 LETTERS— SYLLABLES — ACCENTS QUANTITY 11. A syllable is said to be long by nature when it has a long vowel or diphthong ; as, αντη. A syllable is said to be long by position when its vowel is followed by a double consonant or by two single consonants, except a mute and liquid ; as, φΧόξ, αΧς. ACCENT 12. There are three accents, the Acute ('), the Grave (^), and the Circumflex C^). 1. ITie Acute Accent may be found on one of the last three syllables of a word ; as, τιμή^ λο'709, iraihevo^ev. But if the last syllable is long, the acute cannot recede further than the second syllable from the end. Hence ιτόλβμος in the nominative, but iroXe^ov in the genitive, because the last syllable is lengthened. 2. The Circumflex Accervt may be found on one of the last two syllables of a word, and only over diphthongs and long vowels ; as καΚω^^ οίκος. But if the vowel sound of the last syllable is long, the Circumflex can stand only on the last syllable. Hence οίκος in the nominative, but οΐκον in the genitive, because the last syllable is lengthened. A long penult, if accented, always has the Circumflex when the last vowel sound is short; as, h&pov^ λΟσον, τούτο. For the accent of ώστβ, etc., see § 17, d. a. The diphthongs ol and at are regarded as short in accentuation, except in the optative mood of verbs and in the adverb οίκοι. Thus "we have πόλε/Λοι and χωραι, but the optative ^ratSevoi. 3. The Grave Accent is used instead of the Acute on the last syllable of a word when the word is immediately followed by another word in the same clause. Thus, if the following words are written separately, the first three have the Acute on the last syllable : αύτος — την — ohov — ορω ;

ACCENT IN ELISION 7 but if they are written in a connected sentence, the Acute accents are changed to Grave : αύτ09 την oSbv ορω, a. An accent is said to be recessive when it recedes from the end of the word as far as the quantity of the last syllable permits ; as, ανθραητος, ανθρώπων, Ίται^ύομ^ν. ACCENT OF CONTRACTED SYLLABLES 13. It often happens in contracted syllables that one of the two original vowels was accented before contraction. To determine what becomes of the accent, observe the following rules : 1. If the second of the two original syllables had the acute accent, as fiefiam^ the contracted syllable generally retains the acute; βββώζ. So τιμαόμενος contracted to τιμώμενος. 2. In other cases the accent of the original syllable becomes circumflex in the contracted syllable. Thus, τιμάων = τιμών. If neither of the original syllables had an accent, the contracted syllable is, as a rule, unaccented. Worde for Practice Accent the following contracted words: yevov^ from 70/609, νφ from νόφ^ φιΚαν from φΐΚέειν^ ίστως from Ισταώ?, τιμωντων from τψαόντων^ φιΧουμενος from φιΧβόμενος^ έφιΧουν from έφίΧεον^ τίμα from τιμάει. ACCENT IN ELISION 14. When an accented syllable is elided, the accent falls back on the preceding syllable; but in the case of conjunctions, prepositions, and a few other words, the accent disappears. Thus, ττολλά ετταθον becomes ττόλΧ* hraOov^ but aXKh βγώ becomes άλλ' βγώ.

8 LETTERS — SYLLABLES — ACCENTS ACCENT OF PROCLITICS 15. Proclitics are certain words so closely related to a following word as to have no accent of their own. The Proclitics are four forms of the Article, o, 17, oi, ai\ three Prepositions, efc, iv^ ίξ ; two Conjunctions, et, ως ; one Negative, ov. These words are regularly unaccented, but take an acute accent when they are followed by an Enclitic or stand at the end of a sentence. ACCENT OF ENCLITICS 16. Enclitics are certain words so closely related to a preceding word as frequently to lose their accent. The Enclitics are the Personal Pronouns, /aoO, μοί^ μ4^ σου, aoiy σβ, οΰ, οΖ, e; the Indefinite Pronoun τΐ9, τΐ in all its cases ; the Indefinite Adverbs ττου, ττο^, ttj;, iroOePj ττοτ^, ττώ, ττώζ. the Present Indicative of €ΐμί^ am, and φημί^ «ay, except the second person singular, ei,

ACCENT OF ENCLITICS 9 2. It is retained on the Enclitic in one case only, viz. : when the Enclitic has two syllables and the preceding word has an acute on the next syllable to the end. Thus, 3. In all other cases the accent of the Enclitic disappears. Thus, λ^709 TK, σοφά; rvi^ σοφών rive:. 4. An acute accent is not changed to the grave on the last syllable of a word followed by an Enclitic. a. When two or more Enclitics stand in succession all of them except the last receive an acate ; thus, ου /mm ccrriv. b. When an Enclitic begins the sentence or is emphatic, it retains its accent ; thus, φημί γαρ, c. It also retains its accent after an elision ; as, ταντ cortV. d. Certain Enclitics may form a compound with a preceding word. The compound is accented as if the enclitic were written separately. Thus, ώσ-Τ€, ou-rc, ^Sc, cj-rtvt, etc. Examples for Practice Note. In working out these and other examples, observe the following directions: 1. Erase the accent on the Enclitic. 2. Place an acute on the last syllable of the preceding word, if it has no accent. 3. If this results in two successive acutes, erase the latter. 4. If this erasure results in more than two successive syllables without accent, restore the original accent to the Enclitic. ανθρωτΓο^ — rk, λύσω — σβ, φύλαξ — €ΐμί^ ανθρωτΓΟί — rti/A, χώρα^ — Τίΐ/α9> τούτφ — φημί^ ^ν ΤΓΟΤβ, μοΰσα — τΙς, χώροι — /liot, €\υσ€ — /Lte, ΊΓοΧίτηζ — €t/At, CTUTTTOI/* /Α6, olfcia — 7^) φίΧο^ — μον^ σώσον — /ie, ημών — τινώζ^ ανθρωτΓΟ^ — βΐμί, 'r^V — ye, 8€ΐξον — μο{^ ττατήρ — €ΐμί^ τταΖδε? — TLve;^ φιΧω — σβ, &)9 — μοί^ καΧόν — €στί.

10 LETTERS — SYLLABLES - ACCENTS PUNCTUATION 18. The following marks of Punctuation are used in Greek : Colon Comma , Period Interrogation Mark ;

PART II DEFLECTION 19. The Greek language has : 1. Three Genders — Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter. In Greek, as in Latin, many names of things are masculine or feminine ; thus, the names of rivers, winds, and months are generally masculine ; the names of countries, towns, islands, and trees generally feminine. 2. Three Numbers — Singular, Dual, and Plural. The dual is used when only two objects are spoken of, and, even in this case, the plural often occurs. 8. Five Cases — Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, and Vocative. The ablative of the Latin is supplied by the genitive or dative. 20. DECLENSION OF THE ARTICLE The Article, o, 17, rrf, the^ is thus declined : SINGULAR DUAL PLURAL Nom. 6 ή TO N.A. τώ τώ τώ Norn, ol αΐ τά Gen, ToO τήβ τοΟ G.D. Totv το£ν rotv Gen, των των τ»ν Oat, Tf TQ τφ DaL Tofs ταΐς Tott Ace. r6v τήν τά Ace, τούβ τΑβ τά L The forms 6, 17, oI, at are proclitic (§ 15). 2. The dual has the same form for the three genders. 11

12 INFLECTION CHAPTER I.— DECLENSION OF NOUNS 21. There are three Declensions in Greek, distinguished by the last letter of the stem. First Declension, α-stems ; as, τράττβξα, table. Second Declension, o-stems; as, Xoyo^y stem Xoyo-^word. Third Declension, generally consonant stems ; as, φύΧαξ, stem φυΧακ'^ guard. 22. Accent. The general rule in the inflection of nouns is that the accent remains on the same syllable as in the nominative singular, when permitted by the quantity of the last syllable (§ 12, i, 2). Exceptions will be noted as they occur. 23. Case Endings. In neuters the nominative, accusative, and vocative end alike, and in the plural these cases end in a, except in certain contracts. The dual has never more than two forms, one for the nominative, accusative, and vocative, and the other for the genitive and dative. FIRST DECLENSION TABLE OF FINAL SYLLABLES 24. The following table shows the final syllables in the inflection of the First Declension. They are formed by the union of the case-endings, if any, with the last vowel of the stem. Singular Dual Plubal FEMININE MASCULINE MASC.-FEM. MASC.-FEM. Nom. η α α ηβ SS Ν.Λ.ν. a Nom. ai Gen, η« Ss or ηβ ου • ον G. D. oiv Gen. Av Dai. Ό » or η η » Dat. ax% Ace. ην fiv αν ην δν Ace. Ss Voc. η α α η(α) a Voc, cu

FIRST DECLENSION 18 I. FSMININE NOUNS 25. Feminine nouns of the First Declension end in -i;, -a, or -a, and are thus declined : η τίμη, honor ή χώρα, land 1^ τράΐΓ€ζα, table SINGULAR SINGULAR SINGULAR Norn, Τψή χώρα τράΐΓίζα Gen, •«^μ

14 INFLECTION Π. MASCULINS NOUNS 28. Masculine nouns of the First Declension end in -a? or -179, and are thus declined. 6 v€av£a^f youth 6 *Ατρ€ί8ης, son of Atreus 6 κρνφ, judge SINGULAR Norn. vcavlas 'Ατρ€£&ηβ κριτήβ Gen, vtavCov 'ArpcCSov KpiTOO DaU vcavCf ;Ατρ•ίδτ, κριτή Ace, vcavCav 'ArpcC&f|v κριτήν Voc. vcavUi ΆrpcCδη DUAL κριτά Ν,Α,ν. vcavCa 'ArpcCSa κριτΑ an. vcavCaiv 'ArpcCSaiv PLURAL κριταϊν Norn. vcavCai, 'ArpctSai κρι,ταί Gen. vcaviAv κριτών Dat, vcavCais ArpcCSais KpiTats Ace, VfavCa« 'ArpcCSas κριτάβ Voc. vcavCai 'ArpctSai, κριταί 29. 1. The final syllable of the nominative singular is as, after c, I, or ρ ; otherwise, it is η^, 2. The ending -ου of the genitive singular is borrowed from the second declension. 3. In the vocative singular, nouns in -as have -a ; nouns in -ri/s, national names in -17s, and some compounds have -a; all others have -η, 4. The other endings are the same as those of feminine nouns. 30. Accent. — The rules of accent are the same as those for feminine nouns (§ 27). rafiuxS) steward ΤΓΟίητής, poet ΤΓοΧίτψ, citizen aarpainj^f satrap Words for Practice ΙΙίρσης, a Persian Βεσπότης, master οπλίτης, a heavyarmed soldier Έινίας (sing.), Xenias πέΚταστης, targeteer τοζότης, boivman μαθητής, scholar στρατιώτης, soldier

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SECOND DECLENSION 15 CONTRACTS — FIRST DECLENSION 31. Most nouns in -ad, -co, and -cds are contracted into -a, -η, and -^ς, and have endings like χώρα, ημη, and 'ArpctSi/s. All cases are circumflexed on the last syllable. Thas, η μνα (jtvaa)^ mina Sing, μνα, μνας, μνψ, μναν, μνα Dual, μνα^ μναΧν Plur. μνάΧ, μνων, μναις, μνας, μναΐ η σνκη (συκβα), βρ tree Sing, σνκη, σνκη^, «Πίκτ^, συκ^ν, σνκη Dual, σύκα, σνκάΧν Plur. σνκαΐ, σνκων, σνκαΐς, σύκα?, σύκα? 6 *Ερμη^ (*Epfi€as), Hermes Sing. 'Έρμης, Έρ/Αου, 'Έρμτ^, Έρμην, 'Έρμη Dual. Έρ/Λο, Έρ/ϋΐαΓν Plur. ΈρμαΖ, Έρμων, Έρμαίς, 'EppJas, *Eppm SECOND DECLENSION 32. Table of the union of the case endings, if any, with the final vowel of the stem : Singular Dual Plural MABG. NBUT. MASC. NBUT. Nam. 09 OV N.A.V. ω Nom. oi a Gen. ov OV G. D. oiv Gen. ων ων Dat. φ Ψ Dat. ois 04S Ace. ov OV Ace. ους α Voc. € ov Voc. οι a Note. — Nouns in -ος, gen. -ου, belong to the second declension, and must be distinguished from nouns in -ης, gen. -ov, of the first declension (§ 28), and from nouns in -ος, gen. -€ος, of the third declension (§45).

16 INFLECTION 33. Nouns of the Second Declension end in -09, generally masculine, and -01/, neuter. 6 άνθρωπος, man η οδός, way BINOULAR το h!apov, gift Norn. ^s δώρον Gen, άνθρώιτον iSoO 8ώρον DaU άνθρώιτφ 48φ δώρφ Ace. ^ν 8s, tray, βίβλος, hook^ δρόσος, c?e«», νήσος, island, νόσος, disease, ψάμμος, sand, ψήφος, pebble, and some others. 35. Accent. — 1. If the nominative has an acute on the last syllable, the genitive and dative of all numbers change the acute to the circumflex. 2. The ending -oc of the nominative plural is considered short in accentuation. νόμος, law ποταμός, river θάνατος, death ΓϊΠΓος, horse οΓνος, wine Words for Practice κίνδυνος, danger βίος, life τανρος, bull φίλος, friend στρατηγός, general avKov,fig πεδίον, plain Ipyov, work πλοίον, boat δένδρον, tree

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THIRD DECLENSION 17 ATTIC SECOND DECLENSION 36. A few words ending in -«ως are declined like the Second Declension, but retain ω through all the cases and subscribe i. The accent of the nominative is kept throughout. Thus, Sing, ν€ώς (temple) y ν€ώ, vcv, vei^, vca>9 CONTRACTS. SECOND DECLENSION 37. Nouns in -cos, -oos, and -€ov are contracted as follows : (see §7,2,3). . 6 νους (νόος), mind Sing, νονς (voos), νου (νόου), ν

18 INFLECTION 40. 1. Accent. — Most monosyllabic noun-stems have the accent on the last syllable of the genitive and dative of all numbers; as, ννξ^ night, νυκτός , νυκτί, — puktc, wktoIv^ — νυκτών, νυξί. For the irregular accent of τταΖ?, child, and οΰζ, ear, see § 54. 2. Gender. — The gender must be learned by observation. The following rules may be given. a. 7Γ mute and κ mute stems are never neuter. b. Neuter are stems ending in βσ (nom. in -09) and υ (nom. in -u). 41. Nouns of the Third Declension may be conveniently divided into two classes : First class — nouns with stems ending in a mute or a liquid. Second class — nouns with stems. ending in σ or a vowel or diphthong. I. MUTE AND LIQUID STEMS 42. 1. The nominative singular of mute and liquid stems ends variously. 2. The stem may be found by dropping the case-ending of the genitive. Thus we have the following : TT-mute stems — κ\ώψ, thief φΧεψ, vein κατήΧιψ, C'^' ^' ^) staircase ΛλωτΓ-α? φΧ€β-ός κατήΧιφΌ

THIRD DECLENSION 19 43. Mute and liquid stems are thus declined : 6 φύλαί (φυλακ-) η ασπίς (ασττιδ-) το σώμα (σω/*ατ-) 6 ycpcav (y^povr-) watchman shield SINGULAR body old man Nom. φύλα( d

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20 INFLECTION Π. STEMS IN σ 45, Stems in σ have nominatives in -ης (masc. or fern,) and -09 or -ας (neuter). They are distinguished from nouns of the first and second declension by the genitive singular. η τριήρης (τριηρεσ-) το γένος (ycvca-) το ycpa? (yc/Mur-) trireme race jonze SINGULAR Nom, τριήρη« γένοβ γ4ραβ Gen. τριήρρυβ (τριηρ^-ος) γ^νου« (y€vc-os) γ4ρω« (ycpa-os) Dat, τριήρ» (τριηρ€-ί) γένβι (yci/c-i) ^4pai (ycpa-0 Ace. τριήρη (τριηρ€-ά) YtVOS Y^pof Voc, rpifipct DUAL Y^pof N.A.V, τριήρ» (τρ«7ρ€-€) y4v€i (ycvc-c) γίρα (y€pa-c) G.D. τριήροιν (Tptiypc-oiv) ΎΐνοΙν (ycvc-otv) PLURAL γβρφν (ycpa-otv) Nom. Τρΐήρ€1« (τριηρ€^€ς) γίνη (ycVc-α) γ^ρα (yipa-a) Gen. τριηρών (τριηρ€'ων) γβνών (ycvi-ων) γ•ρ»ν (ycpa-ων) Dat. τριήρισι, Y^vco-i γ^ραοη Ace. τριήρ€ΐ$ (Tp«7p€-as) γίνη (yo/c-α) γ4ρα (ycpa-α) Voc. τριήρ€ΐ$ (Tp«7pc-€s) γ

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THIRD DECLENSION 21 III. VOWBL STEMS 48. Most vowel stems of the Third Declension have nominatives in -w, -€i/9, or -υ?. They are thus declined : η Ίτόλις (πολι-) 6 βασιλεύς (fiamXety-) 61χθν,(1χθν) city king SINGULAR fish Norn, iroXit pao-iX

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22 INFLECTION OTHER VOWEI^ STEMS 50• 1. Vowel stems in -ot with nominatives in -ω are sometimes found. They drop the t, and are declined with contraction, as follows : ή ΊΓ€ΐθω (irci^ot-)» persuasion Sing, πειθώ, ττειθονς (π«βό-ος), Trct^oi, πειθώ (παθό-α), πειθοΖ Dual and Plural wanting. Like πειθώ are declined η ηχώ, echo, and η Α.ητώ, Leto, 2. A few apparent ω stems with nominatives in -ω? occur, and are thus declined : δ ηρως (ηρω-), hero Sing, ηρως, ηρω-ος, ηρω-ι, ηρω-α or ^ρω, ηρως Dual, ηρω-ε, ηρώ-οιν Plur. ηρω-ε^ or ηρω^, ηρώ-ων, ηρω-σι, ηροΜίς or ηρως, ηρω-ες or ηρως 3. The only noun with stem in -os is 17 αΙΒώς, shame. It is inflected in the singular only. αΐ^ώς, al^ovs, ai^oi, αίδω, αίδώ^ 4. The nouns γρανς, old woman, βονς, ox, cow, and νανς, ship, are declined : η γρανς (γραν) Sing, γρανς, γρα-ός, γρα-ί, γραν-ν, γραν Dual, γρα-ε, γρα-οιν Plur. γρα-ες, γρα-ων, γραν-σί, γραυς, γρα-ες 6, η βονς (βον-) Sing, βονς, βο-ός, βο-ί, βον-ν, βον Dual, βό-e, βο-οΐν Plur. βό-ες, βο-ων, βου-σί, βονς, βό-ες η νανς (ναυ-) Sing, νανς, νε-ώς, νη-ι, νανν, ναν Dual, νψε, νε-οΐν Plur. νψες, νε-ων, ναυ-σι, νανς, νψες

THIRD DECLENSION 23 IRREGULAR NOUNS 51, Five nouns of common occurrence show in their inflection a stem shortened by dropping the last vowel. Thus we find stems ending in -rep together with another stem in -τρ. The latter occurs in the genitive and dative singular, and, with a variation, in the dative plural. The word άνηρ^ man, is similarly inflected with two stems ; but the shortened form is found in all cases except the nominative and vocative singular, and, between ν and p, S is inserted. 0 Ίτατηρ ή μτ^τηρ η θυγάτηρ 6 άνηρ (varep-j ττατρ-) (ftiyrep-, μψτρ-) (dvyarcp-, θνγατρ-) (avcp-, άνδρ-) father mother daughter man SINGULAR Nom, νατήρ μήτηρ Ονγάτηρ άνήρ Gen. ΐΓατρ-09 μτρ•ρ-ό« θνγατρ-ό« dv8p-ot Dat, νατρ-C μτρ-ρ-ί θνγατρ- ( dv8p-C Ace, μητ4ρ-α OvyaWp-a &v8p-a Voc. irdrep μήτιρ DUAL βίγατιρ &ν«ρ Ν,Α,ν. iraWp-c μτρ•

24 INFLECTION 54. LIST OF IMPORTANT IRREGULAR NOUNS [άρήν, δ, η], lamb, G. άρνός, D. άρνι, Α. αρνα. Plural, Ν. apvcs, G. άρνων, D. άρνάσι. Nom. sing, not in use, supplied by αμνός, 2d decl. γάλα, TO, mill', G. γάλακτος, D. γάλακη, etc. .γόνυ, TO, knee, G. γόνατο?, D. γόνατι, etc. γννή, ly, woman, G. γυναικός? D. γνναικι^ A. γυναΓκα, V. γνναι. Plur., G. γυναικών, D. γυναιξί, etc. Note the accent. δόρυ, τό, spear, G. δόρατος, D. 8όρατι. Plur., δόρατα, etc. Zciit, 6, Zeus, G. Διός, D. Δα, A. Αία, V. Z«). κ4ρα«, τό, horn, G. κίρατος and κ€ρως, D. κ€ρατι and Kcpat. Plur., N. κ€ρατα and Kcpa, G. κ€μάτων and κερων, D. κεράσι. κύων, ο, ij, rfo^, G. κυνός, D. κυν^ A. κυνα, V. kuov. Plur., N. κνν€ς, G. κυνών, D. κυσι, A. κυνας. ots, ή, sheep, G. οίος, D. oii, A. oTv, V. oT. Plur., N. οΓ€ς, G. οίων, D. οίσι', A. οΓς. 5pvi«, 6, i;, &2r, G. όρνιθος, A. όρνιθα and opviv, etc. οΰ§, τό, ear, G. ώτός, D. ώτι, etc. Plur., N. ωτα, G. ώτων, D. &oL Note accent of gen. plural. irat«, 6, η, child, G. τταιδός, etc., V. τταΐ. Dual, G. D. τταιδοιν. Plur., G. Ίταιδων, D. ιταισι. Note accent of gen. and dat. dual and gen. plural. δ$«ιρ, τό, water, G. ύδατος, D. υδατι, etc. vUf, 0, eon, G. νιίος, D. υίίΐ^ A. υίόν. Plur., N. υΐ€Ϊς, G. υΐ€ων, D. υΐήτι, A. υΐ€ΐς. υΙός has also regular 2d decL forms, viav, υΐω, etc. XcCp, η, hand, G. χ€ΐρός, etc. Plur., N. χείρες, G. χ€ΐρών, D. χερσί, etc. CHAPTER II.— DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES 55. Adjectives are declined like nouns. 1. Some are declined like nouns of the first and second declension. 2. Others are declined like nouns of the third declension. 3. Others inflect the masculine and neuter like nouns of the third declension, and the feminine like nouns of the first.

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DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES 26 FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSION 56. With Three Endings. αγαθός, good Mabc. Fem. Nbut. Nom. άγαθόι Gen. d*yaeo« Dot. άγαβ* Ace, άγοΜν Voc. άγαβ4 N.A.V, ά*ναΟώ G,D. d^aOotv Nom. d^yaOoC Gen. άγαΟων Dat ά•γαθοϊ« Ace. Voc. d^aeoC Nom. &{iOS Gen. &(ύ>ν Dat. άίίΗ» Ace. &tiOV Voc. &ξν. N.A.V, . &(1ω G.D. &(£oiv Nom. &£iOi Gen. ά{1ων Dat. &{Coi« Ace. άξίον. Voc. &{tOi αγαθή άγαθήι Λγαβη άγαθήν αγαθή αγαθά άγαθαΐν PLURAL άγαθα( αγαθών άγαθαΐ§ άγαθά« άγαθα( α^ιος, worthy SINGULAR &(CS d{Ca« &(Cav &(Ca DUAL d{Ca &(Caiv PLURAL &ξιαι &((ων d(Cai9 &(Cas &(iai αγαθόν άγαθοθ άγαθν αγαθόν αγαθόν άγαθώ άγαθοΐν αγαθά άγαθΑν άγαθοΐι αγαθά αγαθά &EiOV afCov άξίν &(ιον &{ιον ά{1ω d{(oiv &{ia ά{(ων a(Coi9 &{ια &{ια

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26 INFLECTION 57. With Two Endings. 58tKos, unjust Γλ€ως, propitious Ma8G.-Fbm. Nbut. SINGULAR Masc.-Fem. Nbut. Νστη, &8iKot &81KOV tXi«t tXfMv Gen. &SCKOV dSCKOV tXi» tXi» Dat άδίκφ d8CK

DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES 27 CONTRACTED ADJECTIVES 60. Most adjectives in -€ος and -00$ are contracted as follows; (§ 37 and § 31) : χρνσανς (χρνσ€θζ), golden Ma8C. Fem. Nbut. 8IN0ULAR Nom. χρυσούς (χρνσ€ος) χρνση (χρνσβα) χρυσουν (χρύσ€ον) Gen. χρνσον χρνσης χρνσου DaU χρνο"^ ΧΡν^ XP^^i Ace. χρνσονν ΧΡ^σήν χρυσονν Voc. χρνσονζ χρνση χρνσονν Ν.Α.ν. χρνσώ χρυσοί χρυσώ G.D. χρνσοΐν χρυσοΛν PLURAL χρυσοιν Nam. χρνσοίί χρυσοΛ χρυσοί Gen. χρυσών χρυσών χρυσών Dat. χρνσόις χρυσαΐς χρυσοΐς Ace. χρυσονς χρυσας χρυσά Voc. χρνσόι χρυσοί χρνσα 61. 1. Adjectives in -οος form the feminine on a stem in -ca and are declined exactly like χρυσούς, above. Thus, απλούς (άπλόος), άττλη (άττλόι), απλούν (άπλόον), etc. 2. Adjectives in -ρεος have ά instead of η throughout the feminine singular ; as, αργυρά, αργυράς, etc. 3. Some contracted adjectives have only two endings, one for the masculine and feminine, the other for the neuter; as, (ννονς (ευνοος), ^νουν (evvow), well-disposed. These have the neuter plural uncontracted ; as, cvvoa. 62. Accent. — The accentuation is irregular; the accent of the contracted nominative is retained throughout except in the nominative dual, masculine and neuter. Words for Practice χαλκούς, -η, -ουν, brazen σώηρονς, -α, -ουν, of iron άργυρονς, -α, -ουν, of silver πορφνρονς, -α, -ουν, dark red €υνους, -συν, well-disposed €νρους, OW, fair-flowing

28 INFLECTION ADJECTIVES OF THIRD DECLENSION 63. Adjectives of the third declension have two endings (in some cases only one), and are declined like nouns. They usually have stems in -ov or -e?, and in the nominative singular end either in -ωι/, -ov, or - 179, -€9. They are thus declined, (but see § 66) : €ύδαήϋΐων, happy Masc.-Fem. Nbut. αληθής, true Masc.-Fbm. SINGULAR Nom. Gen. Dat, Ace, Voc. «ύδαίμων €ύ8α(μον-ο« €ύ8α(μον-ι €ΰδα(μον-α €ΰ$αιμον c{i8v-c €ύ8α(μον-€ άληθιΐ (^Χ-ήθί-ί) άλη•€Ϊ G. D.

DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES 29 COMPARATIVES IN -ων 66. Comparatives in -ων (§89 and § 91) show certain peculiarities. They are thus declined : )3cAt«ov, better Ma8C.-Fbm. SIXOULAR Neutsr Nom. βΑτίων βέληον Gen. PcXr(ov-os Pc\rCov-ot Dat. PcXrCov-i Pc\rCov-i Ace. βιλτίον-α or βιλτίω P^Xriov Voc. P^Xriov DUAL Ρ^ληον N.A.V. Pc\t(ov-< PcXrCovH G.D. PcXriov-oiv PLURAL PcXriov-oiv Nom. PcXr£ov-c« or PcXriovs PcXrCov-a or PcXtC» Gen. βιλτιόν-ων βιλπόν-ων Dat. PcXr(o

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80 INFLECTION ADJECTIVES OF FIRST AND THIRD DECLENSIONS 68• 1. In adjectives of the first and third declensions, feminine forms in a preceded by ι have a throughout the singular ; otherwise they take η in the genitive and dative. Compare § 26, 2. 2. The genitive plural feminine is always circumflexed on the last syllable. Compare § 27, i. 69. Stems in -υ. Nominative in -w, -em, -υ. lySvs, sweet MA8C. Fem. singular Νκυτ. Nom. ή8ύ« 4fi€la ήΜ Gen. W-^ ήδ€(α9 ή&^«« Dat ήδ€ΐ ήδ

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DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES 31 71. Stems in -v. Nominatives in -ας, -atva, -αϊ;, -ην, -€iva^ -ev. ficAas, black Masc. Fbm. singular Neut. Nom. μΛαβ lUXfuva liiXflLV Gen. μΛαίνη, |UXav-ot Dat, |UXav-i luXaCvti |UXav-i Ace. μΛαν-α μέλαιναν μΛαν Voc. μ^λαν μέλαινα DUAL |UXav N.A.V. . μΛαν-< fuXaCva μ^λαν-< G.D. )u\dv-oiv piXaCvcuv PLURAL Nom, μ^λαν-«« piXaivoi |UXav-a Gen. μ«λάν-ων |αλάν-ων Dat. μΛασ-ι p«\a(vcu« μ^λαοη Ace. μέλαν-α« μ«λα(ναβ |UXav-a Voc. μ^λαν-€« piXcuvai |UXav-a 72. Stems in -ντ. Nominative in -€i9, -€σσα, -ev. Xaptcis, graceful Masc. Fbm. singular Nbut. Nom. XapCci9 XopUoHra XapCci Gen. XapUvT-os XOptiVT-OS Dat. χαρί•ντ-ι χαριέσ-ση XapUvT-i Ace. XapUvT-α XO^iUtrtrav XapUv Voc. XapUv XapU

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32 INFLECTION 74. The word ττά?, αΚ, stem τταντ- is declined as follows. Observe the accent of ττάντων and ττασι. Nom. ira« Gen, iravT-ot Dat. iravT-C Ace, ιτάντ-α Voc, ira« Nom, iravT-c« Gen, iravT-»v Dat, ΐΓβισ-ι Ace, irdvT-Of Voc, irdvT-cs irauTQ PLURAL nxUnu Ίτασών νάσαιι νάσα« ireuroi iravT-os iravT-C irav ιτάντ-α irdvT-ων ircUri ιτάντ-α ιτάντ-α 75. IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES Declension of ^leya?, ffreat. (Stems, ^ιβγα-, /Lt€7a\o-.) Mabc. Fbm. Νκυτ. SINGULAR Nom, μέγαβ μ-γάλη μέγα Gen. μιγάλον μ€γάλη$ μ-γάλου Dat. μιγάλΗ» μιγάλχί μτ/άλφ Ace. μίγαν μιγάλην Κ^γα Voc. H^ryaXi μτ^άλη DUAL μέγα NA.V μ€Ύάλω μβγάλΚ μ-γάλω G.D. μ«γάλοιν μιγάλαιν PLURAL μιγάλοιν Nom. μιγάλοι μιγάλαι μτ/άλα Gen. μεγάλων μεγάλων μιγάλων Dat. (UYaXois μιγάλαιβ μ€•γάλοιβ Ace, μ«•γ^ον$ μ*γάλϊβ μιγάλα Voc. ΐαγάλοι μιγάλΜ μιγάλ•

DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES 33 76. Declension of ττολύ?, much. (Stems, ττολν-, ττολλο-.) SINGULAR Norn, iroX^s ΙΓΟλλή ιτολΰ Gen. iroXXftO ιτολλή« ιτολλοΟ Dot. ΙΓΟλλφ ιτολλη ιτολλφ Ace. ιτολύν νολλήν PLURAL ιτολύ Norn, iroXXoC iroXXaC ιτολλά Gen. νολλΔν ΐΓολλων ιτολλΔν Dat. iroXXots ιτολλαΐ9 iroXXott Ace. ΙΓΟλλούβ ιτολλ^ ιτολλά 77. 1. The inflections of both fieya? and 7roXv9 are formed on two stems, ficya- or /uicyaXo- and ττολυ- or ττολλο-. All cases except the nominative and accusative singular of the masculine and neuter are derived from the longer stem and declined like the first or second declension. 2. The adjective irpj^oq, τΓμαεΐα, πρψον, mild, is declined according to the first and second declension, but in the masc. and neut. plur. has also the following forms of the third declension : Nom. πμα€Ϊς, TTfXLGi ; Dat. irpaccrt ; Ace. irpaca (neuter). DECLENSION OF PARTICIPLES 78. 1. All participles of the middle voice, and the future participle of the passive are declined like αηαθάζ. All other participles belong to the first and third declension, and are declined as in the following paradigms. 2. The stem of these participles, with the exception of the perfect active, end in ντ. The stem of the perfect active participle ends in or ot οσ. 8. The vocative is the same as the nominative. 4. The accent of monosyllabic participles is an exception to § 40. Thus ων,' being ^ ovro^ (not οι^Λ).

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34 INFLECTION 79. Participles in -ων, -ούσα, -ov. λυων, loosing Mabc. Fem. 8INGULAE Νκυτ. Nom. λύ»ν λύουσ-α λΟον Gen. λύοντ-os λύοντ-ος DaU λΰοντ-ι λνούση Xi»ovT-i Ace, λύοντ-α λύουσ'αν λΟον Voc, λύ»ν λνονσ-α DUAL λΟον Ν,Λ.ν λύοντ-€ λνούσ-α λύοντ-c an. λυόντ-οιν Xvo^o-cuv PLURAL λνόντ-οιν Nom, λύοντ-is λΰονσ-αι λύοντ-α Gen, λνον^τών λνόντ-οιν Dat. λΰουσ-ι λνούσ-αιβ λνΟΙΝΠι Ace, λύοντ-as λύοντ-α Voc. λύοντ-ft λΰονσ-αι λνοντ-α For the masculine and neuter compare γέρων (§ 43). 80. Participles in -as, -ασα, -αν. λιχτας, having loosed SiyOULAR Nom, λΰσ-αβ λύσ-ασα λΟο-αν Gen. λΰσ-αντ-οβ λυ

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DECLENSION OP PARTICIPLES 35 81. Participles in -€ΐς, -Cioo, -cV. Xv^ci$, having been loosed, Masc. Fbm. Nbut. Norn, X«6c(s Gen. DaU XvMvr-i Ace. ΑνβίΚΤ-Λ Vac. X«6c{« N.A.V. λυΜντ-c G.D. Xv04vT-oiv Norn. Xv04vT-cs Gen, λνΦ^ντ-οιν Dat. \v%%Uri Ace. Xv6

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86 INFLECTION CONTRACTED PARTICIPLES 84. Participles in -άων. τιμάων, honoring Masc. Fbm. siyauLAR Νκϋτ. Nom, τιμΔν (-άων) ημβ»

COMPARISON 87 COMPARISON OF ADJSCTIV£8 87. By -Tcpos and -raros. 1. Most adjectives form the comparative and superlative by adding -τβρος and -τατος to the stem. The accent is on the third syllable from the end. Thus, κουφός^ light^ comp. κουφότβρος^ superl. κουφότατος οξύς^ sharpy comp. οξύτβρος, superl. οξύτατος σαφής (σαφβ?-), clear ^ comp. σαφέστ^ρος^ superl. σαφέστατος 2. To avoid a succession of short syllables, adjectives in -09 preceded by a short syllable, change -o- of the stem to ω, before -τερος and -τατο9. Thus, σοφός^ vrise^ σοφάηερος^ σοφώτατος αξως^ worthy^ άξίώτ€ρος^ άξιώτατος ν4ος^ neWy ν€ώτ€ρος^ νβώτατος 88. 1. Adjectives in -ων, -ον add -eVrcpos and -ίστατος to the stem. Thus, ev&i6/uUi)v, fortunate, εν^οΛμονΙστερος, εν^ιμονεστατος 2. Adjectives in -ους {-οος) add -τ€ρος and -τατος to the nominative form. Thus, άπλοΰς, simple, ά9Γλονστ£ρος, απλούστατος 3. The adjective χαρύις has comparative χαρΐ€στ€ρος and superlative χαψύστατος. Words for Practice ^λθ9, clear σ€μνός, august ισχυρός, strong άχτφαλής, safe μ^λας (/utcAav-), black αληθής, true βραχύς (βραχύ-), short Βίκαως, just νολ,εμιος, hostile ττιστός, faithful χαλεπός, hard φοβερός, fearful 89. By -ίων, -ιστοδ. A few adjectives, chiefly in -w, -09, or -/»09, form the comparative and superlative by drop 

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38 INFLECTION ping -w, -09, or -po9 of the nominative and adding the terminations -ίων and -ιστός. The accent recedes as far as permitted by the quantity of the final syllable. Thus, ή8ύς^ sweety ήΒίων^ ηΒιστος KaK

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NUMERALS 89 NUMERALS 92. The numeral adjectives and adverbs are the following : Cardikal Ordinal Advbkb 1 fls, μ£α, Iv, one irpAros, -η, -ον, first ILirof, once 2 δΰο, two Scunpos, -a, -ον, second SCs» twice 3 rpctt, Tpta Tp(ros τρί. 4 TfTTflipCS) ΤΙΤΤΛρΛ τέταρτο* TfTpdKis 5 ιτέμίΓΓοβ vcvTdKis 6 «6 Iktos 4£άκΐ9 7 4ΐΓτά ΐρ8ομο« iirtiUis 8 6κτώ ογοοο* ^KTdKlS 9 IvWa 2νατο« IvdKis 10 $4κα $4κατο« ScKdKit 11 Ιν8€κα 4ν8€κάκι« 12 δώ8€κα 8«8€KdKis 13 TpMO-KaiScKa TpCTos καλ 8έκατο« 14 TCTTopco-KaCScKa τέταρτο* καΐ $έκατο« 15 vcvTfKaCScKa ΐΓέμΐΓΓ0« κολ $έκατο« 16 Ικκα(8€κα CKTOS κα\ δέκατοι 17 4ΐΓτακα(δ€κα Ιβ8θ|ΐο« καΐ $έκατο« 18 OKTOIKOllOC ΚΛ ^δοο$ καλ $έκατο« 19 Ιννιακα($€κα 2νατο9 κα\ $έκατο$ 20 cfKO

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40 INFLECTION 93. Declension. — The first four cardinal numbers are thus declined. The other cardinal numbers up to 100 are indeclinable. Masc. Fem. Nbut. Nom, fls μ(α Ιν Ν, A, δΰο Gen, Ivos μιαβ 4vos G, D, Svotv or Uo DaU kvi μι$ 4vC Ace, Ινα μ(αν Ιν Ma8C.-Fem. Neut. Masc.-Fbm. Nbut. Norn, Tpite τρία T^rrapiS τέτταρα Gen, τριών TplttV Dat, rptrC τρισί τιτταρ

DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS 41 CHAPTEE III.— DECLENSION OF PEONOUNS In Greek we find the following claeses of pronouns : Personal The Intensive Reflexive Possessive Demonstrative Interrogative and Indefinite Relative Reciprocal and Adjective 95. PERSONAL PRONOUNS The Personal Pronouns, «γώ, /, συ, thou^ and οδ, of Mm are thus declined : SINGULAR σύ — σοί οΐ σ^ Ι DUAL σφώ — «τφφν — PLUBAL υμών σ'φΔν ύμΐν σφ(σι. 96. L The enclitic forms μ^ν, μοί, μί, σον, σοι, σ€ are used when the pronoun is unemphatic. 2. The Third Personal pronoun seldom appears except as an indirect reflexive (§ 287). Instead of it a demonstrative pronoun is employed, and, in the oblique cases, the forms of αντός. Nom. ΙγΛ Gen. (μοβ,μοβ Dat, Ιμο(,|ΐο( Ace» 4μ,μ N.A. yi G.D. νγν Nom. ή|Μ(* Gen. ήμβ» Dat. ήμν Ace. ήμαι

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42 INFLECTION 97. THE INTENSIVS PRONOUN The Intensive Pronoun, αύτό

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DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS 43 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS 101. The Possessive Pronouns are derived from the personal pronouns, and are declined like ayaetk and άξιος (§ 56). They are : €/A09, έμή^ €μόρ, my ήμ€Τ€ροζ^ -α, -οϊ/, our σΛ, σ?7, σον, thy νμ^τβρος^ -α, -ον^ your (09, η J δϊ/), hisy her J its σφέτ^ροκζ^ -α, -οϊ/, their 1. The Possessive of the third person rarely occurs. In place of it, the genitive of avros ^s used ; thus, το βφλίον αντον, his book (the book of him), DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 102. The Demonstrative Pronouns are oSe, ίΑί«, οδτο9, this^ and ίκβϊρος^ that. They are thus declined : Mabc. Fbm. 8INGULAE Nbut. Nom, 6Sc iiSc T

44 INFLECTION 104. SINGULAR Nom» ovros αΰτη τοντο Gen. τούτον ταντηι DaU τούτφ ταύτη τούτφ Ace, τοϋτον ταύτην DUAL τοδτο N.A, TOVTfl» TOVTfl» τoύτfl» G.D. TOVTOIV PLURAL Norn. OVTOi •UTtti ταδτα Gen. TOVTOIV τούτ«•ν Dat. TOUTOiS ταύταΐ9 τούτοιβ Ace. ταύταβ ταδτα 105. Observe that ούτος has ο in the first syllable whenever an o-sound appears in the termination ; in other forms the first syllable has a. 106. Masc. Fbm. SINGULAR Nbut. Nom. Ixftvoff 4κ•(νη 4κ€(νη

DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS 45 INTERROGATIV£ AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS 108. The pronoun, τΛ, who^ is interrogative; the pronoun, tW, any one^ some one^ is indefinite. Except in accentuation they are declined alike. The pronoun, αστί9 (§ 118), is often used as an interrogative in indirect questions. (§ 298, 1.) INTEEROGATIVK INDEFINITE Mabc.-Fbm. Nbut. Mabc.-Fbm. Nbut. SINGULAR Nom, Tit τί Tlf r\ Gen. rCvofi rCvot TiVOS TlVOt Oat. rCvi t(vi TIV( Tivi Ace. rCva t( DUAL nvd tI N.A. tCv€ tCv€ nW TiW G.D. rCvoiv rCvoiv PLURAL TlVOtV Tivotv Nom. T(vfS r(va Tivit nvd Gen. rCv»• t(voiv TiV&V τινών Dat. rUrt τ£ο•ι no'C T«r( Ace. rCvat rCva TivAt nvd 109. 1. In the genitive and dative singular, besides the forms given above, we also find τον and τω, Uke the article. When used as indefinite pronouns, τον and τω are encUtic. 2. αττα (not enclitic) sometimes occurs as the neuter plural of the indefinite pronoun, for τινά. Note the smooth breathing. 110. Accent. — The interrogative pronoun is always accented on the stem syllable, and never changes the acute accent to the grave. The indefinite pronoun is always accented on the last syllable, and is enclitic (§ 16). RSLATIV£ PRONOUNS 111. The Relative Pronoun, 09, who^ and the general Relative, δστί?, whoever^ are thus declined, δση? is also used as an interrogative pronoun in indirect questions (§ 298, 1).

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46 INFLECTION Masc. Nonu U Gen. o€ Dat, k Ace, hv N.A. & G.D. otv Norn, ot Gen, £v Dat, olfi Ace, οΰ« Fem. singular DUAL olv PLURAL at £v alf Nbut. h ol. & oU & 112. The suffix -πιρ may be added to the forms of ος for the sake of emphasis, as ocnrcp, ηπ^ρ, oircp, etc. 113. Nom, &ΓΤ19 Gen, OVTIVOS Dat, $TlVi Ace, SvTiva N,A, &TIV€ G,D, otvTiVOiV Nom. otrtvis Gen, ωντινοιν Dat, οΙσ-ηοΊ Ace, οΐίστιναβ SINGULAR ήτιβ t|

DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS 47 RECIPROCAL AND ADJECTIVAL PRONOUNS 115. The Reciprocal Pronoun, αλΧηλοιν, each other^ one another^ is thus declined : Masc. Fbm. Nbut. DUAL Ace. άλλήλ» άλληλα dUήλ» G.D. άλλήλοιν αλλήλων PLURAL άλλήλοιν Gen. αλλήλων αλλήλων αλλήλων Dat. &λλήλοι« άλλήλαιβ άλλήλθ19 Ace. αλλήλους άλλήλα« άλληλα 116. The pronoun αΧΚοκζ^ other ^ another^ is declined as follows : Norn. άλλοβ Gen. άλλον Dat. άλλφ Ace. άλλον N.A. άλλω G.D. άλλοιν Norn. άλλοι Gen. άλλων Dat. άλλοις Ace. άλλθ1Ι9 άλλη άλληβ &λλη άλλην DUAL άλλα άλλαιν PLURA L άλλαι άλλων άλλαιβ άλλαβ άλλο άλλον άλλφ άλλο άλλω άλλοιν άλλα άλλων άλλοιι άλλα 117. 1. The Pronouns τοσόσ^, so much, and τοί()σδ€, such, are declined like adjectives in -os, with the suffix -Sc ; as, τοσόσ^, τοση^^, τοσόνδε ; τοιόσδ€, rouiSe, τοιόνδε, etc. 2. The other forms, τοσούτος, so much, and τοιούτος, such, are declined like ούτος (§ 104), with the prefix τος- or tol-. But in the neuter singular they have Γοσοντον and τοιοντον, as well as τοσούτο, τοιοντο. Thus, τοσοντος, τοσαύτη, τοσοθτο(ν) ; τοιούτος, τοιαύτη, τοιοντο(ν), etc.

48 INFLECTION 118. TABLE OF COBBBLATIVB FORMS SiMPLK Kblativk Gknkral Kklat. Indib. Intxbboo. BOOATITB Indkfikitb Dkmonstbativb 6f who whoever who Tif whof some one 68€,etc.(§102) this S«rof (as much) as quantus oiro

INFLECTION OF VERBS 49 CHAPTER IV. — INFLECTION OF VERBS 120. The Greek Verb has : 1. Three Voices, — Active, Middle, and Passive. The Passive is the same in form as the Middle, except in the aorist and future tenses. The Middle Voice usually denotes that the subject acts on himself or for himself; as, λονω, Iwash^ Χούομαι^ I wash myself. 2. Four finite Moods, — Indicative, Subjunctive, Optative, and Imperative, together with the Infinitive, Participle, and Verbal Adjective. The Subjunctive and Optative Moods correspond roughly to the Latin subjunctive. The Subjunctive may be said to resemble the primary tenses of the Latin subjunctive, and the Optative to resemble the secondary or historical tenses. But the uses of both moods must be learned from the Syntax (§ 323 ff). 8. Seven Tenses, — Present, Imperfect, Future, Aorist, Perfect, Pluperfect, and, in some verbs, the Future Perfect. The Imperfect and Pluperfect are found in the indicative only ; the Future and Future Perfect are not found in the subjunctive or imperative. Some tenses (the Aorist of all voices, the Perfect and Pluperfect Active, and the Future Passive) admit of two forms, called First and Second Aorist, First and Second Perfect, etc. For the formation of the Second Aorist, etc., see § 178 £f. The Aorist indicative is kindred in meaning to the English perfect tense ; as έλυσα, I loosed; the Greek Perfect resembles the English present perfect, or perfect with have; as, λβλν/ΰα, I have loosed.

50 INFLECTION 121. In the Indicative Mood the tenses are divided into Principal and Historical, as follows : PRINCIPAL HISTORICAL Present Imperfect Future Aorist Perfect Pluperfect AUGMENT AND REDUPLICATION 122. Two increments of the stem occur in the conjugation of verbs, called the Augment and the Reduplication. The Augment belongs to the imperfect, aorist, and pluperfect tenses, but in the indicative mood only. The Reduplication belongs to the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect of all moods. 123. Augment. — 1. Verbs beginning with a consonant make their Augment by prefixing the letter e; as, λύω, imperf . e-Xvov. This is called the Syllabic Augment. a. Initial ρ is doubled after the Augment; as, ρίπτω, imperf. ίρριτΓΤον. 2. If the verb begins with a vowel or diphthong, € is not added, but the vowel or diphthong is lengthened, a becoming η ; as, βγεήοω, rjyetpov ; ορίζω^ ωρίξον ; αγω, ηyov ; Ικ€Τ€ύω, ϊκετβυον. This is called the Temporal Augment. Diphthongs lengthen the first vowel and subscribe i, if it occurs ; as, αυλβω, ηνΧονν^ οΐκέω^ ωκουν. α. Verbs beginning with 77, ω, or ου have neither Augment nor Reduplication. h. Verbs beginning with ci and cv are sometimes unaugmented ; thus, εϊχάζω has €ΐκαζον or -^κα^ον.

INFLECTION OF VERBS 51 c. The following verbs lengthen c into ci for their Augment. €χω, have €άωy permit €στιάω, entertain Ιθίζω^ accustom ΐΧχσσω^ wind €λκω, draw Ιρπω (ίρ^πνζω), creep Ινομαι^ follow ΙργάζομΛΐ, work d. The verbs βσυλομχιι, wish, δυναμαι, am able, and μ.€λλω, intend, often augment with η instead of c ; as, βονλομοί, ηβουλόμην. 124. Reduplication. — 1. Verbs beginning with one simple consonant (except /)), and, generally, verbs beginning with a mute and liquid^ form the Reduplication by prefixing the initial consonant with c ; as, λύω, XdXv/ca. An aspirate is changed to its corresponding smooth ; as, θύω^ τβθυκα, 2. All other verbs form the Reduplication like the augment. Thus, verbs beginning with two consonants (except a mute and liquid), στρατεύω^ €στράτ€νκα (§ 123, 1); a double consonant, ψαύω, βψανκα ( § 123, l); the letter /o, ρίτττω, ίρριφα (§ 123, 1, α) ; a vowel or diphthong, άρττάζω, ηρττακα (§ 123, 2). 3. The Pluperfect prefixes the Augment, e, to the reduplicated Perfect, if this begins with a consonant; as, XeXvKa, plpf • €-Χ€\νκη. Otherwise, it does not change the reduplicated Perfect ; as, ηρττακα, plpf • ηρττάκη. 4. Attic Reduplication. Some verbs beginning with a, 0, or e, followed by a single consonant, form the reduplication by prefixing the first two letters to the temporal augment ; as, έΚαύνω, pf . ίΚ-ηΧακα ; ορύττω, pf . ορ-ώρνχα ; ayeipw, pf . ay-iiyepKa ; ομνυμι, pf . 6μ-ώμοκα. This is called the Attic Reduplication.

52 INFLECTION 125. Augment and Reduplication in Compound Verbs. — Verbs compounded with a preposition regularly take the Augment and Reduplication between the preposition and the verb ; as, έκ-βάλΧω^ imperf . έξ-ββαΧλον. 1. If the preposition ends in a vowel (irtpi and προ excepted), the vowel of the preposition is elided, πρό with the augment c frequently becomes irpov; thus, άιτο-βάλλω, άπ-€βα\λον] ΊΓ€ρι-βάλλω^ περι-€βαλλον ', 9Γρο-)9(ίλλω, προύβαΧλον» 2. Verbs compounded with δυς, ill, and occasionally those with cv, toell, take the augment or reduplication after the adverb, if the simple verb begins with a short vowel ; otherwise, before the adverb ; as, δυσ-αρ€(ΓΓ£ω, δυ

INFLECTION OF VERBS 58 127. Exceptions. — The principal exceptions to the rule of recessive accent occur in infinitives and participles, as follows : 1. The accent is on the penult in the first aorist infinitive active ; as, ircuSevaoA ; the perfect infinitive middle ; as, ττετταιΜαθοΛ ; all infinitives in -pat ; as, XeXvKevcu, Χυθήναι. 2. The acute accent is on the last syllable in all monosyllabic participles ; as, ώι/, βάς ; all participles of the third declension in -ς, except the first aorist active ; as, λβλν^ώ?, XvOek. 8. The acute accent is on the penult in the perfect participle middle, as ΧβΧυμά/οζ. 4. For the accent of the second tenses, see § 181. 128. 1. In the declension of participles the accent follows the rule for nouns (§ 22). 2. In accordance with the preceding rules the three following forms in -σαι are distinguished by the accent : TraiSevaai^ aorist imperative middle (§ 126, 1). τταιδβυσαι, aorist optative active, 3d sing. (§ 126, l). Trat&wrat, aorist infinitive active (§ 127, l). CONJUGATION OF THE VERB cl^C 129. The irregular and defective verb, et/Lti, am, is used in the conjugation of other verbs. Its inflection is, therefore, given in the first place. €ΐμ(, am, must be distinguished from cZ/Ltt, ffo, which is conjugated below (§ 198).

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54 INFLECTION 130. CONJUGATION OF €ΐμΙ (cV-), be INDICATIVE MOOD Fbebbnt, I am BINGULAB DUAL plural ι1μ( Ι

INFLECTION OF VERBS 55 131. Notes on the preceding paradigm. — 1. Other forms of the third plural present imperative are όντων and Ιστωσαν. 2. For the meaning of the tenses of the subjunctive and optative, see Syntax. 132. Accent. — 1. The whole present indicative of ci/u, except dy has the acute on the last syllable and is enclitic. The third person singular is written Ιστι at the beginning of a sentence and in some other cases. 2. In the present subjunctive, optative, and participle, the accent of άμΐ in composition is the same as in the simple form ; as, άιτ-ω, air-cificv, ο,ΊΓ-ών» CONJUGATION OF C^VERBS 133. There are two main classes of verbs, ω-veΓb8 and /Ai-verbs. They receive ttieir name from the endings of the first person singular present indicative active. Thus, λύ-ω, loose ; τίθη-μΛ^ place* 134. Stem. — The stem is that part of the verb to which the various endings are attached, and in ω- verbs is usually found by dropping the final ω of the present indicative, as λύ-ω, stem λυ-. 135. Characteristic and Division of Verbs. —The last letter of the stem is called the Characteristic. According to the Characteristic, ω-verbs are classed as vowel (pure) verbs, mute verbs, liquid verbs. 1. Vowel Verbs are Contracted Pure Verbs, if the characteristic is a, e, or o. Uncontracted Pure Verbs, if the characteristic is any other vowel. 2. Mute Verbs are TT-mute verbs, if the characteristic is a 7r-mute (ττ, β^ φ). Λ-mute verbs, if the characteristic is a /c-mute (/c, 7, χ). T-mute verbs, if the characteristic is a τ-mute (τ, δ, θ).

56 INFLECTION 3. Liquid Verbs are those whose characteristic is one of the four liquids, λ, /Lt, i/, p. PuEB Ρ-ΜϋΤΒ K-MUTS T-MUTE Liquid α e 0 ΊΓ β φ « 7 χ ττ {σσ) Τ δ θ λ ΑΧ y /) t υ ΊΓΤ f τιμ^ί-Μ 8ηλ4-» κωλν-« XcCir-» τρίρ-• τυΐΓΓ-« «Γτέγ-ω Ρρ

INFLECTION OF VERBS 57 1. To form the Future, add σ to the present stem; termination -ω. 2. To form the First Aorist, prefix augment and add σ to present stem ; termination -a. 3. To form the Perfect Active, prefix reduplication and add κ to present stem ; termination -a. 4. To form the Perfect Middle, prefix reduplication to present stem ; termination -μαι. 5. To form the First Aorist Passive, prefix augment and add θ to present stem ; termination -ην. For the Second Tenses, see § 178 £f. These rules are clearly illustrated in the principal parts of uncontracted pure verbs, as follows : 139. I. UNCONTRACTED PURE VERBS ΡΚΕβΚΝΤ FUTIJEK 1 AoEisT ΡκΒΚκστ Pekf. Mid. 1 ΔοΕ. Pabsive Joose prepare λύσ-ω άρτύσ-ω !λυσ-α λίλνκ-α ήρτνκ-α λ^ν-μαι 4λύθ-ην ήρτύβ-ην 140. Some uncontracted ρτιτβ verbs add σ to the stem in the perfect middle and aorist passive; as, κελευ-ω, command, κ€Κ€λ€νσ-μΜ, ΙκέΚενσθ-ήγ. For the inflection of the perfect middle in -σμαι, see § 172. Exercise Give the principal parts of the following verbs : δύω, make enter τταυω, stop κίνΒυνβνω, be in danger θηρεύω, hunt βονλεύω, plan τταιΒεύω, teach κωΧνω, hinder στρατεύω, make war τοξεύω, shoot the bow The following have an added σ according to § 140 : ανύω, accomplish κοΧούω, maim σείω, shake τταίω, strike κναίω, scratch κρούω, beat

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58 INFLECTION 141. II. CONTRACTED PURE VERBS τι.μ&-ω honor τιμήσ-» έτψησ-α Τ€τ1μτ\κ-α ιντίμη-ιιαι *τιμήθ-ην love φνλήσ4φαησ-α ικφ(ληκ-α ικψ(λη-|ΐαι ΙφΛήθ-ην δηλό» show δηλώσ-ω δ€8ήλ«κ-α δ€$ήλ«-|ΙΑΙ 4δηλώθ-ην 142. 1. Contracted pure verbs generally lengthen the last vowel of the present stem in forming the other parts ; α is lengthened to η, but to d after c, i, p. Thus, Ιάω, permit, ίάσω, etc. ; θημάω, hunt, θψ ράσω, etc. 2. Some verbs retain the short vowel throughout ; as, τ€λ€ω, finish, Τ€\€σω, etc. 3. A few of these latter verbs drop the σ in the future and contract; as, fut τ€λω for τ€λ€(σ)ω. This form is called the Attic Future. Compare § 148, 2. Many irregular verbs form a similar future in -€ω ; middle, -co/xai. Exercise Give the principal parts of the following : νικάω^ conquer ττολε^βω, wage war άξκ^ω, think fit κινέω^ move βοηθβω^ help ερωτάω j ask κρατ€ω^ have power over οίκβω^ dwell άτταταω, deceive ά'γαττάω^ love ορμάω^ rush σνλάω, plunder ασκέω^ exercise ξτ/τεω, seek κοσμ,βω^ adorn ΊΓΟίέω^ make ίν-οικέω^ dwell in ττΧηρόω^ fill 143. III. TT-MUTE AND 7ΓΤ STEMS Tptpτρίψω &Γρ^ψ-« (Wτpiφ-α) τέτριμ-|ΐαι 4τρ(φ0-ην ruh 2perf. γλύφ-» γλύψω Ιγλυψ-α γ^λυμ-μαι ΙγλύψΟ-ην grace pXdtrr» βλάψ.« φλαψ-α (Ρ

MUTE STEMS 59 144. 1. A TT-mute (or πτ) — a) before σ becomes ^ (fut. and aor. act.) ; • h) before μ. becomes μ. (perf . mid.) ; c) before θ becomes φ, the corresponding aspirate (aor. pass.). 2. π-mute verbs have no first perfect active. For the second per» feet, see § 179, i, a. Exercise Give the principal parts, except the perf. act., of the following : καΧύτττω^ cover κάμτΓτω^ bend βάτΓτω^ dip κρύτΓτω^ conceal σκήΐΓτω^ prop θλίβω J press απτω^ fasten /όιτΓτω, throw /ίλΑττω, steal 145. IV. /C-MUTE AJSTD TT (σσ) STEMS 8ιώκ-» 8ιώ£-« 48(ω(-α (δ.8ί«χ-α) 8€8(ω'γ-|Μϋ 48iώχβ-ηv pursue 2 perf. &PX-• &p^« ήρξ-α (ήρχ-«) ήργ-μΛΐ ήρχβ-ην rule 2 perf. νράττ-» πρά{ϊ,τραξ-α (ιτ^ιτραχ-α) ΊΓένρα^-μοκ 4»ράχβ-ην do 2 perf. 146. 1. Α #c-mute (or ττ) — α) before σ becomes ζ (fut. and aor. act.) ; V) before μ. becomes γ (perf. mid.) ; c) before θ becomes ;(, the corresponding aspirate (aor. pass.) 2. #c-mute verbs have no first perf. active. For the second perfect, see § 179, i, a. Exercise Give the principal parts, except the perf. act., of the following : ταττω, arrange βρβχω^ moisten άλλαττω, change ταράττω^ disturb κηρύττω^ proclaim φνΧάττω, defend ττλβ/^ω, knit eipyw, shut in κατ-αράττω ^strike down

