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MIR AB ILIA VRBIS ROMAE THE MARVELS OF ROME OR A PICTURE OF THE GOLDEN CITY AN ENGLISH VERSION OF THE MEDIEVAL GUIDE-BOOK WITH A SUPPLEMENT OF ILLUSTRATIVE MATTER AND NOTES BY FRANCIS MORGAN NICHOLS -"-.^ ..^ a?. LONDON. ELLIS AND ELVEY ROME. SPITHOEVER 1889

PREFACE fiAAlAl THE little book of which an Englifh verfion is here publilhed for the firft time was the ftandard guide-book of the more learned vifitors to Rome from the twelfth to the fifteenth century. Its ftatements were received with the refpect due to a work of authority, and their influence may be traced iii the writings of many of the authors who flourifhed during that period. The moft ftriking example of the long-fuftained credit of the medieval Roman Topography is afforded by the Letters of Petrarch. In the defcriptions of Rome given by this great leader of the Revival of Learning, fcarcely any trace appears of the new critical fpirit, but the localities are ftill prefented under the names, and affociated with the legends, of the Mir ab ilia. a

vi Preface. In the following century, when the wider ftudy of ancient authors and infcriptions had impaired its influence j among the learned, the Mirabilia ftill j maintained its place in popular eftima' tion; and, after the invention of printing, feveral editions of it iffued from the prefs. In the prefent day this treatife is iffeful to the archaeologift as fupplying fome fcanty evidence refpe<5ling the hiftory of the fites and buildings of ancient //Rome. Under the perplexing veil of ( an often arbitrary or barbarous nomen\ clature it exhibits a fhadowy pi<5lure of ithe ruins which attradted notice in the medieval city, many of which have fince difappeared, while it narrates with charming fimplicity the legends with which the principal monuments, and the few works of art which were not buried beneath the furface, were affbciated in the minds of the more educated people of the time. It fhould be added, in eftimating the

Preface. vii fignificance of the Mirahilia^ that the exiftence and diflfufion of the book fupply the ftrongeft evidence of the new fpirit of curiofity and reverence that had arifen in the twelfth century in regard to the works of ancient art and architedture, which had for many centuries been fo ruthlefsly deftroyed. We fhould probably not be wrong if we afcribed to this book a powerful influence in the prefervation of fome at leaft of the few ruins of importance which ftill exifted in Rome at the time when it was compiled. Among modern readers, it is not only to the profeffed archaeologist that the Mirabilia commends itfelf. Its delightful legends, and the many natural touches which occur even among the dry lifts of Gates, Arches and Ruins, illuftrate in the moft lively way the manner of thinking which prevailed in the age when it was written, and in the long period during which it continued to be accepted as an authority, when the element of

viii Preface, the Marvellous maintained fo important a place in every department of knowledge. It poffeffes the fame charm as a chapter of the Travels of Mandeville, with the advantage that the defcriptions have a more folid foundation of fa6t, and the objefts defcribed are to an ordinary educated perfon more familiar and for the moft part more interefting. ^ _j Nothing is known concerning the authorfhip of the book, nor anything of /its age or hiftory beyond what may be fathered from the internal evidence of its contents, from the character of the m-anufcripts in which it has been handed down to us, and from the changes which have at diflferent periods been introduced into its text. For an account of the manufcripts of the Mirabilia^ the reader may be referred to the critical editions which have been publifhed of the Latin original. It will be fufficient here to give a fummary ftatement of what is known refpe6ting its text.

( UN-.'.:.. " .V i The earlieft extant copy appears to be found in a manufcript of the Vatican Library (Cod. Vat. 3973), attributed to the end of the twelfth century, and in which it is preceded by a lift of popes, which ended originally with Celeftine III., who ruled from 1191 to 1198, and followed by the Chronicle of Romualdus, Archbilhop of Salerno, ending in the year 1178. Another manufcript of the fame library, attributed to the thirteenth century, contains the Mirahilia in the fame volume with the Digefta pauperis fcholaris Alhini (deacon under Pope Lucius IIL 11811185), and with extra6ts from the Polu ticus of Benedi(5lus Canonicus (written before 1142), and from the writings of Cencius Camerarius, afterwards Pope Honorius IIL (1216-1227). The work is found incorporated, in other manufcripts, with the Politicus of Benedi6lus and with the Liber Cen/uum of Cencius Camerarius J and De Rofli has pointed out the importance of this circumftance,

X Preface. not only as bearing upon the queftion of its age, but alfo as ftiowing that the Mirabilia was about the end of the twelfth century inferted as a quafiy official document among the books of the Roman Curia.* The copies of the Mirabilia above referred to exhibit the text in what is regarded as its original form; and it (hould be obferved that the earlier copies have no general title. The name placed upon the title-page of this volume is that which was applied to the book y in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, and by which it has fince been generally known. It appears ftiortly after its produ6lion to have undergone a revifion by another hand, which produced a work confiderably altered by additions, omiffions, and rearrangement of parts. This recenfion of the Mirabilia is diftinguiftied among critics by the name of Graphia^ becaufe, in a manufcript of the thirteenth or * De Rofli, Roma Sotterranea^ i. 158.

