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ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR JAPANESE LANGUAGE.

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ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR OF THE JAPANESE LANGUAGE, fcjr ^ttytmiftt (Bffltim. 'X*' OF THK ' ' UNIVERSITY J BY ^ATUI BABA, SECOND AND ENLARGED EDITION. LONDON: TRUBNER AND CO., 57 & 59, LUDGATE HILL. NEW YORK : D. APPLETON AND CO., 1, 3 & 5, BOND STREET. [All rights reserved.]

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7/y LONDON : printed by gilbert and rivington, limited, st. John's house, clerkenwell road. 7/2- tl

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PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. When this book was published in 1873, the object was twofold. The first was to protest against an idea entertained by some of my countrymen that the Japanese language is very imperfect, and therefore it must be exterminated. This idea, however, appears to have been given up as altogether preposterous and extravagant. The second was to give a general idea of the Japanese language as it is spoken. Maturer thought suggests to me some alterations, but I found that no material change is necessary. I have added several new Exercises which I deemed advisable, and trusting that in its new form it will prove acceptable, I have the pleasure of submitting a second edition of the work. The Author. New York, January, 1888.

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JAPANESE GRAMMAR. I. THE ALPHABET, OB The Iroha. The letters used in Japanese are forty-seven. They have two different forms, one of which is called Katakana, and the other Hir alcana. We give the Katakana, as under : — j a a - # -v h f o X )v 7 7 S" 7 -V ? 3- 7 ^x^T^^i * S >- 2 b. ^ fc * These letters are called in Japanese : — i ro ha ni ho he to ti ri nu ru o wa ha yo ta re so tu ne na ra mu u i no o leu ya ma he fit ho ye te a sa hi yn me mi si ye hi mo se zu. The whole system of the letters is called Iroha, from "f H? /\ , the names of these first three letters. B

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Vowels. 2. The Vowels. Of the above forty-seven, five ( X ^f V 2 7) are vowels; the sounds of these five letters are as .'follows : — a ) has the sound of a in master, or mama. i ^ „ ,, i in inland. u 5? ,, >> u in queen. e JL » „ e in echo, o 5^ M „ ' o in month. The rest of the letters are arranged according to these five vowels, as follows : — a r i -f u ^ e 2 ka # ki * ku p ke Zr sa Tj" si y su X se "fe ta f& ti f tu 7 te 5s na *Jni nu y> ne ^f ha )\ hi n fu 7 he *\ ma sT mi ^. mu *4 me y( ya -Y yi -f yu O. ye O; ra y ri u m ;iy re 1/ wa y wi # wu $7 we 2 o ko so to y h no J ho ^1 mo -£ yo ^ ro 13 wo 5^

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Etymology. 3 When the sign ° or * is marked on the head of a letter, as ~}f or /\, it changes its sound; J] (ha) becomes *Jf (goj, and /\ (ha), /\ (pa). These changes will be seen in the following table : — it ba /V pa /\° za da g1 ^ g» T ge >? zi -^ zu X ze t* di & du 7* de 71* bi \? bu y be •** pi tr. Pu 7° pe *N bo $? po 7$? go zo do X and 2C, q and 9T * <1" and 5^ , are distinguished by ancient usage, but at the present time the distinction is no longer observed. In most parts of Japan, "J* di and $/ zi, / du and % zu> are distinguished from one another in their pronunciation, although they are pronounced alike in some parts of the country. II. THE PARTS OP SPEECH. Words are divided into eight classes, that is, parts of speech — Nouns, Adjectives, Pronouns, Verbs, Adverbs, Postpositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections. Note — There is nothing in Japanese to answer to the English Articles, definite or indefinite. b2

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4 Of Number and Gender. Of Nouns. A Noun is the name of any person, place, or thing • as, niwi) garden ; Nippon, Japan. Nouns are either Proper or Common : — 1. A Proper Noun is the name of any particular person, place, or thing, as Yokohama, Kosi. 2. A Common Noun is a name given in common to everything of the same kind, as tuhuye, table. Nouns are varied by number and gender. Of Number. There are two numbers, the Singular and the Plural. In Japanese, nouns change their forms in a few cases; generally they have the same forms, both in the plural and singular. But when they change their forms the plural is rendered by adding domo, gata, or ra to the singular ; as ko, child; danna, gentleman ; shosei, student, in the singular; and Tcodomo, dannagata, shoseira, in the plural. The number of nouns generally are distinguished by numeral adjectives ; as, hito hitori, one person ; hito futari, two persons. Of Gender. Nouns have three genders — the Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter.

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Of Gender. 5 The masculine denotes the male sex; as, otoko, man. The feminine denotes the female sex; as onna, woman. The neuter denotes whatever is without sex; as, yama, mountain. There are two different ways of distinguishing the sex : — 1. By different words ; as — Masculine. otolcOy man. teishu, husband. so, monk. segare, son. titi, father. oji, uncle. oi, nephew. Ifiana muko, bridegroom. danna, gentleman. Feminine* onna, woman. niyobo, wife. ama, nun. ycimomoj ,, wide war* musume, daughter. haha, mother. oh a, aunt. mei, niece. hana yomey bride. fuzin, lady. 2. By prefixing another word ; asMasculine. otoko no Ico, male child. ontori, male bird. K+U'ei, Emperor. 0, King. Feminine, onna no Jco, female child. mentori, female bird. Niyotei, Empress. Niyo-o, Queen.

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6 Of Adjectives. Of Case. There are three cases ; namely, the Nominative, Possessive, and Objective. The nominative is rendered by placing the sign wa, ga, or mo after nouns; as, otoho ga or wa, mo, ikimasu, man goes. The possessive is formed by putting the sign no after nouns; as, otoho no 'kimono, man's dress. The objective is rendered by the sign wo, ni, or ga — Otoho ga onna wo utimasita, A man has beaten a woman. In the potential mood, ga is used as a sign of the objective case. Note — The signs of the nominative, wa and mo are used in opposition to each other. When two things or persons do the same actions, mo is used; as, Onna mo otoho mo iHmasu, Both man and woman go. But when they do some different actions, wa is used ; as, Onna wa hayerimasu ga (but) otoho wa orimasu, Woman goes away, but man stays. Ga is sometimes used in an emphatic sentence ; as, Watahusi ga simasita, I have done it. Ni, the sign of the objective case, answers to the dative in Latin ; and in English it may be translated into 'to/ or ' for / as Kane wo otoho ni yare, Give money to the man. y^ Op Adjectives. An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun.

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Of Pronouns. 7 Adjectives have three degrees of comparison — the Positive, Comparative, and. Superlative. The comparative is formed by placing yori or yorimo (more than) before the positive ; as, yori yoi, better ; and the superlative by putting the words ichi ban, or nwttomo, before the positive; as, itti ban, or mottomo yoi, best. There are three kinds of adjectives, namely, qualificative, quantitative, and demonstrative : — 1. Qualificative adjectives express the quality ; as, hireina shomotu, fine books. 2. Quantitative adjectives express the quantity; as, takusanna shomotu, many books. 3. Demonstrative adjectives serve to point out ; as, hono shomotu, this book; sono shomotu, that booh. Of Pkonouns. ^ A Pronoun is a word used instead of a Noun. There are three kinds of pronouns — Personal, Interrogative, and Demonstrative. Note — Relative Pronouns are not used in conversation. 1. Personal Pronouns are used to represent the three persons, namely, first, second, and third person. They have numbers and cases, but they are applied both to feminine and masculine without distinction.

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8 Of Interrogative Pronouns. The whole of the personal pronouns in their simple forms may be represented thus : — First Person. Second Person. Third Person. Singular . watahusi, anata, are, or kare. Plural . . watahusi domo, anatay-ata, arera, or harera. The cases are rendered by placing ni, no, and the other particles after pronouns, as in cases of watahusi ga, or wa, I ; watahusi ni, me. Are and arera are seldom used in conversation. Generally the names of persons are repeated, or else demonstrative adjectives and hito or oJcata (person) are used ; as, Kono okata ga ihimasu, This person goes. 2. Interrogative Pronouns are used to ask questions. There are three kinds of interrogative pronouns — dare, which is applied to persons ; nani, which is applied to things, or inferior animals ; and dore, which is used when a choice is expressed. The cases are rendered by the particles no, ni, wa, and the others as in case of a noun. Examples: — Sohoni dare ga imasu ha ? Who is there ? Sohoni nani ga imasu ha? What is there? Dore wo anata wa torimasu ha ? Which do you take ? Note — When any question is asked, the sign ha is always put at the end of the sentence. 3. Demonstrative Pronouns serve to point out the object spoken of.

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Of Verbs. 9 There are two kinds of demonstrative pronouns, namely, kore and sore, which correspond to 'this* and 'that' in English. They have cases, which are rendered like cases of a noun : they have the same forms both in the plural and singular. Examples : — Kore wo d-torinasare, Take this ; Watalfusi ni sore wo kudasare, Give me that. OF VEEBS. A Verb is a word used to express existence or action. Verbs are of three kinds — Active, Passive, and Neuter. 1. An Active Verb expresses action passing from an actor to some object ; as, Watakusi wa shomotu wo mimasu, I see or read a book. 2. A Passive Verb expresses the suffering of an action performed by another; as, Watakusi wa hito m* miraremasu, I am seen by people. 3. A Neuter Verb is neither active nor passive ; it expresses existence, condition of being, and action limited to the actor ; as, Watakusi wa nemurimasu, I sleep. Inflection of Verbs. Verbs are inflected to express voices, moods, and tenses. There are three kinds of Japanese verbs — first, # Here ni means * by • in English.

10 Inflection of Verbs. utu, to strike ; second, nageru, to throw; third, suru, to do, or make. 1. Active Voice. When the verbs are used in conversation, u of the verbs of the first kind is substituted by i, and masu in an affirmative sentence, or masen in a negative sentence is added, as utimasu or utirnasen; ruoi that of the second is taken away, and masu or masen is put, as yiagemasu or nagemasen ; utu of that of the third is substituted by i, and masu or masen is added, as simasu or simasen. 2. Passive Voice. In the case of passive voices, u of the verb of the firsjjp kind is substituted by are, and masu or masen; as, Utare masu, Are or is beaten. This rule applies to the verbs of the second kind; as, Nageraremasu, Is or are thrown down. Vru of that of the third kind is substituted by erare, and masu or masen is added ; as, Kerai ni serare masu, He is, or they are, made a servant or servants. Of Moods. Verbs have five moods — the Indicative, Potential, Subjunctive, Imperative, and Infinitive. 1. The Indicative Mood is the simple affirmation of a fact ; as, Watahusi ga mimasu, I see (it). 2. The Potential Mood expresses the power of doing

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Conjugation of Verbs. 11 an action ; as, Watakusi wa sore ga miyemusu, or Watakusi wa sore wo miru koto ga dekimasu, I can see it or that. 3. The Subjunctive Mood represents a thing under a condition, and is preceded by a conjunction (mosi), and followed by another conjunction (nara or naraba) ; as, Moshi anata ga ihimasu nara, If you go. Sometimes the word mosi is omitted ; as, Anata ga ikimasu nara, If you go. 4. The Imperative Mood commands or entreats, as, Miyo or Mite-kudasare, See, or Pray see. 5. The Infinitive Mood expresses an action without regard to persons or numbers ; as, Miru koto, To see. Of Tenses. Verbs have three tenses — the Present, the Past, and the Future. 1. The Present Tense expresses what is going on at present; as, Watakusi ga yomimasu, I read, or am reading. 2. The Past Tense represents an action as finished ; as, Watakusi wa kono shomotu wo yomimasita, I have read, or I read this book. 3. The Future Tense represents an action which is yet to be done; as, Watakusi wa yomimasho, I shall read. Conjugation or Verbs. Verbs are divided into three classes. These are distin 

12 Conjugation of Regular Verbs. guished by the termination of the present infinitive. The first ends in u, as suku, to like ; the second ends in ru, as Jcangayeru, to think ; the third ends in uru, as suru, to make. Conjugation of Regular Verbs. First Conjugation ending in U — Iku, To go. Indicative Mood. Present Tense. Watakusfi wa ik-imasu, I go. Anata wa ilc-imasu, you go. Are wa ik-imasu, he or she goes. WataJcusi domo wa ik-imasu, we go. Anata g at a wa ik-imasu, you go. Arera wa ik-imasu, they go. Past Tense. Watakusi wa ik-imasita, I went or have gone. Anata wa ik-imasita, you went or have gone. Are wa ik-imasita, he went, or has gone. Watakusi domo wa ik-imasita, we went. Anatagata wa ik-imasita, you went. Arera to a ik-imasita, they went. Future Tense. Watakusi wa ik-imasho, I shall go. Anata wa ik-imasho, you will go. Are wa ik-imasho, he or she will go. Watakusi domo wa ik-imasho, we shall go. Anatagata wa ik-imasho, you will go. Arera wa ik^imaslw, they will go.

Conjugation of Regular Verbs. 13 Potential Mood, Present Tense. Watakusi wa ik-emasu, I can go. Anata wa ik-emasu, you can go. Are wa ik-emasu, he can go. Watakusi domo wa ik-emasu, we can go. Anatagata wa ik-emasu, you can go. Arera wa ik-emasu, they can go. Past Tense. Watakui wa ik-emasita, I could go. Anata wa ik-emasita, you could go. Are wa ik-emasita, he could go. Watakusi domo wa ik-emasita, we could go. Anatagata wa ik-emasita, you could go. Arera wa ik-emasita, they could go. Future Tense. Watakusi wa ik-emasho, I shall be able to go. Anata wa ik-emasho, you will be able to go. Are wa ik-emasho, he will be able to go. Watakusi domo wa ik-emasho, we shall be able to go. Anatagata wa ik-emasho, you will be able to go. Arera wa ik-emasho, they will be able to go. Subjunctive Mood. Present Tense. Mosi watakusi ga ik-imasu nara, if I go. Mosi anata gaik-imasu nara, if you go. Mosi are ga ik-imasu nara, if he or she go. Mosi watakusi domo ga ikimasu nara, if we go. Mosi anatagata ga ik-imasu nara, if you go. Mosi arera ga ik-imasu nara, if they go.

14 Conjugation of Regular Verbs. Past Tense. Mosi watakusi ga ik-imasita nara, if I went, or have gone. Mosi anata ga ik-imasita nara, if you went, or have gone. Mosi are ga ik-imasita nara, if he went, or has gone. Mosi watakusi domo ga ikimasita nara, if we went, or have gone. Mosi anatagata ga ik-imasita nara, if you went, or have gone. Mosi arera ga ik-imasita nara, if they went, or have gone. Entreaty ci.t ll-t Imperative Mood. Command .... Ike, \ I-tte-okure, ; Go. -tte-kudasare, ) Infinitive Mood. Iku koto , To go. The same form of verbs is used for all the persons, singular or plural ; so, hereafter, the verbs for the first persons only will be repeated. Second Conjugation ending in RU — Miru, to see. Indicative Mood. Present Tense. Watakusi wa mi-masu, I see. 2. 3. Watakusi domo wa mimasu, we see. 2. 3. Past Tense. Watakusi wa mi-masita, I saw, or have seen. 2. 3. 1 . Watakusi domo wa mi-masita, we saw, or have seen. 2 3

I U.NIVEBSIT Conjugation of Regular Verbs. 15 Future Tense. 1. WataJcusi wa mi-masJw, I 1. WaJcusi domo wa mi-mashall see. slw, we shall see. 2. . 2 3. 3 Potential Mood. Present Tense. 1. WataJcusi wa miru koto 1. WataJcusi domo wa miru ga dekimasu, I can see. koto ga dekimasu, we can see. 2. ..... 2 3. 3 Past Tense. 1. 1. Watakusi domo tva miru ga dekimasita, I could koto ga dekimasitaf we see. could see. 2. 2 3. 3 Futnre Tense. 1. WataJcusi wa miru Moto 1. Watakusi domo to a miru ga dekimasho, I shall koto ga dekimasJiOy we be able to see. shall be able to see. 2. . 2. ..... 3. 3 Subjunctive Mood, Present Tense. 1. Mosi wataJcusi ga mimasu 1. Mosi watakusi domo ga a mimasu nara, if we see. 2 3 a. 3.

16 Conjugation of Regular Verbs. Past Tense. 1. Mo 8t watahusi ga mima1. Mosi watahusi domo ga sita nara, if I saw, or mimasita nara, if we have seen. saw, or have seen. 2. 2. .... 3. 3 Command Entreaty Imperative Mood, 1 . . . . Mii/o, "| ( Mi-te-oJcure, > (. Mi-te-hudasare, J Infinitive Mood. Miru koto, to see. See. Conjugation of Third Verb — Kuru, to come. Indicative Mood. Present Tense. 1. Watahusi wa himasu, I come. 2 3 1. Watahusi domo wa himasu, we come. 2 3 Past Tense. 1. Watahusi wa himasita, I came. 2 3. ..... 1. Watahusi domo wa himasita, we came. 2 Future Tense. 1. Watahusi wa himasho, I shall come. 2. ..... 3 1. Watahusi domo wa himasho, we shall come.

Conjugation of Regular Verbs. 17 Potential Mood. Present Tense. 1. Watahusi wa huru koto 1. Watahusi domo wa hum ga dehimasu, I can hoto ga dehimasu, we come. can come. 2. 2 3. 3 Past/ Dense. 1. Watahusi wa Jcuru koto 1. Watahusi domo iva huru ga dehimasita, I could hoto ga dehimasita, we come. could come. 2. 2 3. Future 3 Tense. 1. Watahusi wa huru hoto 1. Watahusi domo wa huru ga dehimasho, I shall be hoto ga dehimasho, we able to come. shall be able to come. 2. 2. ;j. 3. Subjunctive Mood. Present Tense. 1. Most watahusi ga himasu nara, if I come. 2. . . • . 3. 1. Most watahusi domoga himasu nara, if we come. 2 3 Past Tense. 1. Mosi watahusi ga himasita nara, if I came. •2 3 Mosi watahusi domo ga himasita nara, if we came.

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18 Conjugation of Regular Verbs. ve Mood, Imperative Mood, Ki-te-okure, ") p Ki-te-kudasare, Infinitive Mood. Kuru koto, to come. The Verb used Negatively. Indicative Mood. Present Tense. 1. Watakusi wa ikimasen, I do not go. 2. . . . . . 3. ..... 1. Watalcusi domo tea ikimasen, we do not go. 2 3 Past Tense. 1. Watalcusi wa ikimasenanda, I did not go. 2 3 1. Watalcusi domo wa ikimasenanda, we did not go. 2. 3 Future Tense. 1. Watalcusi wa ifcimasumai, 1. Watalcusi domo wa ikimaI shall not go. sumai, we shall not go. 2. 2 3. 3 1. Watakusi wa i I cannot go, 2. . . Potential Mood. Present Tense. 1. Watakusi domo wa ikemasen, we cannot go. 2 3 3, * There is another form of potential mood — iku koto ga dekimasen.