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60 147. INFLECTION V. τ-ΜϋΤΕ AND ζ STEMS dvvr-» άνύσ-« ήνυ

SYNOPSIS 61 150. 1. Liquid verbs show these peculiarities : a) In forming the other principal parts a long present stem is shortened as follows : drop the second letter of at, ci, λλ, μν ; shorten Ζ and ϋ to t and υ. h) The future adds c to the shortened stem instead of σ, and contracts like verbs in -€ω (§ 173). c) The first aor. act. does not add σ, but lengthens the shortened stem, as follows : α to iy (to d after c, i, p) ; c to €t; Ϊ or ΰ to ΐ or ϋ. Special rules are the following : a) A final ν occurring in the short stem becomes γ before #c, and σ (sometimes μ) before μ. h) Monosyllabic shortened stems in c generally change c to α in the perf . act. and mid. and the aor. pass. ; as, στ€λλω, send, Ισταλχα, Ισταλ/ιαι. c) In the verbs κλίνω, bend, κρίνω, j^dge, and some others, final ν of the stem is dropped before κ, /χ, and θ ; thus, κρίνω, κΐκρικα, κίκριμαχ, Ικρίθην. £xercise Give all the parts, except perf. act., of the following: τΓοι/ειλλω, embroider καθαίρω^ cleanse αίσγύνω^ disgrace σημαίνω^ signal ττβραίνω, accomplish κΚίνω^ bend (see note 2, ) υφαίνω^ weave μιαίνω^ stain irKuvm^wash (see note 2, tf) SYNOPSIS OF TENSES OF CO-VERBS 151. The various tenses of the verb are formed from the principal parts by changing the endings. These endings for the first person singular (in the imperative the second

62 INFLECTION person) are shown in the following diagram. By substituting, in place of λύ-ω, the principal parts of other verbs learned in the preceding pages, the first person of all the tenses may be readily formed. For the perfect imperative and infinitive, middle, of mute and liquid verbs, see §170ff. 152. ACTIVE Pkks. Impebf. FUTUEE 1 Αοιαβτ I*EKFKOT Pl.UPKKFKOT Indie, ikv-OV 2 λύσω ikv Subj. -ω -ω -ω* Opt. -οιμι -οιμι -at^t -ot^t Imp. -c -ov -€ Inf. -CIV -CiV -ai -^VOi Part. -ων -ων -as -ώ« MIDDLE Indie. -ομαι 4λυ-όμην2 -ομαι -άμην \ίΚν-μαχ 4λ€λύ-μην8 SubJ. -ωμαι -ωμαι -μνοϊώ* Opt. -οίμην -οίμην -αίμην -|Uvos €ΐην * Imp. -ου -αι -σο Inf. -caOat -ccrOat -oo-Oat -o^at Part. -0)UVOS -0)UVOS -άμ€νο« -μ«. PASSIVE Indie. Subj. Opt. Imp. Inf. Part. See note be 5 λν6-ήσ-ομαι ^ ^λύθ-ην See note 5 -οίμην -€(ην -ητι -ισθαι -ήναι -όμ€νο$ -€ίβ

CONJUGATION OF \ύω 68 153. Notes on the preceding paradigm. 1. The aorist loses its augment in all moods except the indicatiye. 2. The imperfect tenses, act. and mid., are formed from the present stem by prefixing the augment and adding the terminations -ov and -όμην, 3. The pluperfect tenses, act. and mid., are formed from the perfect stem by prefixing the augment and adding the terminations -η and -fii/v. 4. The perfect subjunctive and optative of the middle voice are made up of the perfect participle and the subjunctive or optative of the verb ci/lu. Similarly in the perf. subj. act. we find XcAvko>s ω. 5. All the tenses of the passive, except the future and aorist, are exactly like the middle. 6. The future passive is formed from the aorist passive by dropping the augment and substituting the ending -ήσομία for -ψ* 7. In some verbs a future perfect middle and passive is found. It may usually be formed by reduplicating the future middle ; as, λιχτομοί, future perf. λέΚνσομαΐ, 8. Some verbs are used only in the middle or passive voice, and are called Deponent Verbs. Some use the future middle form instead of the future active without change of meaning ; thus, dicoixo, hear^ άκονσομαι, I shall hear, 9. Note the accent of the aor. subj. pass., λυ^ώ. CONJUGATION OF λνω 154. All ω-verbs are conjugated like \νω. By adding the proper terminations, as seen in the paradigm, to the principal parts any person, tense, mood, and voice may be readily formed. The present and imperfect of contracted pure verbs and the future active and middle of liquid verbs suffer contractions. For the contracted forms, see § 160 ff. and § 173. The perfect and pluperfect middle of mute and liquid verbs undergo certain euphonic changes. For these changes, see § 170 ff. and § 174 ff.

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64 INFLECTION 155. CONJUGATION OF λύω. ACTIVE VOICE INDICATIVE MOOD PRBSBNT TbXSE. I Ιθ08β SINGULAR DUAL PLURAL λύ-« λύ-ομ«ν U-€19 λύ-CTOv λύ-€Τ€ λύ-Cl λύ-CTOv Imperfect. I was loosing λν-ονσι(ν) Ιλυ-ον 4λύ-0|Μν Ιλν-cs Ιλύ-ιτον

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CONJUGATION OF λνα> 66 OPTATIVE MOOD Prbsbitt SINGULAR DUAL plural λΰ-οιμι λύ-oifuv λΰ-οι$ λύ-oiroir λύ-oiTc λύ-οι λν-θ(την FUTURB λύ-ouv Xvcr-Ol|U Xio-oifuv λύσ--Μ$ λύσ-οιτον λνσ-oiTc λύσ-οι λυσ-οίτην AORIST λΰσ-ΌΜν λύσ--αιμλ λύσ--αΐ|Μν λύσ-

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156. MIDDLE VOICE INDICATIVE MOOD Prbsbnt SINGULAR λύ-ομ» λν-η, -€ΐ λύ-€ται DUAL λΰ-ι€σΟον 4λν-^σβΐ|ν Ιλν-όμιθα 4λΰ-€

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CONJUGATION OF λνα> 67 OPTATIVE MOOD Present SING ϋ LAB DUAL PLURAL λν-θ(μην λν-οίμιθα λύ-οιο λΰ-οισ6ον X«>our«c λύ-OiTO λν-οίσΟην FfTTUiir λύ-οιντο λυσ-οίμην λνσ'-ο1μ€θα λύο--οιο λύσ-οισ6ον λΰσ-οΐ(Η)ι λύσ-οιτο AORIST λύο--οιντο λυο--α(μην λυο--α£μ€θα λύο--αιο λΰσ-αίσ6ον Xvo'-(U(H)c λνσ-

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68 INFI^CTION 157. PASSIVE VOICE INDICATIVE MOOD FuTURB. I shall be loosed 8INGULAS DUAL PLURAL λνθ-ήσομαι λυθ-ήση, -€i λνθ-ήσ-ιται λνθ-ήσΐ(Η)ον λνθ-ήσ'€σ0ον AoRiST. I was loosed λνθ-ησ^μ€0α λνθ-ήσονται 4λύ6-ην Ιλύ«-η« Ιλύθ-η Ιλύθ-ητον 4λνθ-ήτην SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD ήτον λνΟ-ήτον OPTATIVE MOOD Future λνθ-Α|ϋν λνθ.6

CONTRACTED PURE VERBS 69 158. Notes on the preceding paradigms. Other endings sometimes found are the following : 1. In the pluperf. indie, act., ikucoK-tw, -ας, -arov, etc. 2. In the aor. opt pass, dual and plural, λνθ-ύητον, -αψ-ψ, etc. 3. In the imperat. act. 3d plur., λυ-€νωσαν (pres.), λΜλυκ'€τωσαν (perf.), λνσ-άτωσαν (aor.). 4. In the imperat. mid. 3d plur., λυ-€σ^ωσαν (pres.), λυσ-άσ^ωσαν (aor.), λ€λύ-σθωσαν (perf.). 5. In the aor. imperat pass. 3d plur., λν^ι^ωσαν. 6. Verbs with stem ending in a consonant have the forms -fiivoi άσί and -μ,€νοι, ^οηαν in the 3d plur. of perf. and pluperf. indie, mid. (§ 172). 159. Accent — Note the accent of λυββιτον, λυβ

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70 INFLECTION δ. α -f- any other sound = a (a) ; as, τιμά-€Τ€ = Tt/iare, Tt/ia-€i = τίμα, c. But in the infinitive, a -{- eiv =^ av without the subscript; as, τιμά-€ΐν = τιμαν, 2. Verbs in -eco. a. e + € = €4 ; as, €φ{Χ€-€ = €φΐ\€1^ φΐ\4'€τ€ =φΐ\€ΪΤ€. b. e + ο = ου ; as, €φίλ€ΌΡ = έφίΧονν^ φι\€-ομ€Ρ = φιλοΰμ€ν. C. € before a long vowel or diphthong is absorbed ; φιΧέ-^ίν = φιΚάν, 3. Fer6« m -οω. α. ο + €, ο, ΟΓ ot; = ου ; as, δΐ7λο-€ = Si/Xot;, 8η\ΟΌμ€ν = ΒηΧοΰμεν, ΒηΧό-ονσι = δι^λοΟσί. δ. ο + a long vowel (17, ω) = ω ; as, ΒηΧό-ητον = δι^λώτοι/, ΒηΧό-ωμβν = 8ηΧωμ€ν. C. ο + a diphthong containing t (ei, ot, rf) = ol\ as, ΒηΧό•

CONTRACTED PURE VERBS 71 162. Exceptions. 1. The following verbe in -αω contract α -f- € into 17, and a-^-et and α -f- 27 into y : ζαω, live ψάω^ rub 7Γ6ίΐ;αα>, hunger 8ιψάω^ thirst κνάω^ scratch σμάω^ smear γράομ,αι,^ use xpcuu^ give oracles Thus we have fa>, ζ^ς, f§, etc., in the present indicative active ; Ifcoi/, Ifiy?, efiy, etc., in the imperfect. 2. Dissyllables in -ώο (as ττλώο, βαι7, ββ», rww, pAo^flow^ remain uncontracted except when €i results. . Thus the present tense Sing, ττλβο), ττλεΖ?, ττλβί. Ihud 7Γ\€ομ€ν^ ττλβΣτβ. Plur. 7r\eO/i€i/, ττλείτβ, ττλώνσ*. But δό», bind^ is usually contracted throughout, especially in compounds. 163. Another peculiarity of the inflection of contract verbs is the following. The present optative active usually shows endings in the singular akin to the endings of the aorist optative passive of \νω; viz. -onyi/, -on;?, -0/1;, instead of -ot/ii, -ot?, -ot. Thus, τιμα-οίην contracted to τιμφην. See paradigms below. But sometimes the regular forms occur. Thus, τιμά'Οίμι contracted to τιμφμι τιμά'Οίς contracted to τιμφζ τιμά'Οΐ contracted to ημφ Similar forms occur also in the future of liquid verbs and in -μι verbs. See § 173, § 187 £f. Note. — Accent, For the accent of contracted forms see the regular rules of accent, no. 13.

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72 INFLECTION 164. CONTRACTED TENSES OF τΐμάω. INDICATIVE MOOD Pbbsent ACTIVE VOICE SINGULAR •ΛμΑ (τι/λά-ω) Tifi^t (τι/χά-cis) •η,μ^ (τιμΛ'€ΐ) Ιτ(μων (Ιτιμα-αν) Ιτ(|λα9 (€τι)ια-<9) τιματον (τι/χά-€Τθν) τιματον (rtfui-cTOv) Imperfbct Ιτιματον (cTi/ia-€TOv) PLUBAL ημώμιν (rifui-Ofiev) τιματι (τι/χά-CTc) τιμΜσ-ι(ν) (τί/Λα-ουσι) ΙτιμΑμιν (€ΤΐμΛ-ομ£ν) 4tI|mItC (CTl/ia-€T€) ItC|UI (m/Att-c) 4τΐ|νάτηιτ {Ιτιμα-Ιτψ) Ιτ(μων (crc/ia-OF) τνμΑ (τιμΛ'ω) τιμί• (n/xa-i/s) τιμ^ (τι/ia-j;) SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD Presbnt τιματον (τι/Λά-ι/τον) τιματ€ (τιμά-ωμυεν) (τιμά'•ητ€) ηματον (τιμά-ψΌν) τιμΑσι(ν) (η/χά-ωσι) τνμφην (τίμΛ-οίην) τνμιρης (τιμα-οίψ) •ημφη (τιμΛ-οιη) OPTATIVE MOOD PRBSBNT ημφτον (τΐ/Λα-ΟίΤον) τιμιρτην (τίμα-οίτην) τιμ^μιν (rifui-ocficv) τιμφτι (n/uUi-oiTc) τιμφιν (ri/Aa-oicv) IMPERATIVE MOOD Present τ(μα (rt/xa-c) ηματον (τιμά-€Τον) τιμέ1τ€ (rifia-CTc) τιμάη» (η/Αα-€τω) τιμάτων (τί/Αα-€Γων) τιμώντων (ri/Aa-ovrcuv) INFINITIVE MOOD Pres. τνμαν (ri/Aa-Civ) PAKTICIPLE Pre8. τιμών, -Aσe^ -«ν (rifui-ων, -συσ

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CONTRACTED PURE VERBS 73 165. CONTRACTED TENSES OF τιμάω, MIDDLE VOICE INDICATIVE MOOD Present singular dual plural τιμωμΛΐ (τιμΑ-ομαι) ημώμιθα (τιμΛ'6μ€θά) τιμ4 (τιμΛ-Ύΐ) τιμέ^^ον (τιμΑ-^σθαν) τιμαο-9€ (τιμΑ-^σθέ) τιμάται (ri/ia'Crai) τιμασθον (τιμΛ-€σθον) τιμώνται (rtfui-ovrai) Imperfbgt Ιτιμώμην (ΙτιμΛ-όμην) Ιτιμώμιθα {Ιτιμοτομίθα) 4τιμβ* (€Τίμά-ου) ΙτιμασΟον (Ιτιμοτ^σθον) Ιτιμασθ€ (crι/ϋuί-eσ^€) Ιτιματο {Ιτιμάτίτο) 4τιμάσ-θην (ίημα-ίσθηγ) Ιτιμώντο (crifui-ovTo) SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD Present τιμΔμαι (τΐμά-ωμαΐ) τιμώμιθα (τιμοτώμ^θα) τιμξ (τιμάτγι) τιμέΜτθον (τιμά-ησθον) τιμα

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74 INFLECTION 166. CONTRACTED TENSES OP φί\4ω. ACTIVE VOICE INDICATIVE MOOD Fbbsbnt BINGULAS DUAL PLUKAL φιλΑ (

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CONTRACTED PURE VERBS 75 167. CONTRACTED TENSES OP φίΧΑο. MIDDLE VOICE INDICATIVE MOOD Prbsbnt singular dual plukal φιλοΰμαι (φιΧ€ΌμΛΐ) φιλοΰ|λΐ0α (φιΧ.€'όμ^(θα) φίλη, -Λ (ik€rrjf -€ΐ) φιλιΐσΟον (φξλ€'€σθον) φιλιϊσ0€ (φιλ€-€σ^€) φ4λι€ται (^iXc-CTtu) φνλιΐσΟον (φιΧ€-€σθον) φιλοΰιτται (φίλ€-ονται) Imperfect Ιφιλούμην (€φ4λ€-ό/Αΐ7ν) lφιλoΰμc6ci (^^iXc-o/AcAi) Ιφιλοΰ (iifHXt-ov) ί^ϋ

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76 INFLECTION 168. CONTRACTED TENSES OP ΒηΧόω. ACTIVE VOICE INDICATIVE MOOD PREBBNT DUAL SINGULAB 8ηλΑ (δι/λό-ω) 8ηλοΐβ (βηλό-€ΐς) δηλο€ (8ηλά-€ΐ) PLUBAL βηλοΰμιν (8ηλ6•ομ4ν) δηλο&Γον (βηλά-€τον) βηλοβτ• (8ηλ6-€Τ€) δηλοΟτον (8ηλσ-€Τθν) δηλοίκτι (ίηΚό-ουστ) Imperfect Ιδήλονν (Ι&ηλο-ον) Ιδηλο{>|Μν (^Ι&ηλό-ομεν) Ιδήλονβ (cSiyAo-cs) Ιδηλοντον (€Βηλό-€Τον) ΙδηλοΟτ€ (cSiyXo-cTc) Ιδήλον (cSi^Xo-c) Ιδηλοΰτην {€&ίΐλο-€τψ) Ιδήλονν (ΐΒηλο-ον) SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD Pbesent δηλώτον (8ηλό-ητον) δηλώτον (STjko-rjTOv) OPTATIVE MOOD Ρββββντ δηλο(ην (βηλο-οίψ) δηλοίμιν (ΒηΧό-οιμ€ν) δηλο(η$ (δτ^λο-ΟΜ/ς) δηλοίτον (&ηλό-οιτον) δηλοΐτ• (βηλσ-Οίτ^) δηλο£η (8ηλθ-οιη) δηλοίτην (8ηλο-οίτην) δηλοΐιν (Si^o-Oicv) IMPERATIVE MOOD Present δήλον (SiyXo-c) δηλοΟτον (SiyXo-crov) δηλοΰτ€ (SiyAo-cTc) δηλούτω (Βηλο-^τω) δηλούτων (&ηλο-€των) δηλούντων (δι/λα-όντων) δηλώ (δι/λό-ω) δηλο€5 (δ^λό-ι/ς) δηλοΐ (8ι;λό-ϊ;) δηλ«|Μν (Sηλό^ωμJ(v) δηλώτ€ (Βηλό-ητ€) δηλώσι (&;λ<>-ωσι) INFINITIVE MOOD Preb. δηλοΟν (Βηλ6-€ίν) PARTICIPLE ί δηλΑν, -oΰσe^ -οβν (&ηλ.ό-ων)

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CONTRACTED PURE VERBS 77 169. CONTRACTED TENSES OP ΒηΧοω. MIDDLE VOICE INDICATIVE MOOD PRBBENT SINOULAB DUAL PLURAL δηλοΰμΑΐ (βηλό^μαι) δηλούμιθα (βη\ο-6μ€θα) δηλο( (δι/λό-ι;) δηλοΟσθον (S^Xo-ccr^ov) δηλοΟσθι (βηλό•

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78 INFLECTION MUTE VERBS PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT MIDDLE 170. In the inflection of the perfect and pluperfect middle, mute verbs undergo certain euphonic changes of consonants, and between two consonants σ is dropped. The result of these changes may be seen in the following paradigms. 171. The following are the only combinations of consonants possible in forming these tenses. In Π-ΜυτΕ Verbs In K-Mute Verbs In T-Mute Verbs μμ yμ σμ Ψ ξ σ 7ΓΤ κτ στ φθ MUTE VERBS σθ 172. Perfect and Pluperfect Middle τρίβω rub πράττω do INDICATIVE PERFECT πείθω persuade S. 1 τ^τριμμαι ιτέικιο-μοα 2 τ^τριψΛΐ πίπραξω. wimwai 3 WrpiiTTOii ΊΓ^ρακται D.2 τ^ριφθον ΐΓ^ραχθον ιτέΐΓΐισθον 3 τ^τριφΟον ΐΓέίΓρβχθον ir^irfio^v P. 1 Τ€Τρίμ|Μ0Λ ιτητράΎμιθα ικικίσμιθα 2 τ4τριφθι ΐΓ4ΐΓραχ0€ •π^ιτϋσθι πνπρα^μΑνοι c(o-( ικικισμ^νοι tUri (§158,6) (§ 158, 6) (§ 1δ8, 6)

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MUTE VERBS 79 INDICATIYB PLUPBBFBCT S. 1 2 3 4τ•τρ£μμην «τέτριψο CTCrpilTTO ΙνιίΓράγμην Mirpoio ΙνινιΙσ'μην D.2 3 •τίτριφνον ίτ£τρίφ0ην 4«^ιτραχΟον ΙικιτράχΟην P.l 2 3 «ΤΙΤρίφΜ MirpaxOc νΜτραγμένολ ^αν IvfvcCo-iuOa ιηνΜ^Γμένοι ήο'αν 8UBJUNCTIVB AND OPTATIVE Τ€τρΐ|λμ^νθ9 & τιτριμ|ΐένο9 ιΐην vf ΐΓραΎμένο« μ «ιιτραγμένοϊ ιΐην IMPERATIYE vnrcio^ivot δ S.2 3 τίτριψο ητρίφθΜ «iirpoio irfirpdxOM irlrcicro ΊΠΊΠίσθΜ D.2 3 τέτριφ^ν «^ιτραχβον ιπιτράχΟων irtvci

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80 INFLECTION Middle. Future Indie, φαν-οΰμαι, -ci, -etrai^ -€Ϊσθον^ -είσθον^ -ούμβθα^ -eiaOe^ -οΰνται Opt, φαν-οίμην^ -οΐο^ -οίτο^ etc. Infinitive, φαν-€ΐσθαί Participle, φαν-ούμβνο^; Note. — The Attic Future of verbs in -€ω and -ίζω ( 142, 3 and § 148, 2) is declined like φάνω above. PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT 174. 1. In the perfect and pluperfect liquid verbs suffer certain euphonic changes. 2. Stems in λ and ρ drop σ between two consonants ; as, riyyeXOai for ηη^έΧσθαι, 3. Stems in ν drop σ between two consonants and change i' to σ (or /i) before /i ; as, ττ^φασμένο^ for ττβφαν μένο^. 4. Stems in μ are irregular ; see dictionary. LIQUID VERBS 175. Perfect and Pluperfect Middle αγΫ^ΧΚω φαίνω announce show INDICATIVE PERFECT 'nYycXftai ιτέφεΜτμαι iJYYcXrai ιτέφανσαι ήγγιλται ττ^ανται ήΎγ€λΟον ττέφανΟον TfyycXOov ιΗφανθον ήγγ^λ|Μθα ικφάσίΜθα tJyycXOc ιτέφανθι ήγγιλμ^νοι clσC ιηφασ>|λ

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THE SECOND TENSES 81 PLUPERFECT ήγγΛμην Ιιηψάσ-μην ήγγ€λσο Μψανσο flrycXro Μφαντο ήγγιλθον «vf^avvov ηγγίλΟην ΙνίφάνΟην ήγγΛμίθα ήγγ€λβ• Ιιτέφανθι ήΎγ€λμένοι ήσαν ΊΠ φασμένοι ήσαν SUBJUNCTIVB-OPTATIVB nrrtx^vos ώ ήγycλμέvos €ΐην IMPERATIVE ήγγιλσο ν^φανσο ηγγΛθω 1Γ€ψάνθΜ ήγγ€λΟον «^ψανθον ήγγίλθων ΐΓ€ψάν6«ν ήγγ€λθ€ «^ψανθι ήγγΛθων ιηψάνθων INFINITIVE-PARTICIPLE ήγγΛβαν ιηψάνθαι ήΥν«λμένο« ΐΓΐψασ|λ4νο9 ΤΗ£ SECOND T£NS£S 176. 1. In many Greek verbs, chiefly those with mute or liquid stems, we find forms for certain tenses differing from those described in the preceding pages. 2. These forms are called Second Tenses. We may thus have Second Aorist, active, middle, and passive ; Second Future, passive ; Second Perfect and Pluperfect, active.

82 INFLECTION 177. A verb very seldom has both first and second forms in any tense ; but, when it has, the first form may be transitive, the second intransitive; as, φαίνω, show; 1st perf. irc^ayica, / have shown; 2d perf . ΊΓ€φηνα, I have appeared. FORMATION OF SECOND TENSES 178. The formation of the Second Tenses may be shown in the following diagram. 2 AoB. Act. SPSBFXCT 2 AOB. ΡΑββ. 8 Fxrt. Ραμ. βλάίΓΓ-ω Ρ^βλαφ-α ΙβλάΗν pXaMo-OKai injure XcC-VM 2λιΐΓ-ον \{koitr-a leave ΊΤράτΤ-Μ ιτ4ΐΓραχ-α do φα£ν-» ιΗφην-α Ιφάν-ην φανήσ-ομαι show 179. 1. Stem. The tense-signs, σ of the first aorist active, κ of the first perfect active, and θ of the first aorist passive, disappear in the second tenses, — and the present stem is generally shortened. But it may undergo various other modifications which can be learned from the dictionary. Some of these modifications are as follows : a. In the second perfect of ir-mute and κ-mute stems, the last consonant is generally changed to the aspirate φ or χ, as in βλάπτω, above. b. Monosyllabic shortened stems in c change c to α in the second aorist and future ; as, στέλλω, send, ΙστάΧ-ψ. c. In the second perfect and pluperfect the stem vowel c is regularly changed to o, α often to η, and ei to oi; as, λ€ΐΐΓω, perfect λέλοιττα. 2. Endings, The second aorist active and middle has endings like the imperfect in the indicative, in other moods like the present. All the other second tenses have endings like the corresponding first tenses, but note -ηθι, not -lyrt, in the second singular of the aorist imperative passive.

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THE SECOND TENSES 88 180. SECOND TENSES λ€ΐν-ω, leave, and ψαιν-ω, show 2 AoRiBT Active 2 AoRier Middle Indie. ^iv-ov, -€s, -€, etc. ΙλλίΓ-όμην, -ov, -€Τ0, etc. StώJ\ XCir-M, -η«, -η, etc. λ(ΐΓ-Μμαι, -η, -ήταν, etc. Opt. XCv-oi^i, -ots, -oi, etc. λιΐΓ-ο(μην, -ow, -οιτο, etc. Imp. XCir-€, -Ιτω, etc. λιΐΓ-ο{), -4σ6Μ, etc. Inf. Xiir-€tv Xiir-l(rOai Part. 2 Perfect Active Xiir-o|uvos Indie. X4Xoiir-a, -at, -c, etc. 2 Pluperf . 4λcλoC1r-η, -i|t, -€i, etc. Subj. XfXoCir-«, -ηβ, -η, etc. Opt. λιλοίΐΓ-οιμι, -ois, -oi, etc. Imp. X^oiir-€, 4r«, etc. Inf. XiXoiir-^vai Part. λ€λθ11Γ-ώ«, -vto, -6% 2 AoRiBT Passive Indie. 4φάν-ην, -η«, -η, etc. Svbj. φαν-6, -ΐ«, -η, etc. Opf. φαν-€ίην, -€£η«, -€£η, etc. /mp. φάν-ηΟι, -ήτ», etc. Inf. φαν-ήνοΑ Parf. ψαν-cCs, -€ΐσ^, -έν 2 Future Passive ψανήο'-ομα^ -«(η), -€ται, etc. φανηο'-ο(μην, -Oio, -οιτο, etc. ψανήσ^σθΜ φανηο'-όμΜνοι 181. Accent. — Note the following exceptions in the second tenses to the rule of recessive accent (§ 126) : 1. The second aor. imperative mid., Χιττοΰ. 2. The second aor. infin. act. and mid., Xnrelv^ Χιττεσθαι. 3. The second aor. partic. act., Χιττών. (a) The following words (2d aor. imperative, act.) have the acute on the last syllable; «ittc, sayj ikOi, go; Χαβέ, take; fvpc, βηά; tSci behold.

84 INFLECTION CONJUGATION OF μι-VERBS 182. There are two classes of /x^-verbs : 1. Verbs ending in -η μι or -ωμι. 2. Verbs ending in -υμί. 183. 1. Verbs in -ημι and -ωμι have a form of reduplication with A, in the present and imperfect tenses; as, Βί-Βωμι^ τί'θημι^ ΐ-στημι. 2. Verbs in -υμι have no reduplication, but in the present and imperfect add to the stem ν or w before -υμι ; as, Se/iv-iz-v/it, σκ€Βά'νν'νμι. 184. Stem. — 1. The stem of verbs in -ημι and -ωμι is found by dropping the reduplication and the termination -/it ; shortened stems also occur in the inflections. Thus, StScD/it, stem δω-, So-; τίθημι, stem θψ^ Oe-; ΐστημι^ stem στη-^ στα-. 2. The stem of verbs in -υμι is found by dropping -νυμι or -ννυμι ; as, Β^Ικνυμι^ stem h€LK-. 185. Formation of Tenses. — The tenses of /u-verbs are formed from the short or long stem in the same way as ω-verbs, except the present and imperfect and the second aorist active and middle. Thus, 8{8ωμί^ δ(όσω, , 8^Βωκα^ δεδο/χα£, έ8όθην\ Βείκνυμι, δβ/^ω, βδεί^α, δβδεί^^α, BeB€tyμat^ ίΒβίχθην, (α) Verbs in -υ/LU have no second aorist of /u-formation, except ίσβτρ^ from σβ€ννυμι, extinguish. (b) The three verbs τίθημι, δι δω/χι, and ϊημι, send^ have an irregular first aorist active with κ instead of σ ; Ιθηκα, Ιδωκα, ηκα» SYNOPSIS OF T£NS£S OF μι-VERBS 186. The following synopsis gives only those parts in which /it-verbs differ from ω-verbs ; namely, the present and imperfect of both classes, and the second aorist active and middle of verbs in -ημι and -ωμι.