Preface. xi fourteenth century, preferved in the Laurentian Library at Florence, it is found with the title, Graphia aureae urbis Romae. With refpect to the date of the compofition of the Mirabilia^ we find in the ftatements of the book itfelf the following indications, which limit its epoch in one direction. In both forms of the work, the porphyry farcophagus of the emperor Hadrian is defcribed as being at that time the tomb of Innocent 11. who died 1143, and its cover as being ^ in the Parvife of Saint Peter over the prefect's tomb (p. 79). The prefect has been identified by Gregorovius with the prefect Cinthius or Cencius, who died 1079. Of a ruin in the Forum, poffibly the temple of Julius, it is faid in the earlier work, that it is now called / the Tower of Cencio Frangipane (p. 99). This well-known leader in the party warfare of Rome flourifhed in the early years of the twelfth century.

xii Preface. In the Graphia the foUowingreferences occur, which are not in the original work. The farcophagus of the emprefs Helena is faid to have been converted into the tomb of pope Anaftafius IV., who died 1154 (p. 79); and there is mention of a houfe then belonging to the fons of Pierleone (p. 112). Pierleone, father of pope Anaclete IL, died in 1 128. It is evident, from thefe paffages, that the Mirahilia in its earlieft exifting form is not older than the middle of the twelfth century, to which period it is , attributed by fome of the beft authorities. - Another indication of date Ihould be mentioned, which however is fomewhat in controverfy. The fecond, third, and fourth chapters of the third Part coinqide with two fedlions of the Hiftory of the Bafilica of Saint Peter by Petrus Mallius, a work dedicated to pope Alexander IIL (1159 — 1181);* and the queftion arifes, to which of the two * Printed in the 27th volume of the Acta SanSorum,

Preface. xiii books thefe paflages originally belonged. This queftion is difcuffed by Jordan {Topographie Roms ii. 360, 426), who maintains that Mallius borrowed from the Mirahilia^ while others have affumed the converfe to be true. In any cafe, it appears that the Mirahilia fliouldbe afligned either to the middle, or to the latter half, of the twelfth century, fince the age of the earlier manufcripts fliows that the work was in exiftence about the clofe of that period. Gregorovius, in an interefting account of the Mirahilia* dwells upon the allufion to the Palace of the Senators and the Golden Capitol (pp. 86, 90) as evidence bearing on the age and fuggeftive as to the authorlhip of the book, which he imagines to have been compiled by fome one concerned in the revival of the Senate in 1143. The Graphia appears to be of a date not much later than the original work. • Hiftory of Medieval Rome (Ital. Tranfl.), iv. 356.384. b

xiv Preface. It is certainly as old as the thirteenth century, its antiquity being confirmed by the fa6l that Galvaneus Flamma, in a book written in or before 1297, and called Manipulus Florum^ cites it as liher valde authenticus.* Martin of Troppau (Archbifhop of Gnefen, 1278), who completed his Chronicle of the World in 1268, afterwards added an introduction in which he made ufe of the Mirahilia in this form; and Fazio degli Uberti, in his poem called H DittamondOy written in the metre of the Divina Commedia between 1355 and 1367, devotes a canto to a defcription of Rome in which the poet is evidently largely indebted to the Graphia. It was in this form that the Mirahilia was known to the Englifli chronicler, Ranulf Higden, who has inferted long extradls from it in that part of the Polychronicon which relates to Rome. This work was edited, for the Hiftorical Series of the * Muratori, Scriptores^ xi. 540.

Preface. xv Mafter of the Rolls, by the late Rev. Churchill Babington, who printed with the Latin text two ancient Englifli tranflations. It is worth while to obferve that Higden refers to the Mtrahilia Romae as the work of a certain Magijier Gregorius ; but the citations appear to be taken from a late revifion of the book, and the name of Mafter Gregory does not aflford any ufeful clue to the original authorftiip. The Mtrahilia was firft printed in recent times by Montfaucon in 1702, in the Diarium Italicum. The manufcript ufed was then in the Convent of S. Ifidoro at Rome, and the text appears to be that of the Graphia in a late and fomewhat enlarged (hape. In its older form the Mirabilia was firft printed in 1820 (from a manufcript attributed to the 13th century, then in the Barberini Library) in three feveral parts of a work called Effemeridi Litter arie di Roma (vol i. p. 62-82,

xvi Preface. 147-167, 378-392), with a preface figned by Count Alberti, and with anonymous annotations in Italian, which appear to have been the work of Nibby. This edition was reprinted, with the notes, in a fmall volume in 1 2mo. (Roma, dalla topografia Forenfe, 1864). The Mirahilia was included in two colle6lions of documents publifhed in the fame year in Germany and France (Graffe, Beitrage zur Litteratur und Sage des Mittelalters^ Drefden, 4to. 1850, and Ozanam, Documents inedits pour fervir it Vhijloire literaire de Vltalie^ 8vo. Paris, 1850). I have not feen thefe coUedlions, but I conclude from the references to them in the editions of Parthey and Urlichs, that the former contains the Mirahilia in its older form, the latter the Graphia. In 1857, the Mirahilia was again printed in Germany, in Papencordt's Gefchichte derStadt Rom imMittelalter^ edited by Hofler. The text is that of Montfaucon, fide by fide with another

Preface. xvii derived from a manufcript at Prague, which appears to belong to the older form of the work. In 1869, Dr. Guftaf Parthey printed the Mirahilia at Berlin, in a convenient fmall 8vo. volume. His work was the refult of a comparifon of the text of Montfaucon with feveral manufcripts in the Vatican Library, and with the editions of Alberti and Ozanam. It gives the text of the Graphia in a very late form, with fome additions found only in one of the Vatican manufcripts. Profeffor Henry Jordan, in 187 1, publiftied the fecond volume of his valuable Topographie der Stadt Rom in A Iter -r thum^ which contains, at the end, a critical edition of the Mirahilia^ and in the text a review of its origin and hiftory, and a commentary on its contents. In his edition of the text Prof. Jordan has taken great pains to diftinguifli the original compofition from the early recenfion, and from the additions fubfequently made.