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Conjugation of "Regular Verbs. 19 Past Tense. 1. Watahusi wa ihemasenanda, I could not go. 2 3 1. Watahusi domo wa iJcema' senanda,we could not go. 2 3 Future Tense. 1. Watahusi wa ihemasumai, I shall not be able to go. 1. Watahusi domo wa ihemasumai, we shall not be able to go. 2 3. . . . . Subjunctive Mood. Present Tense. 1. Mosi watahusi ga ihimasen nara, if I do not go. 2 3 1. Mosi watahusi domo ga ikimasen nara, if we do not go. 2. ... 3. .... Past Tense. 1. Mosi watahusi ga ihimasenanda nara, if I did not go. 2 3 1 . Mosi watahusi ga ihimasenanda nara, if we did not go. 2 3 Imperative Mood. Iku-na, I-tte-lcudasaruna, Do not go. c2

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20 Of Adverbs and Postpositions. Of Adveebs. An Adverb is a word which qualifies a verb, an adjective, or other adverb ; as, kono kodomo wa shomotu wo yoku yomimasu, These children read books well. Adverbs may be divided into the following six classes : — 1. Adverbs of time — ima, now ; hayaJcu, quickly ; sudeni, already ; konniti, to-day ; miyo-niti, to-morrow ; and others. 2. Adverbs of place — solconi, there; kokoni, here; tikaku, nearly, &c. 3. Adverbs of quality ; as, yoku, well ; kireini, beautifully ; kitaini, wonderfully, &c. 4. Adverbs of quantity — sukosiy little ; takusan, much. 5. Adverbs of sequence or order — dai-ittini, firstly; dai-nini, secondly. 6. Adverbs of mood — sayo, just so ; hei, yes ; zituni, truly; iye} no, &c. Or Postpositions. A Postposition is a word put, in Japanese, after nouns and pronouns, to show the relation between them ; as, Watakusi wa Niyon kara France ni ikimasu, I go from Japan to France.

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Of Conjunctions. 21 A List of Postpositions. Tameni, for; wuyeni, above; atoni, after; utini, within, or in; mayeni or m ay ewo, before; aidani, between; sitani, below ; hokani, out of, or without ; tikani, near ; honi, toward. (These are used with the article no; as, iye no uchini, in the house ; kuni no tameni, for the country, or for the sake of the country.) — Made, into, or to; mukatte, against; oite, in. (These are used with ni ; as, London ni made, to London.) — Koyete, beyond ; hanarete} off; nukete or tosite, through. (With wo; as, mado wo nukete, through the window,) — Kara, from ; ni or ye, to ; made, into ; to, with ; nasiyvi, without ; — without any additionl word ; as, London kara, from London ; kono tokoro ni, in this place. Of Conjunctions. A Conjunction is a word which joins words and sentences together ; as, Watakusi to kono ko ga Asakusa ye ikimasu, I and this child go to Asakusa. There are two kinds of conjunctions, namely, copulative and disjunctive, 1. Copulative conjunctions are — momata, also ; to, and ; kara, since ; naraba or nara, if ; dakara, therefore, &c. ^ 2. Disjunctive conjunctions are — keredomo, although ; ga, but ; sikasi, yet ; aruiwa or matawa, or ; yorimo, than, &c.

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22 Rules. Of Interjections. An Interjection expresses some sudden wish or emotion of the mind ; as, A do itashimasho, Ah ! what shall I do? The principal interjections are — 6, A, Ha-ha, Ho-i, Nasakenai, Oya-oya, Are, Naruhodo, &c. SYNTAX. There are two kinds of sentences — simple and compound. 1. A simple sentence ; as, Kono hito wa kasiko gozarimasu, He is clever. 2. A compound sentence; as, Kono hito wa kasiko gozarimasu keredomo hatarakimasen, He is clever, but he does not work. EULES. I. A verb must be put after its object ; as, Watakusi. we hana wo konomimasu, I like flowers. In this sentence the object hana is placed before the predicate konomimasu. II. Prepositions are placed after nouns which they govern, and which are said to be in the objective case ; as, Watakusi wa Yedo ye mairimasu, I go to Yedo.

Rules. 23 III When two or more nouns or pronouns are coupled with to (and), the signs of cases are put after the last nominative ; as, Watahusi to anata ga ihimasu, I and you go. IV. When two or more nouns or pronouns are connected by matawa (or), the particle ha is put immediately after the nouns or pronouns ; as, Watahusi ka matawa anata ka ga mairimasu, I or you go. V. Conjunctions couple the same tenses of verbs ; as, Watahusi wa sore wo sukimasu heredomo hore wo kiraimasu, I like that, but (I) do not like or dislike this. Conjunctions couple the same cases of nouns and pronouns ; as, Watahusi to anata ga ihimasu, I and you go. - VI. One verb governs another in the infinitive mood ; as, Watahusi wa sahe wo nomu koto wo honomimasen, I do not like to drink sahe, or spirit of rice. When the verbs in the infinitive mood are governed by an active verb, or used as nouns, the signs of cases, ga, wa, or wo, are added to the simple forms of the verbs in the infinitive mood ; as, nomu hoto wa, or nomu hoto wo, to drink. But when the verbs in the infinitive mood are governed by a neuter verb, u of the verb of the first kind, and uru of that of the third kind are

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24 Rules. taken away, and i and ni are added ; in the case of the verbs of the second kind, ru is substituted by ni ; as, Watakusi wa mini, or asobini ikimasu, I go to see (something), or to amuse myself. Here u of asobu and ru of miru are taken away, and i and ni, or ni, is put. VII. When two nouns, or one pronoun and a noun come together, one signifying a possessor, and the other a thing possessed, the former is put in the possessive case ; as, Yamasiroya no shomotu, Yamasiroya's book; or, Anato no shomotu, Your book. VIII. When the verb gozarimasu or arimasu ('is' or 'are') is used, a noun or pronoun which comes immediately before the verbs requires the word de after it ; as, Watakusi wa Yamatoya de gozarimasu, I am (Mr.) Yamatoya. IX. Sentences which imply contingency and futurity require the subjunctive mood; as, Mosi watakusi g a mairimasu nara, or Mosi watakusi ga mairimasho nara, Watakusi ga sore wo mimasho, If I go (there), I shall see that. X. Some conjunctions have their correspondent conjunctions ; thus, to (and) is sometimes repeated after each noun or pronoun ; as, Watakusi to anata to ga ikimasu, I and you go.

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Rales. 25 Mosi . . . . nara or naraba, if. Tatoye . . . . nisiro or sitemo, though. Nazenareba . . . . &anz, because. /? -"" XL When the verbs in the infinitive mood are used as nouns, they require the signs of the case ; as, Niti ya watakusi no suwatte-iru koto ga yamai no moto de gozarimasu, My sitting day and night is the cause of my illness. XII. Relative pronouns are generally omitted in conversation ; as, Sore w.a^watakusi gakosir ay emasita hako de gozarimasu, or Watahusi ga kosirayemasita hako wa sore de gozarimasu, That is a box which I have made. Here the relative pronoun tokorono ( * which ' or ' that ' ) ought to be put between the verb kosiraye-masita and the object hako ; but in conversation tokorono is not used. XIII. Adverbs are placed before adjectives and verbs; as; Sore wa hanahada yd gozarimasu, That is very good; and Watahusi wa hayaku mairimasho, I shall go quickly. XIV. When nouns or pronouns are compared with each other, a noun or pronoun which comes directly before the word yori or yorimo ('than') does not require the sign of case ; as, Anata wa watakusi yori tako gozarimasu, You are taller than I. XV. After the names of places, ye corresponds in English to ' to ' ; as, Watakusi wa Yedo ye ikimasu, I

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26 Rules. go to Yedo. Ni corresponds to ' in ' or c at ' ; as, Watahusi wa Asalcusa ni or Yedo ni orimasu, I live at Asakusa or in Yedo. XVI. Adjectives for the most part are placed before nouns, but numeral adjectives maybe placed after nouns as well as before them ; as, hito san nin or san nin no hito, three persons. When numeral adjectives are applied to persons, nin must de added ; and when they are placed before nouns, no must be put after nin ; as, san nin no hito. There are other words applied to point out the numbers of beasts, birds, trees, &c. Table. HiM, pikif or MM is used for quadrupeds : — r itt-pihiy one horse. TJma < ni-hiki, two horses. C san-biki, three horses. Generally, Jiiki is used for all the numbers except 10, 20, 30, up to 100, for which piJci is used merely for the sake of pronunciation. Bihi for three, and thousands; as, zitt piki no uma, 10 horses ; ni sen biki no uma, 2000 horses. Pa, wahj or ba, is used for birds : — s iti wah, one bird. Tori ) ni wall, two birds. (. san ba, three birds. Wah is used generally ; pa is for 10, 20, 30, &c. ; up to 100, ba for 3, and 1000, 2000, &c.

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Rules. 27 Pon, hon, or bon is used for a number of trees or plants :— r itt-pon, one tree. Ki < Ni-hon, two trees. v. san bon, three trees. Hon is of general use ; pon for 10, 20, 30, &c. ; bon for 3, and 1000 ; as, Watakusi wa Jconnichi tori san ba, or (san ba no tori) to san nin no hito, or hito san nin, to uma san biJci, or san biki no uma, to sanbon no ki, or ki sanbon, wo mimasita, I have seen to-day three birds and three persons, and three horses, and three trees. XVII. Are or arera, the personal pronouns of the third person, are seldom used; generally the demonstrative adjectives hono (this), or sono (that), and the nouns hito or ohata (person), are used instead ; as, Watalcusi wa Tiono okata wo sakuzitu mimasita, I have seen him (or this person) yesterday. XVIII. When any adjective qualifies a noun which is understood, the adjective changes its termination, as follows : — Adjectives ending na, such as kireina, okina, &c, change their terminations into ni: Kore wa kireina niiva de gozarimasu, It is a beautiful garden. Kono niwa wa kireini gozarimasu, That garden is a beautiful (one). Kireina, kireini, beautiful, fine. Akirakana, akirakani, clear, bright. Attakana, attakani, warm.

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28 Rules. Wazuhana, wazukani, or wazukade, little, few. Takusana, takusani, much, many. Okina, oJcini, okiwu, large, tall. Adjectives ending in ai or oi change their terminations into long J: Kore wa hatai isi de gozarimasu, This is a hard stone. Kono isi wa Jcato gozarimasu, This stone is a hard (one). Katai, Jcato, hard. Takai, tako, dear in price, or tail. Hayai, hay 5, quick. Yowai, yowd, weak. &c. Kono ho wa hasiho gozarimasu, This child is a wise (one). Kasihoi, Jiasiho, wise, clever. Tattoi, tatto, precious, worthy. Tuwoi, tuwo, strong. Towoi, towo, far. Those ending in si change their terminations into shu ; Kono samusa wa hibishu gozarimasu, This winter, or cold, is a severe (one). Kibisi, hibishu, severe. At ar a st j atarashu, new. Tadasi, tadashu, right. Osorosi, OsorosJiu, fearful, horrible. Otohorasi, otohorashu, manly. &c. There are a few exceptions : — Numerical adjectives do not change their terminations, but de must be put after them ; as> Watakusi domo tva sannin de gozarimasu, We are three.

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JAPANESE AND ENGLISH EXERCISES. Watakusi no, my. Anata no, your. Kiodai, brother. Segare, son. Tomodati, friend. Musume, daughter, girl. Toy and. 1. Watakusi no kiodai. 2. Anata no tomodati. 3. Watakusi no kiodai to anata no tomodati. II. 1. My daughter. 2. Your friend. 3. Your son, and my brother. III. K ireina* kireini, beautiful. Gozarimasu, is, or are. Sinsetuna,sinsetuni, kind. 1. Sinsetuna tomodati. 2. Kireinamusume. 3. Watakusi no tomodati iva sinsetuni gozarimasu. 4. Anata no musume wa kireini gozarimasu. 5. Anata no kiodai wa watakusi no tomodati de gozarimasu* * See Rule XVIII.

30 Japanese and English Exercises. IV. 1. A beautiful girl. 2. Your son is kind. 3. Your daughter is beautiful. 4. My friend is kind. 5. A kind friend. V. Watdkusi domo no, our. Anata gata no, your. 1. Watahusi domo no tomodati. 2. Anatagata no Modal. 3. Watakusi domo no tomodati wa sinsetuni gozarimasu. 4. Anatagata no musume wa kireini gozarimasu. 5. Watakusi domo no kiodai wa sinsetuni gozarimasu. VI. 1. Our friend. 2. Your daughter. 3. Your daughter is beautiful. 4. Our friend is kind. 5. Your brother is kind. VII. Kono, this, these. Sono, that, those. 1. Kono musume. 2. Sono tomodati. 3. Sono musume wa kireini gozarimasu. 4. Kono tomodati wa sinsetuni gozarimasu. 5. Kono segare wa sinsetuni gozarimasu. 6. Sono sinsetuna tomodati. 7. Kono kireina musume. VIII. 1. That son. 2. This friend. 3. This girl is beautiful. s 4. That brother is kind. 5. This friend is kind. 6. That beautiful girl. 7. This kind friend.

Japanese and English Exercises. 31 IX. Watakusi wa, I. Anata wa, you. Motteimasiiy has, or have. 1. Iffatakusi wa Modal wo motteimasu. 2. Watakusi wa musume wo mottiemasu. 3. Anata wa sinsetuna tomodati wo motteimasu. 4. Watakusi no tomodati wa kireina musume wo motteimasu. 5. Anata no kiodai wa kireina musume wo motteimasu. 6. Kono musume wa sinsetuna tomodati wo motteimasu. 7. Sono tomodati wa sinsetuna kiodai wo motteimasu. X. 1. My brother has a beautiful daughter. 2. Your friend has a kind brother. 3. That girl has a kind brother. 4. I have a beautiful daughter. 5. You have kind brothers. 6. I have kind friends. 7. That beautiful girl has a kind brother. XI. Okina, okiwu, large Tisai, tisana, tisou,* small, or little. Shomotu, book. 1. Watakusi no shomotu wa okiwu gozarimasu. 2. Anata no shomotu wa tieso gozarimasu. 3. Watakusi no kiodai wa okina shomotu wo motteimasu. 4. Anata no tomodati * See Rule XVIII.

32 Japanese and English Exercises. wa tisana shomotu wo motteimasu. 5. Watakusi no tomodati no shomotu wa dkiwu gozarimasu. 6. Anata no Iciodai wa okina shomotu wo motteimasu, 7. Watakusi no tisana segari ga sono okina shomotu wo motteimasu. 8. Anata no okina kiodai wa sono shomotu wo motteimasu. XII. 1. My book is small. 2. Your book is large. 3. Your brotlier has a small book. 4. My friend has a large book. 5. Your father has a small book. 6. My brother's son has that large book. 7. That book is large. 8. This book is small. XIII. Watakusi wa, or ga, motteimasu, I have. Anata wa, or ga, motteimasu, you have. Watakusi ga motteimasu ka ? Have I ? Anata ga motteimasu ka? Have you ? Ka is always put at the end of an interrogative sentence. 1. Watakusi ga sono shomotu wo motteimasu ha. 2. Anata wa kono shomotu wo motteimasu ka. S. Anata no tomodati wa shomotu wo motteimasu ka. 4. Watakusi tiesana segare wa sono okina shomotu wo motteimasu ka. 5. Anata no kiodai iva segare wo motteimasu ka. 6. Watakusi no musume wa kono tiesana shomotu wo motteimasu

Japanese and English Exercises. 33 lea. 7. Anata wa sono shomotu wo motteimasu ha. 8. Watahusi wa sono shomotu wo motteimasu. XIV. 1. Have you brothers? 2. I have a brother. 3. Have I that book ? 4. Have you that small book ? 5. Has your son this book ? 6. Has my daughter that book ? 7. Have your brothers these large books? 8. My brothers have those small books. XY. Watahusi domo wa, or ga, we. Anatagata wa, or ga, you. Niwa, garden. 1. Watahusi domo wa ohina niwa wo motteimasu. 2. Anatagata wa sono shomotu wo motteimasu Jca. 3. Watahusi domo wa sono shomotu wo motteimasu. 4. Watahusi domo wa sono tiesai shomotu wo motteimasu 5. Anatagata wa hiodai wo motteimasu ha. 6. Anatagata wa musume wo motteimasu ha. 7 Watahusi domo wa tiesai niwa wo motteimasu. 8. Anatagata wa niwa wo motteimasu ha. 9. Watahusi domo wa niwa wo motteimasu. XVI. 1. We have a garden. 2. You have a small garden. 3. Have you brothers ? 4. We have brothers. 5. We have daughters. 6. We have large books, 7. You have small books. 8. Have you a son ? 9. 1 have a son.

34 Japanese and English Exercises. XVII. Watakusi domo no, our. Anatagata no, your. Motteimasita, had. 1. Watakusi domo no segare ga sono shomotu wo motteimasita. 2. Anatagata no tomodati wa kiodai wo motteimasita. 3. Watakusi wa segare wo motteimasn. 4. Anatagata no musume iva kono shomotu wo motteimasita ka. 5. Watakusi domo no kiodai ga sono dkina shomotu wo motteimasita. 6. Anatagata no niwa wa okiwu gozarimasu ka. 7. Watakusi domo no niwa wa okiwu gozarimasu. 8. Anata no niwa wa tieso gozarimasu. XVIII. 1. Tour garden is large. 2. Your garden is small. 3. Our garden is small. 4. Have your brothers a garden ? 5. My brothers have a garden. 6. Have our sons a large book ? 7. Our daughter has a small book. XIX. Kono \ or > okata or hito, this or that person. Sono ) Either of these words is used instead of are or kare. * Be is put after nouns which are placed immediately before Gozarimasu. 1. Kono hito ga sono shomotu wo motteimasn. 2. Sono V okata wa tiesai shomotu wo motteimasu. 3. Sono hito wa * See Rule VIII.