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CONJUGATION OF ^t-VERBS 85 187. τίθημι, place (θψ, θί-) ACTIVB MiDDLB PRB8. 2 AOR. PREB. 2 AOR. Indie, τίβη-μι (§ 195, 1) τ£θ€-μαι iei-μην Imperf . lr(Br\• ■ν ^) Indie. 8£8ω-|Μ 4δ(δονν (§ 195, 1) 8C8o-|&ai Ιδιδόμην

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86 INFLECTION CONJITGATION OF /AA-VERBS 191. τίθημί (θη-, Ot-\ place ΐστημι (ση;-, στα-), set Active Voicb PBE8. IMPBRF. 2 AOR. S. 1 τ£0η-|ϋ 2 Τ(βη-β 3 τ(0η-β•ι D.2 rCOc-TOv 3 tC0€-tov P. 1 τίΒ€-μΛν Η > 2 Τ£θ€-Τ€ % 3 ne^-ao-i Ό § S. 1 ίτ£0η-ν (8θηκα) § 195,1 •"• 2 «rCOcis (ϊθηκα*) 3 IrCOci (2θηκ•) D.2 irCec-rov lOf-rov 3 έτι0ί-την ίβ^την P. 1 «rCOc-Hicv Ιθ€-μιν 2

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CONJUGATION OF /u-VERBS 87 PRB8EKT 2 AOR. S. 1 τλΟιίην • 2 T%B€Lr\9 3 τιθ€(η D.2 TiOctTov 2 a 3 τι0€(την P.l TiOctiuv e 2 TiOctrc ^ ^ i... TiOctcv θ€(ην 2 6ι(ηι 3 Οι(η D.2 Octroy 2 a 3 θιίτην P.l Β€ΐμΛν 2 Octrc 3 ecUv S.2 rce» 3 TiOi-r» D.2 τί6•-τον 3 τι04-των w P.2 rCOc-Tf TiM-VTMV -

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88 INFLECTION CONJUGATION OF /ifc-VERBS 192. τίθημι (βψ, $€-), place ΐστημΛ (στη-, στα-), set Middle Voice PRB8. IMPERF. 2 ΑΟΒ. S. 1 τ(θι-μαι 2 rCOc-o-ai 3 rCOc-TOi D.2 τίθ€-σ«ον 3 τί6•-σβον P. 1 TiM-luOa El? > 2 TC0c(r6c i 3 rC6c-vrai s S. 1 «TiMμην ίΜ-μην 2 2 τι0ήσβ€ t3 3 TiOwvrai OQ S. 1 ΟΑμαι 2 •ί 3 θήται D.2 0ήβ•βον 3 θήσθον P. 1 θώμιθα 2 θήο^ 3 θώνΤ(Η ΡΒΕ8. IMPERF. 2 AOR. ϊττα-μαι 1

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CONJUGATION OF /tt-VERBS 89 PBEBENT 2 AOR. S. 1 Τί6ι£μην 2 b 2 Ttecto 3 Ti6ctro D.2 3 Ti6c(oHK|v P.l TiOctHfOa w 2 τιθ€ίσ0€ ^ ^ g TiOctVTO Ε S.1 β«ψην 2 ecto 3 ectro D.2 ectoeov 3 θιΟτΟην P.l θιίμιΟα 2 ecto-ec 3 Octvro S.2 τ£θι-σο 3 τι04-σ6Μ D.2 τ£6€-

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90 INFLECTION 193. CONJUGATION OF /i*-VERBS δίδω/uu (δω-, &>-), give Βείκννμί (&tic-), show Active Voice PRES. IMPERF. S. 1 8($Μ-μι 2 8(S«-« 3 8(S«-o-i D.2 8CSo-TOv 3 8(8o-Tov P. 1 8C8o-^cv ^ 2 8C80-TC Η ^ 3 Ο S. 1 I8C80VV •^ 2 l8C8ov« 3 <8(8ov D.2 3 P. 1 48(8o-|uv 2 48C80-T• 3 S. 1 8i86 2 8ι8φ$ 3 8i8* D.2 8i86Tov 3 8i86Tov Η P. 1 8i86|jk

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CONJUGATION OF |u-VERBS 91 PHBSENT 2 AOR. ΡΒΒ8Β1Π? 2 AOR. S. 1 8ι8ο(ην διικνΰ-οιμι 2 8iSoCt|« δ€ΐκνύ-οΐ9 3 8ι$ο(η δΜΚνν-ΟΙ D.2 8i8otTOv 2 a δ»κνύ-Μτον 3 δνδοίτην διικνν-οίτην P. 1 8ίδοΐμιν δΜκνύ-οιμ«ν » 2 8i8otTc δϋκνυ-οιη t ' ^ 8i8oUv δ•ικνύ-0Μν έ S. 1 8ο(ην 2 8ο(ηι 3 8ο(η D.2 δοΐτον 2 a 3 8ο(την P. 1 8ot|uv 2 8otTc 3 8oUv S.2 8C8ov Μκνυ 3 διδό-τ» D.2 8(8o-Tov διίκνν-τον wanting 3 8i8o-r»v δΜΚνύ-ΤΜν (§195,4) w P.2 8C80-TC UiKw-rt 8i8o-VT»v δΜκνύ-ντΜν S S. 2 8os S 3 8o-r«i D.2 δό-τον 3 δό-των P. 2 δό-Τ€ 3 δό-ντων INFIN. 8i8o-vai δo{lvαi δϋκνύ-ναι PART. 8i8o^s, -oOo-a, δούβ, -οΟσα, SciKVvs, -ΰσα, -6v -όν -ΰν

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92 INFLECTION CONJUGATION OF /LtA- VERBS 194. δίδωμι (δω-, δο-), give ^ίκννμι (βεικ-), show Middle Voicb PRBS. IMPERF. 2 ΑΟΒ. PRES. IMPEBF. 2 ΑΟΒ. S. 1 2 8(8ο-σαι δ€(κνν-μαΑ δι(κνν-σαι 3 δ£δο-ται δ€£κνυ-ται D.2 δίδο-σθον δ€(κνν-σ6ον 3 δ£δο-(Γθον διίκνυ-σθον P. 1 ξ 2 διδό-μιθα δ(δο-σ6ι δϋκνΰ-μιθα δ€(κνν-ΐΓ0ι 1 ' δ(δο-νται δι£κνυ-νται S S.1 2 {διδό-μην Ιδ£δο-σο Ιδό-μην 2δον Ιδϋκνύ-μην έδιίκνν-σο 3 Ιδ(δο-το 2δο-το ^Ικνν-το D.2

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CONJUGATION OF ^li-VERBS 93 PRB8BNT 2 AOR. PRESENT 2 ΑΟΕ. s. i 8ιδο(μην 2 SiSoto 8ciKVV-OlO 3 SiSotro 8ciKvii-oiTO D.2 8νδοΐσ9ον δ«κνύ-οιο4ον 3 δι$ο(σ0ην 8Μκνν-ο(σ0ην P. 1 δΜκνν-ο(μ«Οα « 2 δ«κνύ-οισ6ι < 1 S. 1 SiSoCvTO δϋκνύ-οιντο δοίμην 2 8oCo 3 8otTO D.2 8οΐσ9ον wanting 3 δο(

94 INFLECTION 195. 1. The singular of the 2d aor. indie, active of the verbs τίθημχ, διδω/ϋΐι, and ΙημΛ. (§ 199) is not found ; in its place the irregular first aorist is used : Ιθηκα, Ιδωκα, and ηκα. 2. Other forms occur as follows : (a) in the dual and plural of the opt. act. endings in -ητον, etc. : as, ίσταί-ητον, etc., Βώοί-^ον, etc. (ft) in the optative middle of τίθημι, τιθοίμην, etc., θοίμψ^ etc. 3. The 2d aor. mid. of ΐστημι is wanting. The inflection may be shown from the 2d aor. Ιττρυά,μ,ην, I bought. Thus, Indie. ΙιτρίΛμην, Subj. πρίωμαί, Opt. νριχύμην, Imper. πρίω^ Infin. ττριαχτθαι, Part. Ίτριάμ^νος, 4. Similarly the inflection of the 2d aor. act. of -υ/u formation may be shown from the 2d aor. of the irregular verb δΰω, enter. Thus, Indie. Ιδνν, Subj. δυω. Opt. wanting, Imper. SvOi, Infin. Svvcu, Part. δυ?. δ. The verb ΐστημι has a 2d perf. in the active voice, which is inflected on a reduplicated stem έστα-, as follows : Indicative Perf, Sing, wanting. D. Ιστατον, Ιστατον. P. €σταμ€ν, €στατ€, €στασι. Plup. Sing, wanting. D. Ιστατον, ίστάτην. P. Ιστα/Acv, Ιστατε, «ϊτασαν. Subjunctive €στώ, -^s, -1^, etc., like στώ (§ 191) Optative coTanyv, -ης, -iy, etc., like σταχην (§ 191) Imperative toToBiy €στάτω, Ιστατον, ίστάτων, Ιστατ€, ίστάντων* Infin. coravac Part, ίστώς, έστώσα, ίστός, 6. Like the preceding is inflected the 2d perf. of θν^σκω, die. Thus, Indie, τίθνατον, Opt. rc^vaii/v, Inf. rc^vavat. Part. TtOvtta^. 7. For the meaning of the tenses of ΐστημι, see list of verbs. 196. Accent. — 1. The subjunctive and optative of verbs in -ly/tu and -ω/Αΐ are accented like contract verbs. Compare also § 153, 9. But δυναμαι, he able, ίπίσταμαι, understand, and the 2d aor. €πριάμψ, bought, are accented in these moods as if there were no contraction ; as, Βύνωμαχ, ΙπίστοΛΤΟ, πριαχσθ€.

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IRREGULAR VERBS 95 IRREGULAR VERBS 197. The following verbs are inflected irregularly: €ίμί^ arriy el/it, go^ ^M'h %end^ olSa, know^ φηΜ'^^ say, χρή^ it is necessary y κάμαι^ lie^ ημαι^ sit. For €ΐμΙ^ am, see § 130. The conjugation of the other verbs follows. 198. €?/" (i-), go INDICATIVE MOOD PsBSBNT. I shall go SINGULAR DUAL PLURAL ct trov t|UV trc ct

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96 INFLECTION 199. ΐημί (η-, €-), send (compare τίΟημι) Active Voice Middle Voice PRBS. IMPERF. 2 ΛΟΒ. PRE8. IMPERF. 2 AOB. S.1 Ιη-μι ΐι-μαι 2 ΐη-«, Uie tc-trai 3 ϊη-o.i tc-rai D. 2 tc-TOV Ιι-σΟον 3 tf-TOV tc-σ-θον P. 1 tc-μiv U-|u6a lTIVE OS to tc-rc tc-oOc Uuri Ϊ€-νται g S.1 V (ηνο)§195 U-μν «νην 2 tciS (η'««) tf-o-o clao 3 tci (η'Μ) li-TO ctro D. 2 Ϊ€-Τθν clrov 1ι.σ0ον €ΐσ6ον 3 U-την €Ϊτην Ι^^σθην €ΐ(Γθην P. 1 tc-|UV cl|uv U-)u6a cf|ic6a 2 tf-Tt fire tc-av cto-av tf-VTO ilvTO S.1 i& U|iai 2 ΐΐ« ΐί 3 ΐί ΙήΤΜ D.2 Ιήτον Ιήσθον 3 Ιήτον Ιήσθον « P-l Ι&μΛν Ιώ|Μθα > 2 Ιήτ. Ιήσθι 1 ' i s.1 I6a-i IwvTOl• ώ ίμαν "^ 2 is ΰ 3 ΰ η'τ« D.2 i;

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IRREGULAR VERBS 97 Active Voice Middle Voice PRESENT 2 AOR. S.1 UCηv 2 Ulr\% 3 U^ D. 1 Ulrov 2 Ιιίτην P. 1 ΐΛΪμΛν « 2 UtTt < Utfv 1 s.1 €Xr\v 2 €ΐη« 3 €ϊη D.2 clrov 3 €Ϊτην P. 1 cl|uv 2 fire 3 clcv S.2 tci 3 α-τω D.2 Ϊ€-Τ0ν 3 U-rωv w P.2 Ϊ€-Τ€ Ρ 3 U-vrwv 5 1 s.2 S 3 Ι-τω D.2 I-Tov 3 l-T«V P. 2 l-T€ 3 Ι-ντων INFIN. U-vat clvai PART. UC«, Utora, Uv cSs, ct(ra, PRESENT UCμηv Uto UCro Uto^v UCσeηv UC|u6a Utν ΐ€-σθαι Ι-σ-θαι l-μiVOS

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98 INFLECTION 200. oTSa (β-), know οΓ8α is a second perfect with present meaning. The pluperfect has the meaning of an imperfect. INDICATIVE FBCT. I know SINGULAR DUAL PLURAL otSa οίσθα Ιστον (σ'μiv Urn otSc (σ-τον Pluperfect. I AcneiD (σ-αοα «δη or ΐΐδησθα or τίδ«(ν) ΰδ»ν {Sets ■Jo-Tov ί

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IRREGULAR VERBS 99 SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE Φ«> Φό«> etc. (cf . Ιστφ, § 191) ψα(ην, ψα(η8, etc. (cf. Ισταίην) IMPERATIVE φαβί, ψάθ^ ψάτον ή + 7/) Opt. χρ€ίη (xpiq + ciiy) Infin. χρήναι (xp^ + €Γναι) Pabt. χρ€ών (χ/>ή + ov) indeclinable 203. κ€ΐμαι (κ«-), Zie, am placed INDICATIVE Pr£8. κιϊμαι, Kctorat, Kctrat, κιίμιθα, etc. (like λΛν|ΐαι) Imperf, €Κ€(μην, 2κ«σο, Ikcito, 4KcC|u6a, etc. (like Λιλνμην) SUBJUNCTIVE Pres, [κ^ωμαι, κέη,] κέηται, etc. (like λύω|ΐαι) OPTATIVE Pres, [κ€θ(μην, κέοιο,] κέοιτο, etc. (like λνο(μην) IMPERATIVE Pres, Kctoro, KcC(r9a>, etc. (like λΛυσο) INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE Pres, Kcto^at κ€(μ€νο«, -η, -ov

100 INFLECTION 204. κάθ-ημχα (τ/σ-), sit down INDICATIVE Pres, κάθημαι, κάθησαι, κάθηται, καθήμiθα, etc. Imperf, 4καθήμην or καθήμην, ^κάθησο or καθήσο, 4κάθητο or καθήστο, etc. SUBJUNCTIVE Pres. καθώμαι, καθη, καθήται, etc. OPTATIVE Pres. καθοίμην, καθοίο, καθόΐτο, etc. IMPERATIVE Pres. κάθησ-ο, καθήσθβ», etc. INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE Pres. καθήσ-θαι καθήμivos, -η, -ov 1. κάθ-ημΛΐ, compounded of the preposition κατά and the verb ημΛΐ, is regularly used in prose instead of the simple form, ημαι. 2. In the imperfect the augment is sometimes placed before the preposition, sometimes after ; as above. VERBAL ADJECTIVES 205. Verbal Adjectives are formed by dropping the augment of the 1st aor. pass, and substituting the endings -T(k or -τ€ο

PART III ADVEEBS — PEEPOSITIONS — WORD FORMATION Α.— ADVERBS 207. Adverbs of Manner often end in -©9. They are formed from adjectives and pronouns, and have the accent and form of the genitive plural masculine with in place of V. Βίκαιος^ just ΖικαΙω^^ Justly σώφρων^ prudent σωφρόνού^^ prudently aXKo^^ other αλλΰ)9, otherwise 208. Adverbs of Place often have the following endings : -θί or -σί, to denote the place where 'Oevy to denote the place whence Se or -σ€, to denote the place whither ^Αθήνησί^ at Athens. *Αθήνηθ€ν^ from Athens. *Αθηναζ€ (for ^Αθήνασ^β), to Athens. 209. Comparison of Adverbs. — Adverbs are compared like the adjectives from which they are derived. The comparative adverb has the form of the neuter singular of the adjective, and the superlative adverb the form of the neuter plural. σοφώς^ wisely σοφωτβρον σοφώτατα ή^βω^ J pleasantly ηΒων rjSiara (§89) Β.— PREPOSITIONS 210. Some Prepositions in Greek govern one case only, either the genitive or the dative or the accusative ; some govern both the genitive and the accusative ; some govern the genitive, dative, and accusative. 101

102 PREPOSITIONS 1. With the genitive only : αντί^ instead of αττό (Latin αδ), frorn^ €ξ (Latin ex^^from^ away from out of irpoy before 2. With the dative only : iv (Latin m), in σύν, with 3. With the accusative only : άι/ά, up ek^ into 4. With the genitive and accusative : αμφί^ about Slay through κατά^ down /ierct, with^ arrKmg {nrip (Latin super^^ over 5. With the genitive, dative, and accusative : hrij upon τταρα, alongside ireply around Ίτρόζ^ at^ towards ύττό (Latin sub')^ under ^ by 211. The detailed usage of the prepositions with their cases must be learned from the dictionary. Note the following : 1. Place.— in, &, dative (Latin in with abl.); as, iv τη ayopoy in the market-place, out of ef , genitive ; as, ix της οικίας^ from the house, away from, άττο, genitive ; as, άττό της θάΚάττη^^ from the sea, tOy 7rp(k, accusative ; as, ττροζ την η4φυραν, to the bridge, into, €&, accusative ; as, efc την κώμην, into the village. 2. Time. — within^ €1/, dative ; as, ev irevre ereaiy within five years, cfter, /Α€τά, accusative; as, μετί τον ιτόΚεμον^ after the war.

IMPROPER PREPOSITIONS 103 before^ irpoy genitive; as, irpo της μάχης^ before the battle. 8. Agency. — by (of the personal agent), ύττό^ genitive; έσώθη xnro Kvpov^ he was saved by Cyrus, through (of the intermediate agent), δ*ά, genitive; as, 7Γ6/Χ7Γ€Α Ύράμματα hiii τον ayyeKov^ he sends a letter by the messenger. 212. Improper Prepositions. — Besides the prepositions given above, many adverbs may be used as prepositions, and as such govern nouns and pronouns. 1. The following govern the genitive : 677U9, near ; as, €771)9 των Έλλτ^ι/ων, near the Q-reeks. ivavTioVj in the presence of; as, εναντίον φίλων, in the presence of friends. evefca (^eve/cev^^for the sake of; as, Ivexa Βομου iv τφ ττεΒίφ, for the sake of a home in the plain. ττλτ/ι/, except; as, ovhkv olha ττΧην τούτον, I know nothing except this. 2. The following governs the dative : αμα, together with; as, αμα τφ 'ΟΧνμττικφ α^ωνί, simtUtaneoiisly with the Olympic games. 3. The following governs the accusative : 0)9, to (with persons after verbs of motion) ; as, ayet avTov ως τον βασιΧέα, he leads him to the king. C — WORD FORMATION 213. Words are formed either by Derivation or by Composition : 1. By Derivation, when a stem is united with a suffix, giving it a particular force; as, 7/οαφ-ω, write, yράμ-μa, letter. 2. By Composition, when two or more words are united into one ; as, μ€yά-θvμoς, great-hearted.

104 WORD FORMATION Derivation 214. The following are the more important suffixes in . the formation of nouns : 1. Nominatives in -cw, -τηρ^ -τω/3, -τη^ generally express the agent of the action ; as, ^ραφενς^ paiivter (^ράφω^ write)^ lirirev^y horseman (Γτγτγο?, horse) ^ σωτηρ^ saviour (σφζω^ save)y ΤΓοΧίτης^ citizen (ττόΚι^^ citt/). 2. Nominatives in -σί9 and -σία generally express the name of the action; as, κρίσκζ^ the act of judging («/otW, judge) ^ Ίτραξι^^ action (ιτράττω^ do)^ Ύνμνασία^ exercise (^τγυμνάζω^ practice), 8. Nominatives in -μα express the concrete result of the action; as, ττ/οαγ/χα, deed (ττ/οάττω, do), 4. Nominatives in -ία and -σύνη express the abstract quality; as, σοφία^ wisdom (σοφ

WORD FORMATION 105 δυσ-, ill or difficult; as, δυστυχ?^?, ill-starred^ ^νσχ€ρψ, hard to manage (χβφ, hand), ήμι-, half; as, ήμίθβο^^ demigod. 1. The accent of compound words is generally recessive ; as, φ&λόη/Αος, /oi^tn^r honor» But there are many exceptions. 2. Compounds of a noun and a verbal in -ος are accented on the verbal when it is active in meaning, and on the noun when the verbal has a passive meaning, the noun denoting the agent or instrument ; as, λιθοβολάς, stone-4hroiDing, λιθόβολος, struck by stones; ^eoroico^, hearing God, mother of God, θ€Οτοκος, begotten of God, child of God.

PART IV. SYNTAX ' CHAPTER I. SENTENCES CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES 216. The Greek has the same classification of sentences as the Latin, viz., Declarative, Interrogative, Exclamatory, Imperative ; Simple, Complex, and Compound. Form of Interrogative Sentences 217. Word-Questions. — These are introduced by the various interrogative pronouns and adverbs ; such as rk^ who ? ΊΓοσος^ how great ? 7γοτ€, when f etc. Tt9 Ύράφ€ΐ ; who u writing f TTOOev tiXOev ; whence did he come ? 1. Two or more interrogatives are often used with the same verb. τι τίσι Set διθόνα^; what must I give (and) to whom f 2. A demonstrative pronoun is sometimes joined to the interrogative, as in the following : Ti TovTo Aeycis; what (is) this (that) you sayf 218. Sentence-Questions. — These are introduced 1. By ού, ap ού, ούκούν^ implying the answer * yes ' ; as, ούκ fjkOev ; did he not come ? dip ούχ ουτω^ eXeyov ; did I not say 8of The phrase άλλο τι η (or άλλο tl), lit. 15 it anything else than^ is sometimes used to introduce this form of question. 2. By /X77, apa μη^ μων ; implying the answer *no.' μη η\θ€ΐ/ ; did he come ? 106

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DOUBLE QUESTIONS 107 3. By Spa and ?}, simply asking for information ; as, Spa τέθνηκ€ν 6 ανήρ ; is the man dead ? 219. Double Questloiis. — These are introduced by the particles, irorepov (πότερα^ . . . η τούτον τον avSpa 7Γ€μψ€ΐ

108 SYNTAX CHAPTEE 11. SYNTAX OF NOUNS 220. The Subject of a finite verb is in the nominative case. 0 ανηρ ^ράφ€ΐ^ the man is writing. Predicate Nominative 221. 1. A Predicate Noun is one connected with the subject by some form of the verb άμί^ or by a neuter or a passive verb. 2. A Predicate agrees with its subject in case, and if possible in gender also. 0 KOpo? fjv βασιΧεύς^ Cyrus was king. ή yvvTf iydvero βασίλ€ΐα^ the woman became queen, Appositives 222. 1 . An Appositive, as in Latin, agrees with its subject in case, and if possible in gender also. στράτβνμα Κύρου^ του Πφσον, an army of Cyrus^ the Persian, h *Αθήναί

THE CASES 109 TH£ CASES 223. The Greek has one case less than the Latin. The Ablative is wanting ; its uses are supplied by the Genitive and the Dative. The Nominative 224. The Nominative is confined to its use as Subject, Predicate, or Appositive, as already explained. The Vocative 225. The Vocative, with or without ώ, is used in direct address. & avSpe^ * Αθηναίοι J or avSpe: * Αθηναίοι , Men of Athens! The Accusative 226. The Direct Object of a transitive verb is in the accusative case. ^γράφω την έτΓίστοΧην^ I vnrite the letter. 1. Many intransitive English verbs are transitive in Greek. Among the most common are λανθάνω, escape notice of, αίσχννομαι, feel ashamed at, €νλαβ&>μαι, beware of, €v Xcyciv and €v nouiv, speak well of, do good to. πάντας ίλαθεν, he escaped the notice of all. €νλαβ€Ϊ

110 SYNTAX TWO ACCUSATIVES — DIRECT OBJECT AND PREDICATE ACCUSATIVE 227. Verbs meaning to name^ choose^ appoint^ regard^ and the like, take two Accusatives, one the Direct Object, the other a Predicate Accusative. στρατηηον τον Κνρον άττβδίί^αι/, thei/ appointed Gyrus general. φίΧον σ€ νομιω^ I will regard you as a friend, τί αύτον KokeU ; what do you call him f TWO ACCUSATIVES — PERSON AND THING 228. Some verbs take two Accusatives, one of the Person, the other of the Thing. Thus : 1. Verbs meaning, to ask (€ρωτάω) demand (αΐτίώ) teach (8ώάσκω) remind (άναμιμνησκώ) clothe (αμφΐ€ννυμι) unclothe (^κδυω) conceal (κρντττω) deprive of (άποστ€ρ€ω) TOVT ipwrf /ic, he asks me this. τους παΐ&ις r^v σοφίαν διδάσκω, / teach the hoys wisdom. iKpv7rT€ μ€ τα χρη/juiTa, he concealed his possessions from me. 2. Verbs or phrases meaning to do anything tOf or say anything of. κακόν τί μ,€ ποΐ€κ, you do some harm to me. πολλά καλά fic λ€γ££ς, you say many good things ο me 3. A transitive verb may have both a Cognate and an ordinary Object Accusative. τήν Ύραφην μ.€ €γράι/^ατο, he brought the indictment against me. ACCUSATIVE OF SPECIFICATION — ADVERBIAL ACCUSATIVE 229. The Accusative may denote that in respect to which an action or a quality is restricted. κάμνω την κ€φα\ήν^ I have a pain in my head, ^ΈίΧληνικοζ TO 7eVo9, Grreek by birth. τνφΧος τα όμματα, blind in the eyes.

THE ACCUSATIVE 111 Note. — This construction is more common in Greek than in Latin, and hence is often called the Greek Accusative. It may be joined to a noun, adjective, verb, or even a whole sentence. 1. Akin to this construction are the Adverbial uses of the Accusative ; such as, τήν ταχίστψ (όδόν), in the quickest way. ToxjTov τον τρόπον, in this manner; thus, πάντα, in all things» ACCUSATIVE OF TIME AND SPACE 230. Extent of Time or Space is denoted by the Accusative. μ,έν€ΐ ημέρας errraj he remains a week, ίξέΚαννβι irapaadyya^ Βύο, he marches two parasangs. ACCUSATIVE OP LIMIT OF MOTION 231. The Accusative to express Limit of Motion is used regularly with a preposition. ίξέΚαύν^ί ek την irdkiv, he marches into the city. ACCUSATIVE WITH OATHS 232. The Accusative follows the adverbs of swearing, νη being used with an affirmative, μα with a negative. νη τον Δία, yes^ hy Zeus ! /ia τον Αία, no, by Zeus! ACCUSATIVE AS SUBJECT OF THE INFINITIVE 233. 1. The subject of the infinitive is in the Accusative. φησί σ€ φίΧον elvai, he says you are a friend. 2. When the subject of the infinitive is the same as that of the principal verb, it is not separately expressed, and its attributes are in the Nominative. φημί φί\ο

112 SYNTAX Note. — This construction must be carefully noted, as in it the Greek differs from the Latin. In Latin we say, dicit 86 esse amicum; in Greek, φησί φ{Χο<: elvai.="" with="" such="" verbs="" as="" entreat="" it="" is="" possible="" and="" the="" like="" that="" are="" followed="" by="" a="" genitive="" or="" dative="" infinitive="" predicate="" noun="" adjective="" after="" usually="" stands="" in="" dative.="" cseovro="" yeviaoai="" they="" begged="" of="" cyrus="" to="" show="" himself="" earnest.="" sometimes="" however="" put="" accusative="" agree="" subject="" not="" expressed="" but="" understood.="" ctvou="" for="" their="" interest="" befriends.="" note.="" absolute="" see="" th="" has="" two="" main="" uses:="" proper="" ablatival="" i.e.="" those="" uses="" supplied="" originally="" old="" greek="" ablative.="" op="" indirect="" object="" denotes="" person="" thing="" whom="" anything="" done.="" used="" :="" transitive="" connection="" an="" accusative.="" i="" give="" letter="" him.="" many="" intransitive="" especially="" signifying="" assist="" please="" trusty="" command="" serve="" pardon="" believe="" injure="" displease="" distrust="" obey="" resist="" envy="" reproach="" like.="" axkol="" he="" helps="" others.="" tot9="" your="" parents.="" iiriatevov="" trusted="" general="" will="" be="" observed="" preceding="" list="" very="" latin="" exact="" usage="" can="" learned="" only="" from="" dictionary.=""/>

THE DATIVE 113 (b) The following in particular should be observed : κ€λ€νω, command, (like juheo) governs the accusative. €ΐΓΐτάττοι, enjoin, governs the dative. πείθω, persuade, (unlike persuaded) governs the accusative. irtiBoyjaiL, obey, governs the dative. βοηθάω, assist, governs the dative. πκΓΓ€νω, trust, governs the dative. φεί^ομΛΐ, spare, (unlike parco) governs the genitive. μΜτίω, hate, governs the accusative. λσώορίω, revile, governs the accusative. τιμΛρ€Ϊν Tivi means to avenge some one. τιμωρείσθαί riva means to punish some one. 3. Often with verbs and phrases denoting friendship^ hostility y agreement, treaty-making^ and the like. ίμάχοντο Tot9 *Αθηνα{οις^ they fought against the Athenians. αΚΧοις σττοι/δά? ττοιονμαι^ I make a truce with others. ek Χό-γονζ σοί ^Χθον^ I held a conference with you. 4. Regularly with verbs signifying to follow^ approach^ accompany. oi στρατιωται έφείττοντο τφ στρατηηφ^ the soldiers followed their general. 5. With Impersonals, Set, there is need, μέτ^στι^ there is a share^ ^eXei^ it concerns^ μεταμβΧει^ it repents, ιτροσηκ^ι, it behooves, together with a genitive of the thing. hel μοι apyvpiov^ I have need of money. μ€Τ€στ{ μοι τούτου^ I have a share in this. (a) 8ci with an infinitive has an accusative as subject of the infinitive. Bei με εζελθεΐν, I must go forth. (b) licoTi, it is possible, takes the Dative. iieoTL μοι Ιζελθεΐν, it is possible for me to go forth. 6. With many verbs compounded with the prepositions &, συν, and iirC^ and some compounded with ττράί^ τταρά, irepi, ίητό. σνν€7ΓθΧ^μ€ΐ Κύρφ^ he joined Cyrus in making war. €7r^K€iPT0 avTot9, they attacked them. Χεφισόφφ ύ7Γ€στρατή^€ί^ he was general under Cheirisophus.