xviii Preface. In the fame year Profeffor Charles Lewis Urlichs publiflied his learned and ufeful Codex Urbis Romae Topographicus, in which he has included the Mirahilia in various fucceflive forms. The firft form, which is entitled by the editor Defcrtptio plenaria totius urbis^ is what we have defcribed as the original work ; the title being taken from one of the Vatican manufcripts already referred to, in which it appears to be applied to the portion of the book called in the Englifli tranflation the Third Part. The fecond form is that of the Graphia. The third, which he entitles de mirabilibus civitatis Romae^ refembles the text of Montfaucon. The fourth is the Mirabilia breviata et interpolata of the fifteenth century. The fifth is the Mirabilia cum renafcente do6irina coniuncta ; and the fixth is a work founded on the Mirabilia^ and written apparently by a Canon of St. Peter's between 14 lo and 14 15, which was printed by Lewis Merklin in 1852,

Preface. xix and is commonly cited by the name of Anonymus Magliabecchianus^ having been tranfcribed from a manufcript of the 15th century, which has the arms of Medici at the end, and is preferved in the Magliabecchian library at Florence.* The Englifti tranflation here printed contains the original Mirahilia^ arranged for the moll part in its original order ; f but the additions of the Gra• Another copy of this work, which appeared to me more carefully written (about the clofe of the 15th century), is in the Library of St. Mark at Venice. MSS. Lat. cl. x. cod. 231. t The only deviations from the order of the original copies are thefe: The chapter on the Columns (Part I. c. 10) which is found in thofe copies among thd legends in the fecond Part, is placed among the kindred matter of the firft Part, and the chapter on Holy Places (Part I. c. 12) is placed at the end of the firft part, inftead of preceding that on Bridges. A chapter on the Officers of the Imperial court, which in fome of the earlier copies is inferted in the fecond part, is omitted (fee p. 42). It is not found in the Vatican manufcript to which the firft rank has been affigned.

XX Preface. phia are introduced into the text, and alfo fuch of the later additions of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries as appear to enhance the value of the work. But in order that the ftudent may, without the neceffity of referring to the Latin editions, diftinguilh the diflferent parts of the compofition, the additions belonging to the Graphia are marked by the following figns f f , and thofe of later copies by brackets, thus [ ]. The divifion into chapters is found in feveral of the manufcripts, but not carried through fo completely as it is in the Tranflation. The larger divifion into Parts is not expreflly marked in any of the Latin copies, but is effential ^o the arrangement of the matter. Proleffor Jordan, was, I believe, the firft to I point out that the work in its original 'form confifl:ed of three diftindl portions; firft, a lift of principal objedls of intereft arranged under various heads ; fecondly, ■ a colledlion of legends affociated with

Preface. xxi Roman monuments ; and thirdly, a fort of perambulation of the ancient city, ' beginning at the Vatican, and ending in the Traftevere. In the Graphia and later recenfions, owing to their deviation from the original arrangement, this divifion was loft. Of the notes which have been added, I need not fay, that they have ho pre tenfion to be a complete commentary on the Mirahilia. Such a work would occupy a much larger fpace. They are intended rather to anfwer the firft queftions which arife in the mind of the reader to whom the fubjedl is not familiar, upon almoft every line of this treatife. In their compilation the author has been very largely indebted to the labours of his lamented friend, Profeffor Henry Jordan, who devoted a confiderable part of the fecond volume of his valuable work on Roman Topography, left unfinifhed at his premature deceafe, to the illuftration of the Mirahilia,

xxii Preface. At the end of the Englilh verfion of the Mirahilia the editor has appended fome other tranflations which have a fpecial intereft in connexion with that work. This fupplement of Mirahiliana confifts of the five following articles. I. A defcription of the marvels of the Roman churches compiled in the year 1375. The Latin original of this piece is incorporated in one of the Vatican manufcripts of the Mirabilia (Cod. Vat. 4265), and has been printed by Parthey in his edition; but it cannot be properly treated as a part of that work, from which indeed it differs in fpirit and intention. It will be found, however, an interefting fupplement to it. As the ftudent of the Mirahilia may imagine himfelf following an enthufiaftic fcholar of the twelfth century around the claflical antiquities of the city, then exercifing a new attraction in the firft dawn which preceded the revival of learning, fo when he reads this fupplement, he will feel that he has put himfelf under the

Preface. xxiii guidance of a more old-fafhioned cicerone, who in a later generation recalls the traveller's attention to the ecclefiaftical marvels which had for fo many centuries aroufed the curiofity and awe of the ordinary pilgrim. II. A defcription of Rome extradled from the Itinerary of the Hebrew traveller, Benjamin of Tudela. This too fhort defcription, contemporary with the Mirahilia^ fets before the reader the afpect in which Rome appeared to the Jewifli Rabbi of that period. III. Extradls from the Ordo Romanus contained in the Politicus of Canon Benedidl. It has been already mentioned that this work is found in ancient manufcripts affociated with the Mirahilia. The paffages which defcribe the proceflional routes are of effential importance in the interpretation of that book, and enable us to fix with fome approach to certainty the pofition of many ruins mentioned in it without fufficient indication of their fite. The

xxiv Preface. manifeft predile6tion for pagan ruins and claffical names, fhown by a writer on ecclefiaftical ritual, is a moft ftriking proof of that renewed intereft felt by the learned of the twelfth century in the remains of antiquity, out of which the Mirahilia had its origin. IV. Three documents bearing on matters mentioned in the Mirabilia. Two of them are Bulls of Popes ; the third is the Lift of Relics preferved in the Lateran Bafilica, infcribed on a mofaic table of the thirteenth century, now fufpended in the new cloifter of that church. Thefe documents may ferve as examples of the two claffes of records, — legal inftruments and infcriptions, — which furnifh the moft truftworthy evidence upon medieval hiftory and topography. The two Bulls are the beft witneffes to the condition of the Capitol and of part of the Forum in the time of the Mirabilia^ and the lift of relics fupplies the moft interefting commentary on the chapter relating to the