Japanese and English Exercises, 35 watakusi no kiodai de gozarimasu. 4. Kono okata wa anatano tomodati de gozarimasu ha. 5. Sono hito wa watakusi no segare de gozarimasu: 6. Sono hito wa kiodai wo motteimasu. 7. Watakusi no musume wa sono shomotu wo motteimasu. 8. Anata no shomotu wa tiesb gozarimasu. XX. 1. That person has a book. 2. This person is my brother. 3. Has that person brothers ? 4. That person is your friend. 5. Is this person your son ? 6. That person is my brother. 7. Have you sons ? 8. I have a son. 9. Have you daughters ? 10. I have a daughter. XXI. Tokei, watch. Uma, horse. a Kewa, hat. Bo-sfct * Hoclw, knife. — f Usinaimasita, lost, or has or have lost, + Midasimasita, found, or has or have found. 1. Watakusi wa tokei wo usinaimasita. 2. Anata wa anata no tokei wo midasimasita ka. 3. Watakusi wa hochd wo usinaimasita. 4. Watakusi no segare wa kasa wo motteimasu. 5. Anatagata no uma wa okiwu gozarimasu. 6. Watakusi no musume wa kasa wo usinaimasita. 7. Anatagata wa kasa wo motteimasu ka. 8. Watakusi domo wa uma wo motteimasu. 9. Watakusi no kasa wa okiwu gozarimasu. 10. Anata no kaso "wa d2

36 Japanese and English Exercises, tieso gozarimasu ha. 11. Watahusi no hasa wa ohiwu gozarimasu. XXII. 1. Have you lost your hat ? 2. I have lost a hat. 3. Has your son a hat ? 4. He {are wa) has a hat. 5. Your daughter' s hat is large. 6. Our hats are small. 7. We have lost a knife. 8. We have found a watch. 9. Has your brother lost a watch? 10. I have- found the watch. XXIII. Tegamij letter. Ye, to. Ikimasu, go or goes. Dohoye, where? t Uhetorimasita, received, or has or have received. Mimasita, saw, or has or have seen. 1. Watahusi wa tegami wo uhetorimasita. 2. Watahusi wa Yedo ye ihimasu. 3. Anata wa Yedo ye ikimasu ha. 4. Anata wa tegami wo uhetorimasita ha. 5. Watahusi no segare ga tegami wo uhetorimasita. 6. Anatagata wa dohoye ihimasu ha. 7. Watahusi domo wa Kanagawa ye ihimasu. 8. Watahusi wa anata no hiodai wo mimasita. 9. Watahusi no musume wa Asahusa ye ihimasita. 10. Anata no hiodai wa tegami wo uhetorimasita ha. 11. Watahusi no hiodai ga tegami wo uhetorimasita. XXIV. 1. I have received a letter. 2. You have seen my daughter. 3. I have lost my watch. 4. You go to

u Japanese and English Exercises. 37 Yedo. 5. Where are you going ? 6. We am going to Asakusa. 7. My son went (ikimasita) to Kanagawa. 8. We have sons. 9. We went to Yokohama. 10. Your brother went to Yedo. 11. I have beautiful girls. 12. We have found beautiful books. 13. Our daughters are beautiful. XXV. Kara, from; Watakusi no kiodai kara, from my brother; Watakusi no haha kara, from my mother. Konniti, to-day. Koncho, this morning. Sakuzitu, yesterday. Yoi, good. Warwi, bad. Mainiti, every day. 1. Watahusi wa "konniti watahusi no kiodai kara tegami wo uketorimasita. 2. Anata wa sakuzitu watakusi no haha kara tegami wo uketorimasita. 3. Wakusi domo wa mainiti kono hito wo mimasu. 4< Anatagataw a konniti tegaimi wo uketorimasita ka. 5. Watakusi domo wa konniti watakusi domo no haha kara tegami wo uketorimasita. 6. Anata wa yoi tokei wo motteimasu. 7. Watakusi wa konniti tokei wo usinaimasita. 8. Watakusi domo no segare ga sono tokei wo midasimasita. 9. Sakuzitu watakusi wa kono okata wo mimasita. 10. Konniti watakusi w a Yedo ye ikimasu. 11. Watakusi domo wa sakuzitu Asakusa ye ikimasita. 12. Watakusi wa anata no to mo dati wo koncho mimasita.

38 Japanese and English Exercises. XXVI. 1. I have received a letter from your brother. 2. "We have received a letter from our father. 3. Have you received a letter from my brother ? 4. We have received a letter from your brother to-day. 5. We are going to Asakusa to-day. 6. We went to Kanagawa yesterday. 7. I have seen your friend this morning. 8. Have you seen your mother to-day ? 9. We have lost our watches. 10. We have found your watches. 11. That person has seen your daughter. 12. This person has found your watch. 13. I go to Kanagawa every day. XXVII. Ye, to. Ni, to, for.* Watakusi no haha ni, to my mother. Watakusi no titi ni, to my father. Bondon ye, to London. Okurimasitaj sent, or has or have sent. Okurimasu,seji& or sends. 1. Watakusi wa kono tokei ivo haha ni okurimasu. 2. Anatagata wa sono tokei wo anata no tomodati ni okurimasu ka. 3. Watakusi domo wa kono tokei wo watakusi domo no msume ni okurimasu. 4. Watakusi wa tegami wo watakusi no haha ni okurimasu. 5. Sakuzitu watakusi wa tegami wo watakusi no haha kara uketorimasita. 6. Anata wa mainiti tegami wo anata no tomodati ni # See Note, page 6.

Japanese and English Exercises. 39 ohurimasu ha. 7. Watahusi wa tegami wo watdkusi no haha ni mainiti okurimasu. 8. Watahusi no segare ga watahusi ni honniti tegami wo ohurimasita. 9. Anata wa sahuzitu Asahusa ye ihimasita ha. 10. Watahusi wa sahuzitu Kanagawa ye ihimasita. 1 1. Anata wa Kanagawa ye mainiti ihimasu ha. 12. Watahusi wa Tohohama ye mainiti ihimasu. XXVIII. 1. I have sent a letter to my father. 2. Do you send a letter to your brother every day ? 3. We send a letter to our mother every day. 4. Our daughter sent a letter to us (Watakusi domo ye) yesterday. 5. We have received a letter from our friends this morning. 6. Do you receive a letter from your brother every day ? 7. I receive a letter from my friends every day. 8. I received a letter from my brother yesterday. 9. We have lost a watch. 10. That person has a good watch. 11. This person has a small (tiesana) watch. XXIX. Kore ga, wa, ivo, &c, this or these. Sore ga, wa, &g., that or those. Oji, uncle. Tomodati, friend. Ko, child. Hito, person. Wahai, Wahb, young. lye, house. Ki, tree. Hana, flower. Binbona* Binbovi or Binbode, poor. * See Rule XVIII.

40 Japanese and English Exercises. 1. Watakusi no oji wa wakd gozarimasu. 2. Anata wa I'ore wo motteimasu ka. 3. Watakusi wa sore wo motteimasu. 4. Watakusi wa okina ki wo mimasita. 5. Anata wa sakuzitu kireina hana wo mimasita ka. 6. Watakusi wa konniti sore wo mimasita. 7. Anatagata wa kono hana wo motteimasita ka. 8. Watakusi wa sore wo motteimasita. 9. Kono ko wa tokei wo usinaimasita* 10. Watakusi wa binboni gozarimasu. 11. Anata wa konniti binbona hito wo mimasita ka. XXX. 1. I have seen my uncle. 2. Have you seen beautiful flowers ? 3. We have seen large trees. 4. That person is poor. 5. My uncle is young. 6. We have lost a watch. 7. We have seen your friends. 8. We went to your house. 9. Have you a garden ? 10. We have gardens. 11. I sent a letter to my brother to-day. 12. You received a letter from your father this morning. XXXI. Yorimo or yori, more than. Yorimo oHwu, or okina,* larger than. Yorimo tisana, or tisd, smaller than. Watakusi no, mine Anata no, yours. Watakusi domo no, ours. Anatagata no, yours. Watakusi no niwa wa anata no yori mo okiwu gozarimasu, my garden is larger than yours. * See Rule XVIII.

Japanese and English Exercises. 41 1. Watakusi no shomotuiva anata no yori mo tieso gozarimasu. 2. Anata no uma wa watakusi no yori okiwu gozarimasu. 3. Anata no shomotu wa watakusi no yorimo yd gozarimasu. 4. Anatagata no uma w a watakusi no yorimo kireini gozarimasu. 5. Anatagata no hochd wa watakusi domo no yori okiwu gozarimasu. 6. Kono hito wa watakusi yorimo binboni gozarimasu. 7. Kono liana wa sono liana yori kireini gozarimasu. 8. Anata wakono niwa yoriokina niwa wo motteimasu ka. 9. Watakusi wakono niwa yori dkina no* wo motteimasu. 10. Kono hito wa sono hito yorimo wako gozarimasu. 1 1 . Kono ki wa sore yorimo okiwu gozarimasu. 12. Watakusi no iye wa anata no yorimo tieso gozarimasu. 13. Anata wa kore yorimo tiesana hochd wo motteimasu ka. 14. Watakusi wa sore yorimo tiesana hochd wo motteimasu. XXXII. 1. My house is larger than yours. 2. Tour garden is larger than mine. 3. Your flowers are more beautiful than ours. 4. Our house is larger than yours. 5. That person is poorer than this person. 6. Your father is younger than mine. 7. My friend is younger than yours. 8. Our house is smaller than yours. 9. Have you a smaller garden than this ? 10. I have a smaller garden than this, 11. Your brother is taller (okiwu) than mine. 12. We have a larger house than this. * Here no may be translated into * * one."

42 Japanese and English Exercises. XXXIII. Neko, cat. • Matti, town or city. • Tuki, moon. - Hosi, star. • Hi, sun. MutukasM, Mutukashu, difficult. Yasu% Yasuwu, easy, cheap. Inu, dog. 1. Anata wa neko wo motteimasu ka. 2. Wataftusiwa inu wo motteimasu. 3. Anata wa kono shomotu wo mimasita ka. 4. Sono shomotu wa mutukasu gozarimasu. 5. Watakusi no shomotu wa Anata no yorimo yasuwu gozarimasu. 6. Hi wa tuki yorimo oklwu gozarimasu. 7. Yedo wa okina matti de gozarimasu. 8. Watakusi no tomodati wa Yedo ye ikimasita. 9. Anata wa konniti Asakusa ye ikimasu ka. 10. Watakusi wa konniti yokohama ye ikimasu. 11. Anata no neko wa watakusi no yori dkiwu gozarimasu. 12. Anata no kiodai wa niwa wo motteimasu ka. 13. Watakusi no titiga okina niwa wo motteimasu. XXXIV. 1. My dog is larger than yours. 2. Have you a cat ? 3. I have a cat. 4. My house is smaller than yours. 5. Yedo is a large city. 6. The sun is larger than the moon. 7. This book is easier than that. 8. Your book is larger than mine. 9. My book is more difficult than yours. 10. Do you go to Yedo to-day ? 11. I go to Yokohama to-day.

Japanese mid English Exercises. 43 XXXV. Ni, in, or at. Niwa niy in the garden. TJti ni, in the house, or at home. Orimasu, live, lives, is, . are. Orimasita, lived, was, were. 1. Watakusi wa Yokohama ni orimasu. 2. Anatawa Yokohama ni orimasu Tea. 3. Watakusi wa Kanagawa ni orimasu. 4. Watakusi wa Yedo ni orimasita. 5. Konniti watakusi wa uti ni orimasu. 6. Anatagata wa sakuzitu uti ni orimasita. 7. Kireina hana ga niwa ni gozarimasu. 8. Anata no niwa ni kireina hana ga gozarimasu ka. 9. Watakusi no niwa ni okina ki ga gozarimasu. 10. Anata wa Asakusa ni orimasita ka. 11. Watakusi wa Yokohama ni orimasita. 12. Anata no niwa ni neko ga orimasu. XXXVI. 1. Do you live in Yedo ? 2.1 live in Yokohama. 3. Beautiful flowers are in your garden. 4. Large trees are in my garden. 5. Are (there) beautiful flowers in your garden ? 6. Did you live in Yedo ? 7. I lived in Kanagawa. 8. Your cat is in my garden. 9. Have you a dog ? 10. I have a large dog. 11. Your garden is larger than mine.

44 Japanese and English Exercises. XXXVII. liana, flower. Ringo, apple. Nashi, pear. Itudemo, always. Tabitabij often. Sukimasu, like, likes. Suhimasita, liked, or has or have liked. Watakusi wa hana wo sukimasu, I like flowers. 1. Anata no niwa ni hana ga gozarimasu ha. 2. Watakusi no niwa ni hana ga goza "imasu. 3. Anata wa Asakusa ye tabitabi Ikimasu ka. 4. Watakusi wa Yokohama ye tabitabi ikimasu. 5. Anatagata wa ringo wo sukimasu ka. 6. Watakusi dpmo wa nashi wo sukimasu. 7. Watakusi domo no niwa kireina hana ga gozarimasu. 8. Kono hana wa sono hana yori kireini gozarimasu. 9. Watakusi wa itudemo uti ni orimasu. 10. Anata no tomodati wa tabitabi Yedo ye ikimasu ka. 11. Watakusi no tomodati wa tabitabi Kanagawa ye ikimasu. XXXVIII. 1. Do you like flowers ? 2. I like flowers. 3. Do you go to Yedo often ? 4. I go to Yedo often. 5. We like pears. 6. You like apples. 7. Have you flowers ? 8. I have an apple. 9. Beautiful flowers are in your garden. 10. I live in Yedo. 11. We often go to Yedo. 12. I have seen beautiful flowers iu your garden.

Japanese and English Exercises. 45 XXXIX. Iti, one. Ni, two. San, three. Si, four. Go, five. Roku, six. Sitti, seven. Hatti, eight. Ku, nine. jiffl, ten. J3w t&, eleven. 2Tw ni, twelve. Zu san, thirteen. Zu si, fourteen. Zu go, fifteen. Zu roku, sixteen. Zu siti, seventeen. Zu hati, eighteen. Zu ku, nineteen. Ni zu, twenty. Ni zu iti, twenty-one. Ni zu ni, twenty -two. San zu, thirty. Si zu, forty. Go zu, fifty. Roku zu, sixty. Sitti zu, seventy. Hatti zu, eighty. Ku zu, ninety. Wyaku, hundred. Sen, thousand. Man, ten thousand.* Hitotu, one. Futatu, two. Mittu, three. Yottu, four. Itutu, five. Muttu, six. Nanatu, seven. Yattu, eight. - Kokonotu, nine. To, ten.f * This number is used for weight, measure, &c. t This is for couuting ordinary articles, such as chairs, tables, &c.

46 Japanese and English Exercises. Shogatu, January. Nigatu, February. Sahgatu, March. Sigatu, April. Gogatu, May. Rokugatu, June. Reya, room. Tukuye, table. Kosikake, chair. Neriy year. Tuki, month. Takusan, many. Hikui, or hikuwu, low. Sitigatu, July. Hatigatu, August. Kugatu, September. Zugatu, October. Zuittigatu, November. ZunigatUy December. Hiroi, or hird, wide. sfo KaimasUy buy, or buys. Kaimasita, bought, or has or have bought. Wurimasu, sell, sells. Wurimasitdy sold, or has or have sold. 1. Anata wa kiodai wo takusan motteimasu ka. 2. Watakusi wa kiodai wo takusan motteimasu. 3. Anata wa tukuye ivo motteimasu ka. 4. Watakusi wa hitotu tukuye wo motteimasu. 5. Anata no niwa ni ki ga futatu gozarimasu. 6. Watakusi no iye ni heya ga mittu gozarimasu* 7. Zu ni tuki ga itti nen di gozarimasu. 8. Anata iva kosikake wo motteimasu ka. 9. Watakusi wa kosikake wo futatu motteimasu. 10. Kono kosi kake wa hikuwu gozarimasu. 11. Anata wa sono kosikake wo wurimasu ka. 12. Watakusi wa kono kosikake wo wurimasu* 13. Anata wa kono iye wo kaimasu ka. 14. Watakusi wa lono iye wo kaimasu.

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Japanese and English Exercises. 47 XL. 1. Do you sell this chair ? 2.1 sell that chair. 3. Do you buy that flower ? 4. I bay this table. 5. We have three tables. 6. We have two rooms in (my) house. 7. I sold this flower. 8. Did you live in Yedo ? 9. I lived in Yedo three fmi) months. 10. Twelve months make (gozarimasu) one year. 11. We have many chairs. 12. You have many houses. 13. We have three (mittu) houses. XLI. Itij one. Siti, seven. Ni, two. Hati, eight. San, three. Ku, nine. y Si, four. Zu, ten. ^ Go, five. Zu iti, eleven. Roku, six. &c. These are used for measure, weight, hours, or money. Ni, or san toki, two or three hours. Ni, or san bu, two or three shillings. Ni sun, two inches. Ni, or san, go, two or three go, the go being a measure for liquids and grains. Ni means 'by' when it is put before the words 'buy' and 'sell/ as the words for or with is used in English. Watakusi via sono kosihake wa san bu ni kaimasita, or wurimasita, I sold or bought that chair for three shillings.

48 Japanese and English Exercises. Bu, one shilling. RiyOy four shillings. Tohi, hour. Go, a measure for liquids and grain. Simasu cost, present. Simasita cost, past. Ihura, or ihurani, how much ? 1. Anata no shomotu wa ihura simasita ha. 2. Watahusi no shomotu wa san bu simasita. 3. Anata no iye wa ihura simasita ha. 4. Watahusi no iye wa h'yahu rigo simasita. 5. Anata wa hono tuhuye wo ihurani haimasita ha. 6. Watahusi wa hono tuhuye wo san riyo ni haimas-ita. 7. Anata wa hono tuhuye wo ihurani wurimasu ha. 8. Watahusi wa hono tuhuye wo ni riyo ni wurimasu, 9. Kono matti (street) wa hiro gozarim,asu. 10. Nizu is tohi ga itti nitti (day) de gozarimasu. 11. Anata wa hono hana wo haimasu ha. 12. Watahusi wa sono hi wo haimasu. 13. Anata wa Yedo ni orimasita ha. 14. Watahusi wa Yedo ni iti nen orimasita. XLII. 1. How much did your book cost ? 2. My book cost three bu. 3. How much did you pay for (buy) that table ? 4. I bought that table for two ht. 5. We sold that chair for two riyo. 6. Twenty-fonr hours are one day. 7. Twelve months are one year. 8. How much does that table cost ? 9. That table costs three riyo. 10. How much did your house cost (you) ? 11. My house cost (me) a hundred riyo. 12. I have

Japanese and English Exercises. 49 a garden. 13. Are there flowers in your garden? 14. In my garden (there) are three trees. XLIII. Ni, or san nin, for numbers of persons. Hiki, piki, or biki, for number of quadrupeds ; as, TJma san biki, three horses ; wa, or ba, pa, for birds. Tori san ba, or zit pa, three or ten birds. Biki or hiki, wa, ba, or pa, are placed after as well as before nouns which they qualify. Anata no niwa ni tori ga san ba orimasu. There are three birds in your garden. Niwatori, cock or hen. Suzume, sparrow. Inn, dog. Neko, cat. Sakana, fish. Yamagara, bullfinch. Kamo, wild duck. Ike, pond. Kawa, river. 1. Anata no niwa ni tori ga orimasu ka. 2. Watakusi no niwa ni tori ga san ba orimasu. 3. Ike ni kamo ga san ba orimasu. 4. Anata no iye ni neko ga orimasu ka, 5. Watakusi no iye ni neko ga si hiki orimasu. 6. Watakusi wa suzume wo go wa mimasita. 7. Anatagata wa watakusi no inu wo mimasita ka. 8. Watakusi domo wa anato no neko wo mimasita. 9. Anata no ike ni kamo ga san ba orimasita. 10. Kono kawa ni sakana ga oriE

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50 Japanese and English Exercises. masu. 1 1. Anata no nina ni yamagara ga si iva orimasu. 12. Koncho watakusi wa suzume wo zu niwa mimasita. XLIV. 1. In your garden there are three sparrows. 2. In your pond there is a fish. 3. Have you seen my dog ? 4. We have seen your cat. 5. Have you three brothers ? 6. I have three daughters. 7. We have three horses. 8. Have you many (takusan) houses ? 9. We have three houses. 10. My brother has a wild duck. 11. In your garden there are mauy birds. 12. We have seen three bullfinches this morning. 13. You have seen my garden. 14, In your pond there are three fishes. XLV. Be means c in * when it is placed before aimasu or rnimasu, meet, or see. Watakusi wa kono okata ni matti de aimasita) I met with this person in the street. Doko, what place or where ? When ' to see/ or 'meet/ is used, de must be put after doko ; thus, Doko de anata wa kono hito ni aimasita ha ? Where have you met with him ? When c to live/ or ' to be/ is used, ni must be put after doko ; thus, anata wa doko ni orimasu ka, Where do you live?