114 SYNTAX DATIVE OF REFERENCE 236. The Dative of Reference denotes the person to whom a statement refers or to whom it is of interest. iv Β€ξια τοις ίξίονσι^ ση the right a9 you go out (lit. to those going out), τί σοι μαθήσομαι^ what would you have me learn f 1. As in Latin, this Dative modifies the whole sentence rather than any special word. It is practically the same as the Dative of Advantage. DATIVE OF AGENCY 237. The Dative is used to express the personal agent or author of an action: 1. With verbal adjectives in -reo?. i) ίτΓίστοΧή σοι ypairrea^ you must write the letter. Ύουτύ μοι ττοιητβον^ I must do this. 2. Often with the perfect and pluperfect passive of verbs. ττάνθ* ήμίν τΓβτΓοή^ταί, everything has been done by us. Note. — For the Genitive of Agency, see § 264. DATIVE OF POSSESSION 238. The Dative of Possession occurs regularly with verbs like €ίμ( and ^(fyvo^ai. οικία μοί ίστιν^ I have a house. Κνρος αύτψ iariv δνομα^ Cyrus is his name. DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES, ADVERBS, AND NOUNS 239. The use of the Dative with Adjectives, Adverbs, and Nouns corresponds very closely to its use with verbs. Thus, it is used with those expressing hostility, friendship , similarity^ equality, nearness, subjection, service, etc. €χθρος τοι

THE ϋΑΤΠΈ 115 Ablatival Dative dative of cause, means, and manner 240. Cause. — The Dative, like the Latin Ablative, is often used to denote cause. pt^eL• άττωΧΧύμεθα^ we were dying of cold. 1. So especially with verbs and phrases expressing emotion, such as to rejoice, to grieve, and the like. χαίρ€ΐς τοις φιλοις, you delight in your friends, χαΧίπωζ φίρυα τοις irpaypjoxn, I am distressed at the circumstances, 241. Means. — This Dative denotes the means or instrument by which an action is accomplished. Χίθοις αυτούς ββαΧλβΡ^ he struck them with stones. 1. χράομαι, to use, takes the Dative of Instrument. Ιχρωντο τοις οπλοίς, they used their weapons. 242. Manner. — This Dative denotes the manner or circumstances of an action or event. Kpavy^ τΓολλ^ ττροήΧθορ^ they advanced with a loud shout. 1. Here belong such expressions as τζ aXrjOtiq,, in truth, τω ovrt, in reality, βίκ^ forcibly, ravrrj, thus, λόγφ, in word, €ργφ, in deed, and others. DATIVE OF ACCOMPANIMENT 243. The Dative with συν (or more commonly the Genitive with μ€τά) is used to denote accompaniment. σύρ τοΙς Oeok νικήσομ€ν^ tvith (the help of) the gods^ we shall conquer. μ€τ αΧΧων Kivhvveveiv^ to share dangers toith others. 1. In military expressions, the Dative may be used without a preposition. c^ctirorro oi πολψΛΟί καΧ Ίτηηκω καΧ πελταστφ, the enemy followed with cavalry and peltasts.

116 SYNTAX DATIVE OP DEGREE OF DIFFERENCE 244. The Dative is used with comparatives (and expressions involving comparison) to denote the measure or degree of difference. varepov iroXXaU ήμβραις^ many days later. τΓοΧΚφ μείζων η βοη iyiyvero^ the %h(mt became much louder. DATIVE OP SPECIFICATION 245. The Dative of Specification is used to denote that in respect to which something is, or is done. ry φων^ τραχύς^ harsh in voice. €ύρύτ€ρος ωμοίς^ broader in shoulders. DATIVE OF TIME A. Time at Which 246. The Dative with the preposition iv may denote the time at which. €1^ νυκτί, at night. iv τφ χ€ΐμωνι^ in winter. 1. With words expressing a period of time and accompanied by a modifier, the preposition is often omitted ; as, ravrrj ry ημίρί^ on this day. rpLTi^ μηνί^ in the third month. Note. — For the Genitive of Time, see § 265. B. Time within Which 247. Time tvithin which is denoted by the Dative, usually with the preposition iv. iv d\{yai

THE GENITIVE 117 THE GENITIVE 249. The Genitive is used with Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, and Adverbs, and in certain independent relations. Genitive with Nouns 250. The Genitive with nouns is generally used where the English employs the preposition of. Thus, we have Genitive of Origin, Subjective Genitive, Objective Genitive, Genitive of Material, Genitive of Possession, Genitive of Whole (or Partitive Genitive), Genitive of Measure and Value. θυηάτηρ του Ai

118 SYNTAX 254. The Partitive Genitive is used regularly with the following : 1. Verbs signifying to aim aU hit^ mt'ss^ touchy take hold of. €φήκ€ των ομμάτων^ he aimed at his eye%. ίχ€σθαι των χρημάτων^ to cling to one^s possessions. (a) Verbs signifying to hold may take an object accusatiye, with a genitive of the part held. Ιλαβί. μ€ της χ€φόζ, he took me by the hand, (b) Here belongs the genitive after verbs of beseeching, as in the following : Χίχτσομαί σ€ των γοννων, I beseech thee by {clasping) thy knees. 2. Verbs signifying to hear^ perceive^ taste^ smelly eat^ drink, ηευ^σθαι οϊνου^ to taste of wine. (a) Verbs of hearing and perceiving generally take an accusative of the thing and a genitive of the person ; as, Ιττνθόμην τοντό σου, / learned this from you. 8. Verbs signifying to remember, forget. μέμνημαί σου^ I remember you. 4. Verbs signifying to desire, strive after, reach, make trial of begin. βτΓίθυμω ήΒονων, I desire pleasures. iirupaaavTo του στρατού, they made an attempt on the camp, του λόγον ηρχ€το, he began his speech. 5. Verbs signifying to care for, neglect, admire, despise. €ΊΓ€μ€\€ΐτο αλΧων, he cared for others, καταφρονώ του κίν8ύνου, I despise the danger.

THE GENITIVE 119 (α) The impersonal verbs fieAct, care for^ and /xeraficXci, repent, take the genitive of the person and dative of the thing. /iteAei μΜ της ψνχης^ I care for my soul. 6. Verbs signifying to rule over^ lead^ direct. βασίΚεύ^ι των Περσών, he is king of the Persians. η^€ΐταί του στρατεύματος^ he is leader of the army. (a) But ijyeofuu, / guide, governs the dative. ηγ€ΪταΛ τω στρατενμΛΤΐ, he is a guide to the army. 7. Verbs signifying to filU he fvll of^ to lack, χρημάτων εύττορώ, / have plenty of money, στρατιωτών airopelvy to be without soldiers. ΊτίμΊτΧησι τον κρατήρα οϊνον^ he fills the bowl full of wine. (a) Here belong the expressions πολλοί) ^ far from it (lit. it wants much), ovSk πολλοί) Set, very far from it (lit. it does not even want much), ολίγον BtLV (and, by an ellipsis of Sciv, simply ολίγον), almost. Note. — Many verbs with these meanings are followed by the accusative case instead of the genitive. The dictionary is the only certain guide. GENITIVE OF CRIME 255. Verbs of Accusing, Acquitting, and Convicting take the Genitive of the charge or crime with an Accusative of the person. γράφομαι σ€ φόνου^ I indict you for murder. ά\ίσκ€ταί κΧοΊτψ^ he is convicted of theft. 1. Verbs of this class, if compounds of κατά, regularly take a Genitive of the person, with an Accusative of the charge or crime. αυτοί) καταγορω κλοττην, I accuse him of theft. The Ablatival Genitive with Verbs 256. The Ablatival Genitive embraces the Genitive of Separation, of Comparison, of Cause, and of Price or Value.

120 SYNTAX GENITIVE OP SEPARATION 257. The Genitive of Separation is construed with the Verbs to remove^ redtrain^free^ cea%efrom^ spare^ and the like. i\v€V αυτούς των 8€σμων^ he freed them from chains, ίπανσαντο της μάχης ^ they ceased from battle. 1. Seofuzi, want, request, may take the accusative of the thing, especially if the thing be a neuter pronoun or adjective. νμων Sco/uuu τοντο, I ask this of you. GENITIVE OF COMPARISON 258. The Genitive is used with verbs denoting superiority, inferiority, difference from. Compare § 263. Trepiey^vero των ίχθρων^ he got the better of his enemies, ήττασθαί τινος^ to be inferior to some one. GENITIVE OF CAUSE 259. The Genitive is used to denote cause, regularly with verbs of emotion. βύΒα^μονίζω σ€ της €λ€νθ€ρ(ας, I congratulate you on your freedom. γαΧειταΙνω σ€ της κΧοττής^ I am angry with you because of your theft. GENITIVE OF PRICE OR VALUE 260. With verbs of buying, selling, and valuing, price is designated by the Genitive. TOVT ώνησ€ται μνας^ he will buy this for a mina. μικρού τουτ άττοΒώσομοΛ^ I will sell this cheap. GENITIVE WITH COMPOUND VERBS 261. Many verbs compounded with ττρό^ ύττφ, βττί, and κατά take the Genitive, if the meaning of the preposition affects the object.

THE GENITIVE 121 η θάΚαττα ημών ττρόκβιται^ the sea lies before us, oi τΓοΧ^μιοι ιητ^ρκάθηνται, ήμών^ the enemi/ are stationed above us. oi avSpe: ίττββησαι/ του ret^ow, the men set foot on the wall, GENITIVE WITH ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 262. 1. The Genitive follows many Adjectives and Adverbs, especially those kindred in meaning to verbs that govern the Genitive or Accusative. σοφίας μβτοχοζ^ partaking in wisdom (§ 253). κακών μνημον€

122 SYNTAX GENITIVE OF AGENT 264. The Genitive, accompanied by ύττο, is used with the passive construction or its equivalent, to denote the personal agent. Occasionally other prepositions are used. ταΰτα Ίτε^-οίηται νττο Κύρον^ this has been done ly Cyrus, κακώ^ 7Γάσχ€ΐ xnro του άΒέλφοΰ^ he is, ill-treated by his brother. GENITIVE OF TIME AND PLACE 265. 1. The Genitive may denote the time within which or during which something occurs. φχετο της ννκτόζ^ he departed during the night, hdica ήμερων el/u, within ten days I shall go. νυκτός /cal ήμ^ρας^ by night and day. 2. The Genitive of Place occurs in a few expressions in Attic prose ; as, livaL του Ίτρόσω^ to go forward. GENITIVE ABSOLUTE 266. A noun or pronoun in the Genitive, with a participle agreeing, may stand grammatically independent of the rest of the sentence. Kvpov στρατη'^ουντος το στράτευμα iiropeveroy Gyrus leading^ the army set forth, του στρατη'^οϋ άττοθανόντος oi στρατίδίται αττ^φυτγον^ when the general died^ the soldiers fled. 1. The Genitive Absolute may correspond to a clause or phrase denoting Time, Cause, Means, Opposition, or Condition. 2. The Genitive Absolute in Greek never omits the participle, as may happen in the Latin Ablative Absolute. Thus, Caesare consule^ but in Greek always Κυρον οντος στρατηιγαυ. 3. Accusative Absolute. — Similarly to the Genitive Absolute, an Accusative Absolute is formed with the participles of impersonal verbs, and occasionally with personal verbs. νμΛ% €(6v awoXiaai ονκ inl τοντο ηλθομεν, when it was in our power to destroy you^ we did not proceed to do so.

SYNTAX OF ADJECTIVES 123 CHAPTER III. — SYNTAX OF ADJECTIVES 267. Adjectives are used to modify nouns or their equivalents. They are either Attributive or Predicate. Note, — Participles and possessive pronouns have in general the construction of adjectives. 268. An Attributive Adjective is one that simply describes a noun, without the medium of a verb ; as, 6 ayaObf: ανηρ^ the good man. 269. A Predicate Adjective is one that is asserted of its noun by a copulative verb, expressed or implied ; as, 0 ανηρ κα\€Ϊταί ayaOtk^ the man h called good. AGREEMENT OF ADJECTIVES 270. With One Noun. — When an adjective modifies one noun, it agrees with it in gender, number, and case. 1. A Predicate Adjective may stand in the neuter, when its subject is masculine or feminine and denotes a thing. V Φ^^ €(π•ιν άθάνατον, the soul is immortal. 2. A collective noun in the singular often takes a participle in the plural. Tpouiv iAoKTcs 0 των Άργείων στόλος, the Ar gives* army having taken Troy. 3. A noun in the dual is often followed by a predicate adjective in the plural. τώ 7ra(3e ήσαν Sucotoi, the two sons were just, 271. With Two or More Nouns. — 1. An Attributive Adjective, modifying more than one noun, agrees with the nearest. ΤΓολλαΙ κριθαΐ καϊ ττνροί^ much barley and wheat.

124 SYNTAX OF ADJECTIVES 2. A Predicate Adjective, belonging to more than one noun, is generally plural but may agree with the nearest. 0 ττατηρ καΐ ή μήτηρ ^σαν άξιοί^ his father and mother were worthy. ήΒόμβνος iyo) /cat 6 άΒ€Χφο<: i="" and="" my="" brother="" being="" pleased.="" adjectives="" as="" substantives="" are="" frequently="" used="" substantives.="" exe="" the="" toise="" man="" spoke="" follows.="" some="" have="" come="" to="" be="" idiomatically="" nouns.="" such="" ravtrf="" in="" this="" way="" sc="" right="" handy="" world="" shortest="" with="" force="" of="" adverbs="" adjective="" may="" where="" english="" we="" use="" an="" adverb.="" ai="" cities="" willingly="" contributed.="" comparative="" superlative="" degree="" often="" corresponds="" positive="" rather="" too="" varepov="" they="" came="" late.="" strengthened="" superlatives.="" like="" vel="" quam="" latin="" or="" on="" employed="" strengthen="" degree.="" fled="" quickly="" possible="" otl="" csuukc="" having="" gathered="" many="" he="" pursued.=""/>

THE ARTICLE 125 CHAPTER IV. — THE ARTICLE USE OF THE ARTICLE 275. The article, o, 17, το', corresponds in general to the English definite article, the^ and is commonly used where the latter is used. 276. The Greek article is used where the English article is omitted, in the following cases : 1. It is used with possessive pronouns and always with the demonstrative pronouns, οδτος, 5δ€, έκΛνο^^ when a noun accompanies them. οδτο9 0 ανήρ^ this man. (a) But note the difference between 6 €μος φίλος, my friend, and €μ6ς φίλοζ, a friend of mine. 2. It is generally used with a noun referring to a whole clasfir, and with abstract substantives. 6 ανθρωττόζ ίστιν άθάρατος^ man is immortal, ή άρ€τη σφζβι τάς ψυχάς^ valor saves the lives of men. 3. It may be used with proper names, if well known or previously mentioned. 01 τον Κύρου στρατιωται^ the soldiers of Cyrus. 277. Predicate nouns and adjectives, including comparatives and superlatives, regularly omit the article. 0 Σωκράτης fjv σοφώτατο^ ττάντων^ Socrates was the wisest of all. 278. In Attic prose the article is used as a personal or demonstrative pronoun only in the following combinations : 6 ft€v ... 6 Se, the one . . . the other, 6 Sc, and he (referring to an oblique case). τον και τόν, this one and that.

126 THE ARTICLE καΙ τον {καΐ ri/v), and he (she) (as subject of an infin.). irpo του and rt^y formerly and therefore. τους μχν dircKTCivc, τους 8* ΙζΙβαΧεν, some he killed, others he banished. Κνρος διδωσιν αντω μύριους 8αφ€ΐκους, 6 Sk λαβών στράτευμα owcAcf Ο', Cyrus gave him ten thousand darics, hut he taking it collected an army. 279. Special Uses of the Article. — 1. The Article used with the infinitive gives it the force of a noun (§ 390). iv τφ μάχβσθαι^ in the fighting. 2. The Article and participle are often equivalent to a relative clause. 0 ταντην την ηνωμην ζίττών^ the one who expressed this opinion. 3. The Article used with adverbs and prepositional phrases gives them the force of substantives or substantive phrases. 01 TOT€, the men of that period, ol iv Ty κώμτι^ the villagers. POSITION OF THE ARTICLE 280. If an Adjective is immediately preceded by the article, the Adjective is said to be in the Attributive Position. 281. If an adjective without the article stands before or after its noun with the article, the Adjective is said to be in the Predicate Position. Thus, Attributive Position — 6 ayaOo^ άνήρ 6 ανηρ 6 ayaOo^ άνηρ 6 ayaOo^ Predicate Position - — ό ανηρ ayaOo^ ayaOb^ ό άνηρ

SPECIAL USES OF THE ARTICLE 127 282. The same terms are applied not only to adjectives but to other modifiers of nouns, such as dependent genitives and prepositional phrases. Thus, Attributive Position — το τον ττατροζ βιβΚίον το βφΧίον το του ττατρό^ οί iv τ^ TTOXei avBpe^ oi avSpe^ oi iv τ^ iriku Predicate Position — το βιβλίον του ττατράζ του ττατροζ το βιβΧίον οί avSpe^ iv τ^ iroXei iv τ§ iroXet οί avhpea 283. The following words and phrases are regularly used in the Attributive Position. 1. All attributive adjectives (§ 268) and adverbs and prepositional phrases used as attributes (§ 279, 3) . η στ€νη h&6^^ the narrow road. ol Tore y€povT€^f the elders of that time, oi €v τα49 κώμχας στρατιΟ>Τ€υ^ the soldiers m the villages, 2. Possessive pronouns when used attributively. 6 €/Λθ5 φίλος, my friend, 3. All dependent genitives, when used attributively, except the genitive of the whole and the genitive of the personal pronouns. ο c/xavrov πατήρ, my own father. η του πατρός πόλ,ις, my father's city, 4. The pronoun αντος, meaning the same. Thus, TO avTo βιβλίον, the same book. But το βιβλίον αΰτου, his book, where αυτού is used as the genitive of the third personal pronoun (§292). 284. The following words and phrases are regularly used in the Predicate Position. 1. All adjectives, dependent genitives, and adjective phrases, used as predicates^ not as attributes (§ 269).

128 THE ARTICLE 6 άνηρ άγΛθάς, the man (t>) good, 6 παις Aapcuiv, the child (belongs to) Darius. 6 άνηρ €v Ty iroXct, the man (is) in the city. (a) The predicate, whether adjective or noun, does not take the article, so that the subject and predicate are easily distinguished in such sentences as the following : oi φίλοι €χθροι iyivovTo, friends became enemies, φίλοι oi εχθροί iyeyovTo, enemies became friends. 2. The demonstrative pronouns, ovros, oSc, cxetvos, when used with nouns. ovros 6 στραττ/γάζ, this general. 3. The pronouns, Ικαστο^ (each), €κάτ€ρος (each of two), &μφω, and άμφ6τ€ρος (both) , But τοιοντος and kindred adjective pronouns follow the regular rule of adjectives. 4. All genitives of the whole (§ 250) and the dependent genitive of personal pronouns. ^μχϋν η πόλις, our city. oi ΊΓρ€σβντατοι των στρατηγών, the oldest of the generals. 5. The pronoun avros meaning self (§ 292). η νανς αντη, the ship itself. 285. Special uses. — Observe the following : ΤΓολλοί άνθρωποι, many men. ci πολλοί άνθρωποι, most men. TO δρος μΙσον, the jniddle of the mountain. TO μ,Ισον ορός, the middle mountain. άλλοι 'Έλλτ7ν€5, other Greeks. ci άλλοι "Έλληνες, the other Greeks, the rest of the Greeks. Both &λλος and 6 άλλος may often be best rendered besides, moreover. ov3c χόρτος ovSk άλλο ^εν&ρον, neither grass nor any tree besides.

PRONOUNS 129 CHAPTER v. — PRONOUNS PERSONAL PRONOUNS 286. The Personal Pronouns as subjects of verbs are not expressed, except for the purpose of emphasis, contrast, or clearness. 287. The pronoun of the third person, ofi, ol, e, is used as an indirect reflexive (§ 290) ; the oblique cases of aurcfe, αύτή^ αύτο', are used for Aim, Aer, it. B&pa Ίτέμπτω αύτω^ I send gifts to him. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS 288. The Possessive Pronouns are often omitted, when there is no danger of ambiguity, their place being supplied by the article. μ€Τ€7Γ€μψατο 6 ττατηρ την Ovyarepa^ the father Sent for his daughter. 289. Instead of the possessive pronoun, the genitive of the personal pronouns, /aoO, σοι), ήμων^ νμων^ may be used. The genitive of αυτός is regularly so used for the third person. 6pa τον φίΧον μον^ he sees my friend. 6p& τον φίΧον αύτων^ I see their friend. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS 290. The reflexive pronouns may be used as in Latin, both as direct and indirect reflexives ; that is, they may refer to the subject of the clause in which they stand, or, if used in a subordinate clause, may refer to the subject of the principal clause.

130 PRONOUNS ηνωθι σβαυτοι/, know thy9elf. €βού\€το Κλβα/}χο9 ατταν το στράτευμα ττροζ ίαυτον €χ€ΐν την ^γνώμην^ ClearchuB desired the whole army to pay attention to him. 1. Sometimes the personal pronouns are used in a reflexive sense. δοκώ μΜ ahvvaT(ys (tvaJL, I think I ωη unable. 2. The reflexive of the third person is occasionally found for the first and second person. hu ημάς avf-picrdax cavrovs, we must ask ourselves, DEMONSTRATIVS PRONOUNS 291. ohTo^ and ohe generally refer to something near (the English, this) ; εκείνος^ to something more remote (the English, that). 1. ovTos is often used to refer to what has been said ; o8c, to what is to follow. iXcic ταύτα, thus he spoke. IXc^ TciSc, he spoke as follows. 2. ovros often means the famous j the Latin ille; as, Topytas ovros, the famous Gorgias. THE INTENSIVE PRONOUN ain6% 292. The pronoun αύτο9 has three different uses. 1. When preceded by the article, it means the same. 6 αύτος στρατη^ά^.^ the same general. 2. When not preceded by the article, if it agrees with a noun or pronoun expressed or understood, it means self. 6 στρατηγός αντός^ the general himself, αύτος εφη^ he himself spoke. 3. In the oblique cases, if it stands alone (that is, without the article and not in agreement with a noun or

RELATIVE PRONOUNS 131 pronoun), it is used as the personal pronoun of the third person, and means Aim, Aer, it. elSov αυτόν, 1 9aw him. Note. — The nominative singular or plural of αύτάζ is never used as a personal pronoun. THE RELATIVB PRONOUNS 293. The Relative Pronouns are 09 and δστΐ9, and their kindred forms (§118). Of these, & is usually employed after a definite antecedent ; δστ49 is regularly used only when the antecedent is indefinite, — the English whoever. oi avhpei 01)9 eZSe? αττηΚθον, the men whom you iaw went away, μακάριος όστις νουν Ιχβι, happy the man who possesies sense. 294. Agreement of the Relative. — The Relative Pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender, number, and person, but its case depends upon the construction of its own clause. τάς κώμας έν aU €ΐχ€ τους στρατιώτας, the villages in which he had his soldiers. 295. Attraction of the Relative. — If the Relative is the direct object of a verb, and has an antecedent in the genitive or dative, it is commonly attracted into the case of its antecedent. i/c των 7ΓΟλ€ων &v €ΐχ€ν, from the cities which he had. 296. Omission of the Antecedent. — An antecedent which is clear from the context is often omitted. iyo) καΐ &v κρατώ, I and those ivhom I command. 1. Note here the idiomatic expression Ιστιν ο? (ων, οΓς,

132 PRONOUNS INDSFINITB PRONOUNS 297. The Indefinite Pronoun is the enclitic rfe, some^ any^ a certain^ and is distinguished from the Interrogative by its accent and by the fact that it never begins a clause. The negative is ovhek or μηΒξί^ζ. elBov στρατίώτην τιι/α, they saw a certain soldier. έβόα τί9, some one cried out, ττρος την ηόφυραν ouBel; jjX^e, no one came to the bridge. INTERROGATIVS PRONOUN 298. The Interrogative Pronoun is τΛ, which may be used both substantively and adjectively. τώ/α9 elBov ; whom did they see ? €& τίνα^ 7Γθ\€ΐς fjkeev ; to what cities did he travel? 1. Tts may be used both in direct and in indirect questions ; but in indirect questions the form ocrrts is more usual. The same applies to the corresponding forms of pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs (§ 118). Ti Ιβούλντο; what did he wish f ovK οΓ8α ο Τ4 (or τι) Ιβούλ^το, I do not know what he wished. ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS 299. 1. The English such . . . as (Latin, talis . . . qualis^ is expressed in (ireek by το toOro? (τοιοσδβ) . . . oIo9 ; — as great . . . as (Latin, tantus . . . quantus^ by τοσούτος (τοaoaSe^ . . . δσος ; — as many . . . as (Latin, tot . . . quot) by τοσούτοι . . . όσοι. So also the correlative adverbs so • • . as (Latin, tam . . . (juam) by οΐττως . . . ώ*?. 2. αλλθ9 . . . αλλο9, one . . . another^ and erepo^ . . . erepog^ one . . . the other^ are used correlatively, but the latter is more commonly expressed by ό μβν . . . ό Be. 3. For the finglish " one does one thing, another does another," the Greek uses the same form of expression as the Latin ; thus, αλλο9 aWa Xeyui^ one says one thing^ another says another.

VERBS 133 CHAPTER VI. — SYNTAX OF VERBS. VOICES AND TENSES VOICES 300. The Greek language has a Middle Voice in addition to the Active and Passive. This voice has a variety of meanings. It may denote : (a) that the subject acts upon itself ; as, Χύομαι^ I loose my%elf. Χύομαι τάς γύρα^^ I loose my hands. (6) that the subject acts in some way with reference to itself ; as, Χύομαι τον τταΐΒα^ I loose my child, ((?) (in a causal sense) that the subject causes an action to be done upon itself or with reference to itself ; as, Χύομαι^ I cause myself to be loosed QI ransom myself^. Χύομαι τον τταΐΒα^ I cause my child to he loosed (Z ransom my child). 301. 1. Thus the Middle Voice often gives a new meaning to the verb, and may require in English a different rendering from the Active. The new meaning must be learned from the dictionary. Thus, λΰω, I loose; Χύομαι, I ransom. πείθω, I persuade; πείθομαι., I believe, obey. 2. Either the Active or the Middle Voice may be turned into the Passive. Hence εΧτίθην may mean either / was loosed (passive of Χνω) or / was ransomed (passive of Χνομαι., middle). 3. The direct object of the Active or Middle Voice regularly becomes the subject of the Passive. 4. Some verbs that in the Active govern a genitive or dative of the person may take the person as the subject of the Passive, and allow an accusative of the thing to remain in the accusative after the Passive verb. Thus, CKCiVov κατεψηφίσάμην, I voted against him,

134 SYNTAX OF VERBS. VOICES AND TENSES becomes in the Passive, ^Κ€ΐνος κατΈψηφίσθη, he was condemned. ίπ€ταζα τόντό σοι, / enjoined this upon youy becomes, Ιπετάχθηζ τοντο, you were enjoined (io do) this. TENSES TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE 302. The Greek tenses, like the Latin and English, express two distinct notions : The Time of the action, i.e., Present Time, Past Time, Future Time. The Kind of action, i.e.. Undefined Action, Continued, or Repeated, Action, Completed Action with a permanent result. 303. As either a present or past or future action may be conceived as undefined, as continued (repeated), and as completed with permanent result, it follows that we have nine different conceptions that call for expression. 304. These nine conceptions may be readily distinguished in English, where we find nine distinct verbforms to express them. The Greek language, as will be seen from the following table, has only seven forms or tenses, the present and future tenses expressing both undefined and continued action. 305. PRESENT TIME Undefined Present. I loose^ Χύω ] ^ , -„ ^ 7- 1 . > / ^ Present Tense Continued Present. I am loosing^ Κυω J Completed Present. I have loosed^ XeXvKa^ Perfect Tense

PRESENT INDICATIVE 135 PAST TIME Undefined Past. I loosed, έλυσα, Aorist Tense Continued Past. Iwcls loosing, eXvov^ Imperf. Tense Completed Past. I had loosed^ €\€\ύκη^ Pluperf . Tense FUTURE TIME Undefined Future. I shall loose ^ Χύσω] Continued Future. I shall he loosing^ Χύσω Completed Future. I shall have loosed^ Future Perfect 306. The use of the Greek tenses may be seen in detail from the preceding section. For practical purposes, note that the Greek tenses of the Indicative are used like the corresponding Latin tenses, with the following exceptions: 1. The Aorist represents the Latin historical perfect (Ιλυσα, / loosed}^ and the Greek Perfect represents the Latin present perfect (Χ^Χυκα^ I have loosed^. 2. The Perfect in Greek often gives prominence to the duration of the result, and is sometimes equivalent to an English present tense ; as, SeBoiKa, lam afraid (^Ihave become afraid), κέκτημαχ^ I possess (^Ihave acquired). 3. The Greeks show a preference for the Aorist, and often use it where in Latin or English the present perfect or pluperfect would be used. hrel fjxeev^ when he had come. PRESENT INDICATIVE 307. The Present Indicative has the same uses as the Latin present indicative. Thus, 1. Simple Present, Ιρχεται^ he is coming. 2. Gnomic Present, ή ψυχή έστιν αθάνατον^ the soul is immortal. 3. Conative Present, τΓροΒίΒωμι την Έλλοίδα, I am trying to betray Greece.