Preface. xxv bafilicas founded by Conftantine (Part, ii. c. 8), and upon the fourth chapter of Church Marvels in the firft part of the Supplement. V. At the end of the volume will be found a medieval map of Rome, of which a more detailed account forms the laft article of the Mirahiliana ; at the clofe of which is a (hort defcription of the Frontifpiece.* * The Editor takes this opportunity of fetting right fomc errors and omilfions in his printed pagc«. In page 2, note 3, for Forum of Nerva wc fliould read, a monument adjoining the Forum of Nerva; and the reference fliould be to Mirahiliana, p. 161, n. 365. The jirca Noe is not mentioned in the Mirabilia. In p, 65, n. 115, it fliould be added, that the eighth chapter, which is not in the original Mirabilia^ is mainly taken from the Hiftory of the Baiilica of St. Peter by Petrus Mallius ; and in p. 73, n. 133, that chapters 2, 3, and 4 coincide with two feftions (§ 127, 130) of the fame book. See before p. xii. In p. 110, note 230 fliould be read, See /. 93, note 187.

xxvi Preface. I have only to add my thanks to the friends who have encouraged me in the preparation of this little work, among whom it is an honour to me to mention the Commendatore John Baptift de Rofli, the higheft authority upon the medieval and ecclefiaftical antiquities of Rome, and Profeffor Charles Lewis von Urlichs of Wiirzburg, whofe name has been fo long and honourably affociated with the fubje6l of Roman topography. It will be readily feen that this volume owes much to the publifhed works of both thefe archaeologifts.

CONTENTS PART I. Of the Foundation of Rome, and of her chief monuments. Chapter I. Of the Foundation of Rome I 2. Of the Tffuun Wall 6 3Of the Gates 6 4. Of Triumphal Arches ' 9 5. Of the Hills 16 6. Of Thermae 17 7Of Palaces 19 8. Of Theatres 23 9. Of Bridges, 24 10. Of the Pillars of Antonine and of Trajan^ and of the Images that were of old time in Rome 25 II. Of Cemeteries 26 12. Of places where Saints fuffered 29

xxviii Contents. PART II. Divers Hifiories touching certain famous Places and Images in Rome. Chapter I . Of the Vlfion of OSfavian^ and of the Sibyl's Anfwer - - - 35 2. Of the Marble Horfes^ and of the Woman encompajfed with Serpents - 39 3. Wherefore the Horfe was made that is called Conftantine' s - - - 42 4. ^he making of the Pantheon^ and of its Confecration - - - 46 5. An Homily of Saints Abdon and Sennen^ Sixtus and Laurence - 50 6. Wherefore OSf avian was called AuguftuSy and wherefore was dedicated the church of Saint Peter at the Chains - - - - - 57 7. Of the Cokjfeumj and of Saint Silvejier - - - - - 62 8. Of the Foundation of the three great Churches of Rome by Con/lantine^ and of his parting from Pope Silve/ier 65

Contents. xxix PART III. A Perambulation of the City. Chapter I. Of the Vaticaiiy and the Needle - 70 2. Of the Bafitiy and Golden Pinecone in Saint Peter^s Parvife - - 73 3. Of the Sepulchre of Romulus and the Terebinth of Nero - - - 75 4. Of the Cajile of Crefcentius or Memorial of Hadrian - - - - 78 $. Of the Sepulchre of Jugu/ius - - 80 6. Of divers places between the Sepulchre of Auguftus and the Capitol - - 82 7. Of the Capitol ... - 86 8. Of the Palace of Trajan and his Forum^ and of the Temples nigh thereto - - - - " 9^ 9. Of the Temple of Mars by the Prifon of Mamertinus^ and of other buildings ' nigh to Saint Sergius his Church - 94 10. Of Cannaparay and the place called Helly and of the Temples between Cannapara and the Arch of Seven Lamps " - - - - 96 11. Of the Palatine Hill and the parts nigh thereto - - - - lox d

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XXX Contents. 12. Of the Circus of Tarquin - - 1 03 13. From the Caelian Hill to Saint Cross in Jerufakm - - - - 106 14. Of the Eajiern garter of the City- 107 1 5. Of the parts of the City nigh unto the Tiber - - - - - no 16. Of the Tranjiiberim - - - US 17. Conclufion - - - - - 117 MIRABILIANA. PART I. The Marvels of Roman Churches. Chapter I . Of the Founding of the Church of Saint Mary Major - - - 121 2. Of the Converfion of Cmjiantine - 122 3. Of the Bafilica of Saint Peter - 125 4. Of the Church of Lateran - - 129 5. Of Saint PauPs Bafilica, and the Cloifter of Anaftafius - - - ^33 6. Of Saint Mary Major and Round Saint Mary - - - - 134 7. Of Saint Mary Nm - - - 135