Japanese and English Exercises. 51 Kami, God. Sekai, world. Umi} sea, or ocean. Kosirayemasu, makes, or make. Kosirayemasita, made, or has or have made. Oka, land. Aimasu, meets, or meet. Aimasita, met; or has or have met. Konniti, to-day. Mainiti, every day. r> 1. Kami ga sekai wo kosirayemasita. 2. Anata wa mainiti kono hito ni aimasu ka. 3. Watakusi wa sono hito ni mainiti aimasu. 4. Anata wa doko de sono hito ni aimasu ka. 5. Watakusi wa kono hito ni Yokohama de aimasu. 6. Anatagata wa doko ni orimasu ka. 7. Watakusi do mo wa Yedo ni orimasu. 8. Watakusi no inu wo anata wa doko de mimasita ka. 9. Anata no inu wo watakusi wa matti de mimasita. 10. Watakusi wa anata no tomodati ni konniti aimasita. 1 1. Watakusi wa tori wo san ha anata no niwa de mimasita. 12. Anata no neko ga watakusi no niwa ni orimasu. XLVI. 1. Where do you live? 2. I live at Yokohama. 3. Where have you seen that person ? 4. I have seen (him) in Yedo. 5. Do you see my friends every day ? 6. I see your friends every day. 7. I go to Kanagawa. 8. We met with your brother to-day. 9. Where have you met with my brother ? 10. I met with your brother in the street. 11. God created the world. 12. In your garden I saw two cats. e 2

52 Japanese and English Exercises. XLVII. Itu, when, used interrogatively. Nan doki ni, at what time or hour ? Nan riyo, how many riyo ? Nan ri* how many miles? Nan nin, how many persons ? Kane, money or metal. Koko> here. Made, into. Kara, from. i Suguto, immediately. Zinmin, people. Niti-niti, every day. 7 Minato, seaport. 1. Koko kara minato made nan ri gozarimasu ha. 2. San ri gozarimasu. 3. Anata wa Yokohama ye itu ikimasu ka. 4. Watahusi wa Yokohama ye konniti ikimasu. 5. Anata wa Jcono iye wo kaimasita ha. 6. Watakusi wa Jcono iye wo Jcaimasita. 7. Anata no iye wa nan riyo simasita ha. 8. Watahusi no iye iva h'yahu riyo simasita. 9. Anata wa nan doki ni Yokohama ye ikimasu ka. 10. Watahusi wa Yohohama ye zu ni zi ni (12 o'clock) ihimasu. 1 1. Anata no iye ni hito ga nan nin orimasu ha. 12. Watahusi no iye ni hito ga roJcu nin orimasu. 13. Ihura anata wa hane wo motteimasu ha. 14. Watahusi wa hane wo zu riyo motteimasu. XLVIIJ 1. How much' money have you ? 2. I have three riyo. 3. At what- time do you go to Ye do ? I go to * After the words nan ri, the sign of case is not put.

Japanese and English Exercises. 53 Yedo at 12 o'clock. 5. How many miles are there from here to Kanagawa ? 6. (There) are three miles from here to Kanagawa. 7. How many persons are there in your house ? 8. There are ten persons in my house. 9. When are you going to your friend's house ? 10. I go to my friend's house to-day. 11. I go to my house immediately. XLIX. Takusan, much, or many. Watakudwa sake wo takusan nomimasita, I have drunk much rice-spirits. Watdkusi wa takusan shomotu wo motteimasu, I have many books. Wazuka, a little or few. Watdkusi wa wazuka kane wo motteimasu, I have a little money. Watakusi wa wazuka shomotu wo motteimasu, I have a few books. Pan, bread. Niku, meat. Sake, rice- spirit. Midu, water. Tabemasu, eats, or eat. Nomimasu, drinks, or drink. Tabemasita, ate, or has or have eaten. Nomimasita, drank, or has or have drunk. 1. Kono okata wa niku wo tabemasu ka. 2. Kono okata ivapan wo tobemasu. 3. Anata wa niku wo takusan motteimasu ka. 4. Watakusi wa wazuka niku wo motteimasu. 5. Anata no tomodati wa sake wo nomimasu ka. 6. Watakusi no tomodati wa midu wo nomimasu. 7. Watakusi

54 Japanese and English Exercises. domo wa niku wo takusan tabemasita. 8. Watakusi no kiodai wa sake wo wazuka nomimasu. 9. Anata iva kane wo takusan mottemasu ka. 10. Watakusi wa wazuka kane wo motteimasu. 1 1. Ikura anata wa kane wo motteimasu ka. 12. Watakusi wa kane wo san riyo motteimasu. 13. Anata no niwa ni takusan hana ga gozarimasu ka. 14. Watakusi no niwa ni wazuka hana ga gozarimasu. L. 1. Have you many books ? 2. I have a few books. 3. Are there many trees in your garden ? 4. There are a few trees in my garden. 5. We have much rice-spirit. 6. Do you eat meat ? 7. I eat bread. 8. Do you drink water? 9. I drink rice-spirit. 10. I have drunk a little rice-spirit. 11. We have eaten much meat. 12. You have drunk much water. 13. We have many houses. 14. You have many friends. LI. 7 Amari, too. Anata wa amari takusan kane wo motteimasu. You have too much money. To, . ... to , and. Watakusi to anata to ga ikimasu. I and you go. Watakusi wa konniti inu to neko to wo mimasita* I have seen a dog and cat to-day. * See Rule III.

Japanese and English Exercises. 55 Sato, sugar. Konniti, to-day. Sumi, ink. Kurd, kuroi, black. Sukimasu, like, or likes. 7 Kiraimasu, dislike, or dislikes. 1 Hiru maye, before noon. Urimasita, sold, or has or have sold. 1. Anatawa satowo sukimasu ka. 2. Watakusi wa sato wo kiraimasu. 3. Kono sumi wa amari kuro gozarimasu. 4. Konniti hirumaye ni watakusi domo wa Yedo ye ikimasu. 5. Anata wa itu Yokohama ye ikimasu ha. 6. Watakusi wa Yokohama ye konniti ikimasu. 7. Watakusi wa watakusi no kiodai to anata no tomodati wo mimasita. 8. Niti-niti watakusi wa anata no kiodai to tomodati wo mimasu. 9. Watakusi wa sake to midu wo sukimasu. 10. Anata no iye wa ikura simasita ka. 11. Watakusi no iye wa h'yaku riyo simasita. 12. Anata wa, anata no neko wo urimasita ka. 13. Watakusi wa watakusi no inu wa urimasita. LII. V 1. You have too much money. 2. You and I go to Yokohama. 3. We have too many trees in our garden, or, There are too many trees in our garden. 4. I saw my brother and your friend. 5. When are you going to Yokohama ? 6. We are going to Yokohama to-day. 7. Do you see your friend every day? 8. I see my friend every day. 9. My mother and father go to Yedo to-day. 10. How much did your brother's house cost ?

56 Japanese and English Exercises. 11. Your brother's house cost 200 riyo. 12. You have too many horses. 13. We saw a cat and dog in your garden to day. LIIL Bare ga, no, or wo, who, whose, or whom ? in the interrogative sense. Bare ga himasita ha, who came (here) ? Bare wo anata wa mimasita ha, whom have you seen ? Nani ga, wo, or no, what ? Anata wanani wo mimasita ha, what have you seen ? Anata no niwa ni nani ga orimasu ha, what is there in your garden ? -j Haho, box. n Kutu, boot, or shoe. Sehihitu, pencil. Cha, tea. Tebuhuro, glove. 1. Bare ga watahusi no haho wo motteimasu ha. 2. Anata no tomodati ga anata no haho wo motteimasu. 3. Anata wa dare wo mimasita ha. 4. Watahusi wa anata no hiodai wo mimasita. 5. Anata no niwa ni nani ga orimasu ha. 6. Watahusi no niwa ni tori ga orimasu. 7. Anata wa nani wo motteimasu ha. 8. Watahusi wa hane wo motteimasu. 9. Anata wa honniti nani wo mimasita ha. 10. Konniti watahusi wa uma wo mimasita. 11. Anata wa dare no shomotu wo motteimasu ha.

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Japanese and English Exercises. 57 12. Watakusi no tomodati no shornotu wo motteimasu. 13. Anata wa nani wo sukimasu ka. 14. Watakusi wa cha wo sukimasu. 15. Anata no tebukuro wa ikura simasita ka. 16. Watakusi no tebukuro wa son busimasita. LTV. 1. What have you? 2. I have gloves. 3. Whom have you seen ? 4. I have seen your brother. 5. Who has my books? 6. My friend has your books. 7. What have you seen in (de) my garden? 8. I have seen a cat in your garden. 9. Do you drink tea ? 10. I drink water. 11. Do you like sugar ? 12. I like sugar. 13. Whose book have you ? 14. I have my book. 15. How much did your pencil cost ? 16. My pencil cost (IFyaku mon) a penny. LV. Okina, ^ I Yorimo, | okiwu, or okina, Okiwu, ) ar&e> or £rea * I or Yori, ) larger, or greater. c okiwu, ) Itiban | -Una j largest, or greatest. i, ~\ c y°h ^ r v°h "> . ( good. Yori ] - [ better.* Milan V . i best. Yoi, Yd, * See Rule XVIII.

58 Japanese and English Exercises. Chonin, merchant. Yama, mountain. Tori, bird. Tiesai, tieso, small. John, jobuni, strong. 1. Watakusi no iye wa anata no (yours) yori okiwu gozarimasu. 2. Anata no niwawa watakusi no yori tieso gozarimasu. 3. Kono toriwa sono tori yori okiwu gozarimasu. 4. Anata wa kore (that) yori okina iye wo motteimasu ka. 5. Kono iye ga watakusi no ittiban okina iye de gozarimasu. 6. Watakusi no iye wa jobuni gozarimasu. 7. Anata no niwa wa watakusi no yori yd gozarimasu. 8. Anata no shomotu ga ittiban yd gozarimasu. 9. Anata no niwa ni tori ga orimasu ka. 10. Tori wa yama ni takusan orimasu. 1 1 . Anata wa chonin de gozarimasu ka. 12. Watakusi wa chonin de gozarimasu. 13. Anata wa kore yori okina kutu wo motteimasu ka. 14. Kore ga ittiban okina kutu de gozarimasu. LVI. 1. Your book is better than mine. 2. Have you a larger house than this ? 3. This is my largest house. 4. My house is smaller than yours. 5 Have you larger boots than these ? 6. These are my largest boots. 7. Are there many birds in the mountains ? 8. There are many birds in the mountaius. 9. Are you a merchant. 10. lam a merchant.

Japanese and English Exercises. 59 LVIL Dare kara, from whom ? Dare ni, or ye, to whom ? Dare no de, whose one ? Itiban, first. Niban, second. Sanban, third. Siban, fourth. Goban, fifth. Bokuban, sixth. Sitiban, seventh. Hattiban, eighth. Kuban, ninth. Zuban, tenth. Nitiyoniti, Sunday. Getuyoniti, Monday. K'wayoniti, Tuesday. Suiyoniti, Wednesday. Mokuyoniti, Thursday. Kinyonitij Friday. Doyoniti, Saturday. Orimasita, lived, or has or have lived. Uketorimasu, receives, or receive. Uketorimasita, received, or has or have received. 4 Keraij servant. Gejo, maidservant. Kokoni, here. [day. Konniti, to-day, or this Sokoni, there. Orimasu, lives, or live. 1. Kono shomotu wa dare noVe gozarimasu ka. 2. Sono shomotu wa watakusi no de gozarimasu. 3. Konniti dare ka,ra tegami ivo uket orimasita ka. 4. Konniti vmtakusi wa tegami wo watakusi no tomodati kara uket orimasita. 5. Konniti wa nitiyoniti de gozarimasu ka. 6. Konniti wa getuyoniti de gozarimasu. 7. Anata no kerai wa kokoni oriwasu. 8. Anata no gejo wa sokoni orimasu. 9. Koho tegami wo anata wa dare ye okurimasu ka (send) .

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60 Japanese and English Exercises. 10. Watakusi wa kono tegami wo Modal ye okurimasu. 11. Anata wa sono tegami wa anata no tomodati ye okurimasu ka. 12. Watakusi wa kore wo watahusi no haha ni okurimasu. LVIII. 1. To whom do yon send this letter ? 2. I send that to my friend. 3. Where is my servant? 4. Your servant is here. 5. Is my maidservant there ? 6. Here is your maidservant. 7. From whom have you received that letter ? 8.1 have received this letter from my brother. 9. Whose is this book ? 10. That is mine. 11. Is this day Monday ? 12. This day is Tuesday. LIX. Indicative Mood. Present Motteiru, to have. Watakusi ga> or wa motteimasu, I have. Anata ga, or wa motteimasu . you have. Kono} or > hito or okata . . . . she or he had. Sono J Watakusi domo .... we have. Anatagata ..... you have. *Kono*j or > hito} or okata . . they have. Sono) * As we have the same form of the verb in all persons, singular or plural, we do not repeat them all here.

Japanese and English Exercises. 61 Kane, money. JT&so^hat. Hey a, room. Tanmono, cloth. Haori, coat. Kushi, comb. 1. Anata wa kane wo motteimasu ka. 2. Watakusi wa kane wo tahusan motteimasu. 3. Anatagata wa kasa wo motteimasu ka. 4. Watakusi domo wa kasa wo motteimasu. 5. Kono okata wa heya wo motteimasu ka. 6. Kono okata wa heya wo motteimasu. 7. Anata no tomodati wa okina niwa wo motteimasu ka. 8. Watakusi no tomodati wa okina iye wo motteimasu. 9. Anata no kiodai wa tanmono wo motteimasu ka. 10. Watakusi no tomodati wa haori wo motteimasu. LX. 1. Have you a comb ? 2.1 have a comb. 3. Have you hats ? 4. We have hats. 5. He has a coat. 6. Has she cloth ? 7. She has cloth. 8. Has your brother a room. 9. My brother has a room. 10. Have your friends much money ? 11, My brothers have much money. LXI. Indicative Mood. Past. Watakusi ga, or wa motteimasita . . I had. Anata ga . . ... . you had. Kono or \ okata he had. Sono

62 Japanese and English Exercises. Watakusi domo wa motteimasita . . we had. Anatagata . you had Kono \ or > okata he .had. Sono ) Izen, formerly. Imani, presently. Ima, now, this time. Suguto, directly. 1. Anata wa kono shomotu wo ina motteimasu ka. 2. Watakusi wa kono shomotu wo izen motteimasita. 3. Anatagata wa hey a wo motteimasu ka. 4. Watakusi domo wa heya wo motteimasu. 5. Anata wa kane wo motteimasita ka. 6. Watakusi wa kane wo motteimasita. 7. Anata no tomodati wa iye wo motteimasu ka. 8. Watakusi no tomodati wa izenniye wo motteimasita. 9. Watakusi no kiodai wa takusan kane wo motteimasu ka. 10. Sono chonin wo tanmono wo motteimasita. 11. Kono chonin wa tanmono wo motteimasu. LXII. 1. Had you a house ? 2. We had a house. 3. Had yoa this book ? 4. I had that book formerly. 5. We had a horse. 6. Had your brother a room. 7. My brother had a room. 8. Have you many friends now ? 9. I had many friends. 10. We had many books.

Japanese and English Exercises. 63 LXIII. Indicative Mood, Present, negatively. Masen, have not, or has not. Watakusi wa or ga motteimasen I have not. Anata wa Kono 1 . or !> okata wa . Sono) Watakusi domo wa Anata gata wa Kono^\ or > okata wa Sono] Toki ni or niwa, when, or at the time. Kara, because. Nip on, Japan. Ni, in, or at. [speaks. Hanasimasu, speak or you have not. she or he has not. we have not. you have not. they have not. Orimasu, live. Orimasita, lived. Sakuzitu, yesterday. Ye, to. Kotoba, word, or language. Anata wa Nipon ni orimasita tokini, {*anata wa) tdkusan kane wo motteimasita ka, or Nipon ni orimasita tokini, anata wa takusan kane wo motteimasita ka. Had you much money when you were in Japan ? Nipon ni orimasita kara, wutakusi wa Nipon kotoba wo hanasimasu. I speak Japanese because I lived in Japan. 1. Anata wa kane wo motteimasu ka. 2. Watakusi wa kane wo motteimasen. 3. Anatagata wa hey a wo motteimasu ka. 4. Watakusi domo wa heya wo motteimasen. * Here anata wa (you) is generally understood.