136 SYNTAX OF VERBS. VOICES AND TENSES 4. Historical Present, Κύρος φ€ύ^€ί^ Cyruifled (^ flees). 5. Present with ττάΧαΐ^ like Latin with Jam, ττάΧαι θαυμάζω^ I have long been (^and am still) wonderinff. IMPERFECT INDICATIVE 308. The Imperfect is also used as in Latin. Thus, 1. Simple Imperfect, ^ρτταζίε, he was plundering. 2. Customary Action, έφοίτα eVt το Ββσμωτήρωρ^ he used to visit the prison, 3. Conative Imperfect, erreiOov αυτούς^ I was trying to persuade them. Note. — For the Imperfect Indicative with etOe (eZ yap) and with αϊ/, see § 330 and § 331. FUTURE INDICATIVE 309. The Future Indicative is used as in Latin, as follows : Simple Future, ττολλ' ακούσ^ται^ he will hear many things. Jussive Future, ταΰτα ττοίήσετε, you shall do this. Note. — For certain special uses of the Future, see § 335, 1 and § 341, i. AORIST INDICATIVE 310. The Aorist Indicative corresponds to the historical use of the Latin perfect, and expresses the mere occurrence of an action in the past. oi στρατηγοί ένίκησαν^ the generals won the victory. 1. The Aorist is sometimes used in the expression of a general truth ; this is called the Gnomic Aorist ; as, η άτιμΛΟ. irapicrrrfat την οργην, disgrace causes anger. Note. — For the Greek preference for the Aorist, see § 306, 8. Note. — For the Aorist Indicative with αϊ/, see § 331 and §363.

TENSES OF THE OPTATIVE 137 PERFECT INDICATIVE 311. The Perfect Indicative resembles the present perfect Latin usage, and denotes an action as at present in a state of completion. βφούΧ^υμαι^ I have made up my mind. PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE 312. The Pluperfect denotes an action as having been at some past time in a state of completion. ίβζβουΧενμην^ I had made up my mind. FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE 313. The Future Perfect denotes an action as about to be at some future time in a state of completion. 6 7rat9 λβλύσεται, the child shall have been loosed (will he ransomed^. TENSES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE 314. 1. The Subjunctive has three tenses, the Present, Aorist, and Perfect. Of these the Perfect is rarely used. 2. It is of great importance to note that the tenses of the Subjunctive never denote time, but only the kind of action. The Present Subjunctive does not indicate present time, but a continued or repeated action ; the Aorist Subjunctive does not indicate past time, but a simple, undefined action. τι μη μένω το τβΧος ; why shall I not await the end? κα\5ϊζ ατΓθθάνωμ€ν^ let us die nobly. TENSES OF THE OPTATIVE 315. The tenses of the Optative have two distinct uses : 1. When the Optative is caused by the laws of indirect discourse (§§ 379, 2; 380, 2; 381, 2). This is called the Optative of Indirect Discourse. 2. When the Optative is caused by some other principle, and not by indirect discourse.

138 SYNTAX OF VERBS. VOICES AND TENSES 316. The Optative not of Indirect Discourse. — In this case the tenses of the Optative, like those of the Subjunctive, denote not time, but only the kind of action; the present is used for continued or repeated action, the aorist for simple, undefined action. την ψνχην σφζοι^ may he save his life, oi Oeol ταύτα Solei/^ may the gods grant this. 1. Outside of indirect discourse the Future and Perfect Optative are rarely used. 317. The Optative of Indirect Discourse. — When the Optative is caused by Indirect Discourse, the same tense is employed as would have been used in the Direct Discourse, and the same time-value is retained. ανηρώτα τΐ irotoUv^ he asked what they were doing, άνηρώτα τ( 7Γ0ΐήσαΐ€ν^ he asked what they had done, ανηρώτα τ( 7Γθίήσοΐ€ν^ he asked what they would do. In the first example the present optative stands for the present indicative of direct discourse (τ/ TroLelTe ; what are you doing ?^^ and hence denotes present time (relatively to the principal verb). Similarly, in the second and third examples, the aorist and future optative stand for the aorist and future indicative of direct discourse, and hence denote past and future time (relatively to the principal verli). But in the sentence, ήττόρβί τι ττοιησαΐζν^ he was wondering what they would do^ the aorist optative stands for an aorist subjunctive (deliberative question, § 834) of direct discourse, and hence has no time value. 1. In indirect discourse the present optative may also represent a,n imperfect indicative of direct discourse, and the perfect optative a pluperfect indicative. Thus : Direct Discourse = ημπαζ^, he was plundering. Indirect Discourse = cXcycv on άρπάζοι. Direct Discourse = ηριτάκ^ί, he had plundered. Indirect Discourse = iXeyev ort ^ρνάκοι.

TENSES OF THE INFINITIVE 139 TENSBS OF THE IMPERATIVE 318. The tenses of the Imperative, like those of the Subjunctive, are used to express not time, but the kind of action; the present for a continued or repeated action; the aorist for a single, undefined action. τίμα τους Oeois^ honor the gods, (Permanent precept.) ήμίν etVe, tell us. (Simple command.) TENSES OF THE INFINITIVE 319. The tenses of the Infinitive, like those of the Optative and Participle, have one use when caused by Indirect Discourse and another when not so caused. 320. The Infinitive not of Indirect Discourse. — Here the tenses, like those of the Subjunctive, do not express time, but only the kind of action. ου καΧόν έστι KkerrreLV^ it is not honorable to steal, ουκ βστίν ihelv τά irpo ττοΒών^ it is not possible to see what is before our feet, 1. The future infinitive is often used with μίΧλω to give emphasis to the future idea. Thus μ€λλω τόντο ποίησαν, instead of the regular μ.€λλω τοντο ttocciv, / am about to do this. Note, — For the infinitive with verbs of hoping, swearing, etc., see § 386, 3. Note, — For the infinitive with αϊ/, see § 391. 321. The Infinitive of Indirect Discourse. — Here, as in the Optative, the tense of the Infinitive has the same value as the terse of the Direct Discourse for which it stands. φησί ^ράφ€ΐν^ he says that he is writing, φησί ypaylreip^ he says that he will write.

140 SYNTAX OF VERBS. VOICES AND TENSES 1. The present infinitive, like the present optative, may represent the imperfect indicative of direct discourse as well as the present indicative; and similarly, the perfect infinitive may represent the pluperfect. Direct Discourse = ησθίνει, he was UL Indirect Discourse = φψτίν avOcvtiv, he says that he was ill. Direct Discourse = cXeXuicci, he had loosed. Indirect Discourse = φψη AeAvKci/ai, he says that he had loosed, TENSES OF THE PARTICIPLE 322. The tenses of the Participle express relative time, that is, an action that is present, past, or future at the time of the leading verb. The present participle may also be used as an imperfect tense. fj/c€ Κλβαρχος βχων οπΧίτας, Clearchu9 came with hoplites. ΒαΊτνήσαρτε^ aireXavvere^ after you have dinedy depart. οΐΒα τούτον ypaylrovra^ I know that he will write. olBa ixelvov σωφρορονντα^ I know that he was temperate. (Imperfect.) 1. The aorist participle (generally when the leading verb is aorist) may denote time contemporaneous with the leading verb. Thus, (a) AVhen the two verbs refer to the same identical action. €v ΙίΓοΙ-ησα^ άναμνησας /xc, you did well to remind me, (b) With the verbs λανθάνω, escape notice, τυγχάνω, happen, and φθάνω, anticipate, iXaOcv €ΐσ€λθών, he came in unobserved.

THE NEGATIVES 141 CHAPTER VIL — MOODS The Indicative mood, the Imperative, the Infinitive, and the Participle correspond to the same moods in Latin. The Greek Subjunctive mood resembles in some ways the primary tenses of the Latin Subjunctive (Present or Perfect), the Greek Optative mood resembles the secondary tenses of the Latin Subjunctive (Imperfect or Pluperfect). But the usage differs in many details, as will be seen from the rules given below. 324. The Particle ί,ν. — 1. .The particle av may be used with any mood, except the imperative, and modifies its meaning in various ways. Its usage is explained in the rules given below. Note. — For a synopsis of the occurrences of αϊ/, see § 412 ff. 2. Position of av. — av is never found at the beginning of the clause. With the subjunctive, in conditional, relative, and temporal clauses, it usually stands close after the conjunction or pronoun that introduces the clause; and in the following instances it combines with the conjunction to form one word : el + av becomes idv (shortened sometimes to ην or dv^ ; ore -\- av becomes όταν ; βττει -f- av becomes ίττήν (Jirav^ ; and έττβιΒη -\- av becomes eireihav. In its other uses, av may stand in any place in its clause except the first. In a long clause, av is sometimes repeated. 325. The Negatives. — The Negatives ου and μη correspond in a general way to the Latin negatives non and ne. The use must be learned in detail under each construction. Note, — For a synopsis of the uses of the negatives, see § 403 ff.

142 MOODS 326. Sequence of Hoods. — The Latin sequence of tenses becomes in Greek a sequence of moods. Thus, a construction which requires the Subjunctive mood when dependent on a primary tense of the Indicative regularly takes the Optative mood when it depends on a historical tense of the Indicative. 327. Primary sequence is frequently used after a historical tense for the sake of vividness. Note. — For the sequence of moods in Indirect Discourse, see §§ 379, 380, 881. MOODS m SIMPLE SENTENCES INDICATIVE IN SIMPLE SENTENCES 328. The Indicative in Greek has a wider use than the Latin Indicative. It is used : A. In expressions of Fact. B. In expressinor Unattainable Wishes. C. In expressing Past Potentiality (with av). A. EXPRESSIONS OF FACT 329. The Indicative is used for the statement of facts and the inquiry after facts. 6 ανηρ ηράφ€ΐ^ the man write%. τι βούΧεται ; what does he wish f B. UNATTAINABLE WISHES 330. The past tenses of the Indicative, usually the imperfect or aorist, with eiOe or ei yap are used to express an unfulfilled wish referring to the present or the past ; negative μή. (Compare the Latin imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive with utinam^ and its negative we.) €006 ae μψΓοτ elBop, would that I had never seen you. ei yap τοσαύτην Βύναμιν βίχοι/, would that I possessed so great power.

SUBJUNCTIVE IN SIMPLE SENTENCES 143 1. An unfulfilled wish may also be expressed by ωφ€λον with an infinitive, negative μη. ωφ€λ€ Κνρος ζην, would that Cyrus were alive, μηίΓΟΤ ωφίλον aTrtXOtiv, would that I had never departed. C. PAST POTENTIALITY 331. The aorist Indicative (sometimes the imperfect) with av expresses past potentiality, that is, what might, could, or would have been. The negative is ov. (Compare the Latin imperfect subjunctive for past potentiality, and its negative non.^ . rk av φηθη ταύτα yepeaOai; who would have expected this to happen? 1. The imperfect Indicative of impersonal expressions denoting duty, obligation, and the like is used with the infinitive present or aorist to imply that the duty, etc., is not or was not fulfilled. Such expressions are ISct, ^χρην, αζναν ην, ^ίκαυον ην, etc. With these impersonals av is usually omitted, as its force is contained in the meaning of these verbs. ?δ€4 σ€ τοντο ποιον, you ought to be doing this. (Present infinitive.) €δ€ΐ σ€ τοντο ΊΓΟίησαι, you ought to have done this. (Aorist infinitive.) 2. The imperfect and aorist Indicative with av may stand as the apodosis of conditional sentences of the unreal type (§ 353), with the protasis omitted. ή^€ως iSiSow av, I would gladly give it (if I could). 3. Iterative av. — Akin to the potential indicative with av is the Indicative in past tenses with av, to express a customary or repeated past action. The negative is ov. ΊΓολλάκις ίίηρώτων αν, I ufed to ask frequently. SUBJUNCTIVE IN SIMPLE SENTENCES 332. The Subjunctive (never with av^ is used in simple sentences to express : A. An Exhortation. B. A Deliberative Question. C. A Prohibition.

144 MOODS Α. HORTATORY SUBJUNCTIVB 333. The first person of the Subjunctive is used in exhortations. The negative is μη. (Compare the Latin negative ne.^ άττίωμβν /cal μη ακούσωμ^ν^ let U8 depart and not hear him, B. DELIBERATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE 334. The Deliberative Subjunctive is used in deliberative questions, that is, when the writer deliberates with himself or appeals to others. The negative is μη. (Note that in this case the Latin uses the negative won.) TTot τράπωμαι ; whither shall I turn f υμίν €?7Γω ταύτα; shall I say this to youf C. PROHIBITIVE SUBJUNCTIVE 335. The aorist subjunctive is used in the second and third persons with μη to express a particular prohibition. (Compare the Latin negative we.) μη Ύράψτ/^ ταΟτα, do not write this. 1. The Subjunctive or the future Indicative is used "with the double negative ov μή to express a strong denial. ov μη Ίτανσωμαι, I will not cease. 2. On the other hand, the Subjunctive with μή may express a doubtful assertion, and with μη ov may express a doubtful negation. μη TOUT ij χαλίπόν, this may be hard, μη ου τοντ r( χαλ^ττόν, this may not he hard. OPTATIVE MOOD IN SIMPLE SENTENCES 336. The Optative Mood is used in simple sentences to express : A. An Attainable Wish (without av). B. Future Potentiality (with av).

IMPERATIVE IN SIMPLE SENTENCES 145 A. ATTAINABLE WISHES 337. The Optative is used without av to express an attainable wish, that is, when the wish is conceived as possible. It may or may not be accompanied by elOe or ei yap. Its negative is μή. (Compare Latin negative ne.) (Compare §330.) €o0€ φίΧο^ ήμΐν yevoto^ 0 that you may become our friend. B. FUTURE POTENTIALITY 338. The Optative with av expresses future potentiality, that is, what might, could, or would be, in the future. The negative is ου. (Compare the Latin negative wow.) (Compare § 331.) ?σα)9 av τι^ εϊττοί^ perhaps somebody may say. 1. This Optative is very common in Greek, and is often equivalent merely to a delicate assertion of fact ; as, * ercpov τι τσυτ άν αη, this is another matter, IMPBRATIVE MOOD IN SIMPLE SENTENCES 339. The Imperative is used in commands, admonitions, and entreaties. Its negative is μή. (Compare Latin negative we.) φ€υy€^ begone. 1. For negative commands (prohibitions) the present imperative (general prohibition) or aorist subjunctive (particular prohibition) is used ; rarely the reverse. μη kXctttc, do not steaL μη θαυμάσης toSc, do not wonder at this.

146 MOODS IN DEPENDENT CLAUSES CHAPTER VIII. — MOODS IN DEPENDENT CLAUSES CLAUSES OF PURPOSE 340. Clauses of purpose are introduced by Γι/α, ώ?, δττως, and take the subjunctive after primary tenses and the optative after secondary tenses. The negative is ίνα μη^ etc. Instead of ίνα μή^ μή alone is sometimes used to introduce a negative purpose clause, like the Latin ne. irapaicakek Ιατρούς &π•ως μη άττο^σι^, you call in phyaicianSy that he may not die, τάς vavf; μβτβττ^μψατο οττως όττλ/τας άττοβίβάσαβν^ he sent for the ships in order that he might land hopUtes. 1. For the sake of vividness, the primary sequence often follows a secondary tense (§ 327). • ηλθεν Lva iSrj, h*> came that he might see, 2. Purpose may be expressed by a relative pronoun with the future indicative (negative μη) (§ 369) ; also by a future participle (negative ου) (§ 397). 3. For the indicative in purpose clauses, see § 371. OBJECT CLAUSES 341. Object Clauses depending on verbs signifying to plan^ to strive for^ to take care that, to effect regularly take the future indicative with δττω? or ίττως μή after both primary and secondary tenses. βού\εύ€ταί δττως μήττοτβ en βσται iirl τφ αΒβΧφφ, he plans that he may never again be in the power of his brother, 1. Sometimes the principal verb, when in the imperative mood, is omitted and the dependent clause stands alone with δπως or σπως μή. όπως Ισεσθε αι/δρες, {see to it) that you he men. οπω^ ταυτο μη δίδά^€6ς /xi/Scvo, {see) that you tell nobody this.

THE INDICATIVE CONSTRUCTION 147 342. Verbs denoting fear, caution, or danger are regularly followed by μή^ meaning thaU and by μη ού, meaning that . . . not ; and take the subjunctive or optative according to sequence. SeBoi/ca μη έττίΧαθώμεθα^ I fear that we may forget, IBeiae μη ού νικησαί€ν^ he feared that tL•^/ would not win the victory. 1. If the thing feared is present or past, the verb stands in the indicative. opa μη παίζων eXtycv, beware lest he was speaking in jest, CLAUSES OF RESULT 343. Clauses of Result are introduced by ωστ€ (rarely ώ?). The main clause often contains τοσούτος (so great)^ TOLovTo^ («wcA), ουτω^ξ (bo)^ or some similar word. These clauses have two constructions — with the Indicative and with the Infinitive. 344. The Indicative Construction. — ωστβ is used with the indicative, when the result is stated as an actual fact. The negative is ού (compare the Latin negative non in result clauses). οδτως ην heivbi &στ€ €ΤΓ€ίσέν σ€, he was so skillful that he persuaded you. 1. This form of a result clause resembles in its force a principal clause introduced by and so. When the sense requires, the indicative may be changed into any form of the simple sentence, such as the potential optative, the potential indicative, or even the imperative. ούτως Ιστι Sctvos ώστ€ σ€ δν ircwreic, he is so clever that he may persuade you. λίαν ΙστΧ Scivos ώστ€ μη θανμάστ^^, he is very clever, so do not be surprised. 2. For the same reason ώστ€ with the indicative, when put into indirect discourse, is often changed into the infinitive like a principal clause and retains its negative ov.

148 MOODS IN DEPENDENT CLAUSES 345. The Infinitive Construction. — &στ€ is used with the infinitive when the result, ΛvhetheΓ a fact or not, is stated not as a fact, but as sometliing anticipated, natural, possible, or the like. The negative is μή, όντως €στΙ Seivo^ &στ€ σ€ Treurcu^ he is skillful enough to persuade you. 1. For the case of the subject of the infinitive, see § 233. 2. Akin to result clauses are clauses with €φ* ω or €φ' ^c, on condition that, provided that, which take, like okjtc, the infinitive or sometimes the future indicative. άφί€μ€ν σ€ ίφ* φτ€ μηκ€τι φιλοσοφ€Ϊν, we acquit you on condition that you no longer pursue philosophy, 3. Note the construction η ώστ€ with the infinitive to denote result after comparatives. (Compare the Latin quam uL) σοφώτ€ρος ην η ώστ€ τοντο woi€lv, he was too wise to do this (he was wiser than so as to do this). CAUSAL CLAUSES 346. Causal clauses are introduced by the following particles : δτί, Store, because^ eirel^ €7Γ€ί8ή^ ire, Otto'tc, since^ ύ>9, as. The negative is ou. 347. Causal clauses take the indicative mood, when the reason is that of the speaker or writer. When the reason is viewed as that of another, they follow the construction of indirect discourse, and take the indicative or optative according to sequence (§ 379, 2). χαλβττά μίν τά τταρόντα^ 6πότ€ των στρατηγών στβρόμβθα^ our present situation is hard since we are deprived of our generals. ^ωκράτην iypayjraTo δτί τους νβους Βιαφθβίροι^ he prosecuted Socrates on the ground that he was corrupting the young.

CAUSAL CLAUSES 149 1. The causal clause may stand in the potential optative or the potential indicative, when the sense requires it. €π€ΐ τσκίθ* ούτως &v ίχοι, since this may be so. 2. Akin to causal clauses are explanatory substantive clauses with oTi or ως. These occur after verbs of emotion; also in apposition with a demonstrative pronoun, and in many other cases, as a substitute for the dependent infiaitive. τούτο αζυον επαίνων οτι τον φόβον &€λυσ€ν, this is worthy of praise that he dispelled the fear, 348. Some expressions of emotion, such as θαυμάζω^ wonder^ αηανακτέω^ am indignant^ Becvov €στί, is strange^ are followed by el instead of on, to denote the cause of the emotion. The negative is either ού or μη. μη θαυμάζατε el χαΤ^ττως φβρω, do not be surprised that 1 take it hard. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 349. Conditional sentences consist of two parts, the Protasis (or condition), introduced by el or eav, and the Apodosis (or conclusion). The negative of the protasis is μή^ of the apodosis ου. In Greek we distinguish four main types of conditional sentences, as follows : First Type — Simple Conditions (Present or Past) 350. Here nothing is implied as to the reality of the supposition. If you do this, you do well. The indicative is used in both protasis and apodosis. It corresponds to the first type of Latin conditional sentences. el TOVTO 7roi€t9, καΧώς iroieh. Second Type — General Conditions (Present or Past) 351. Here the supposition refers to a repeated action or general truth in present or past time. The forms for present and for past time differ.

150 MOODS IN DEPENDENT CLAUSES 1. Present General Conditions refer to a repeated action or general truth in present time. if ever any one does this, he is always punished. The protasis takes iav with the subjunctive ; the apodosis the present indicative. iav Ti9 ταύτα iroiy, 8ίκην ΒίΒωσίν. 2. Past Q-eneral Conditions refer to a repeated action or general truth in past time. If ever any one did this, he was always punished. The protasis takes ct with the optative ; the apodosis the indicative, usually the imperfect. €? Ti9 ταύτα ττοίοίη, Βίκηρ iSiSov. Third Type — Future Conditions 352. Here the supposition and conclusion are both represented as future and hence undecided. Of this t3φe we have two forms, — the more vivid future condition, and the less vivid future condition. 1. ITie More Vivid Future Condition refers to a future supposition as vividly conceived, and is equivalent to an English condition of the following form : If he comes, he will have many things. The protasis takes iav with the subjunctive (present or aorist) ; the apodosis takes the future indicative. iav irapikOrj, σχήσ€ΐ ττολλα. 2. The Less Vivid Future Condition refers to a future supposition as more remote and vague, and may be represented by an English condition of the following form : If he should come, he would have many things. The protasis takes el with the optative (present or aorist) ; the apodosis takes the optative with av. el ΊταρέΧθοι, ίχ^οί &v ττολλα.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 151 Fourth Type — Unreal Conditions 353. Here the supposition is represented as contrary to fact. It corresponds to the third type of Latin conditional sentences. If he were here (novi)^ he would have many gifts (n

152 MOODS IN DEPENDENT CLAUSES 355. 1. The apodosis in these sentences should present no difficulty to beginners ; for (a) In all cases, except unreal conditions and the less vivid future, the tenses of the indicative are used according to sense, precisely as in English. (b) In less vivid future conditions, the construction is that used for future potentiality (§ 338), and in unreal conditions the construction is clearly allied with that of past potentiality (§ 331). 2. The protasis in conditional sentences should present no difficulty if the following principles be borne in mind. (a) iav regularly stands in the protasis only with the subjunctive. (b) The subjunctive with av expresses future time more vividly than the optative. Compare the corresponding English moods. (c) The subjunctive (with αν) in general conditions is at least a more natural sequence with present time, and the optative a more natural sequence with past time. Special Forms op Conditional Sentences 356. Future conditions are often expressed by a future indicative in both protasis and apodosis. €1 μη KaOeitis γλωτταν, Ισται σ

CONCESSIVE CLAUSES 153 360. The protasis of a condition may be supplied by a relative clause, a participle, a phrase, or may be merely gathered from the context. ολΛνμΛΐ μη μαθών, I shall be undone, if I do not learn, &* v/Aas αυτού? ττάλαχ αν ά'7Γθλ,ώλ.€ίΤ€, of yourselves you would have long since perished, 361. The apodosis is sometimes not expressed, but implied in the context. 1. This is often the case after ώο-ττ^ρ. &σΊΓ€ρ Αν €t τις οίοιτο, as if one should think, ωσπ€ρ αν ά ^Xc^cv, as if he had said, where αν belongs to an apodosis (as would he the case, etc., or, as would have been the case, etc.), suggested by tooTrcp, 2. Sometimes a close examination of a sentence will show that by an ellipsis the real apodosis is omitted and the condition made to depend on another related idea. el Kcu ravT ηττιστάμην, 6 βίος 6 έμος ονκ Ιξαρκζΐ τω μήκεί του λόγου, even if I knew these things^, my life is not long enough for the telling. Here the full idea is, " Even if I knew these things, I would not be able to tell you, for my life," etc. ; the true apodosis in unreal type is omitted and left to be gathered from the context. CONCBSSIVB CLAUSES 362. Concessive Clauses are introduced by καΐ el, καΐ eav (^καν),, even if; and el καί, eav icai, although. These clauses follow the various forms of conditions, and take the negative /i?;. €8€ξατο &v τΓολλά, καΐ el μη iraprjXOev, he toould have received many gifts, even if he had not come, 1. Concessive Clauses are often neatly expressed by the participle with Kalirep, The negative in this case is ού. οΙκτίρω αύτον xaiirep €χθρορ οντά, I pity him though he is an enemy.

154 MOODS IN DEPENDENT CLAUSES TEMPORAL CLAUSES 363. Temporal Clauses are introduced by the following expressions among others : 0T€, 07ΓΟΤ6, token hrei, €7Γ€ί8ή, after^ when eTrei τάχιστα, as soon as εξ oS, since &>9, 6στ6, μ€χρι^ until They are introduced also by ττρίρ^ before^ until Of these expressions the last presents certain peculiarities and will be treated under a separate heading. Temporal Clauses Introduced by ore, etc. 364. These clauses are regularly construed as follows : 1. When they refer to a definite present or past action, they take the indicative ; negative ov. hrel την κώμην Βιήρττασαν^ βφυ^ον^ after they had sacked the village^ they fled. ηνίκ αύτον ουκ hretOe^ iinarparevei, when he could not persuade him^ he made war. 2. When they refer to indefinite present or past time (i.e. to a repeated action or a general truth), they foUow the protasis of general conditions (§ 351), and take the subjunctive with av or the optative without av\ negative μή, όταν τι βούΧηται, ΒίΒωμι, whenever he wishes anythivig^ I give it. ore τι βούΧοιτο, iBiBovv, whenever he wished anything^ I gave it. 8. When they refer to a future action, they follow the protasis of future conditions (§ 352), and take the

TEMPORAL CLAUSES 155 subjunctive with av or the optative without av; negative μή. σταν μη σθ4νω^ ττβτταύσομαι^ when I have no strength^ I shall cease, iirel μηκ€τί τί βούΧοιτο^ ατταμι, when he no longer wishes anything^ I shall depart. (a) Indefinite temporal clause may be equivalent to any type of conditional clauses, and will be construed accordingly. ταντ αν yfiitus ίΒωκα, ore rJTrjacv, I would gladly have given thiSy whenever he asked (i.e. if he had ever asked). (b) After words meaning untilj as /xcxpi, Ιως, the particle av is sometimes omitted with the subjunctive constructions. (c) Even when referring to a definite past occurrence, until clauses may take the subjunctive with αν or the optative without άν, when the action is regarded not as a definite fact, but as something indefinite and anticipated. φυλακή κατ€λίΐΓ€, €ως ταύτα BuurpaiaivTO (or Βιαπράζωνται αν), he lefl a garrison until they should carry out their measures. But — φνλακην κατίΧιπε, «us ταύτα &€πρα^αν, he lefl a garrison, until they carried out the measures. Temporal Clauses after ττρίν, before^ until 365. ττρίν clauses are regularly construed as follows : 1. After affirmative principal clauses, ττρίν takes the infinitive, and means before and not until ; negative μή. ατΓΟΤΓβμτΓουσίΡ αντον irplv άκοΰσαί, they send him away before hearing him. 2. After a negative principal clause, irpiv generally means until and follows the constructions of -other temporal clauses (§ 364). OL Ίτρεσβντεροι ου ττρόσθεν αττέργονταί^ ττρΙν αν άφώσιν οι αργρντ&;^ the elders never go away until the authorities dismiss them. ουκ tiKdev^ irplv ή ^^υνη αύτον eiretaev, he did not come until his wife persuaded him.

156 MOODS IN DEPENDENT CLAUSES RELATIVE CLAUSES 366. Relative Clauses are introduced by relative pronouns, adjectives, or adverbs. Their construction is as follows : 367. Simple Relative Clau%e9^ referring to a definite antecedent or antecedents, take the indicative. The negative is ού. λ^ω h ηκουσα^ I Bay what I hsard. 1. A Simple Relative Clause may take any construction of the simple sentence that the sense requires. 368. Relative Glauses, referring to an indefinite antecedent, usually follow the construction of general conditional clauses (§ 351), and take the subjunctive with av or the optative without av. The negative is μη. ο τι &v βούΧηται, ΒίΒωμί, 1 give him whatever he wishes, δ τι βούΚοιτο, iSiBovp, I used to give him whatever he might wish. 1. Relative clauses with indefinite antecedent may represent the protasis of any type of conditional sentence, and be construed accordingly ; negative μη. 2. The indefinite relative forms όστις, etc., are regular when the antecedent is indefinite, but the simple forms, ος, etc., are often used, particularly with the subjunctive with αν, or the optative. δστις /χή των άριστων βονλευμΛτων άπτεται, whoever does not cling to the best counsels, OS μη ιδοι ταΰτα, whoever did not see this, 369. A relative clause may represent a purpose clause ; and here it is to be noted that the verb does not follow the construction of regular purpose clauses, but stands in the future indicative. The negative is μή. ττρ^σβείαν he ιτέμίΓ^ι ητι^ ταΟτ' epeZ, and he sends an embassy to say these things.