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Contents. xxxi 8. Of divers Churches and Relics - 137 9. OfPopeyoan - - - " ^39 10. Of Ara Cell and Saint Sixtus - 141 11. Of the things beyond Saint Sixtus - 142 12. Of the Palatine and Saint Gregory 143 13. Of fundry Churches and Relics - 144 14. Of the Churches in Tranftiberim - 148 15. Of the Jventine Hill - - - 148 16. Of Saint Barbara^ Saint Martin^ and Saint Agnes - - - 149 17. Of Saint Laurence - - - 151 18. Of Saint Sebaftian - - - 151 PART II. A defcription of Rome by Benjamin of Tudeky an Hebrew Traveller y about AM. 1170 - . - - 153 PART III. Ordo Romanus. Extraai. ProceJJion from Saint Anajiafia to the Vatican - - - - 157 2. ProceJJion from Saint Hadrian to Saint Mary the Greater - - 160

xxxii Contents. Extraa 3, Procejfton from Saint Mary the Greater to the Lateran^ with the Ceremony of the Loft Suffer - 163 4. Procejfton from the Lateran to Saint Peter*s and back - - - 165 5. ProceJJionfrom the Coloffeiim to Saint Peter's - - - - - 172 6. ProceJJion with the Sacred Picture on the Feaji of the Affumption - 1 73 PART IV. Three Records. 1. Grant of the Capitoline Hill by Anaclete IL to the Abbey of Saint Mary in the Capitol - - - 176 2. Grant of half the Arch ofSeverus and other property by Innocent III. to the Church of Saint Sergius and Bacchus 1 79 3. Table of Relics at the Lateran Baftlica. Englifl) Tranjlation - 182 Literal Copy of the fame Table - 186 PART V. Defcription of the Medieval Plan of Rome at the end of the Volume; and of the Front ijpiece - - - - 187

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Contents. xxxiii INDEX - - - - 197 ILLUSTRATIONS. Part of a Bas-relief on the Bronze Door of Saint Peter^s - - Frontifpiece. Medieval Map ef Rome - At page i()6.

or TH-. \ UNIVEHblTY ) or / THE MARVELS OF ROME. Part I. Of the Foundation of Rome; and of her Wall J Gates ^ Arches ^ HillSy Thermae, Palaces^ Theatres^ Bridges^ Pillars^ Cemeteries^ and Holy Places. I. Of the Foundation of the City of Rome} t A FTER the fons of Noah bnilt /jL the Tower of Confufion, Noah with his fons entered into a Ihip, as J This chapter belongs to the Graphia, or fecond receniion of the Mirabilia ; the additions of which are diftinguifhed by the figns ft* See Preface. It has no fpecial value, except to fill up our conception of the nafcent archaeology of the thirteenth century. It will be feen, that Varro is exprefsly referred to ; and other authorities may be readily recognifed. B

2 The Marvels of Rome. Hefcodius* writeth, and came unto Italy. And not far from the place where now is Rome, he founded a city of his own name \^ wherein he brought his travail and his life to an end. Then his fon Janus, with Janus his fon, Japhet his grandfon, and Camefe a man of the countn^, building a city, Janiculum, in the Palatine mountain, fucceeded to the kingdom; and when Camefe had gone the way of all flefh, the kingdom paffed to Janus alone. The fame, with the aforefaid Camefe, did build him a palace in Tranftiberim^ that he called Janiculum, to wit, in that place where the church of Saint John at Janiculum now ftandeth.'* But he had the feat of his ^ An author named Efcodius, or Eftodius (otherwife unknown), is cited by Martin us Polonus in the prologue to his Chronicle, by Johannes Caballinus, De virtutibus Romanorumy and by other medieval authors Urlichs, Codex Romae Jopograpbicus, 113, 1 39 ; Graf, Roma nel Medio Evo^ i. 66. ^ The writer had probably in mind area AV^, the popular name of the Forum of Nerva. See Part iii. chapter 8 ; Urlichs, Codex^ 140, 225. ^ This church appears to have been the fame as

The Foundation of Rome. 3 kingdom in the palace that he had builded in the mountain Palatine ; wherein all the Emperors and Caefars of after times did glorioufly dwell. Moreover at that time Nembroth, which is the fame as Saturnus that was fliamefuUy entreated of his fon Jupiter,*^ came to the faid realm of Janus, and upholden by his aid founded a city in the Capitol, which he called Satumia after his own name. And in thofe days king Italus with the Syracufans, coming to Janus and Saturnus, built a city by the river Albula, and called it after his name ; and the river of Albula they did name Tiber, after the likenefs of the dyke of Syracufe that was fo called. After this, Hercules coming unto the realm of Janus with the Argives, as Varro telleth,® made a city called Valentia St. John in mita aurea. Its exadt fitc is not known. See chapter 7, note 43. • The myth alluded to belongs to the preceding generation of Gods. Hcfiod. Theog, 179. fi The paflagc in Varro relates to the Sacraria Argcorum. Argeos di3os putant a principibusy qui turn

4 The Marvels of Rome. under the Capitol. And afterwards, Tibris, king of the Aboriginesj coming with his nation did build him a city by the Tiber, nigh whereunto he was flain by Italus in a fight that he had with him. At laft Evander, king of Arcady, with his men made a city in the Palatine mountain.^ In like wife Coribas, coming with an hoft of Sicariians, built a city faft by, in the valley. And Glaucus alfo, younger fon of the fon of Jupiter,^ coming thither with his men, raifed a city and built walls. After whom Roma, Aeneas* daughter, coming with a multitude of Trojans, built a city in the palace of the town.® Moreover Aventinus Sllvius,® king of the Albans, Herctde Argivo venerunt Romam^ et in Satumia fub* federunt. Varro, Z.Z. chapter 45. 6 Virgil, Aen. viii. 5i» 3'9> 33^. ^ Filius minor eiusflii lovis. * yentens Rome filia Henee . . civitatem in palatio urbis conftruxit, ^ This double name is taken from Varro, fupplemented by Livy. Aventinum . . (didum) a rege Aventino Albano, Varro, Z. Z. 43. Manfit Silviis poftea omnibus cognomen qui Albae regnaverunt, Liv* i* 3,