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64 Japanese and English Exercises. 5. Anata wa takusan tomodati wo motteimasu ka. 6. Watakusi wa takusan tomodati wo motteimasen. 7. Anata no tomodati wa urna wo motteimasu lea. 8. Watakusi no tomodati wa uma wo motteimasen. 9. Nipon ni orimasita tokini anata wa Tcane wo takusan motteimasita Jca. 10. Watakusi wa, Nipon ni orimasita tohini, takusan kane ivo motteimasita. 11. Watakusi wa Nipon ni orimasita kara, Nipon kotoba too hanasimasu. 12. Anata wa izen Yokohama ni orimasita ka. 13. Watakusi wa izen Yedo ni orimasita. 14. Ima anata wa doko ni orimasu ka. 15. Ima watakusi w a Yokohama ni orimasu. LXIV. 1. Have you much money ? 2. I had much money when I was in Japan. 3. Have you a horse ? 4. I have no (have not) horse. 5. Had you many houses when you were in England (Igilisu). 6. We had three houses when we were in England. 7. Has your brother a room ? 8. He has no room. 9. Did you live in Yedo formerly ? 10. I lived formerly in Yokohama. 11. Where do you live now ? 12. I live in Yedo now. LXV. Indicatve Mood. Past tense, negatively. Watakusi wa motteimasenanda I had not. Anata wa . . . you had not. Kono 1 or > okata . . . she or he had not. Sono J

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Japanese and English Exercises. G5 Watahusi do mo wa motteimasenanda, we had not. Anata gata .... you had not. Kono \ or > ohata .... she or he had not. Sono ) Mi tuhi izen ni, three months ago. Rohu nen izen ni, six years ago. Kimasita, came, or has or have come. Ikutu,h.ow old, how many Ikura, how much. Kaimasu, buy, or buy 8. Haori, coat. Kimono, dress. 1. Anata wa mi tuki izen ni Nipon ye kimasita ha* 2. Watahusi wa itti nen izen ni Nipon ye kimasita. 3. Anata no Modal wa ikutu de gozarimasu ka. 4. Watahusi no kiodai wa zu ni de gozarimasu. 5. Kono okata wa Yokohama kara kimasita ka. 6. Sono ohata wa Yedo kara kimasita. 7. Anata wa Yokohama ni orimasita tokiniwa, takusan tomodati wo motteimasenanda ka. 8. Watakusi wa Yokohama ni orimasita tokiniwa tomodati wo motteimasenanda. 9. Kono haori wa ikura simasita ka. 10. Kono haori wa san riyo simasita. 11. Anata wa sono kimono wo kalmasu ha. 12. Watahusi wa sono himono wo kaimasen. LXVI. * 1. When you were in Japan, had you many friends? V 2. When I was in Japan, I had many friends. 3. How F

66 Japanese and English Exercises. much does this coat cost ? 4. This coat cost three riyo. 5. We have many houses in Yedo. 6. Did you come to Japan three days (mittka izen) ago ? 7. I came to Japan three months ago. 8. How old are you? 9. lam twelve (years old). 10. Do you buy this dress ? 11. I do not buy this dress. LXVII. Indicative Mood. Future. Watakusi wa or ga motteimasho I shall have. Anata . Kono okata . Watakusi domo Anata gata . Kono okata . you will have. she or he will have we shall have, you will have, they will have. Miyo nitty to-morrow. Miyo ban, to-morrow evening. Miyo asa; to-morrow morning. Ikimasho, will or shall go. Uketorimasho, will or shall receive. Mimasho, will or shall see. 1 . Watakusi ga sono hako wo motteimasho (shall hold) . 2. Anata no tomodati wa Asakusa ye miyo niti iJqimasu ka. 3. Watakusi no tomodati wa miyo asa Asakusa ye ikimasho. 4. Watakusi wa sono shomotu wo miyo ban mimasho. 5. Itu anata no tomodati ga kono teg ami wo

Japanese and English Exercises. 67 uketorimasho ka. 6 Watakusi no tomodati gasono tegamiwo miyo ban uketorimasho. 7. Watahusi domo wa miyo niti Anala no iye wo mimasho. 8. Watahusi wa sono kane wo miyo niti uketorimasho. 9. Itu kono okata wa Yedo ye ikimasho ka. 10. Sono okata wa Yedo ye miyo niti ikimasho. 11. Ituanatawa kono tegamiivo uketorimasita ka. 12. Watakusi wa kono tegami ivo sakuzitu uketorimasita. LXVIII. v 1. When will you go to Yedo ? 2. I shall go to Yedo to-morrow. 3. Shall I hold this box ? 4. I shall hold that book. ^'5. When do you receive your money ? 6. I shall receive my money to-morrow morning. 7. You will go to Asakusa to-morrow evening. 8. Shall we see that book to-day ? 9. We shall see this book tomorrow. 10/ When hav.e you seen (did you see) my friend? 11. I have seen (saw) your friend yesterday. LXIX. Indicative Mood. Future, negatively. Watakusi wa motteimasumai . I shall not have. Anata wa motteimasumai . you will not have. Kono okata wa ... he will not have. Watakusi domo ... we shall not have. Anata gata .... you will not have. Kono okata .... they will not have. f2

G8 Japanese and English Exercises. Ikimasumaif shall or will not go. Mimasumai, shall or will not see. Kimasumai, shall or will not come. Made, till. 1. Anatano tomodati wa konniti Yedo ye ikimasu ha. 2. Watakusi no tomodati wa konniti Yedo ye ikimasen. o. Anatawa miyo niti Asakusa ye ikimasho ka. 4. Watakusi wa miyo niti Asakusa ye ikimasumai. 5. Anata no kiodaiwamiyo banKanagawa ye ikimasho ka. 6. Watakusi no kiodai iva miyo ban Ka?iagawa ye ikimasumai. 7. Anata no tomodati wa, miyo niti anata no iye ni kimas\%o ka. 8. Watakusi no tomodati wa niyo nitiwatakusi no iyeni kimasumai. 9. Kono hito wa sono kane wo miyo ban made motteimasho ka (will keep) ? 10. Sono hito wa kono kane wo miyo ban made motteimasumai. 11. Anata wa kono okata wo miyo niti mimasho ka. 12. Watakusi wa kono hito wo miyo niti mimasumai. LXX 1. I shall not go to Yedo to-morrow. 2. Shall we go to Yokohama ? 3. We shall not go to Yokohoma to-morrow. 4. Will yonr friends come to my house ? 5. My friends will not come to your house. 6. You will see my friend to-day. 7. I shall not see your brother to-morrow, because I shall go to Yedo. 8. Where will you go to-morrow ? 9. I shall go to Kanagawa to-morrow. 10. I shall wait (matteimasho)

Japanese and English Exercises. 69 till you come. 11. How much did this coat cost ? 12. This coat cost three riyo. LXXI. Iku, to go. Kiku, to hear. Suku, to like. Hasiru, to run. Sosiru, to sneer at. Indicative. Present. Ikimasu, go, or goes. Kikimasu, hear, or hears. Sukimasu, like, or likes, Ikimasen, do not go, or does not go. Kikimasen, do not hear, or does not hear. Sukimasen, do not like, or does not like. 1. Nam wo anata wa sukimasuka. 2. Watakusiwa sake wo sukimasu. 3. Konniti anata wa dokoye ikimasu ka. 4. Watakusiwa konniti Yedo ye ikimasu. 5. Anata no tomodati wa sono shomotu wo sukimasen ka. 6. Watakusi no tomodati wa sono shomotu wo sukimasen. 7. Anata wa konniti Asakusa ye ikimasen ka. 8. Watakusi wa konniti ikimasen. 9. Anata no kiodai wa hana wo sukimasu ka. 10. Watakusi no kiodai wa hana wo sukimasen. 11. Anata no musume wa konniti TLanagawa ye ikimasu ka. 12. Watakusi no musume wa konniti Kanagawa ye ikimasen.

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70 Japanese and English Exercises. LXXIL 1, Do you like flowers ? 2. I do not like flowers. 3. Where do you go ? 4. I go to Tedo. 5. When do you go to Asakusa ? 6. I go to Asakusa to-day. 7. Does your brother like sake ? 8. My brother does not like sak£. 9. Does your son like meat (niku) ? 10. My son likes meat. 11. Where does your friend go? 12. My friend goes to his room (heya). LXXIII. Indicative. Past. Sukimasita, liked, or has or have liked. IMmasita, went, or has or have gone. Kihimasita, heard, or has or have heard. Hasirimasita, ran, or has or have run. Sosirimasita, sneered at, or has or have sneered at. Negatively. Sukimasenanda, has or have not liked. Ikimasenanda, has or have not gone. Kikimasenanda, has or have not heard. Hasirimasenanda, has or have not run. Sosirimasenanda, has or have not sneered. Hanasi, story. Sinbun, news. Hayahu, quickly. Hito, person, or others. 1. Sdkimtu anatawa Yedo ye ihimasita Tea. 2. Wata 

Japanese and English Exercises. 71 kusi wa sahuzitu Yedo ye ikimasenanda. 3.Doko ye anata no kiodai wa ikimasita ka. 4. Watakusi no kiodai iva Kanagawa ye ikimasita. 5. Itu anata wa sono sinbun wo kikimasita ka. 6. Watahusi wa sono sinbun wo sakuzitu kikimasita. 7. Anata wa kono hanasi wo kikimasita ka. 8. Watakusi wa sono hanasi wo kikimasenanda. 9. Anata no segare wa hayaku hasirimasu ka. 10. Watakusi no segare wa hayaku hasirimasen. 11. Anata wa izen kono hana wo sukimasita ka. 12. Watakusi wa izen sono hana wo sukimasita. LXXIV. 1. Did you like my house ? 2. I liked your house. 3. Did you hear that news ? 4. I heard that news yesterday. 5. Did you run quickly ? 6. I did not run quickly. 7. Does my friend sneer at others ? 8. Your friend sneered at others yesterday. 9. Did you go to your brother's house ? 10. I went to my brother's house. LXXV. Indicative Mood. Future. Sukimashoy will or shall like. Ikimasho, will or shall go. Kikimasho, will or shall hear. Hasirimasho, will or shall run. Sosirimasho, will or shall sneer at.

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72 Japanese and English Exercises. Sukimasumai, will or shall not like. Ikimasumai, will or shall not go. Xikimasumai, will or shall not hear. I. Anata no kiodaiwasono shomotu wo sukimasho ha. 2. Watakusi no Modal wa sono shomotu wo sukimasho. 3. Anata wa miyo niti Yedo ye ikimasho Jca. 4. Watakusi wa miyo niti Yedo ye ihimasumai. 5. Watakusi domo wa sono hanasi wo miyo niti hikimasho. 6. Anata no musume wa hono hanawo stihimasho ha. 7. Watakusi no musume wa sono hana wo sukimasumai. 8. Anata wa doko ye ikimasu ha. 9. Watakusi Kanagawa ye ihimasu. 10. Itu anata no tomodati wa Asakusa ye ikimasita ha. 1 1. Watakusi no tomodati wa sakuzitu Asakusa ye ikimaxita. 1 2. Watakusi no kiodai wa miyo niti Yedo ye ikimasumai. LXXVI. 1. Will you go to Yedo to-morrow ? 2. I shall not go to Yedo to-morrow. 3. Where will your brother go ? 4. My brother will go to Asakusa. 5. Will your daughter like that flower ? 6. My daughter will not like that flower. 7. We shall hear that story to-morrow evening. 8. Does your brother run quickly ? 9. My brother runs quickly. 10. Where did your friend go ? 11. My friend went to Kanagawa.

Japanese and English Exercises. 73 LXXYIL Tokeru, to melt. Kangayeru, to think. Taduneru, to seek. Okiru, to get up. Miru, to see. Otiru, to fall. Indicative. Present. Tokemasu, melt or melts. Kangayemasu, think or thinks. Tadunemasu, look for or looks for. OhimasUy get up or gets up. Mimasu, see or sees. Otimasu, fall or falls. Tokemasen, has or have not melted. Kangayemasen, has or have not thought. Iti zi, one o'clock. Ni zi, two o'clock. Hati zi, eight o'clock. Tenki, weather. Ame, rain. Yuki, snow. Maiasa, every morning. Mainiti, every day. Attdkani, warm. 1. Nan doki ni anata wa maiasa okimasu ka. 2. Watakusi wa maiasa hatti zi ni okimasu. 3. Nani wo anata wa rnainiti mimasu ka. 4. Watakusi wa mainiti shomotu wo mimasu. 5. TenJci ga attakani gozarimasu kara yuki ga tokemasu. 6. Anata no tomodati wa mainiti anata no kiodai wo mimasu. 7. Konniti wa attakani gozarimasu kara yuki ga tokemasu. 8. Anata wa nani wo kangayemasu ka. 9. Watakusi wa shomotu wo kongayemasu. 10. Anata no musume wa nani wo tadunemasu ka.

74 Japanese and English Exercises. 1 1. Watakusi no musume wa shomotu wo tadunemasu. 1 2. Anata no tomodati wa mainiti nan dolci ni okimasu ka. 13. Watakusi no tomodati wa maiasa hati zi ni okimasu. 14. Yuki ga tokemasen. 15. Watakusi wa konniti tomodati wo mimasen. LXXVIII. 1. At what time do your friends get up ? 2. They get up at eight o'clock. 3. What does your brother look for ? 4. My brother looks for (his) books. 5. What do you think of ? 6. Do you see your friends every day ? 7. I see my friends every morning. 8. I think about (my) books. 9. Do you get up every morning at eight ? 10. I get up at eight every morning. 11. Do your daughters see books ? 12. My daughters see books. 13. I do not see your friends. 14. I do not look for books. LXXIX. Indicative Mood. Past. Tokemasita, melt, or has or have melted. Kangayemasita, thought, or has or have thought. Tadunemasita, looked for, or has or have looked for. Okimasitaj got up, or has or have got up. Mimasita, saw, or has or have seen. Okimasita, fell, or has or have fallen. Tokemasenanda, has or have not melted. Kangayemasenanda, has or have not thought. Tadunemasenanda, has or have not looked for.

Japanese and English Exercises. 75 Konchd, this morning. Naze, why. Koto } matter. Dosite, how. Kimono, dress. 1. Yuhi ga konchd tokemasita. 2. Anata wa konchd nan doki ni ohimasita ha. 3. Watakusi wa konchd hatti zi ni ohimasita. 4. Konniti wa attakani gozarimasen kara yuki ga takemasen. 5 . Anata wa kono koto wa kangayemasita ka. 6. Watakusi wa sono koto wo kongayemasenanda. 7. Anata wa sakuzitu nani wo Asakusa de mimasita ka. 8. Watakusi wa sakuzitu Asakusa de tori wo mimasita. 9. Anata wa nani wo tadunemasu ka. 10. Watakusi wa kimono wo tadunemasu. 11. Anata wa naze kono shomotu wo sukimasen ka. 12. Sono shomotu wa omosiroku (amusing) gozarimasen kara watakusi wa sukimasen. 13. Anata wa konniti watakusi no segare wo mimasita ka. 14. Watakusi wa anata no tomodati wo mimasita. LXXX. 1. Have you thought about that matter ? 2.1 did not think about that matter. 3. What are you looking for ? 4. I look for your brother's book. 5. What time did you get up this morning ? 6. I got up this morning at eight o'clock. 7. Why have you not seen my friend yesterday ? 8. I have not seen your friend yesterday, because I did not go to Yokohama. 9. Where did you go yesterday ? 10. I went to Asakusa yester 

76 Japanese and English Exercises. day. 11. What does your brother look for? 12. My brother looks for (his) book. LXXXI. Indicative Mood. Future. Tokemasho, will or shall melt. Kangayemasho, will or shall think. Tadunemasho, will or shall look for. Okimasho, will or shall get up. Mimasho, will or shall see. Tokemasumai, will or shall not melt. Kangayemasumai, will or shall not think. Okimasumaiy will or shall not get up. Miyo niti, to-morrow. Hayaku, early. Miyo asa, to-morrow morning. 1. Miyo niti yuki ga tokemasho ka. 2. Miyo niti yuki wa tokemasumai. 3. Anata no tomodati wa miyo asa nan doki ni okimasho ka. 4. Watakusi no tomodati wa miyo niti hatti zi ni okimasho ka. 5. Anata wa miyo asa hayaku okimasho ka. 6. Watakusi wa miyo asa hayaku okimasumai. 7. Anata wa nani wo usinaimasita ka. 8. Watakusi wa kane wo usinaimasita. 9. Anata wa sore wo tadunemasita ka. 10. Watakusi wa sore wo tadunemasenanda. 11. Anata no kiodai wa miyo niti watakusi no tomodati wo nimasho ka. 12. Watakusi no kiodai wa miyo niti Yedo ye ikimasen hara> 4iiata no

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Japanese and English Exercises. 77 tomodati wo mimasumai. 13. Naze anata no kicdai vja miyo niti Yedo ye ihimasumai ka. 14. Watakusi no kiodai wa biyokide (ill) gozarimasu kara ikimasumai. LXXXII. 1. What time will you get up to-morrow morning? 2. I shall get up to-morrow morning at eight o'clock. 3. Will you see me to-morrow in Yedo ? 4. I shall not see you to-morrow. 5. Does your daughter get up early every morning ? 6. She gets up every morning at six o'clock (rokuzi). 7. Why do your friends go to Yedo to-day ? 8. My friends go to Yedo because (they) have (their) houses (there). 9. What do you look for ? 10. I look for my books. 11. Have you lost (your) money ? 12. I have lost my knife (hdcho). LXXXIII. Indicative. Present. Kuril, to come. Sum, to do. Kioiku sure, to educate. Zonzuru, to know. Kuril, to be wild. Kanzuru, to admire. Kimasu, come or comes. Simasu, do or does. Kioiku simasu, educate or educates. fKanzimasu, admire or admires, j

78 Japanese and English Exercises. Ki, mind. Zinmin, people. Do or Dosite, how. Saihu, workmanship. Ye. picture. 1. Anata wa mainiti nani wo simasu ha. 2. Watahusi wa mainiti shomotu yomimasu (read). 3. Anata no tomodati wa mainiti nani wo simasu ha. 4. Watahusi no tomodati wa mainiti ye wo hahimasu (paints). 5. Anata no hiodai wa honniti koho ye himasu ha. 6. Watahusi no hiodai wa honniti hoho ye himasu. 7. Anata wa hono saihu wo mimasita ha. 8. Watahusi wa mada (yet) hono saihu wo mimasenanda. 9. Anata wa hore wo do omoimasu (think of) ha. 10. Watahusi wa sore ni hanzimasu. 11. Zinmin wo hioiku suru ga yd gozarimasu. 12. Anata wa hono saihu ni hanzimasu ha. 13. Watahusi wa sono saihu ni hanzimasu. 14. Anata wa honniti watahusi no iye ye himasu ha. 15. Watahusi wa honniti anata no iye ye ihimasen. LXXXIV. 1. Who comes here ? 2. Your brother comes here. 3. Do you not know my name ? 4. I do not know your name. 5. Do you admire this workmanship ? 6. I admire this workmanship. 7. What do you do today ? 8. I read my books to-day. 9. Where do you go ? 10. I go to Asakusa. 11. Do you like pictures ? 12.1 like pictures.