ATTRACTION OF MOODS 157 370. A relative clause may represent a result clause ; in this case it commonly stands in the indicative ; negative ov. Tt9 ύμων οΰτως βύηθψ έστίν^ οστίζ ayvoei^ who of you is 80 simple that he does not know. 1. μη with the indicative is sometimes used in these clauses to express a result that is intended or anticipated. τοιούτο μνημχίον κατίλιπεν ο μη τη^ ανθρωπινής φνσεώς €στιν, he lefl such a memorial as might be beyond human nature. ATTRACTION OF MOODS 371. Subordinate clauses are sometimes attracted into the mood of the clause on which they depend, if closely associated with it in thought. Thus, 1. The clause may depend upon a past tense of the indicative denoting unreality (§ 358) ; it then takes a past tense of the indicative without av. iBiBov av μοι χρήματα οσα βΖχει/, he would give me as much money as he has. (a) Note here the indicative by attraction in unreal purpose clauses. iBei παρείνοΛ ίνα ταύτα ηκονσας^ you should have been present that you might have heard this, 2. The clause may depend upon a subjunctive or optative ; it then takes the subjunctive (with av} or the optative (without ay). ίνα Tavff a civ έκείνοις Bo/c^, ττράττηται^ in order that what they resolve may he accomplished. ή^ώ^οι av onrore βούΧοιτο, he can eat whenever he wishes.

158 INDIRECT DISCOURSE CHAPTER IX.— INDIRECT DISCOURSE SIMPLE STATEMENTS 372. We will first take the case of a simple sentence appearing in Indirect Discourse, such as, Socrates said that the sovl was immortaL In such a statement, note the following : 373. The Tenses. — The tenses of the Direct Discourse remain unaltered in passing into the Indirect Discourse, except that the imperfect or pluperfect indicative, when changed to the optative, infinitive, or participle, become present or perfect respectively (§ 317, l ; § 321, l ; § 322). 374. The Negative. — The negatives (ού or μη) of the Direct Discourse are retained in the Indirect. (For certain exceptions, see § 408, l and 2.) 375. The Use of ttv. — In simple statements the av of Direct Discourse is also retained in the Indirect. (For the subjunctive with av in dependent sentences, see §380,3.) 376. The Moods. — Indirect Discourse often involves a change of mood. Simple indirect statements may be expressed in three ways. These are the (a) Infinitive Construction (δ) Participial Construction ((?) Finite Construction with otl or m 1. Verbs of saying take either the infinitive or finite construction with oTi (ως). Verbs of thinking generally take the infinitive. Verbs of knomng, hearing, showing, and the like, generally take either the participle or finite construction.

PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTION 159 2. Of the three common verbs of saying, φημί is followed by the infinitive ; £Γπον is generally followed by &n, with the finite verb ; Xtyiu is followed either by the infinitive or on with the finite verb. 377. Infinitive Construction. — Verbs of thinking and saying may be followed in Indirect Discourse by the infinitive, in the tense corresponding to that of the Direct Discourse. φησίν ύμα^: ταύτα iroielv^ he sat/a that yon are doing this, φησίν ύμα

160 INDIRECT DISCOURSE 379. Finite Construction. — Indirect statements may also be expressed by on or ως with a finite verb, 1. If the introducing verb is in a principal tense, the finite verb in the Indirect Discourse retains the mood of the Direct Discourse. Xeyei Sri ηράφει έττιστοΧήν^ he sat/s that he is writing a letter. . 2. If the introducing verb is in a historical tense, the finite verb in the indirect statement may be changed to the optative, or, for the sake of vividness, may be left in its original mood. But past tenses of the indicative with av are never changed to the optative. βΧεξβν ΟΤΙ γράφοι (or ηρσφ^ι) έτηστοΧην^ he said that he was tvriting a letter, iXe^ev on οντοος &v την έτηστοΧην eypayjrev^ he said that in that case he would have written the letter. Note. — No verb is ever changed into the subjunctive by virtue of Indirect Discourse. Whenever a subjunctive appears in Indirect Discourse, it is because the subjunctive was required in the Direct Discourse. COMPLEX STATEMENTS IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE 380. 1. When the indirect statement is a complex sentence, the verb in its principal clause follows the rules given above for the verbs of simple statements, that is, it is used in the infinitive or the participle, or the finite construction. 2. The verbs of the subordinate clauses follow the rules of the finite construction ; that is, After a principal tense of the introducing verb, the moods are left unchanged ; After a historical tense they may be changed to the optative (except in the case of the indicative with άι/), or are more usually left unchanged.

INDIRECT QUESTIONS 161 φασί Κνρον τούτο το γρυσίον Sovvai^ eVel τταρηΚθον ai Setca ήμβραι^ they %(iy that CyruB paid thu money when the ten days were passed, eke^ev Sri iirei 6 στρατηηο^ζ ταύτ ακούσαε (or ηκουσ€^^ άνήλασ€ΐ/, he said that when the general heard this, he drove away. 3. When a subjunctive with av is changed to the optative, av disappears. έρόμιζεν οσα ττροΧάβοι ττάντα βφαίω^ βξειν^ he believed that he would hold securely all that he should seize (for δσ av ττροΧάβω^ Ιξω^. fcaXm €^€iv βφη^ el ταύτα 7Γράττοΐ€ν (for iav ιτράττωσι)^ he said that it would be well^ if they did this. INDIRECT QUESTIONS 381. Indirect questions are introduced by interrogative pronouns or adverbs (§ 219, l and 2), and follow the rules for the finite construction of Indirect Discourse ; that is, 1. When the introducing verb is in a principal tense, they retain the mood of Direct Discourse. €ρωτώ δστις εστίν^ I ask who he is. 2. When the introducing verb is in a historical tense, they may be changed to the same tense of the optative, (except in the case of the indicative with αϊ/), or remain in their original form. Kvpo^ rjpero τ/? ό θόρυβος €Ϊη (or εστί), Cyrus asked what the confusion was. Note. — As may be seen from the foregoing rules, deliberative questions in Indirect Discourse remain in the subjunctive after a principal tense, but may change to the optative after a historical tense. άτΓορω τ I εΓττω, / am at a loss what to say. ψΓορουν τ{ €Ϊ7Γοιμι (or εΓττω), I was at a loss what to say.

162 THE INFINITIVE CHAPTER X. — THE INFINITIVE 382. The Infinitive is a verbal noun, and as such has the properties of both verb and noun. As a verb, it has voice and tense, may have subject and object, and is qualified by adverbs, not adjectives; as a noun, it may take the article and be used in many constructions in which nouns are used. For the case of the subject of the infinitive, see § 233. 383. A verb may stand in the Infinitive because of the principles of Indirect Discourse. This is the case when it depends on a verb of perceiving^ declaring^ 9homng^ and the like. For the Infinitive of Indirect Discourse, see § 377. 384. A verb may be put in the Infinitive by some other principle than that of Indirect Discourse. 1. In this case, the tenses have no time value, the present being used for a continued action, the aorist for a simple, undefined action (§ 320). 2. The regular negative of the Infinitive, when not governed by Indirect Discourse, is μψ μί) VLKOLV €στι θντ^σκβιν^ not to conquer is to die. INFINITIVE NOT OF INDIRECT DISCOURSE 385. The Infinitive has two uses. It may be used (a) without the Article, (δ) with the Article. Infinitive without the Article 386. As Subject or Object. — 1. The Infinitive without the article may be used like a noun as subject of a verb, or in apposition to the subject.

INFINITIVE WITH ADJECTIVES 163 This usage is common with impersonal verbs and expressions. ττάντων α7Γοστ€ρ€Ϊσθαι Χυττηρόν iariv^ to he deprived of everything is hard, γράμματα μαθβΐν Set, it is necessary to learn reading. 1. With some verbs and phrases, the personal construction is preferred. δίκαιος €ΐμι την atrtav €χ€ΐν, it is Just for me to bear the blame, 2. The Infinitive without the article is used as object of many verbs that require another verb to complete their meaning. This infinitive is especially common with the following verbs : 1. Verbs meaning to desire, resolve, strive, effect, and the like; to permit and hinder; to ask, persuade, and command, Ιβουλοντο ά'ΠΌχωρ€Ϊν, they toished to withdraw. irpociXcro ΊΓθλ.€μησαι, he preferred to make war. uccrevc μη άΊΓθκτ€Ϊναι, he begged them not to put him to death. Note. — For the use of μη and μη ov after verbs of hindering, and the like, see § 409. 2. With verbs meaning to be able or ft, to dare, to fear, to avoid, and the like. Ιφοβσυντο €π€σθαι αντφ, they were afraid to follow him, άπτίσγοντο arparaiaai, they abstained from making an expedition, 3. With verbs meaning to hope, expect, promise, threaten, swear. These verbs may be followed by a future infinitive, as if in Indirect Discourse. The negative is regularly μη. Ιλττίζίΐ δυνατός cTvat αρχειν, he hopes to be able to rule. €v iXirC^i €στΙ τα τειχτ) άίρησειν, he hopes to capture the walls. 387. Infinitive with Adjectives. — 1. The Infinitive may follow an adjective corresponding in meaning to the verbs mentioned above (§ 386). ovrot Ικανοί ήσαν τά9 κωμα

164 THE INFINITIVE 2. The Infinitive may limit the meaning of a noun or adjective to a particular action. αίσγρον όράν^ diBgraceful to behold, \Jyoi γρησιμώτατοι ακουσοί^ words most useful to hear. θαύμα ihiaOai^ a wonder to behold. 388. Infinitive of Purpose and Result. — 1. The Infinitive is sometimes used to express purpose after verbs meaning to give^ take^ appoint^ leave. την χώραν iTr^peyjrev αύτοΐ^ 8ιαρπάσαι^ he handed over the land for them to plunder. 2. For the Infinitive of Result, see § 345. 389. Independent Infinitive. — 1. The Infinitive is sometimes used independently in parenthetical phrases. 0)9 €7Γ09 elirelvy I may say. σννέΚόντι elirelv^ to put it in a word. 2. It is also used independently to express a wish or an exclamation. μη μ€ δοι;λ€4α? τνχβΐν^ may bondage never be my portion. Infinitive ΛνιτΗ the Article 390. The Infinitive with the article may be used as subject or object of a verb, may depend upon a preposition, and may stand in most of the other constructions in which nouns are employed. After the verbs mentioned in § 386 the article is usually omitted. NoM. TO τυγύν τούτων μβ^ιστόν €στί, to possess these things is the greatest consideration. Gen. του inelv έτηθυμία^ the desire to drink. Dat. τψ Βίκαιον elvai^ on account of it being Just (because it is just). Ace. irapei το νικαν^ in comparison with victory^

INDEPENDENT INFINITIVE 165 1. The Infinitive with the article may be accompanied by subject, object, and other qualifiers, even a dependent clause, the whole standing as a noun in any ordinary construction. TO TQ Toiti, ως βούλ€Τ€α έκαστος, ούτως €ασαι χρησ$αι^ the permission to follow his plan as each one wishes. 2. The Infinitive with the article may be used in exclamations. της μωρίας * το Δια vo/At{civ, what folly ! to believe in Zeus. 391. The Infinitive with αϊ/, whether governed by Indirect Discourse or not so governed, is used in a potential or conditional meaning corresponding to the indicative or optative with av. ωστ€ καΐ ΙΒιώτην αν yv&vaiy so that even a common man might have understood.

166 THE PARTICIPLE CHAPTER XI. — THE PARTICIPLE 392. The Participle is a verbal adjective, with the properties of both verb and adjective. As a verb, it has voice and tense, and may govern an object ; as an adjective, it agrees with a noun or pronoun, or may be used substantively with the article. 393. A Participle may be governed by the principles of Indirect Discourse. This is the case when it represents a dependent statement after verbs of knowing^ hearing^ perceiving^ showing^ and the like. For the Participle of Indirect Discourse, see § 378. 394. AVTien the Participle is negatived by μη^ it is usually equivalent to a conditional or general relative clause ; in other cases its negative is ου (§§ 360, 368). 0 ovhkv ypa^a^^ that man who has written nothing. 01 μί) Tofe θ€οΙ

CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICIPLE 167 In the latter case, it is often best translated by a relative clause. ουκ €φί\€ί τον βασιλεύοντα *Αρταξ€ρξην^ he did not love the reigning Artaxerxes. 0* φβνγοι/τβν, the fugitives (or, the defendants). 0 την ηνώμην ταύτην βίττώι/, ?ie who expressed this opinion. CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICIPLE 397. The Circumstantial Participle shows the circumstance under which the action of the main verb takes place. It is used without the article, and is generally equivalent to a subordinate clause expressing (a) Time : tow βαρβάρους νικήσαντες οΐκαΒε ίττορεύσαντο^ when they had conquered the barbarians^ they proceeded home. (δ) Cause : νττηρχε τφ Ίίνρφ φιΧονσα αύτόν^ she favored Cyrus because she loved him. ((?) Condition (negative μη) : αττοΧουμαι μη τούτο μαθών^ Ι shall be ruined if I have not learned this. (β) Concession: fiyroOi/Tev ούχ εύρίσκομεν^ though we seek we do not find. (e) Purpose (always future) : ηθροιζεν στράτευμα tJ ττόΚει τΓοΧεμήσων^ he was gathering an army to wage war on the city. 398. 1. The Circumstantial Participle may stand in the genitive or accusative absolute (§ 266). 2. The words are (οία, οίον) and ως are often used with causal participles ; icouVcp with concessive participles ; and ως with the future participle expressing purpose. καίττερ γcpωv ων στρατεύεται, though an old man he serves in the army, συλλάμβανα Kvpov ως άιτοκτενων, he arrests Cyrus in order to put him to death. 3. arc (οία, οΓον) with causal participles show that the cause is stated as a fact ; ως indicates that the cause is stated on the authority of some one, other than the writer.

168 THE PARTICIPLE ατ€ ΊταΖς ων ^8cro, he teas pleased because he was a child, αυτόν €v αΐτί^ (Ιχον ως π€ίσαντα σψας iro\c/Miv, they found fault with him on the ground that he had persuaded them to go to war. 4. Certain participial expressions have acquired by idiomatic usage the force of adverbs. Thus, άρχό/Α€νο$, at the beginning, Βωλιπων χρόνον, afier a whUe. tC παθών ; or τί μαθών ; why f (lit. having suffered what f or having learned what f) τί μαθών rovro irpoaiypw^iv ; why did he add this clause f SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE 399. The Supplementary Participle is used without the article to complete the meaning of the main verb. For the Supplementary Participle in Indirect Discourse see § 378. 400. The Supplementary Participle (not of Indirect Discourse) is used with the following classes of verbs: 1. Verbs of beginning^ continuing, ending, and those of kindred meaning. διατ€λώ ίχων, / continually have, παύεται λέγων, he stops speaking, 2. Verbs expressing emotion (joy, grief, shame, anger, and the like), where the participle denotes the cause of the emotion. τψώμυενοι χαίρονσιν, they rejoice at being honored, 3. Verbs meaning to overlook, in the sense of to allow or permit, μειζω γιγνό/xcvov τον ανθρωπον περιορίύμεν, we allow the man to grow greater (we overlook the fact). 4. The verbs τυγχάνω, happen, λανθάνω, escape the notice of, and φθάνω, anticipate. With these verbs the supplementary participle contains the leading idea and is usually translated by a finite verb. ίτνχον καθήμενος ενταύθα, I was sitting there by chance, ελαθον είσελθόντες, they got in secretly, φθάνσυσιν επΙ τω άκρψ γενόμενοι τους πολεμίονς, they reached the summit before the enemy.

THE VERBAL ADJECTIVE 169 THE VERBAL ADJECTIVE 401. The Verbal Adjective in -t&s. — It expresses obligation or necessity, and admits two constructions, the personal and the impersonal. 1. The Personal Construction. — In this construction, the verbal in -τέο^ agrees with its subject in gender, number, and case. It is passive in meaning and may be used only when its verb is transitive. τΓοταμάς Tt9 ήμίν Βιαβατβος^ a river must be crossed ly us. 2. The Impersonal Construction. — In this, the more common construction, the verbal stands in the nominative neuter singular or plural. It is followed by the same case that its verb would take. Tois νόμους SeiKTCov iari μοί^ I must point out the laws (it is for me to point out the laws^. των φΙΧων βττιμεΧητεα ήμΐν, we must take care of our friends. 402. The Verbal Adjective in -tos. — It agrees with the word it modifies, and expresses what has been done, or, more frequently, what may be done. τταρήν Tt9 μβτάτΓβμτΓτος υττο Ιίύρου^ there was one present^ sent by Cyrus. 7rrfXt9 ΒόΚφ αιρετής a city that may be captured by stratagem.

170 THE USES OF ov, μη, AND av CHAPTER XIL — SYNOPSIS OF THE USES OF ου, μη^ AND αν Α.— THE NEGATIVBS ού AND μή 403. The following rules bring together the various uses of ού and μη, and their compounds, ούδ^, ovhek, M^^'» /A97&/9, etc. 404. In Principal Clau9es, we use ού in statements and expressions of potentiality (§ 331, § 388). μή in commands (§ 835, § 839), exhortations (§ 338), and wishes (§ 830, § 837). ού in questions expecting the answer ye9 (§ 218, 1). μή in questions expecting the answer no (§ 218, 2) and in all deliberative questions (§ 834). 1. μη with the subjunctive is sometimes used to express a doubtful assertion (§ 335, s). 2. ov is used with the jussive future indicative (§ 309). 405. In Subordinate Clauses, we use μη in purpose clauses (§ 840). in final object clauses after verbs of effort (§ 341). after verbs oi fearing (§ 342). in result clauses with the infinitive (§ 845). in the protasis of conditional sentences (§ 349). in concessive clauses (§ 362). in indefinite temporal clauses (§ 864, 2, 3). in relative clauses with indefinite antecedent (§ 368) or implying a purpose (§ 369). sometimes in relative clauses of result to denote anticipation (§ 370, 1).

REDUNDANT NEGATIVES 171 1. Causal clauses introduced by ci after verbs of emotion take either ου or μη (§ 348). 2. The protasis of a conditional sentence sometimes takes ov, when the negative closely adheres to the following word, so that they form, as it were, a compound. eav συ iroAAoc Ιφίπωνται, if few follow, ά γράφ€ΐν ουκ ήθίλησαν, if they were unwilling to write. 406. With the Infinitive, not of Indirect Discourse^ μη is used (§ 384, 2). 1. A negative, that belongs according to sense to an infinitive, may be transferred to the leading verb and so become ου instead of ^197. ου σνμ.βουλ€ν€ΐ αύτον ^ρχισθαι, he advises him not to come. 407. With the Participle^ not of Indirect IHscourae, μη is used when the participle implies a condition or is equivalent to a general relative clause (§ 394). 1. When a negative is used with an adjective or noun it follows the rule of participles. 2. Sometimes a phrase takes μή instead of ov, because it depends on a verb that would have μη if negatived. μείνατ€ em του Ίτοταμαν μη &ιαβάντ€ς, remain by the river without crossing. 408. In Indirect Discourse ov or μή is retained from the corresponding form of direct discourse (§ 374). 1. Indirect questions introduced by ci, whether^ may take either ου or fii/. 2. In emphatic declarations, assurances, and the like, μή is sometimes used with the infinitive of indirect discourse where we should expect ου. ΙτΓΐΙσθησαν αυτόν μηSkv χαλ€ΐΓ6ν Ίτύσ^σθαι, they were convinced that he would suffer no harm. 409. Redundant Negatives. — 1. Verbs that have a negative meaning, such as deny, forbid., hinder.^ etc., may be followed by an infinitive with a redundant negative,

172 THE USES OF ov, μη, AND &ν μη, to strengthen the negation. This negative is not translated in English. κω\ύ€ΐ μ€ μη \ey€iv, he hinders me from speaking. 2. When these verbs of hindering, etc., are themselves modified by a negative, the following infinitive may take the double negative μη ου, not translated in English. ου κωΧύβι μ€ μη ου Xeyeiv, he does not hinder me from speaking, 3. An infinitive or participle with μή, depending on any negative expression, may take ου in addition to μη. One of these negatives is redundant and untranslatable. ού&/? ioTi φίλος, μη ου φιλών, no one is a friend, if he does not love. 4. A compound negative (ουδ^, ouSei?, ουδήτοτε, etc.), following another negative in the same clause, does not destroy, but strengthens the negation. ουκ €χ€ί oiSeU oihiv, no one has anything. But — ούδεί? ουκ ηθ€λ€ν, no one was unwilling (because the compound negative j!?receiie« the simple negative). 410. The Double Negative. — 1. μη ου is found in the following constructions : in negative clauses depending on verbs of fearing (§ 342). sometimes with the subjunctive or indicative in doubtful negations (§ 335, 2). with an infinitive after negatived verbs of hindering, and the like (§ 409, 2). with a negatived infinitive or participle depending on any negative expression (§ 409, 3). 2. ου μη is found with the subjunctive or future indicative in emphatic denials (§ 335, l).

THE PARTICLE αν 173 411. Negatiye Phraees. — Note the expressions ουχ ΟΤΙ (ρυχ ονως or μη οτι) . . . άλλα και not only, or not only not, . . , but also μόνον ου, όσον Sk εΙσηλΒον, I not only did not dine, but did not even enter. B.— THE PARTICLE &v 412. The various occurrences of the particle av^ as explained in the preceding pages, are here assembled for convenience of reference. 413. With the Indicative mood^ historical tenses, av is used to express past potentiality (§ 831). in the apodosis of an unreal conditional sentence (§ 353). sometimes, to express a customary action in past time (§331,3). 1. αν with the future indicative occurs in a few places in Attic prose. With the present or perfect indicative it is never found. 414. With the Subjunctive mood^ av is used only in dependent clauses, as follows : in the protasis of more vivid future conditions (§ 852, i). in the protasis of present general conditions (§ 851, i). in indefinite temporal clauses referring to present or future time (§ 364,2,3). in indefinite relative clauses (§ 368). in concessive clauses (§ 362). 1. όπως αν or ω% άν with the subjunctive occasionally appears in purpose clauses, and in object clauses after verbs of effort, etc.

174 THE USES OF ού, μη, AND αν 415. Ύ/ith the Optative mood, av is used chiefly in principal clauses, as follows : to express future potentiality (§ 338). in the apodosis of less vivid future conditions (§ 352, 2). 1. The potential optative with άν may occur in dependent clauses when the idea of potentiality is apparent. 416. With the Infinitive and Participle, av is used when they represent an optative with av (§§ 391, 378, 2). when they represent a past tense of the indicative with &v (§§ 391, 378, 2). ωστ€ κα\ ΙΒιώτην hv yvojvai, so that even a common man would have understood (i.e. if he had been present). τΓολλ' oiv βχων άττύν, though I might have many things to say. 417. In Indirect Discourse, av is retained from the direct form of expression, except when av with the subjunctive becomes optative (without av) after an historical tense (§ 375 and § 380, 3).

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APPENDIX 418. LIST OF IMPORTANT VERBS The following list gives, in regular order, the principal parts (§ 137) of some of the more common verbs. — Many verbs show a future middle with the same sense as the active ; this future is given immediately after the present. — Principal parts omitted in the list are not found in Attic prose. άγγελο (jannaunce)^ άγγέΚω^ rjyyeiXa^ ηγγέλκα^ ηγγέΚμοΛ^ η\ηί\θην, &γω (Jead)^ α|ω, ijyayov^ ί}χα, η^μ^αι^ ηγθην. αίρέω (take)^ αίρήσω^ elXoi/, ζρηκα^ 'ρρημαι^ '^ρέθην, αΙσθάνθ|Μΐΐ (jperceive)^ αίσθησομαι^ 'ρσθόμην, ^σθημαι. άκσύω (A«ar), άκούσομαι^ ηκουσα, ακηκοα (§ 124,4), ηκούσθην, άλίσκο|]ΐαι (he captured)^ άΧώσομαι^ ίάΚων or ηΚων^ ίάΧωκα or ηΧωκα. άμαρτάνω (err)^ άμαρτήσομαι^ ημαρτον^ ήμάρτηκα^ ήμάρτψ /UU, ημαρτήθην. diro-θνησκω (die), αττοθανουμαι (§ 142,3), άττβθανον^ άττοτβθνηκα. diTHSXXup.i (destroy)^ άττολώ (§ 142, 3), άττώλβσα, άττολώλ£Λα, 2 perf. αττόΧωΧα (am ruined)^ 2 aor. mid. άττωΧόμην. ϊρχω (beffin, rule), άρξω, ^ρξα, ^ρχα, ηρ^μαι, ηρχθην. αυξάνω (make increase), αυξήσω, ηΰξησα, ηΰξηκα, ηΰξημαι, ηύξήθην, άι^ίκνέομαΐ (come), άφίξομαι, άφικόμην, αφί^μαι, βαίνω (go), βήσομαι, ββην, βέβηκα. βάλλω (throw), βαΧω, ββαΧον, βέβΧηκα, βέβΧημαι, ίβΧήθην, 175

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176 APPENDIX βΐόω (live)^ βιώσομαι^ έβίων^ βββίωκα. βλάΐΓτω (injure)^ βλάψω^ ββλαψα, βέβΚαφα^ βεβλαμμαι^ 4βΧ,άφθην^ and 2 aor. έβλάβην. βλέιτω (look^^ βΧ,έψομαι^ ίβΧεψα. βοάω (^shouf)y βοήσομαι^ έβόησα. βθύλθ|ΜΐΙ (ίέ^ίβΑ), βουΧήσομαι^ βεβούΧημαι^ έβουΧήθην. γ€λάω (laugK)^ ηέΧάσομαί^ iyeXaaa^ έ^^Χάσθην, γίγνομαι (become)^ η€νήσομαι^ €^€νόμην^ η€τί€νημαι, γιγνώσκω (know)^ ηνωσομαι,^ ε^γνων (2 aor.), eyvw/ca^ β^νωσμαι^ ί^νώσθην. δ€(κνυμ.ι (bKow^^ Ββίξω^ eSet^a, δβ&^χα, S€B€ιyμaι^ έ^^ίχθην. δίω (bind)^ 8ήσω^ ίΒησα^ BeSexa^ SeSe/itai, έΒ^θην, δέω (need^ lach)^ Ββήσω^ ίΒέησα^ ΒβΒβηκα^ Β€8€ημαι^ ίΒ^ήθην, Impersonal, Set (it is necessary^ ^ Ββήσα^ €Β^ησ€, διδάσκω (teacK)^ ΒιΒάξω^ ίΒίΒαξα^ BeBiBaxa^ B€BίBayμaly iBiΒάγθην. δ{δωμ.ι (give)^ Βώσω^ ΙΒωκα (§ 195, 1), ΒβΒωκα^ ΒβΒομαι^ έΒόθην, δοκ4ω (seem), Βόξω^ ίΒοξα^ ΒβΒο^μαι^ έΒόχθην, δύναμαΐ (he able)^ Βυνήσομαι^ Β^Βύνημαι^ ίΒυνήθην. ίάω (permit)^ έάσω (§ 142, 1), elaaa (§ 123, 2, (?), €Ϊακα^ €Ϊαμαί^ βΐάθην, έθ4λω (wish)^ βθαΧήσω^ ηθ4Χησα^ ηθβΧηκα. ίλαύνω (drive)^ έΧω (§ 142,3), ηΧασα^ βΧήΧακα (§ 124, 4), €ΧήΧαμαι^ ήΧάθην, ^κω (drav))^ eXf ω, βίΧκνσα (§ 123, 2, (?), €ΪΧκυκα^ εΐΧκυσμαι^ ^ίΧκύσθην, ίΐΓ-αιν4ω (praiBe)^ ετταίΐ/άτω, ετττ/ι/βσα, iiryveica^ ίπ'ρνημαι, Μσταμαι ( understands^ ίτηστησομαι^ ήτηστήθην, ^ΊΓομαΐ (follow^ (§ 123, 2, c), βψομαι^ έσττόμην, ίργάξομαι (work^ (§ 123,2, t»), ^ρ^άσομαι^ βίρ^ασάμην^ elp^ασμαι^ είρ^άσθην. άρχομαι (go^ come^^ ηΧθον^ έΧηΧνθα. For future, use the verb €ΐμι (§ 198).

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LIST OF IMPORTANT VERBS 177 €ύρ(σκω (^find)^ ευρήσω^ ηΰρον or βΰρον (§ 123, 2, δ), ηΰρηκα or ευρηκα^ ενρημαι^ άρέθην. €ΰχομαΐ (^pray^^ εΰξομαι^ ηύξάμην, ηιτ/μαι, Ιχω (have) (§ 123, 2, c), Ιξω or σχ?;σω, Ισχοι/, βσχηκα^ ίσχημαι. ήκω (Αανβ come)^ ηξω. Pres. with perfect meaning. θάιττω (hury)^ θάψω^ εθαψα^ τέθαμμαχ^ €τάψην, θαυ|ί&ζω (wonder at)^ θαυμάσομαι^ ίθανμασα^ τεθαύμακα^ τβθαύμασμαι^ ίθαυμάσθην, Θ4λω (wi%K)^ see ίθέΧω. θνησκω (die')^ see αττο-θν^σκω. Ιημι («βηί?), ^σω, $/ca (§ 195, 1), ei/ica, el/iat, εΓίτ/ι;. Ικν4ομαι (come)^ see αφ-ικνέομαι, Ιστημι (ββί), στ?;σω, ίστησα^ 2 aor. εστην (intrans. Istood)^ βστηκα (intrans. I stand) ^ βσταμαι^ ίστάθην (was set). (For 2 perf. see § 195, 6). καθίξω (make to sit down)^ καθιώ (§ 148, 2), ίκάθισα or καλέω (call)^ καΧώ (§ 142, 3), i/cdXeaa^ κβκΧηκα^ κέκΚημαι^ έκΧηθην, κάμνω (labor^ be weary)^ καμουμαι (§ 142,8), Ικαμον^ κέκμηκα, κάπτω (cut)^ κόψω^ βκοψα^ κβκοφα^ κβκομμαι^ έκόττην. κρίνω (^judge)^ κρινώ^ €κρινα^ κ€κρικα^ κέκριμαι^ ίκρίθην (§ 150,2, C). κτάομαΐ (acquire),, κτήσομαι^ €κτησάμην^ κ€κτημαι^ ίκτήθην, λα|ΐβάνω (take)^ Χήψομαι^ ίΧαβον^ €ΪΧηφα^ εϊΧημμαι^ ΙΧήφθην. λανθάνω (^escape notice of)^ Χήσω, εΧαθον^ ΧεΧηθα, ΧβΧησμαι, λέγω (say)^ λ^^ω, Ιλβ^α, εϊρηκα^ λελεγ/χα^, εΧέγθην. λέγω (collect)^ λ^^ω, eXe^a, εϊΧογ^α^ eiXeypui^ εΧβτγην, λ€('ΐΓω (leave)^ Χβίψω^ eXnrov, ΧβΧοιττα, ΧβΧειμμαί^ έΧ^ίφθην. μ^ίνθάνω (learn),, μαθήσομαι, Ιμαθον, μεμάθηκα. μάχομαι (fight),, μαχοΰμαι (§ 142, 3), έμαγεσάμην^ μ€μάχημαι.