The Foundation of Rom^. J5 did rear him a palace and maufoleum in the mountain Aventinus. Now when the four hundred and thirty- third year was fulfilled after the deftruction of the town of Troy, Romulus was born of the blood of Priam, king of the Trojans. And in the twenty-fecond year of his age, in the fifteenth day of the Calends of May, he encompaffed all the faid cities with a wall, and called the fame Rome after^ his own name. And in her Etrurians, Sabines, Albans, Tufculans, Politanes, Telenes, Ficanians,*^ Janiculans, Camerians, Capenates, Falifcans, Liicanians, Italians, and, as one may fay, all the noble folk of the whole earth, with their wives and children, come together for to dwell.f *® Ancus , . (Politorio capto) multitudinem omnem Romam traduxit . . » Additi eodem^ Telienis Ficanaqui eaptis, novi ctves. Liv. u 33.

6 The Marvels of Rome. 2. Of the Town Wall.'' THE wall of the city of Rome hath towers three hundred threefcore and one, caftles forty and nine, [chief arches feven,] battlements fix thoufand and nine hundred, gates twelve, poftems five ; and in the compafs thereof there are twenty and two miles, without reckoning the Tranfliberim^ and the Leonine city, [that is the fame as Saint Peter's Porch.] 3. Of the Gates}"" THE gates of the famous city be thefe. Porta Capena^ that is called Saint Paul's Gate, by the Temple *^ Very full and curious pjirticulars concerning the matters referred to in this fcdlion are found at the end of the Einfiedeln Itinerary. (Urlichs, Codex Topog, 78; Jordan, Tofograpbie, ii. 578.) There is no mention there of caftles or ehief arches. The exaggeration of the circuit of wall, which is common to other medieval defcriptions, is thought by De Rofli to have originated in a mifapprehenfion of the meafurements given by Pliny. Hifl, Nat, iii. 5, 66 ; De Rofli, Piante di Roma^ 68. ^2 The gates are named in the order of their

The City Gates. 7 of Remus ;'* porta Appia^ [where is the church, that is named Domine quo vadiSy that is to fay, Lord whither goeft thou, where are feen the footfteps of Jefus Chrift] ; porta Latina^ [becaufe there the Latins and Apulians were wont to go into the city ; there is the veffel that was filled with boiling oil and in the which the bleffed John the Evangelift was fet]; porta Metrovia\ porta Afinarta^ that is called Lateran Gate; porta Lavicana^ that is called Greater; porta Taurina^ that is called Saint Laurence's Gate, or the gate of Tivoli, [and it is called Taurina^ or the Bull Gate, becaufe there be carved thereon two heads of bulls, the one lean and the other fat \ the lean head, that is without, pofition, beginning with the Porta di San Paolo, and ending with the Porta FUminta (or Porta del Popolo), and the gat«5 which clofed the paiTage of the Ponte di Sant' Angelo. ^ The pyramid of Ceftius bore the name of Sepulchre (or Temple) of Remu:*, as the pyramid which formerly flood near the Caflle of Sc. Angelo was called the Sepulchre of Romulus. Sec Part iii. chapter i.

8 The Marvels of Rome. fignifieth them that come with flender fubftance mto the city, the fat and full head within fignifieth them that go forth rich] ; porta Numentana [that leadeth to the city of Nomentum] ; porta Salaria^ [the which hath two Ways, to wit, the old Salarian Way that leadeth to the Milvian Bridge, and the new way that goeth forth to the Salarian Bridge] ; porta Pinciana^ [becaufe king Pincius his palace is there]'*; porta Flaminia^ [that is called Saint Valentine's] ;" porta Collina^ at [the caftle that is by Saint Peter's bridge, the which is called the emperor] Hadrian's caftle, [who made Saint Peter's bridge]. Beyond Tiber be three gates : porta ^^ A domus Pinciana exifted in a ruinous condition in the time of Theodoric. Caffiodorus {Far, iii. lo) givea the form of an order for the removal to Ravenna of fome of its marble materials. Nothing more is known of its hiftory, Coniiderable remains appear in the medieval plans. 1* The ancient church of St. Valentine, repaired by Leo III. (795—816), was outfide the Porta del Popolo, near Ponte Molle.

Triumphal Arches. 9 Septimiana^ feven Naiads joined with Janus;'® /or/a Aurelia or aurea^ that is to fay, Golden [the which is now called Saint Pancras his gate]; and porta Portuenjis. [In Saint Peter's Porch be two gates,, whereof the one is called the gate of the Cattle of the holy Angel, and the other porta Viridaria^ that is to say, the gate at the Garden]." ^ 4. Of Triumphal Arches. ARCHES Triumphal be thefe that follow [the which were made for an Emperor returning from a triumph, 1^ ^eptem Naiades iunctae lam, Thefe words, which were fuggefted by Ovid (Metam, xiv. 785), appear to be introduced to fupply an etymology for the name Septimiana, The later copies iubiUtute the words ubifeptem laudes fuerunt fa&ae O&aviano. I*' The porta Viridaria is now reprefented by Porta Angelica. The name was derived from the viridarium or garden, which was behind the Vatican Palace, and which was furrounded with a new wall by pope Nicolas III. in 1278. See an ancient infcription prcferved in the Palace .of the Confervators in the Capitol ; and De Roffi, Piante^ p. 83. hi C