Japanese and English Exercises. 79 LXXXV. Indicative Mood. Past. Kimasita, came, or has or have come. Simasita, did, or has or have done. Kioiku simasita, educated, or has or have educated. Kimasenanda, has or have not come. Simasenanday has or have not done. Sibai or Sibaya, theatre. Sitateya, tailor. Tera, church. Kutuya, shoemaker. 1. Anata wakoko yeitu kimasita ka. 2. WataJcusiwa koko ye sakuzitu Mmasita. 3. SaJcuzitu anata wa nani wo simasita ha. 4. Sahuzitu watakusi wa shomotu wa yomimasita. 5. Anata wa konniti sibai ye ikimasu lea. 6. Watakusi wa konniti tera ye ikimasu. 7. Dare ga kimamasita ka. 8. Sitateya ga kimasita. 9. Anata wa kimono wo kosirayemasu (make) ka. 10. Watakusi wa haori wo kosirayemasu. 11. Anata wa koncho nani wo simasita ka. 12. Watakusi wa koncho sinbunsi (newspaper) mo yomimasita. 13. Anata wa kono saiku ni kanzimasita ka. 14. Watakusi wa kono saiku ni kanzimasita. LXXXVI. 1. Where did you go yesterday ? 2. I went to Asakusa. 3. Did you read the newspaper yesterday ? 4. I read the newspaper yesterday. 5. Did you come to my

80 Japanese and English Exercises. liouse last night (saku ya) ? 6. I came to your house last night, but you were not at home. 7. Did you go to church this morning ? 8. Who came here yesterday? 9. A shoemaker came here yesterday. 10. Yesterday a tailor came here. 11. Do you make a coat ? 12. I make a cloak (tonbi). 13. Do you come here every morning? 14. I come here every morning. LXXXVII. Indicative Mood. Future. Kimasho, shall or will come. Simasho, shall or will do or make. Kanzimasho, will or shall admire. Kimasumai, will or shall not come. Simasumai, will or shall not do or make. 1. Itu anata no tomodati wa koko ye kimasho ka. 2. Watakusi no tomodati wa koko ye kimasumai. 3. Dokoye anata wa ikimasu ka. 4. Watakusi wa konniti Yokohama ya ikimasu. 5. Nani wo watakusi wa miyo niti simasho ka. 6. Anata wa miyo niti tera ye ikimasho. 7. Konniti anata no kiodai wa watafyusi no iye ye kimasumai ka. 8. Watakusi no kiodai wa konniti anata no iye ye kimasumai. 9. Anata wa mainiti nani wo simasu ka. 10. Watakusi wa mainiti shomotu wo yomimasu. 11. Anata no tomodati wa mainiti gakkd (school) ye ikimasu ka. 12. Watakusi no tomodati iva

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Japanese and English Exercises. 81 mainiti gakkd ye ihimasen. 13. Sono okata wa kono saiku ni kanzimasho ka. 14. Kono okata wasonosaiku ni kanzimasho. 15. Anatawawatakusinotomodati wo itu mimasita ha. 16. WataJcusi wa anata no tomodati wo sakusitu mimasita. 17. Tenki ga yd gozarimasu. LXXXVIIL 1. What did you do yesterday ? 2. I went to Yokohama. 3. What does your brother do every day ? 4. My brother goes to school every day. 5. Where are you going? 6. I am going to Asakusa. 7. When will your friend come to my house? 8. My friend will come to your house to-morrow evening. 9. Do you go to church often (tabitabi) ? 10. T go to church sometimes (toki-doki). 11. Will your brother admire this workmanship if (he) sees (it)* ? 12. My brother will admire this workmanship. 13. Shall we go to Yokohama to-night. 14. My brother will go to Yokohama to-morrow evening. 15. Do you like tea ? 16. I like tea. 17. Do you drink sake ? 18. I drink sake. LXXX1X Mattu, to wait. Utau, to sing. Konomu, to like. Hanasu, speak. Usinaiiy to lose. Kaku, to write, or to paint. Uru, to sell. # Here nominative and objective are understood in the Japanese sentence. G

82 Japanese and English Exercises. In conversation,* relative pronouns are always understood; thus, Sore wa watahusi g a mimasita hito de gozarimasu, He is the man whom I have seen ; Sore wa watahusi no iye ni himasita hito de gozarimasu, He is the man who came to my house. Igilisu hotoba, English language. Furansu hotoba, French language. Nasi, pear. Kudamono, fruit. Mihan, orange. Uta, song. Tegami, letter. 1. Anata wa tegami wo hahimasita lea. 2. Watahusi wa tegami wo hahimasita. 3. Kore wa anata g a mimasita shomotu de gozarimasu ha. 4. Kore wa watahusi ga mimasita shomotu de gozarimasu. 5. Anata wa dohoye ihimasu ha. 6. Watahusi wa anata ga sahuzitu ihimasita tohoro (the place) ye ihimasu. 7. Anata wa uta wo utaimasu ha. 8. Watahusi wa uta wo utaimasen ga (but) watahusi no musume ga utaimasu. 9. Anata no tomodati wa nashiwohonomimasuha. 10. Watahusi no tomodati wa mihan wo honomimasu. 11. Sono ohata wa Igilisu hotoba wo hanasimasu ha. 12. Kono ohata wa Furansu hotoba wo hanasimasu. 13. Anata wa hohode dare wo mattimasu ha. 14. Watahusi wa hohode watahusi no tomodati wo mattimasu. 15. Anata wa hudamono wo honomimasu ha. 16. Watahusi wa hudamono wo honomimasen ga watahusi no musume ga honomimasu. 17. Bare * See Eule XII.

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Japanese and English Exercises. 83 ga kono shomotuwo urimasu ka. 18. Shomotuya (bookseller) ga kono shomotu wo urimasu. XC. 1. Does your brother speak the French language ? 2. My brother speaks the English language. 3. Did you write your letters1 last night ? 4. I did not write my letters last night, but my brother wrote (them) . 5. Is that the man whom you saw yesterday ? 6. That is the man whom I saw yesterday. 7. Does your friend like oranges ? 8. My friend likes oranges. 9. Is this the man who sells cloth ? 10. This is the man who sells cloth. 11. Do you wait here for your brother ? 12. I wait here for my daughter. 13. How much does this book cost (simasu) ? 14. This book costs three shillings (san bu). 15. Does your friend sing a song ? 16. My friend does not sing a song. XCI. To .... to, and. Keredomo , but. Watakusi no, mine. Atai, price. Iro} colour. Kireina, kireini, beautiful HanaJiada, very. MairimasUy go, or goes. 1. Watakusi to watakusi no kiodai to ga konniti Asakusa ye mairimasu (go). 2. Watakusi w a Ig His u kotoba wo hanasimasen keredomo watakusi no Modai ga g2

84 Japanese and English Exercises. hanasimasu. 3. Anata wa ima doho ni orimasu ka. 4. Watakusi wa ima Yokohama ni orimasu. 5. Kono shomotu wa anata no de gozarimasu ha. 6. Kono shomotu wa watakusi no kiodai no de gozarimasu. 7. Kono shomotu wa watakusi no de gozarimasen. 8. Kono tanmono no atai vja ikura de gozarimasu ka. 9. Kono tanmono no atai wa go rigo de gozarimasu. 1 0. Anata no kimono no iro wa kireini gozarimasu. 11. Anata no niwa ni arimasu hana wa hanahada kireini gozarimasu. 1 2. Anata no tomodati wa watakusi no niwa wo mimasita ka. 13. Watakusi no tomodati wa mada (yet) anata no niwa wo mimasenanda. 14. Sakuzitu anata wa nani wo simasita ka. 15. Sakuzitu watakusi wa tomodati no iye ye ikimasita. 16. Anata 7io tomodati wa dokoni orimasu ka. 1 7. Watakusi no tomodati wa Yedo ni orimasu. 18. Anata wa konniti tegami wo anata no tomodati ye okurimasu (send) ka. 19. Watakusi wa konniti tegami wo watakusi no haha ni okurimasu. 20. Koncho anata wa sinbunsi (newspaper) wo mimasita ka. 21. Watakusi wa koncho mada sinbunsi wo mimasenanda. XCII. 1. The flowers (which) are in your garden are very beautiful. 2. Do you like flowers ? 3. I like flowers. 4. Where do you go to ? 5. I go to my friend's house. 6. What do you do every day ? 7. I read books every day. 8. Did you receive my letter yesterday ? 9.1

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Japanese and English Exercises. 85 received jour letter this morning. 10. I do not like those pictures, but my friends like (them). 11. This is the workmanship (which) I saw three years ago. 12. Who came here to day ? 13. The tailor and draper (tanmonoya) came here to-day. 14. How much does this cloth cost ? 15. That cloth costs three riyo. 16. Will your friends come to your house this evening ? 17. My friends will come to my house this evening. XCIII. Mosi .... nara, if. Tatoye .... nisiro or sitemo, although. Mosi watakasi ga sono okata wo mimasita nara kono tegami wo watasimasho. If I see him, (I) shall deliver letter (to him). Tatoye konniti wa yoi tenki de gozarimasu nisiro, miyoniti wa uten de gozarimasho. Although it may be fine to-day, yet to-morrow it will rain. Onasi or Onazi, koto or mono, the same thing. Kinu, silk. Sazi, spoon. Sayonara, good-bye. Konniti wa* good day. Sayo or hei, yes. lye or lya, no. JFasuremasitayhsbS or ha ve forgotten or forgot. * Konniti wa yoi tenhi de gozarimasu, " This day is a fine day," is contracted into Konniti wa.

86 Japanese and English Exercises. 1. Mosi watakusi ga Iconniti anata no tomodati wo mimasita nara> kono kinu wo watasimasho. 2. Anata no shomotu to watakusi no wa onazi koto de gozarimasu ka. 3. lye watakusi no shomotu to anata no wa onasi koto de gozarimasen. 4. Anata wa konniti gakkd ye ikimasenanda ka. 5. Hei watakusi wa konniti gakko ye ikimasenanda* 6. Naze (why) anata no tomodati wa konniti watakusi no iye ye kimasen ka. 7. Watakusi no tomodati wa konncho Yedo ye ikimasita kara anata no tokoro ye kimasen. 8. Anata wa kono kinu wo ikura ni kaimesita ka. /9. Watakusi wa sono kinu wo itt shaku (one foot) ni riyo ni kaimasita. 10. Anata wa London ni orimasita ka. 11. Hei watakusi wa London ni san nen orimasita. 12. Anata wa Igilisu no kikd (English climate) wo konomimasen ka. 13. Hei watakusi wa Igilisu no kiko wo konomimasen. 14. Itu mata (again) anata wa Yedo ye ikimasu ka. 15. Miyoniti watakusi wa Yedo ye ikimasu. 16. Watakusi wa konniti tegami wo watakusi no haha kara uketorimasita. 17. Mai tuki (every month) anata wa tegami wo anata no tomodati ni okurimasu ka. 18. Hei watakusi wa mai tuki tegami wo watakusi no tomodati ni okurimasu. XCIV. 1. Although it is fine now, it will rain presently (imani). 2. Have you forgotten me ? 3. No, I have * Here is the difference between yes and hei.

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Japanese and English Exercises. 87 not forgotten you. 4. Where are you living now ? 5. I am living in Yedo. 6. When are you coming to my house ? 7. I am going to your house to-day. 8. Have you bought this silk ? 9. Yes, I bought that silk. 10. How much did that cost ? 11. This cost three riyo a foot (itt shaku) . 12. If I see your friend to-day, what shall I say (to him) ? 13. If you see my friend to-day, deliver (watasite kudasare) this letter (to him). 14 Did you live in England a long time (nagaku) ? 15. I lived in England three years. 16. I have lost my book. XCY. Yakusoku sum, To promise, to make an agreement. The word to (with) must be put after the names of persons to whom we make a promise. Watdkusi wa kono okata to miyo niti Tedo ye iku yakusoku simasita. I promised you to go to Yedo tomorrow. Watasu, to deliver. Ton j to ask. Shabon, soap. Tenuguiy towel. 1. Anata wa koncho anata no tomodati ni tegami wo okurimasita ka. 2. Watakusi wa tegami wo sakuzitu okurimasita. 3. Anata wa kono kane wo dare ni watasimasu ka. 4. Watakusi wa kono kane wo watakusi no tomodati ni okurimasu. 5. Itu anata wa sono kane wo kono okata ni watasimasita ka. 6. Sakuzitu watakusi wa

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88 Japanese and English Exercises. sono Jeane wo hono okata ni watasimasita. 7. Anata wa sono hoto wo anata no tomodati ni toimasita ha. 8. lye watahusi wa sono Iwtowomada toimasenanda. 9. Anata wa watahusi no segare to miyo niti Yedo ye ihu yahusohu simasita ha. 10. lye watakusi wa anata no tomodati to Yohohamaye ihu yahusohu simasita. 11. Sahuya anatagata wa sibai ye ihimasita ha. 12. lye watahusi domo wa sahuzitu Asa,husa ye ihimasita. 13. Anata wa honniti tegami wo anata no huni (country) hara uJcetorimasita ha. 14. Sayo, watahusi wa tegami wo watahusi no haha hara uhetorimasita* XCYI. 1. From whom did you receive this letter ? 2. I received that letter from my father. 3. How much did your horse cost ? 4. My horse cost 100 riyo, 5. Where are you going to-day ? 6. We are going to Yokohama. 7. What do you do every day 1 S.I read books every day ? 9. Where do you live now ? 10. I live in Yedo. 11. To whom do you send that letter ? 12. I send that letter to my father. 13. Did you promise that person to go to Yedo to-day ? 14. No, I did not promise that person to go to Yedo to-day. 15. Did you ask your brother (about) this matter? 16. No, I have not asked my brother (about) this matter yet (mada).

Japanese and English Exercises. 89 XCVII. In the Japanese, when we apply ko (son), leaned (wife), and kiodai (brother) to those of others, we prefix o or go before these words merely to express our respect to others. Watakusi no ho, my son. Anata no o ho [special courtesy], your son. Watakusi no hmai, my wife. Anata no go kanai [special courtesy], your wife. Noru, to ride. Kayeru, to return. Jokisen, steamer. Jokisha, railway train. 1. Watakusi wa konniti anata no go kanai wo mimasita. 2. Anata wa doko de watakusi no kanai wo mimasita ka. 3. Watakusi wa anata no go kanai wo jokisha de mimasita. 4. Anata wa konniti Yokohama kara jokisha de Mmasita ka mata (or) jokisen de kimasita ka. 5. Watakusi wa Jokisha de kimasita. 6. Anata no o ko wa ikutu de gozarimasu ka. 7. Watakusi no ko wa zu ni de gozarimasu. 8. Anata wa jokisha ni noru koto wo konomimasu ka. 9. lye, watakusi wa jokisha ni noru koto wo konomimasen. 10. Anata no go kiodai wa, kon- v niti doko ye ikimasita ka. 11. Watakusi no kiodai wa konniti Yedo ye ikimasita. 12. Kono okata wa anata no otomodati de gozarimasu ka. 13. Sayo, kono okata wa watakusi no tomodati de gozarimasu. 14. Anata no Jcuni ni jokisha ga gozarimasu ka. 15. Hei, watakusi no kuni ni jokisha ga gozarimasu.

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90 Japanese and English Exercises. XCVIII. 1. Did you come here by a train or steamer ? 2.1 came by a steamer. 3. Are there railways in your country ? 4. There is a railway in my country. 5. Is your wife in your house ? 6. No, my wife went to Yokohama. 7. Is that your brother ? 8. No, that is my friend. 9. I have seen your daughter in Asakusa. 10. When did you see my daughter in Asakusa f 11. I saw your daughter three days ago. 12. When will your brother return from Kanagawa ? 13. My brother will return to-day. u4. Did you ride in the train often (tabitabi). 15. No, I rode in the train three times (san do). XCIX. When we apply haha (mother) and titi (father) to those of others, we add the word sama, or sometimes we use altogether different words : — Okkasan for mother, and ottossan for father. Anata no titisama or ottossan, your father. Watdkusi no haha or titi, my mother, or father. Oji, uncle. Asa-mesi, breakfast. Hiru-mesi, dinner. Ban-mesij supper. Oba, aunt. Taberu, to eat. N.omu, to drink. Sakana, fish.

Japanese and English Exercises. 91 1. Watakusi wa sakuzitu anata no hahasama wo mimasita. 2. Anata wa doko de watakusi no haha wo mimasita ha. 3. Watakusi wa anata no okkasan wo AsaJcusade mimasita. 4. Anata wa Jconcho asa-meshi wo tabemasita ka. 5. Hei watakusi wa koncho asa-meshi wo tabemasita. 6. Anata wa ban-meshi ni itudemo (always) sake wo nomimasu ka. 7. lye, watakusi wa ban-meshi ni cha wo nomimasu. 8. Anata wa hiru-meshi ni nani wo tabemasu ka. 9. Watakusi wa hiru-meshi ni sakana to niku wo tabemasu. 10. Konniti anata no titisama or ottossan wa doko ye ikimasita ka. 11. Watakusi no titi wa Yedo ye ikimasita. 12. Anata no haliasama wa itu Yedo kara kayerimasu ka. 13. Miyo niti watakusi no haha wa kayerimasu. 14. Kore wa anata no ojisama de gozarimasu ka. 15. Hei kore wa watakusi no oji de gozarimasu. 16. Sono okata wa anata no obasama de gozarimasu ka. 17. Hei kono okata wa watakusi no oba de gozarimasu. 18. Anata wa konniti Yedo ye ikimasen ka. 19. Hei watakusi wa ikmasen* C. 1. Where is your brother ? 2. My brother is in the house. 3. I have seen your mother in the garden. 4. Did you finish (sumimasita) your breakfast ? 5. Yes, I finished my breakfast. 6. At what time does your * In some cases Hei and lye do not correspond to the English ' yes ■ and ' no ■ ; or, as the examples above show, there is a difference in the idiomatic use of these words in the two languages.

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92 Japanese and English Exercises. father get up ? 7. My father gets up at seven o'clock. 8. What do you eat at dinner ? 9. I eat meat and fish. 10. Does your mother like meat ? 11. My mother likes meat. 12. At what time do you eat supper? .13. I eat supper at six o'clock. 14. Do you write a letter to your father every day ? 15. Yes, I write a letter to my father every day. 16. Will your brother return here to-day ? 17. I do not know (zouzimasen). 18. Have you seen the railway trains ? 19. Yes, I rode in the train often (tabitabi). 01. Sosiraremasu, is, or are sneered at. Sosiraremasita, was, or were sneered at. Wutaremasu, is, or are beaten. Wutaremasita, was, or were beaten. Miraremasu, is, or are seen or looked at. Miraremasita, was, or were seen or looked at. Hand, mi ni, to see the flower. Fune, ship, or boat. Inu, dog. Sono hito, that person. Kawa, river. Sakura, cherry-tree, or flower. Sakuzitu, yesterday. Mati, street, Kisi, bank. Fuzin, lady. 1. Kono inu wa hito ni wutyremasu ha. 2. lye, hio inn wa hito ni wutaremasen, 3. Sono inuwa sakuzitu hito ni wutaremasita. 4. Sono fuzin wa hito ni mi*

Japanese and English Exercises. 93 raremasu ha. 5. Kono fuzin wa sahuzitu hito ni miraremasita. 6. Do~kode sono fuzin wa hito ni miraremasita ha. 7. Mali de miraremasita. 8. Itudemo hireina fuzin wa hito ni miraremasu. 9. Anata wa hana mini ihimasita ha. 10. Watakusi wa fune de hana mini ihimasita. 11. Sahura wa doho ni gozarimasu ha, 12. Sahura wa hawa no hisi ni gozarimasu. 13. Sahura wa fune hara miraremasu ha. 14. Hei fane hara miraremasu. 15. Sahura wa hireina hana de gozarimasu ha. 16. Sahura wa hanada hireini gozarimasu. 17. Sono fuzin wa hito ni sosiraremasu ha. 18. lye, hono fuzin wa hito ni homeraremasu (is praised). 19. Sono hito wa hito ni homeraremasu ha matawa sosiraremasu ha. 20. Kono hito wa hito ni homeraremasu. 21. Mainiti tenhi ga yd gozarimasu hara, sahura no hana ga hireini gozarimasho. 22. Dare ga hana. mini ihimasu ha. 23. Watakusi no tomodati to watahusi ga hana mini ihimasu. 24. Hana wa doho ni takusan arimasu ha. 25. Muho zima ni arimasu. on. 1. Was this lady seen by the people yesterday ? 2. Yes, this lady was seen by the people. 3. Where was that lady seen by the people ? 3. This beautiful lady was seen by the people everywhere (dohodemo). 5. Where did you go yesterday ? 6. I went to see the flower. 7. Where is the flower ? 8. (It) is on the bank of a river. 9. When did you go to the theatre ?