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178 APPENDIX μένω (remain')^ μ€νώ^ Ιμ€ΐνα^ μ€μένηκα, μίγνυμι (mix)y μίξω^ e/Atf α, μ^μι^γμ^^ έμίχβην. μιμνήσκω (remind)^ μνησω^ ίμνησα^ μέμνημοΛ (/ remem" her)^ ίμνησθην. νομΧξω (believe)^ νομιω (§ 148, 2), Μμισα^ νενόμικα^ veuoμισμαι^ ίνομίσθην, οΐομαΐ (ρΙμοΛ) (think)^ οΐήσομαι^ φήθην, οΐχο|Μΐι (be gone)^ οΙχησομοΛ. Pres. with perfect meaning, δλλυμι {de%tToy)^ see αττ'όΧΚυμι. δμνυμί {%wear)^ ομοΰμαι (§ 142, 3), ωμοσα^ ομ&μοκα (§ 124, 4), ομωμομαι^ ώμόθην. όράοι (eee), imperf. έώρων^ οψομαι^ elBov^ ίώρα/ca^ έώραμαι and &μμαι^ ωφθην. όψ€(λω (owe)^ οφ€ΐΚήσω^ ώφβίΧησα^ ώφ€ί\ηκα. 2 aor. ώφ€\ον (would that) (§ 330, i). Ίτί^Γχω (suffer), ττβίσομαι, hraOov^ ττίττονθα, 'Π'€{θω (persuade), ττβίσω, hreiaa, Trerrei/ca^ Ίτέττβισμαι^ βττβίσθην. 2 perf. ιτέποιθα (Ι trust), 'ηΐψπω (send), ττεμψω, Ιττβμψα, ττ^ομφα, Ίτέττ^μμαι,, έπ^μφθην, Ίτίμιτλημί (fill), ττΧήσω, ίττΧησα, ιτέττΧηκα, ττεπΧησμαι^ έττΧήσθην. Ίτίνω (drink), ττίομαι, hnov, Ίτίττωκα, Ίτίττομαι, έττόθην, ττίτιτω (fall), ττ^σοΰμαι, erreaov, ιτειττωκα. Ίτλέω (sail) (§ 162, 2), ττΧβνσομαι, iirXevaa, TrerrXcvfca, iri^ ττΧευσμαι (§ 140), έττΧ^ύσθην. Ίτυνθάνομαι (inquire), ττενσομαι, ίττυθόμην, ττΑτυσ/Αα*. ^ω (flow) (§ 162,2), ρυησομαι or (χύσομαι, έρρνην, ippvηκα. ^γνυμι (break), ρηξω, ίρρηξα, ίρρω^γα, ίρράηην. στέλλω (send), στελώ, έστειλα, βσταΧκα, ΙσταΧμαι, ίστάΧηρ (§150,2,5). στρέψω (turn), στρ^ω, έστρεψα, ίστραμμαι, ίστράφην, σφΙ^ω (save), σώσω, ίσωσα, σεσωκα, σέσωμαι and σέσωσμαι^

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LIST OF IMPORTANT VERBS 179 τάνω (stretcK)^ t€V&^ ereiva^ τέτακα^ τέταμαι^ βτάβην, τέμνω (^cut)^ T€/a

GREEK INDEX B^erences are to sections d- or avy as prefix, 215. at and -oc, the terminations, as afifecting the accent, 12, 2, a, αιδώς, declension of, 50, 3. «[ΛΛος, idiomatic use of, 285. άλλο rt η, introducing questions, 218, 1. α/Λα, with the dative, 212, 2. άμείνων, 91. • άμφω, inflection of, 94, 3. dv, position of, 324, 2. omission of, 331, 1 ; 358 ; 364, 2,6. with subjunctive, changed to optative without dv, 380, 3. with indicative in indirect discourse, 379, 2. synopsis of the various uses of, 412-417. dpa, in questions, 218, 3. άριστος, 91. αρχόμενος, idiomatic use of, 398, 4. άστυ, declension of, 49, 3. drra, 109, 2. drra, 114, 1. arc, with participle, 378, 1 and 2. αυτός, 98, 1. αυτός, 292. with the article, 284, 5. as personal pronoun, 287, 289. avTovy 100, 2. βέλτίων and βέλτιστος, 91. βσφεω, with the dative, 235, 2, 6. βονλομαχ, augment of, 123, 2, d, βονς, declension of, 50, 4. γ nasal, 2, 2, a. γάλα, declension of, 54. γαχττηρ, 52. -ycn/s, declension of proper names in, 46, 2. accent of, 46, 2. yow, declension of, 54. γρανς, declension of, 50, 4. γννη, declension of, 54. -Sc, adverbial suffix, 208. Sci, with dative and genitive, 235, 5. with accusative and infinitive, 235, 5, a. δ/ω, contraction of, 162, 2. δίολιττών xpoyov, 398, 4. δί^άω, contraction of, 162, 1. δόρυ, declension of, 54. δνμα^ιαι, accent in optative of, 196. δυίτ-, prefix, 215. iav for €l dv, 324, 2. in conditional sentences, 351, 1 ; 352, 1 ; 354. idv και, 362. €αυτου, used for second or third person, 290, 2. εάω, augment of, 123, 2, c. εγγύς, with genitive, 212. ίδυν, inflection of, 195, 4. 181

182 INDEX ίδωκα, 185, b. ΪΛ/κα, 185, b. ίθίζω^ augment of, 123, 2, c. c2, in conditional sentences, 350 ; 351, 2 ; 352 ; 353. after verbs of emotion, 348. in indirect questions, 219, 1 and 2; 408, 1. €1 γαρ, in wishes, 330, 337. cT^c, in wishes, 330, 337. ci Kcu, 362. ci/bii, conjugation of, 130. ctfu, coi^ugation of, 198. meaning of present of, 198, 2. accent of, in compounds, 198, 3. ciirc, accent of, 181, a. ctirov, with oTi of indirect discourse, 376, 2. €iT€f in indirect questions, 219, 2. ίλάττων and ΙΧάχιχττος, 91. iXOi, accent of, 181, a. ελίσσω, augment of, 123, 2, c. €λκω, augment of, 1 23, 2, c. ivavTiov, with genitive, 212. hf€Ka {€y€Kcy), with genitive, 212. iicoTi, with dative and infinitive, 235, 5, 6. iw€iSav, 324, 2. ^miv (cVav), 324, 2. ^irtcrra/Aot, accent of, 196. cTTOfiat, augment of, 123, 2, c. ΙπρίΛμ,ψ, accent of, 196. inflection of, 195, 3. Ιργάζομαι, augment of, 123, 2, c. ^ω, augment of, 123, 2, c. «Γτατον, inflection of, 195, 5. ίστι for Ιστί, 132, 1. €στιάω, augment of, 123, 2, c. Ιστιν οι, 296, 1. €στώ?, declension of, 83. cvp^ accent of, 181, a. ^χω, augment of, 123, 2, c. €>•

INDEX 188 KcuVcp, with the participle, 362, 1. icai τον, 278. κάΒημοΛ^ inflection of, 204. Kara- in compound verbe followed by genitive, 255, 1. Kcifuu, coiyugation of, 203. K€/oas, declension of, 54. κνάω, contraction of, 162, 1. 'κράτψ, declension of proper names in, 46, 2. KiW, declension of, 54. λανθάνω, with the accusative, 226, 1. with the participle, 400, 4. with aorist participle, 322, 1, b. λαβί, accent of, 181, a. λέγω, with infinitive or οτι of indirect discourse, 376, 2. μά, in oaths, 232. μέγιστος, 91. μείζων, 91. /AcXct, with dative and genitive, 235, 5; 254, 4, a. μέλλω, augment of, 123, 2, d. with future infinitive, 320, 1. fiercaTc, with dative and genitive, 235, 5. μέχρι, with subjunctive without 5v, 364, 2, b, μή, synopsis of various uses of, 403-411. used instead of ov, 407, 2 ; 408, 2. μη ου, after verbs of hindering, etc., 409, 2. after negative expressions, 409, 3. μτβείς, declined, 94. μόνον ov, 411. μων, in questions, 218^ 2. V, changed before certain other consonants, 6, 1. movable, 9. in accusative singular of third declension, 44, 1. νανς, declension of, 50, 4. νη, in oaths, 232. vr-, dropped in dative plural of third declension, 44, 3. 6 /ACK . . . S δ€, 278. o8e, use of, 291, 1. with the article, 284, 2. -oc and -oi, as affecting the accent, 12, 2, a. ota, with participles, 398, 2, 3. ot&a, coi\jugation of, 200. oiKoc, accent of, 12, 2, a. Λ, declension of, 54. οικουμένη, 272, 1. ολίγου (Sciv), 254, 7, α. οιτως, after verbs of striving, 341. with governing verb omitteS, 341, 1. ΟΊτως αν, 414, 1. ορνκ, declension of, 54. 09, sometimes used in general relative clauses, 368, 2. όσον ov, 411. δσπ€ρ, 112. όστις, in relative clauses, 368, 2. in indirect questions, 298, 1. όταν, 324, 2. oTt, used to strengthen superlatives, 274, 1. in indirect discourse, 376, 1 j 379.

184 INDEX ότου, 114, 1. ovy ουκ, ου\, 9, 3. ον and μη, synopsis of the various uses of, 403-411. ov, with &rT€ and the infinitive, 344, 2. συ μη, 410, 2. ού μέντοι άλλα, 411. ου, as indirect reflexive, 287. oiSk ΊΓολλου Set, 254, 7, α. olSek, declension of, 94. ούκονν, in questions, 218, 1. οΖς, declension of, 54. ovre, accent of, 17, 4, d. ούτος, with the article, 284, 2. οΰχ on . . . άλλα και, 411. ir-mutes, 2, 2. παις, declension of^ 54. ττάλαΐ, with present indicative, 307, 5. πειθώ, declension of, 50, 1. 7Γ«νάω, contraction of, 162. π€\£κυς, declension of, 49, 3. νηχυς, declension of, 49, 3. πλύων (πλ€ων), πλείστος, 91. πλην, with genitive, 212. πολλού Set, 254, 7, α. πότερον, in double questions, 219 ; 219, 2. πραΐυς, declension of, 77, 2. 7/[>tV-clauses, 365. προ, contracted with augment, 125, 1. πρό του, 278. ρ, with rough breathing, 5, 2. doubled in augment, 123, ροίων and ραστος, 91. -σε, suffix denoting place whither, 208. -σι, suffix denoting place where^ 208. σ/ϋΜω, contraction of^ 162, 1. σνν- changed to σνσ- or σν-, 6, 1. T-mutes, 2, 2. ταυτι;, 272, 1. ταύτόν, 98, 2. ταχίστην, 272, 1. τ£6'ν£ώ9, declension of, 83. TL μαθών (παθών), 398, 4. τιμωρεΐν, with the dative, 235, 2,6. τιμωρείσθαι, with the accusative, 235, 2, 6. Tts and 5στΐ9, 298, 1. roioaSc, declension of, 117, 1. τοιούτος, declension of, 117, 2. τον και τον, 278. τοσόσλ, declension of, 117, 1. τοσούτος, declension of, 117, 2. του, for Tivos or tivo's, 109, 1. τυγχάνω, with the participle, 400, 4. with aorist participle, 322, 1, h, τψ, 278. ύδωρ, declension of, 54» υιός, declension of, 54. φείίσμοί, foUowed by the genitive, 257. φημί, conjugation of, 201. with infinitive of indirect discourse, 376, 2. φθάνω, with the participle, 400, 4. with the aorist participle, 322; 1,6. ^ φίλτερος, φιλτατος, 91.

INDEX 185 Xcip, decleneion of, 54. χειρών J 91. XpaopjoLLy followed by the dative, 241. contraction of, 162, 1. χράω, contraction of, 162, 1. XpiJ, inflection of, 202. ψάω^ contraction of, 162, 1. ώς, followed by the accusative case, 212, 3. ueed to strengthen superlatives, 274, 1. with participles, 398, 2 and 3. ως avy use of, 414. ωσπερ, with implied apodosis, 361, 1. ώστ€, accent of, 17, 4, d. followe

ENGLISH INDEX B^erences are to aectiona Ablatival genitive, 256-262. dative, 240-248. Absolute, genitive, 266. accusative, 266, 3. Abstract words with the article, 276, 2. Accent, 12-16. recessive, 12, 3, a, of contracted syllables, 13. in elision, 14. of proclitics, 15. of enclitics, 16-17. of nouns, 22. in the first declension, 27. in the second declension, 35. of contracts of second declension, 38. in the third declension, 40. of adjectives, 59. 62. 65. 68, 2. of monosyllabic participles, 78, 4. of verbs, 126-128. of second tenses, 181. of verbs in -/u, 196. of compound words, 215, 1 and 2. Accompaniment, dative of, 243. Accusative, of third declension in V, 44, 1. becomes subject of passive, 301, 3. retained after passive verbs, 301, 4. as object, 226. cognate, 226, 2. of neuter pronouns or a^ectives after intransitive verbs, 226, 3. of object and predicate, 227. of person and thing, 228. of object and cognate, 228, 3. of specification, 229. adverbial, 229, 1. of time and space, 230. of limit of motion, 231. in oaths, 232. as subject of infinitive, 233. with genitive after verbs of holding, 254, 1, a. with verbs of hearing, 254, 2. with ποΐ€Ϊν Tt, etc., 254, 3. after Scoftat, 257, 1. absolute, 266, 3. Accusing, verbs of, with genitive, 255. compounds of κατά, 255, 1. Acute accent, 12, 1. when changed to grave, 12, 3. Adjectives, comparison of, 87-91. dative with, 239. genitive with, 262, 1. attributive, 268. predicate, 269. agreement of, 270-271. neuter, with masculine or feminine substantives, 270, 1. 187

188 ENGLISH INDEX with collective nouns, 270, 2. used as substantives, 272. with adverbial force, 273. comparative and superlative, 274. attribute position of, 283, 1. predicate position of, 284, 1. followed by the infinitive, 387. Advantage, dative of, 236, 1. Adverbs, formation of, 207-208. comparison of, 209. dative with, 239. genitive with, 262, 1 and 2. with the article, 279, 3. Agent, dative of, 237. genitive of, 264. Agreement of adjectives, 270. Aiming, verbs of, with genitive, 254, 1. Alpha privative, 215. copulative, 215. Antecedent, attraction of relative to case of, 295. sometimes omitted, 296. Aorist, use of, 305. 306, 1. 310. translated by perfect or pluperfect, 306, 3. the gnomic, 310, 1. of the subjunctive, 314, 2. of the optative, 316. 317. of the imperative, 318. of the infinitive, 320. 321. of the participle, 322. of the participle denoting contemporaneous action, 322, 1. indicative to express a wish, 330. indicative with Siv to express potentiality, 331. with iterative αν, 331, 3. subjunctive in prohibitions, 335. 339, 1. in unreal conditions, 353. Apodosis of conditional sentences, 357. sometimes omitted, 361. 361, 2. Appositives, agreement of, 222. partial, 222, 3. Article, declension of the, 20. syntax of, 275-285. use of, 275-279. as a personal pronoun, 278. with the infinitive, 279. 390. with the participle, 279, 2. 396. with adverbs and phrases, 279, 3. position of the, 280-285. as possessive pronoun, 288. with /icVos, etc., 285. Assisting, verbs of, with dative, 235, 2. Assimilation. See Attraction. Attic second declension, 36. reduplication, 124, 4. future, 142, 1. 148, 2. Attraction of the relative pronoun, 295. of moods, 371. Attributive adjectives, 268. position, 280. participle, 396. Augment, 123. of imperfect tense of κάθημαι, 204, 2. Beginning, verbs of, with genitive, 254, 4. with participle, 400, 1. Believing, verbs of, with dative, 235, 2.

ENGLISH INDEX 189 Beseeching, verbs of, with genitive, 254, 1, h. Breathings, rough and smooth, 5. position of, 5, 1. Cases, syntax of, 223-266. See Nominative, etc. Causal clauses, 346-348. Cause, genitive of, 259. dative of, 240. expressed by participle, 397, 6. expressed by dative of infinitive, 390. Charge or crime, genitive of, 255. Circumflex accent, 12, 2. in aorist subjunctive passive, 153, 9. Circumstantial participle, 397398. Cognate accusative, 226, 2. with another accusative, 228, 3. Commanding, dative after verbs of, 235, 2. Comparative a^ ecti ves declined, 66. formation of, 87-91. adverbs, 209. Comparatives, without η followed by the genitive, 263. dative after, 244. Comparison, genitive of, 258. Complementary infinitive, 386, 2. Complex statements in indirect discourse, 380. Compound negatives, 409, 4. verbs, augment of, 125. verbs, reduplication of, 125. genitive after, 261. dative after, 235, 6. Conative present tense, 307, 3. imperfect tense, 308, 3. Concession expressed by participle, 397, d, 362, 1. Concessive clauses, 362. Condition expressed by participle, 397, c. Conditional sentences, 349-361. simple, 350. general, 351. future, 352. 356. unreal, 353. mixed, 359. Contracted syllables, accent of, 13. nouns of first declension, 31. nouns of second declension, 37. adjectives, 60. pure verbs, 135, 1. principal parts of, 141-142. rules for contraction of, 161162. Contraction of vowels, 7. 161. rules for, in contract verbs, 161-162. of dissyllabic verbs in -€ω, 162, 2. Correlative pronouns, table of, 1 18 Crasis, 10. Crime, genitive of, 255. Dative, becoming subject with passive voice, 301, 4. as predicate after the infinitive, 233, 2, a, proper, 235-239. of indirect object with transitive verbs, 235, 1. of indirect object with intransitive verbs, 235, 2. with δ€Γ, etc., 235, 5. after verbs compounded with prepositions, 235, 6.

190 ENGLISH INDEX of reference, 236. of advantage, 236, 1. of agency, 237. of possession, 238. after adjectives, adverbs, and nouns, 239. ablatival, 240-248. of cause, 240. after verbs of emotion, 240, 1. of means or instrument, 241. after χμάομαι^ 241, 1. of manner, 242. with συν, 243. of accompaniment in military expressions, 243, 1. of degree of difference, 244. of specification, 245. of time, 246. 247. of place, 248. after /icXci, 254, 5, a, after ηγίομαι^ 254, 6, a. of relative pronoun by attraction, 295. of infinitive denoting cause, 390. Deliberative questions, 334. in indirect discourse, 381, note. Demonstrative pronouns, agreeing with an interrogative, 217, 2. with the article, 276, 1. Dental mutes, 2, 2. Denying, negative after verbs of, 409. Deponent verbs, 153, 8. Depriving, two accusatives after verbs of, 228, 1. Diphthongs, proper and improper, 3. Direct questions. See Questions. Double consonants, 2, 2. Dual subject with plural predi cate, 270, 3. Elision, 8. accent in, 14. Emotion, dative after verbs of, 240, 1. genitive after verbs of, 259. Enclitics, 17. accent of, 17. Envying, dative after verbs of, 235, 2. Euphonic changes, 6. Exclamation, infinitive in, 389, 2. 390, 2. Expecting, future infinitive after verbs of, 386, 2, 3. Extent, accusative of, 230. Fearing, clauses depending on verbs of, 342. Finite moods in indirect discourse, 376. 379. Following, dative after verbs of, 235, 4. Forbidding, negative after verbs of, 409. Future, Attic, 142, 3. 148, 2. of liquid verbs, formation of, 150, b. coiyugation of, 173. indicative, 305. 309. optative, 316. 317. infinitive, 320. 321. infinitive with /χ.€λλω, 320, 1. participle, 322. with ov μ,η^ 335, 1. indicative in relative clauses of purpose, 340, 2, 3. indicative with όπως, 341.

ENGLISH INDEX 191 indicative with €φ'

192 ENGLISH INDEX use of, in prohibitions, 339, 1. sometimes omitted before οττως, 341, 1. Imperfect tense, meaning of, 305. 308. denoting customaiy action, 308, 2. conative, 308, 3. how turned to optative, 317, 1. how turned to infinitive, 320, 1. indicative, to express a wish, 330. indicative with αν to express potentiality, 331. indicative with dv omitted, 331, 1. 358. with iterative αν, 331, 3. in general conditions, 351, 2. in unreal conditions, 353. Impersonal construction with verbal adjectives, 401, 2. Indicative, tenses of the, 302313. present, 307. imperfect, 308. future, 309. aorist, 310. perfect, 311. pluperfect, 312. future perfect, 313. in expressions of fact, 329. in unattainable wishes, 330. with αν to express past potentiality, 331. with αν to express a customary action, 331, 3. future with ov μη, 335, 1. in object clauses after verbs of striving, 341. after verbs of fearing, 342, 1. in result clauses, 344. 344, 1. in causal clauses, 347. in explanatory clauses, 347, 2. with d afber expressions of emotion, 348. in the protasis of conditional sentences, 350. 353. 356. in the apodosis of conditional sentences, 350. 351. 352, 1. 353. 356. 358. in concessive clauses, 362. in temporal clauses, 364. after πριν, 365, 2. in simple relative clauses, 367. in relative purpose clauses, 369. in relative result clauses, 370. of past time, due to attraction, 371, 1. in unreal purpose clauses, 371, 1, a, in indirect discourse, 379. 379, 2. 380, 2. 381. Indirect discourse, 372-381. tenses of, 317. 321. questions, 219, 1 and 2. 381. Infinitive, subject of the, 233. tenses of the, 319-321. with ωφίλον in wishes, 330, 1. of result, 344, 2. 345. after ίφ* , 345, 2. after πριν, 365, 1. in indirect discourse, 376. 377. after φημί and λέ/ω, 376. 2. with 5v, 377, 2. 391. without the article, 385-389. as subject or object, 386. 390. after verbs of desiring, etc., 386, 2, 1. after verbs of ability, etc., 386, 2,2.

ENGLISH INDEX 193 future, after verbs of hoping, etc., 386, 2, 3. complementary, 386, 2. after a^ectives, 387. the limiting, 387, 2. of purpose, 388. the independent, 389. in exclamations, 389, 2. 390, 2. with the article, 390-391. used as a noun, 386. 390. dative of, denoting cause, 390. Iiyuring, dative after verbs of, 235, 2. Instrument, dative of, 241. Interrogatives, two or more with same verb, 217, 1. joined with a demonstrative pronoun, 217, 2. Iota subscript, 4. Iterative αν, 331, 3. Knowing, verbs of, followed by indirect discourse, 376, 1. Labial mutes, 2, 2. Liquid verbs, principal parts of, 149-100. inflection of the future, 173. inflection of the perfect and pluperfect middle, 174, 175. Manner, dative of, 242. Means, dative of, 241. Middle voice, meaning of, 300. Moods, attraction of, 371. sequence of, 326. 327. in simple sentences, 328-339. in dependent clauses, 340-371. See Indicative, Subjunctive, etc. Movable v, 9. Mutes classified, 2, 2. Mute verbs, principal parts of, 143-148. inflection of perfect and pluperfect middle, 170-172. Negatives. See synopsis of the use of ov and μη, 403-411. in emphatic statements in indirect discourse, 408, 2. transferred, 406, 1. with adjectives or nouns, 407, 1. compound, 409, 4. strengthened, 409, 4. double, 410. Neuter pronouns or adjectives in accusative after intransitive verbs, 226, 3. Nominative as subject, 220. as predicate, 221. as predicate after an infinitive, 233, 2. Oaths, accusative in, 232. Obeying, dative after verbs of, 235, 2. Object, direct, sometimes retained with passive verb, 301, 4. clauses after verbs of striving, 341. clauses after verbs of fearing, 342. Optative, tenses of the, 315-316. use of the, 323. 326. in wishes, 337. in future potentiality, 338. equivalent to a softened indicative, 338, 1. in purpose clauses, 340. after verbs of fearing, 342.

194 ENGLISH INDEX in result clauses, 344, I. iu causal clauses, 347. 347, 1. in the protasis of conditional sentences, 351, 2. 352, 2. in the apodosis of conditional sentences, 352, 2. 357. in concessive clauses, 362. in temporal clauses, 364, 2 and 3. in relative clauses, 368. due to attraction, 371, 2. in indirect discourse, 379, 2. 380, 2. 381, 2. Pardoning, dative after verbs of, 235, 2. Participle, declension of, 78-86. tenses of the, 322. expressing condition, 360. 397, c. with KacVcp, 362, 1. in indirect discourse, 378. agreement of, 378, 1. with &vy 378, 2. the attributive, 396. used as a substantive, 396. the circumstantial, 397. expressing purpose, 397, c. with 5t€ and ώ?, 398, 2 and 3. with adverbial force, 398, 4. the supplementary, 399. after verbs of beginning, etc., 399, 1. after verbs of emotion, 399, 2. after verbs of permitting, 399, 3. after τνγχάνω, etc., 399, 4. Particle av. See synopsis of the uses of 5v, 412-417. Partitive genitive, 250. 253. 254. in predicate position, 284, 4. Patronymics, 214, 6. Perfect tense, 305. 306, 1. 311. translated by the present, 306, 2. optative, 316. 317. infinitive, 320. 321. participle, 322. subjunctive active, periphrastic form of, 153, 4. Personal construction, 386, 1. with passive verbs, 377, 3. with verbal adjectives, 401, 1. Personal pronouns, 286. 290, 1. and the article, 283, 3. 283, 4. Place, genitive of, 265, 2. dative of, 248. accusative of, 231. Pluperfect tense, 305. 312. how transferred to the optative, 317, 1. how transferred to the infinitive, 321, 1. Possessive pronouns with the article, 276, 1. 283, 2. Potentiality, future, 338. past, 331. Predicate adjectives, 269. position, 281. nouns and acjjectives without article, 277. 284, 1, a. Prepositions, 210-212. improper, 212. Present tense, 305. 307. gnomic, 307, 2. conative, 307, 3. historical, 307, 4. with ττάλαι, 307, 5. of the subjunctive, 314, 2. of the optative, 316. 317. of the imperative, 318.

ENGLISH INDEX 195 of the infinitive, 320. 321. of the participle, 322. imperative in prohibitions, 339, 1. Price, genitive of, 260. Principal parts of verbs, 137. formation of, 138-150. Proclitics, 15. accent of, 315. Prohibitions, 335. 339, 1. Promising, future infinitive after verbs of, 386, 2, 3. Pronouns, 286-299. table of correlatives, 118. Proper names with the article, 276, 3. Protasis of conditional sentence expressed by relative clause, participle, or phrase, 360. sometimes omitted, 331, 2. Punctuation, 18. Purpose clauses, 340. relative, 369. participial, 397, c. unreal, 371. expressed by infinitive, 388. Questions, 217-219. implying the answer yea, 218, 1. implying the answer no, 218, 2. double, 219. deliberative, 334. indirect, 219, 1 and 2. 381. Recessive accent, 12, 3, a. Reduplication, 124. Attic, 124, 4. Reference, dative of, 236. Reflexive pronouns, 290. third person of, for first or second, 290, 2. Relative clauses, 366-370. expressing condition, 368, 1. expressing purpose, 369. expressing result, 370. Relative pronoun, agreement of, 294. attraction of, 295. antecedent of, not expressed, 296. Result clauses, 343-345. expressed by relative clause, 370. Second tenses, 176-181. accent of, 181. perfect of Ιστημι, inflection of, 195, 5. perfect of θνησκω^ inflection of, 195, 6. Separation, genitive of, 257. Sequence of moods, 326-327. Space, extent of, denoted by accusative, 230. Specification, accusative of, 229. dative of, 245. Subject of the infinitive, 233. not expressed, 233, 2. agreement of predicate words with, 233, 2 and Note. Subjunctive mood, 323. 332. tenses of, 314. in exhortations, 333. in deliberative questions, 334. in prohibitions, 335. 339, 1. expressing strong denial, 335, 1. expressing doubt, 335, 2. in purpose clauses, 340. 340, 1. after verbs of fearing, 342. in the protasis of conditional sentences, 351, 1. 352, 1.

196 ENGLISH INDEX in concessive clauses, 362. in temporal clauses, 364, 2 and 3. iu until clauses, 364, 3, h and c. after πριν, 365, 2. in relative clauses, 368. due to attraction, 371, 2. when changed in indirect discourse, 380, 3. in indirect discourse, 381, Note. Superlatives strengthened by as or oTi, 274, 1. Supplementary participle, 399. Swearing, future infinitive with verbs of, 386, 2, 3. Temporal clauses, 363-365. after πριν, 365. conditional, 364, 2, a. expressed by participle, 397, a. Tenses, principal and historical, 121. in indirect discourse, 373. of the indicative, 313. of the subjunctive, 314. of the optative, 315-316. of the imperative, 318. of the infinitive, 319-321. of the participle, 322. See Present, Imperfect, etc. Time, accusative of, 230. dative of, 246, 1. genitive of, 265, 1. unreal conditions, 353. Until clauses, 364, 2, h and c 365, 2. Value, genitive of, 260. Verbal a^ectives, formation of, 205. accent of, 206. syntax of, 401-402. followed by dative of agent, 237, 1. Voices of the verb, 300-301. Wishes, unattainable, 330. attainable, 337.

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