lo The Marvels of Rome. aod whereunder they were led with worfhip by the fenators, and his vidlory was graven thereon for a remembrance to pofterity] ; Alexander's Golden Arch at Saint Celfus/® the arch of the emperors Theodofius and Valentinian and Gratian at Saint Urfus ;** the triumphal arch [of marble that the Senate decreed to be adorned with trophies in honour of Drufus, father of Claudius Caefar, on account of the Rhaetic and German wars by him nobly atchieved; whereof the veftiges do barely appear] without the Appian Gate at the temple of Mars ; in the Circus the arch of Titus and Vef^* The marble arch, which was at Saint Celfus under the churcii tower, is faid to have fallen downi during the time of Pope Urban V. (1362-70). Anonymus Mag/raifeubianm,\Jr\ic]\SfCo^cx,i^^. Jordan identifies this arch with that of Arcadius, Honorius and Theodofius, of which the infcription is preferved in the Einfiedeln Itinerary. Tofografbie, ii. 413. ^* The church of Saint Urfus was near the bridge of Saint Angelo, The jinonymus fpeaks of the arch as whole, but not of marble. Urlichs, CDdex, 153.

Triumphal Arches. \ t pafian f^ the arch of Coiiftantine by the Amphitheatre ; at New Saint Mary*s, between the Greater Palace and the temple of Romulus, the arch of the Seven Lamps of Titus and Vefpasian; [where is Mofes his candleftick having feven branches, with the Ark, at the foot of the Cartulary Tower] ; the arch of f Juliusf Caefar and the Senators between the Aedes Concordiae and the Fatal Temple, [before Saint Martina, where be now the Breeches Towers] ;^' nigh unto Saint Laurence in LucinUy the triumphal arch of Odlavian ;^* An*^ The infcriptions of an arch in via Appia in honour of Auguftus, and of an arch in circo fnaximc in honour of Titus, have been prefcrvcd in the Einfiedeln Itinerary. The added words relpefting th« former arch arc of the fifteenth century. ^^ The arch of Severus probably gained the name here given to it from a carelefs reading of the infcription, ftill preferved upon it, imp. caes. . . • s. p. Q. R. It was crowned in the Middle Ages by two towers, one of which belonged to the church of SS. Sergius and Bacchus. Hence the name, turres de Bracts, Nichols, Notizie dei Rostri, 63, 65. .22 The fite of this arch, which crofled the via Flaminia^ is marked by an infcripiion on the houfe,

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i 2 The Marvels of Rome. toniniis his arch^ nigh to his pillar, [where is now the tower of the Tofetti].*^ Then there is an arch at Saint Mark's^ that is called Hand of Flelh,^* ffor at the time when in this city of Rome* Lucy, an holy matron, was tormented for the faith of Chrift by the emperor Diocletian, he commanded that (he No. 167 Corfo, at the Corner of the Via della Vite. Its attribution to 06lavian is purely arbitrary. It is now generally believed to have been ere£le in honour of Marcus Aurelius; and fome of its fculptures are in the Mufeum of the Conferva tors. ^ This was probably the Arch of Claudius, which carried the Aqua Virgo acrofs the Via Flaminia in front of the Palazzo Sciarra, and which bore an uifcription commemorating the Emperor's campaign in Britain. The name of Antoninus was borrowed from the neighbouring column- The furnamc of the Tofetti occurs clfcwhcre ; the pofition of their Tower is not known. ^ Arcus manus cameae is mentioned in a Procef^ iional Order of the twelfth century, as lying between St. Mark's and the CUvus Argentarius. This Order is extracted in a future page. The name Macel dci Corvi, ftill exifting in this locality, is thought to be derived from it. This name ( Macellum torvarum) is given in Bufalini's plan to the Salita di Marforio.

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Triumphal A rches. 1 3 fhould be laid down and be beaten to death; and behold, he that finote her was made ftone> but his hand remained jiefli, unto the feventh day; wherefore the name of that place is called Hand of FleOi to this day.**t In the Capitol is the arch of Gold Bread ;^ [and in the Aventine the arch of Fauftinus nigh tp Saint Sabina.*^ There are moreover other arches, which are not triumphal but memorial ^ The ftory told in the text is found in the medieval ASia $. Luciae, Mombritius, ASia Sanciorumy \u 60. , . 2** Jrcus pants aureu The Graphia has arrus aureus, ^ Nothing is, I think, known of this arch. It is curious that the arch of Scverus at Saint George in Velabro is omitted. The Anonymus mentions it at the end of his longer lift (Urlichs, Codex, "S^)The great double arch, near, was probably converted into a tower. The arch of Severus, which is partly under the corner of the campanile, ^lay have beca.inclofed by other buildings. An infcription preferved in the apfe of the church records, that in the year 1259 Cardinal Peter Capocci gave to the church three iites adjoining the campanile, fres Bias iuxta turritn MSie ecrkfie que difitur advallaraH, its quod diSie terre aliquo titulo aliennri non pojftnt.