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94 Japanese and English Exercises. 10. I went to the theatre yesterday. 11. Was that person sneered at by the people ? 12. No, that person was not sneered at by the people. 13. How did yon go to see the flower ? 14. I went in a boat. 15. Who was beaten yesterday ? 16. This dog was beaten yesterday. 17. Do yon write a letter to-morrow? 18. I write a letter to-morrow. 19. Are (there) cherrytrees in the street ? 20. Yes, there are cherry-trees in the street. 21. The flower of a cherry-tree is beautiful. 22. I do not go to see the flower, but my friend goes. CHI. Miyemasu, ") Miru koto ga dekimasu, ) Ikemasu, } Iku koto ga dekimasu, ) Yomemasu, ) -, ' t I can read. Yomu koto ga dekimasu, ) Kakemasu, 1 Kaku koto ga dekimasu, ) Mono, thing. T5hu> } distance. Yenjpo, ) Musi, insect. can see. can go. can paint, or write. Tada ima, just now. Yozi, business. Megane, spectacle. Saka duki, sake cup. 1. Konniti sibai ye anata wa ikemasu ha. 2. Hei, watakusi wa konniti sibai ye iku koto ga dekimasu. 3. Anata wa kono tisana musi wo miru koto ga deki 

Japanese and English Exercises. 95 masu ka. 4. lye, sonomusiwamiyemasen. 5. Anata wa yenpo ga miyemasu ka. 6. Watdkusi wa meg arte nasini yenpo ga miyemasen. 7. Anata wa tada ima Yokohama ye iku koto ga dekimasu ka. 8. Watakusi wa ihidemo ikemasu. 9. Konniti anata wa hana mini iku koto ga dekimasu ka. 10. Watakusi wa konniti hana mini iku koto ga dekimasu, 11. Anata wa kono tisai mono wo megane nasini miru koto gadekimasuka. ^12. lye, watakusi wa megane nasini sore wo miru koto ga dekimasen. 13. Izen anata wa dokoni orimasita. ka. 14. Watakusi wa izen Nagasaki ni orimasita. 15. Mata anata wa Nagasaki ye ikimasu ka. 16. Hei, watakusi wa,yozi ga arimasu kara, Nagasaki ye ikimasu. 17. Anata w a Nagasaki karaieayaku kayeru koto ga dekimasu. 18. lye, watakusi wa hayaku kayeru koto ga dekimasen. 19. Sokoni sakaduki ga arimasu ka. 20. lye, kokoni sakaduki wa aHmasen. 21. Anata w a kono shomotu wo yomu koto ga dekimasu ka. 22. lye, watakusi wa sono shomotu wo yomu koto g a dekimasen. 23. Anata wa ye ga kakemasu ka. 24. Watakusi wa ye ga kakemasu. CIV. 1. Have you any buisness to-day ? 2. No, I have not any business. 3. Can you go to Asakusa this morning? 4. 1 can go (there) just now. 5. Can you read this book ? I can read that book. 7. Can you write

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96 Japanese and English Exercises. a letter to-day ? 8. Yes, I can write a letter to-day. 9. Can yon see this small insect without spectacles ? 10. Yes, I can see (it). 11. Where do yon go every day ? 12. I go to see the flower every day. 13. Can you go to see the flower every morning ? 14. I can go to see the flower every morning. 15. Was this dog beaten by the people last night? 16. Yes, this dog was beaten last night. 17. Can you paint a picture ? 18. Yes, I can paint a picture. 1 9. Can you go to Nagasaki in a ship ? 20. Yes, I can go to Nagasaki in a ship. 21. Can you see that ? 22. I can see that. 23. Can you read this English word ? 24 Yes, I can read (it). CV. Ikemasita, Iku koto ga dekimasita, lkemasen, Iku koto ga dekimasen, Miyernasen, Miru koto ga dekimasen, could go. cannot go. cannot see. Kumo, spider. Inaka, country. Turi, fishing. Kenbikiyo, microscope. Tdmegane, telescope. Hai, fly. Hane, wing. Asi, foot, or feet. 1. Anata wa konniti sibai ye ikemasu ka. 2. lye, watakusi wa konniti ikemasen. 3. Anata wa sakuzitu

Japanese and English Exercises. 97 Asahusa ye ihu koto ga dehimasita ha. 4, Hei, dehimasita. I 5. Anata wa bono hai ivo henbi hiyo de mimasita ha. 6. Watahusi wa sono hai no hane wo henbihiyo de mimasita. 7. Anata wa sono hane wo yohu mint hoto ga dehimasita ha. 8. Hei, watahusi wa sore wo yohu miru hoto ga dehimasita. 9. Watahusi wa humo no asi wo henbihiyo nasini yohu miru hoto ga dehimasen. 10. Anata wo honcho inaha ye ihu koto ga dehimasu ha. 11. lye, honcho watahusi wa ihu hoto ga dehimasen. 12. Anata wa mainiti turi ni ihu hoto ga dehimasu ho. 13. lye, watahusi wa mainiti turini ihu hoto wa dehimasen. 14. Itu anata wa inaha ye ihu hoto ga dehimasu ha. 15. Koncho watahusi wa ihimasu. 16. Anata wa nani wo tomegane de mimasu ha. 17. Watahusi wa tomegane dehosi wo mimasu. 18. Anata wa sore wo tomegane nasi ni miru hoto ga dehimasu ha. 19. Watahusi wa tomegane nasi ni miru hoto ga dehimasu. 20. Anata wa sahuzitu hana mini ihu hoto ga dehimasita. 21. Sahuzitu hana mini ihu hoto ga dehimasita. 22. Anata wa hono must no asi ivo henbihiyo de miru hoto ga dehimasita ha. 23. Hei, miru hoto ga dehimasita. 24. Anata wa hono shomotu wo yomu hoto ga dehimasita ha. 25. Hei, sono shomotu wo yomu hoto ga dehimasita. CVI. 1. Could you go to a tailor yesterday ? 2. Yes, I could go to a tailor yesterday. 3. When did you go

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98 Japanese and English Exercises. to a shoemaker ? 4. I went to a shoemaker yesterday. 5. Could you see this small wing with a microscope ? 6. Yes, I saw it with a microscope. 7. Why could you not go to see the flower yesterday ? 8. I could not go to see the flower yesterday, because I had business (or there was business). 9. How did you go to Nagasaki? 10. I went in a ship. 11. At what time can you go to Yokohama to-day ? 12. I can go to Yokohama directly. 13. Can you see this small work without a microscope ? 14. No, I cannot see this small work without a microscope. 15. Have you seen the wing of a fly with a microscope? 16. Yes, I have seen (it). 17. Can you see the foot of a spider well without a microscope? 18, No, I cannot see (it) well. 19. When you were in Japan, did you go to Asakusa? 20. Yes, when I was in Japan, I went to Asakusa. 21. When you were in Japan, were you able to go to see the flower ? 22. When I was ' in Tokio, I went in a boat to see the flower. 23. Was this small dog beaten by the people yesterday ? 24. No, this small dog was not beaten. CVIII. Miyemasho, "} Will, or shall be able ,} Miru koto ga dekimasho, ) to see. Miyemasumai, ") Will, or shal Miru koto ga dekimasumait) able to see.

Japanese and English Exercises. 99 Ikemasho, | Will; or shall be able Iku koto ga dekimasho, ) to go. Ikemasumai, | Will, or shall not be , ) able to go. Iku koto ga dekimasumai Kaze, wind. Koye, sound, or voice. Kiku, chrysanthemum. Tori, bird. Yuri, lily. Wuguisu, nightingale. Ayame, sweet flag. Wataru, to cross. Kakitubata, iris. Sewashu, busy. 1. Miyoniti watakusi wa yuri no hana wo miru koto ga dekimasho ka. 2. Hei, Anata wa miyoniti yuri no hana wo miru koto ga dekimasho. 3. Nitiyoniti ni watakusi wa sono ye vio miru koto ga dekimasho ka. 4. lye, nitiyoniti ni wa miru koto ga dekimasen ga getuyoniti .ni dekimasho. 5. Asakusa ye watakusi wa miyoniti fune de iku koto ga dekimasho ka. 6. Hei, dekimasho. • 7. Wumi wo fune de wataru koto ga dekimasu ka. 8. Konniti anata wafune de wataru koto ga dekimasen. 9. Miyoniti fune de wumi wo wataru koto ga dekimasho ka. 10. Hei, Miyoniti anata wafune de wataru koto ga dekimasho. 11. Naze konniti wataru koto ga dekimasen. 12. Konniti wa kaze ga tuyo gozarimasu kara, dekimasen. 13. Anata wa tokei wo kosirayeru koto ga dekimasu ka. 14. Hei, watakusi wa tokei wo kosirayeru koto ga dekimasu. 15. Anata wa Nipon no kotoba ivo hanasu koto ga dekimasu ka. 16. Watakusi wa Nip 071 no kotoba wo sukosi hamasu koto ga h £

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100 Japanese and English Exercises. dekimasu. 17. Miyoniti watakusi domo wa kiku no hana wo miru koto ga dekimasho ka. 18. Anata gata iva miyoniti kiku no hana wo miru koto ga dekimasnmai. 19. Anata wa konnen (this year) wuguisu no koye wo kikimasita ka. 20. Haru (Spring) ga kimasen kara}mada iv at akusi wa wuguisu no koye wo kikimascn. 21. Anata wa ayame no hana wo mimasita ka. 22. lye, mada watakusi wa ayame wo mimasen ga kakitubata wo mimasita. CVIII. 1. Will you be able to go to the theatre to-morrow ? 2. Yes, I shall be able to go to the theatre to-morrow. 3. Will your friend be able to go to Sinagawa tomorrow morniDg (miyocho) ? 4. Yes, my friend will be able to go to Sinagawa to-morrow morning. 5. Will you be able to see that bird to-morrow ? 6. Yes, I shall be able to see that bird to-morrow. 7. Will you be able to see that lily to-morrow evening ? 8. Yes, I shall be able to see that lily. 9. Shall we be able to hear the voice of a nightingale in this place (koko de) ? 10. You will not be able to hear the voice of a nightingale here. 11. Shall we be able to cross the sea to-day ? 12. You will be able to cross the sea if there is no wind. 13. Will you be able to read this book to-morrow ? 14. No, I shall not be able to read that book, because I am busy. 15. Will you be able

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Japanese and English Exercises, 101 to see this wing of a fly with, a microscope to-morrow ? 16. I shall be able to do so (Dekimasho). 17. Shall we be able to go to Mukozima in a boat to-morrow ? 18. We shall be able to go to Mnkozima in a boat tomorrow. 19. Have you seen that beautiful bird? 20. I have seen that beautiful bird. 21. Will you be able to go to Sikoku next year ? 22. We shall not be able to go to Sikoku next year. Iku koto, to go. Miru koto, } , 1 } to see. Mini,* J Yomu hotoS tQ read> Yomini.* J Kiku koto, ~) , 1 ' S. to hear. Kikini* CIX. Mosi . . . nara, if. Miyo, see (command). Mite kudasare, pray see (entreaty). Ike, go (command). Ite kudasare, pray go (entreaty). 1. Sore ivo miyo. 2. Sore wo mite kudasare. 3. Soko ye ike. 4. Soko ye ite kudasare. 5. Anatawa Yokohama ye ikimasu nara, watakusi no tomodati no iye ye ite kudasare. 6. Anata iva konniti yozi ga gozarimasen nara, watakusi no shomotu wo mite kudasare. 7. Anata wa hanasi wo kiku koto wo sukimasu ka. 8. Hei, watakusi wa hanasi wo kiku koto ivo sukimasu. 9. Anata wa itu hanasi wo kikini ikimasu * This form of the infinitive mood is used when it is governed by an intransitive verb.

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102 Japanese and English Exercises. ka. 10. Watakusi wa hanasi wo maiban kikini ikimasu. 11. Anata wa sibai ye iku koto wo sukimasu ka, 12. Hei, watakusi wa sibai ye iku koto wo sukimasu. 13. Nipon no fuzin wa sibai ye iku koto wo sukimasu ka. 14. Hei, Nijpon no fuzin wa sibai ye iku koto wo suki masu. 15. Hanasi wo kiku koto wa hanahada yd gozarimasu. 16. Sibai wo miru koto wa hanahada omosiro gamrimasu. 17. Shomotu wo yomu koto wa hanahada taisetu de gozarimasu (important) . 1 8. Anata wa doko ye shomotu wo yomini ikimasu ka. 19. Watakusi wa shomotu wo yomini gakko ye ikimasu. 20. Anata- wa gakko ye iku koto wo sukimasu ka. 21. Hei, watakusi wa gakko ye iku koto wo sukimasu. 22. Anata wa wuguisu no koye wo kiku koto sukimasu ka. 23. Watakusi wa wuguisu no koye wo kiku koto wo sukimasu. 24. Anata wa kenbikiyo de tisai mono wo miru koto wo sukimasu ka. 25. Kenbikiyo de tisai rnusi wo miru koto wa omosiro gozarimasu. CX. 1. Do you like to read books ? 2. Yes, I like to read books. 3. What book do yon like to read? 4. I like to read a novel (kusazosi). 5. To read a novel is amusing, but to read a history (rekisi) is important. 6. Go to the left. 7. See that man. 8. Do you often go to (see) a theatre ? 9. I do not go to (see) the theatre often. But I like to go to the

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Japanese and English Exercises. 103 theatre. 10. Does your friend like to hear an amusing story? 11. Yes, my friend likes to hear an amusing story. 12. Will you be able to go to bear a story today ? 13. No, I shall not be able to do so. 14. "Will you be able to go to see the flower to-morrow morning? 15. I shall not be able to do so. 16. Why can you not go to the theatre this evening ? 17 1 cannot go to the theatre to-day, because I have business (there is business). 18. If you go to Asakusa, pray go to the house of my brother. 19. If you come to my house, pray see my picture. 20. Pray see that book. 21. Where do you go to read books? 22. I go to read books in the school. 23. Do you like to go to the school every day. 24. Yes, 1 like to do so. CXI. Oide nasare, go. Oide nasareta, went. Oide nasaren, does, or do not go. Oide nasarenanda, did not go. These forms of the verb are employed to address the second person when respect is expressed. For instance, Dohoye anata wa oide nasaru ka instead of Doko ye anata wa ilcimasu ka. Where do you go ? The latter way of expression is quite intelligible, but the former is preferable as a mere polite expression.

*? 104 Japanese and English Exercises. Goran nasaru, Goran nasaren, Okiki nasaru, Okiki nasaren, Oyomi nasaru, Oyomi nasaren, Owuketori nasaru, Owuketori nasaren, Okomomi nasaru, OJconomi nasaren, Olwsiraye nasaru, Okosiraye nasaren, Onomi nasaru, Onomi nasaren, Okirai nasaru, Okirai nasaren, Otadune nasaru, Otadune nasaren, Okangaye nasaru, Okangaye nasaren, see. does, or do not see. hear. does, or do not hear. read. does, or do not read. receive. does, or do not receive. like. does, or do not like. make. does, or do not make, drink. does, or do not drink, dislike. does, or do not like, seek, or look for. does, or do not seek. think. does, or do not think. 1. Anata wa Jconcho dolco ye oide nasaru ha, 2. Watakusi wa Yokohama ye ikimasu. 3. Anata wa konniti Asakusa ye oide nasaru ka. 4. lye, konniti watakusi wa ikimasen. 5. Anata wa sakuzitu Sinagawa ye oide nasareta hi. 6. lye, watakusi wa sakutzitu Sinagawa ye ikimasenanda. 7. Anata wa konban Kanagaiva ye oide nasaru ka. 8. lye, watakusi wa konban Kanagawa

Japanese and English Exercises. i05 ye ikimasen. 9. Anata wa nani wo saJcuzitu goran nasareta ka. 10. Watakusi wa sakuzitu hana wo mimasita. 11. Anata wa sakuzitu omosiroi hanasi wo okiki nasareta ka. 12. Hei, sakuzitu watakusi wa omosiroi hanasi wo kikimasita. 13. Konniti anata wa shomotu wo oyomi nasaru ka. 14. Hei, watakusi wa shomotu wo yomimasu. 15. Konncho anata wa watakusi no tegami wo owuketori nasareta ka. 16. Hei, watakusi wa anata no otegami wo koncho wuketorimasita. 17. Anata wa sibai ye iku koto wo okonomina saru ka. 18. Watakusi wa sibai ye iku koto wo konomimasu. 19. Anata ga kono kireina hako wo okosiraye nasareta ka. 20. Hei, watakusi ga kosirayemasita. 21. Anata wa sake wo onominasaru ka. 22. lye, ivatakusi wa sake wo nomimasen. 23. Anata wa. kono tisai inu wo okirai nasaru ka. 24. lye, watakusi wa sono inu wo sukimasu. 25. Soko de anata wa nani wo otadune nasaru ka. 26. Watakusi wa watakusi no tomodati no shomotu wo tadune masu* CXII. 1. What do you think (about) every day? 2. I think of something about the books [shomotu no koto wo). 3. Do you go to see a picture to-day? 4. No, I go to see the flower. 5. Did you receive my letter yesterday ? 6. I did not receive your letter yesterday. 7. Did you hear an amusing story last night ? 8. Yes, I heard an amusing story last night. 9. What did you

106 Japanese and English Exercises. read yesterday morning ? 10. I read an amusing book yesterday morning. 11. Did you not see the beautiful flowers in Asakusa ? 12. I saw the beautiful flowers in Okuyama. 13. What do you drink every day? 14. I drink tea every day. 15. Did you not drink sake last night ? 16. I drank sake last night. 17. Did you dislike the garden of Asakusa ? 18. I did not dislike it. 19. Did you make that beautiful cabinet (tedansu) ? 20. Yes, I made that cabinet. Do you like (it) ? 21. Yes, I like (it). 22. Have you not seen this picture yet (mada) ? 23. ~No, I have not seen (it) yet. 24. What {do) do you think of that ? 25. I think that good (yoi to). CXIII. Oide nasaru koto ga dekimasu, can go. Oide nasaru koto ga dekimasen, cannot go. Oide nasaru koto ga dekimasita, could go. Oide nasaru koto ga dekimasenanda, could not go. Teduma, conjuring. Tedumasi, conjurer. Odori, dancing. Wuta, song. Katana, sword. Karuwaza, acrobatic feats. Karuwazasi, acrobat. Hebitukai, snake tamer. In conversation, the relative pronoun is not used. For instance, Kore wa watakusi ga yomimasita shomotu de gozarimasu. This is the book I read. . ... to yuwu .... called. For example, Sumi 

w — Japanese and English Exercises. 107 da to yuwu kawa, a river called Sumida, Tokio to yuwu mati, city called Tokio, &c» Tokoro, scene or place. Yakusha, actor. Hanasika, storyteller. Koshakusi, lecturer* Kadi, blacksmith. Kenbutunin, spectator. Nadakai, famous* Get, acting, or art. Gedai, the title of a play. Yekaki, painter. Awarena, sorrowful or touching. Sansui, landscape. 1 1. Miyoniti anata wa sibai ye oide nasaru "koto ga dekimasu ha. 2. Hei, watakusi wa iku koto ga dekimasu ga doko no sibai ye anata wa oide nasaru ka. 3. Watakusi wa miyoniti Asakusa no sibai ye ikimasho. 4. Nan to yuwu sibai no gedai de gozarimasu ka. 5. Tiwusingura to yuwu gedai de gozarimasu. 6. Sono sibai ni wa awarena tokoro ga takusan gozarimasu ka. 7. Tiwusingura ni wa takusan awarena tokoro ga gozarimasu. 8. Nan to yuwu yakusha ga Asakusa no sibai ni orimasu ka. 9. Danzuro to yuwu yakusha ga orimasu. 10. Danzuro wa watakusi ga mayeni mimasita yakusha de gozarimasu. 11. Konniti anata wa Meguro to yu tokoro ye oide nasaru koto wa dekimasen ka. 12. Konniti watakusi wa dekimasen. 13. Sakuzitu, anata wa karuwaza wo goran nasaru koto ga dekimasita ka. 14. Hei, dekimasita. 15. Kenbutunin ga takusan orimasita ka. 16. Kenbutunin ga takusan orimatita. 17. Sono atode (after that) nani wo goran nasareta ka.

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108 Japanese and English Exercises. 18. Sono atode hebitukai to tedumasi wo miinasitd. 19. Sono atode oyado ye (to your house) okayerl nasareta ka. 20. lye, sore kara mata hanasika to koshakusi wo kiki ni ikimasita. 21. Bare ga kono katana wo kosirayemasita ka. 22. Sore wa Masamune to yuwu katana kadi ga kosirayemasita katana de gozarimasita. 23. Sakuzitu odori wo goran nasaru koto ga dekimasita ka. 24. lye, odori wo miru koto wa dekimasenanda ga wuta wo kiki ni iku koto ga dekimasita. 25. Nan to yuwu wuta wo okiki nasareta ka. 26. Yugure* to yuwu wuta wo kikimasita. CXIT. 1. Could you go to see dancing yesterday ? 2. No, I could not go to see dancing yesterday, but I saw a snake-tamer. 3. Did you come home after that ? 4. No, I went to (see) a theatre after that. 5. What (Doko no) theatre did you go to ? 6.1 went to a theatre in Asakusa. 7. What is the name of the play ? 8. It is a piece called Awanonaruto. 9. Is it amusing? 10. No, it is touching. 11. Could you go to the place called Ozi yesterday? 12. Yes, I could go (there)13. Could you not go to see conjuring yesterday ? 14. No, I could not go to see conjuring, but I went to see (some) pictures. 15. What pictures did you see yesterday ? 16. I saw landscapes. 17. Who painted * "Twilight."

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Japanese and English Exercises. 109 them ? 18. A famous painter called Hokusai painted them. 19. Where do yon go to-day? 20. I go to hear a story-teller. 21. What story [Nan to yuwu hanasi) are you going to hear? 22. I am going to hear the story of Tiwusingura. 23. Who is the storyteller? 24. I do not know (his) name. 25. Tiwusingura is the story I heard before. cxv. Where two or more verbs are connected by the conjunction " and " in an English sentence, the verbs in a Japanese sentence change their termination except a final one, in order to avoid the repetition, of masu, masen, &c. For instance, Watakusi wa Asakusa ye ite, hana wo mite, sore kara kayerimasho. I shall go to Asakusa, see the flower and then return. Here the words ihu " to go," and miru " to see," are respectively changed into ite and mite. These forms of the verbs remain the same whether the tense is present, past, or future. Where a verb is governed by a relative pronoun in an English sentence, the verb in a Japanese sentence often changes its termination. For instance, Sore wa watakusi ga mita shomotu de gozarimasu, That is the book (which) I have seen. Here the verb miru " to see," is changed into mita. The following is the declension of the verb ending in ku.

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110 Japanese and English Exercises. Iku, to go, Hataraku, to work, Nabiku, to incline, Taku, to burn, Kiku, to hear. Aruku, to walk, Tataku, to beat, Nageku, to mourn. Eaku, to write or paint, Maneku, to beckon, Toku, to solve, or dissolve, Taku, to toast, or burn, Hiku, to draw, or pull, Naku, to cry, or weep, ( Ite. \ Ita. Ilatarite. Vitkkij Hatarita. H4r/iJ?4» ( Nabite. \ Nablta. ( Taite. \ Taita. C Kite. I KUa. ( Amite. \ Aruita. ( Tataite. \ Tataita. ( Nageite. ( Nageita. C Kaite. ( Kaita. ( Maneite. \ Maneita. ( Toite. { Toita. j Yaite. \ Yaita. ( mte. C mta. Naite. Naita.

I UNIVERSITY Japanese and English Exercises. Ill Tuku, to stab, 1 Tuita ( Sirizoite. Sirizoku, to retire, [ Sirizoita. v 1. jS"ore wa Kanaoka ga kaita ye de gozarimasu ka/ 2. lye, sore wa Hokusai to yuwu yekaki ga kaita ye de gazarimasu. 3. Watakusi wa kono tegami wo kaite okurimasu. 4. Watahusi wa sore wo ite mimasho. 5. Sore wa watahusi ga hlta hanasi de gozarimasu. 6. Watahusi wa sono koto wo kite kanasimimasita (lamented). 7. Watakusi wa mainiti hataraite hi wo okurimasu. 8. Kore wa watakusi ga sakuzitu aruita miti de gozarimasu. 9. Anata wa konniti Asakusa made ^ aruite oide nasaru ka. - 10. Hei, Watakusi wa konniti Asakusa made aruite ikimasu. 11. Sono hito ga kono inu wo tataite korosimasita (killed). 12. Sore wa kono hito ga tataita hito de gazarimasu. 13. Watakusi wa kore wo midu ni toite ye wo kakimasu. 14. Kono hito ga sono neko wo yari (spear) de tuite korosimasita. 15. Watakusi wa miyoniti soko ye ite sono Irnna ivo mimaslio. 16. Watakusi wa sakuzitu Asakusa ye ite sono tori wo mimasita. 17. Watakusi wa hataraite kane wo mokemasu (earn money). T.8. Watakusi ga Yokohama ye ikimasita tokini minato ni takusan fune ga orimasita. 19. Kono hito ga sono ami (net) wo hite sakana wo torimasu. 20. Anata wa Mukozima ye oide nasareta tokini sakura wo goran nasareta ka. 21. lye, watakusi

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112 Japanese and English Exercises. ga Mukozima ye ita tokini sakura wa mada gozarimasenanda. CXVI. \y 1. I heard the story and returned. 2. I went there, heard that story, and returned. 3. I shall go there to-morrow, hear that story, and return. 4. When I went to Sinagawa, I saw a large dog in the street. v 5. That is the story I heard last night. 6. I went to Mukozima, and saw the flower of the cherry-tree. 7. This man has beaten this dog, and killed it. 8. 1 shall paint a picture and send it to my friend. 9. I shall burn this stone (isi) and make it (or reduce it to) powder (ko). 10. This child heard that news and i wept. 11. I shall work and earn money. 12. That is the letter I wrote yesterday. 13. That is the book I wrote. 14. I shall write a letter to-morrow and send it to that person. 15. Is this the dog which barked last night. 1 6.\ No, that is not the dog which barked last night. lT.'Who painted this picture ? 18. That is the picture Kanaoka painted. 19. Who sent that picture ? 20. My friend painted and sent it to me. CXVII. The verbs ending in au. Au, to meet, t, \ ote\ Ota.

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Japanese and English Exercises. 113 Tatakau, to fight, Mau, to dance, Hau, to creep, Nerau, to aim, War an , to laugh. Kau, to buy. TJsinau, to lose. {Tatakote. Tatakota. ( Hota. {Nerote. Nerota. {Warote. Warota. Sitagau, to obey. Utagau, to doubt. The verbs ending in mu and imu. ( Kononde. { Kononda. f Nonde. \ Nonda. Tutusimu, to revere, or to bef Tutusinde. KonomUy to like, Nomu, to drink, reverential, Kanasimu, to lament. Yomu, to read. Tanornu, to trust. Tanosimu, to enjoy. [ Tutusinda. {Kanasinde. Kanasinda. ( Yonde. \ Yonda. {Tanonde. Tanonda. j Tanosinde. [ Tanosinda. i

114 Japanese and English Exercises. {Kurusinde. Kurusinda. Kobe, wall. Tut a, ivy. Meirei, command. Mise, shop. Tobu, to fly or jump. Katdna, sword. Wdkareru, to part. Sina, article or thing. Osiye3 instruction. Teppo, gun. Tuye, stick. 1. Watakusi wa miti de sono hito ni ote hanasi wo kikimasita. 2. Kono hito wa watakusi ga sakuzitu Asakusa de ota hito de gozarimasu. 3. Kireina tuta ga kabe ni hote orimasu. 4. Sakuzitu watakusi ga kdta tokei wo konniti usinaimaslta. 5. Kore wa watakusi ga sakuzitu kdta sina de gozarimasa. 6. Watakusi ga teppo de nerota tori wa tobimasita. 7. Watakusi wa anata no osiye ni sitagbte kono koto wo simosho. 8. Kono hito wa anata no meirei ni sitagbte konniti kono tokoro ye kimasita. 9. Kono hito ga sono hito wo wardte soirimasita. 10. Kore wa watakusi ga sakuzitu usinota sina de gozarimasu. 11. Sono hito wa hito wo utagote sono tegami wo watasimasen. 12. Anata wa kono sake wo kononde onomi nasaru ka. 13. Watakusi wa kononde nomimasu. 14. Kono hito iv a mainiti kono tokoro ye kite sake wo nonde tanosimimasu. 15. Kore wa watakusi ga nonda sake de gozarimasu. 16. Sono hanasi wo kite kinasinda hito aw kono hito de gozarimasu. 17. Watakusi wa sono

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Japanese and English Exercises. 115 sinawo kote, Jcono hito ni tanonde, watakusi no tomodati ni okurimasho. 18. Watakusi wa sakuya hanasika no seki ye ite, omosiroi hanasi ivo kite, tanosinde kayerimasita. 19. Kono shomotu wo yonde kurusinda okata wa dare de gozarimasu. 20. Sore wa watakusi de gozarimasu. 21. Sore wa watakusi ga kono mise de kota sina de gozarimasu. 22. Watakusi wa sono koto wo kite, tegami ni kaite okurimasita 23. Sakuya kono ko wa awarena hanasi wo kite, nasite, kanasimimasita. vy CXVIII. 1. This is the person I met in the street yesterday. 2. This is the article I bought in the shop yesterday. 3. I shall obey your command and do this matter. 4. Does this person like sake, and drink much? 5. Yes, this person likes sake and drinks much. 6. I bought that article in this shop and sent it to you just now. 7. I went to a story-teller, heard an amusing story, and then returned. 8. This child heard a touching story and cried. 9. What did you see when you went to Asakusa ? 10. I saw birds when I went to Asakusa. 11. I wrote a letter and sent it to my friend. 12. What did you write in the letter which you sent to your friend ? 13. I wrote (an amusing story in my letter, which I heard last night. 14. I suffered, worked, and earned money. 1 5. That man

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116 Japanese and English Exercises. has beaten this dog with a stick, stabbed it with a sword, and then killed it. 16. That person met me in the street and (we) parted jnst now. 17. This is the thing I bonght yesterday at Sinagawa. 18. This is the place where I came yesterday. 19. That child heard that story and cried. 20. I went to my friend's house just now and returned. 21. I shall go to this story-teller and return. CXIX. A, ,, C Atumete. Atumeru, to collect, ] ( Atumeta. ( Oboyete. Oboyeru, to remember, J Qboyeta. TokerUy to melt. JMiru, to see. Homeru, to praise. Kangayeru, to think. Nigeru, to run away. Ta&uneru, to look for. Okiru, to get up. Nagameru, to gaze. The verbs ending in aru. A, t , ( Atumatte. Atumaru, to assemble, \ [ Atumatta. 0 .L ■* f Suwatte. buwaruy to sit down, < L buwatta. Hasiru,* to run, ( Hasitte. Hasitta. * This verb changes its termination in the same way as those ending in aru.

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Japanese and English Exercises* 117 Kiru* to cut, | Eitta. IkarUy to become angry, ( Ikatte. \ Ihatta. Tomaruj to stop, f Tomatte. \ Tomatta. Uketoru* to receive. ( Uketotte. \ Uketotta. Uru,* to sell, | TJtte. [ Vita. The Verbs ending in urU Kuru, to come, 4 Bassuru, to punish, fiWw, to do, or to make, Hassuru, to start, Tassuru, to reach, Hossuru, to wish, or to intend, { Kite. Kita. Bassite. Bassita. Site. Sita. Hassite. Hassita. Tassite. Tassita. Hossite. Hossita. * These verbs change their termination in the same way as those ending in aru.

118 Japanese and English Exercises. Hei, army. Noti, future, or after. Na, name. Yo, generation. Ko, Lord, or a term of respect. Seifu, government. Wasureru, to forget. Yubin kiyoku, post-office. Yuhhiy mail, or post. Tuini, finally. Minato, harbour. Mukasi, ancient times. Tkusa, battle. Makeru, to be defeated. 1. Kono tokoro wa mukasi Hideyosi ko ga hei wo atumeta tokoro de gozarimasu. 2. Yubin wa itu kono minato wo hassite itu Osaka ye tassimasu ka. 3. Kono yubin wa konniti kono tokoro wo hassite miyoniti Ossaka ye tassimasu. 4. Sono zainin wo bassita hito wa dare de gozarimasu ka. 5. Sono zainin wo bassita hito wa seifu de gozarimasu. 67^Watakusi wa tadaima tegami wo kaite yubin kiyoku ye okurimasita. 7. Sakuzitu anata wo hometa hito wa kono hito de gozarimasu. 8. Mituhide wa Yamasaki ni hei wo atumete Hideyosi to tatakote tuini makemasita. 9. Masasige ko wa Minatogawa no ikusa ni utizini wo site noti no yo ni na wo nokosimasita. 10. Watakusi wa sono hanasi wo kite, oboyete, hitonihanasimasho. 11. Yuki ga tokete,kawa no midu ga masimasita (increased). 12. Kore wa watakusi ga sakuzitu uketotta tegami de gozarimasu. 13. Kono inu iva naite orimasu. 14. Watakusi wa kosikake ni suwatte, shomotu wo yonde, tanosimimasu. ] 5. Watakusi wa kono tokoro ni tomatte miyo asa ka 

Japanese and English Exercises. 119 yerimasho. 16. Watakusi wa miyoasa hayaku okite, sitaku wo site, kayerimasho. 17. Sono hito wa ~kono tuye wo katana de kirimasita. 18. Shomotu wo yokit yonde kangayeta hito wa yonda koto wo wasuremasen. 19. Watakusi ga taduneta hito wa sono hito de gozarimasu. 20. Kono hito wa kokoni atumatte sore kara dokoye ite, nani wo simasu ka. 21. Kono hito wa kokoni atumatte, hanasi wo kite tanosimimasu. 22. Maiban watakusi wa kono tokoro ye kite, kireina liana wo mite tanosimimasu. 23. Kono hito wa shomotu wo yonde, sore wo oboyete, sosite hito ni hanasimasu. 24. Kono tegami ga tassite, sono henzi (reply) wa itu kimasho ka. 25. Sore wa miyoniti kimasho. cxx. 1. Who punished that criminal ? 2. The government punished that criminal. 3. Is this the place where Hideyosi collected his army ? 4. No, this is the place where Yosimoto collected his army and fought against Nobunaga. 5. What is this place called ? 6. This is the place called Okehazama of Narumi. 7. Do you stay here and amuse (yourself) ? 8. Yes, I shall stay here, see this place, and then return. 9. Why do these people assemble together here, and where do these people go ? 10. These people go to a story-teller's house and hear the story. 11. I shall consider this matter (koto) and do it. 12. When does this mail start from

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120 Japanese and English Exercises. this harbour and reach Yokohama? 13. The mail will start from this harbour to-day and reach Yokohoma to-morrow evening. 14. I ^et that person in the street and told that story. 15. I bought that article in this shop and sent it to my friend. 16. Is this the place (where) 1 have lost a knife, and looked for it yesterday. 17. Yes, this is the place where you have lost your knife. 18. Is this the name of a person who came here yesterday ? 19. Does this child read that book and remember (it) well. 20. Yes, that child reads that book, remembers it well and tells the other people what he has read (yonda koto). 21. Did you receive this letter and read it yesterday? 22. I received this letter yesterday and read it this morning. 23. Did you hear an amusing story yesterday, write it in a letter, and send it to your friend ? 24. Yes, I wrote in a letter an amusing story which I heard last night, and sent it to my friend. GILBERT & BIYIKGTOX (lIM.), ST. JOHN'S HOUSE, CLEEKENWELL, B.C.

WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR. I. AN ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR OF THE JAPANESE LANGUAGE, with easy progressive exercises. II. THE ENGLISH IN JAPAN: What a Japanese thought and thinks about them. III. THE TREATY BETWEEN JAPAN AND ENGLAND. HORITU IPPAN. II. SHOHORITU GAIRON. III. ROMA RITU RTYAKU. IV. YUBEN HO. V. ZINKEN RON. VI. HORITU SI KOGI.

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14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED LOAN DEPT. This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. 6Mar'59iF REG'D EP JUN b 1**» 4*0$S-2Pfl RECTP LP AFK 9'65-6PM LD 21A-50m-9,'58 (6889sl0)476B General Library University of California Berkeley

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