14 The Marvels of Rome. arches, as is the arch of Piety before Round Saint Mary's,^ In this place upon a time^ when an emperor was ready in his chariot to go forth to war, a poor widow fell at his feet, weeping and crying: Oh my lord, before thou goeft, let me have juftice. And he promifed her that on his return he would do her full right; but flie faid: Peradventure thou fhalt die firft. This confidering, the emperor leapt from his chariot, and held his confiftory on the fpot. And the woman faid, I had one only fon, and a young man hath flain him. Upon this faying the emperor gave fentence. The murderer, faid hei ihall die, he (hall not live. Thy foa then, faid ihe, (hall die, for it is he ^ The arch of Piety before St. Mary 7» Aquin^ IS mentioned in Part iii. chapter 6; and St. Mary in Aquiro is defcribed in a Proceffional Order as being ad arcum Pietatis. See Ordo Romanusy Extract I, further on. De Roffi has conje^ured that the widow of the legend was, in the original fculpture, a fuppliant nation at the feet of an emperor.

„ Triumphal A rches^ 1 5 that playing with my fon hath flain him. But when he was led to death, the woman fighed aloud, and faid. Let the young man that is to die be given unto me in the ftead of my fon ; fp fhall I be recompenfed, elfe Ihall I never confefs that I have had full right. This therefore was done, and the woman departed with rich gifts from the emperor.]*^ ^^ The legend of the Juftice of Trajan, and of St. Gregory being moved by the fculpture to obtain the admiffion of the heathen emperor to Paradife, is as old as the eighth century. It is told by Paulus Diaconus in his Life of Gregory; and it appears to have found cfpecial favour in England, being related by lohannes Diaconus in the next century, as read in the Englifh churches {^A^a SS* Ord. Bened, i. 395, 42^), and alfo by John of Salifbury, a contemporary of the Mirabtlia {Polycraticusy 1. 5, c. 8). In the original ftory the fculpture was feen by St. Gregory in the Forum of Trajan ; but when this was deftroyed, the legend migrated to another monument upon which an appropriate fculpture was found. The hiflory of the legend is difcuffed by Graf, R

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f 6 The Marvels of Rome. 5. Of the Hills. HILLS within the city be thefe : funiculus [that is commouly called Janarian, where is the church of Saint Sabba]; Aventine, that is alfo called Quirinal [becaufe the Quirites were there, where is the church of Saint Alexius] ; Caelian [where is the church of Saint Stephen in monte CaelioY^ Capitol [or Tarpeian hill, where is the Senator's palace*^]; Pallanteum [where accufer. Dante found the fame fubject carv«d in Purgatory* Quivi era ftoriata Talta gloria Del Roman prince, lo cui gran valore Moffe Gregorio alia fua gran vittoria : lo dico di Traiano imperadore: . £d una vedovella gli era al freno Di lagrimc atteggiata e di dolore. Dintorno a lui parea calcato e pieno Di cavalieri ; e Faquile nell* oro Sovra effo in vifbi al vcnto ii movieno. Purg4ftorioy 3C.73. . ^ The Senate was reflared in name in 1 143^ ^nd: iniblkd in the Capitol, probably in the aaciest Tabukrium* See Gregorovius, Hiftory of R^me m the Middle Age (Ital. tranfl.), iv. 519, 550, De RoiTi has called attention to a. document dated

Thermae. 1 7 is the Greater Palace] ; Exquiline [that is called above others,*^ where is the bafilica of Saint Mary the Greater] ; Viminal [where is Saint Agatha's church, and where Virgil, being taken by the Romans, efcaped invifibly and went to Naples, whence it is faid, vado ad Napulim^ 6. Of Thermae}^ rT^ HERE be called thermae great L JL palaces, having full great crypts under ground, wherein in the winter1150, in capitolio in ctmfiftorio novo palatii. Chron. Pifan. Muratori, vi. 171. *^ Qttifupra alios dicitur. See Part iii, c. .14, ^ The medieval fame of Virgil as a wizard has been difcuiTed in feveral recent works. See efpecially Genthe, Leben und Fortleken des VitgiUus: Compare tti^ Virgilio nel Medio Evo, The words, vado ad Napuiimy allude to the name BalneapoUsy given to the ruins on the eafl fide of the Forum of Trajan. (Jordan, Topograpbie^ ii. 310.) In a lift of churches of (he fourteenth century it is written VarionapoUs (Urlichs, CodeXy 171.) The name ftill furvives in the Via Magnanapoli. •* Of the ten thermae here named, the following £x are identified with thermae named in the Notitia: D

1 8 The Marvels of Rome. time a fire was kindled throughout, and in fummer they were filled with freih waters, fo that the court dwelt in the upper chambers in much delight; as may be feen in the thermae of Diocletian, before Saint Sufana]. Now there are thie Antonian Thermae; the Domitiaii Thermae; the Maximian; thofe of Licinius; the Diocletian; the Tiberian [behind Saint Sufana]; the Novatian; thofe of Olympias [at Saint Laurence in pant/ptrna'\\ thofe of Agrippa [behind Round Saint Mary*s] ; and the Alexandrine [where is the hofpital of the Thermae]. jintonianae{Antoninianae)y Domitianae ( Traianae^ see Lib. Pontifi SymmacbuSy 33), Lidnii {Surae, or Lkinii Surae)^ Diocletianaey Agrippianae^ Akxandrinae. The Novatian are known in eccleiiaflical ftory. (ASa S. Praxedisy 19 Mai, p. 295). Thermae Tiberianae and Maximianae are perhaps names of other ruins (not public baths). The Tiberian are faid by the Amnymus to be behind S. Sufana broken down by age, probably in the garden of Salluft. Compare the paluHum Tiberii^ in Part iii, c, 14. The Thermae Salluftianae occur in the Einiiedeln Itinerary, and appear to have been the real fcene of the martyrdom of St. Laurence. Ada S. Laurestii, 10 Aug. p. 519.

Palaces. 19 7. Of Palaces.^ PALACES in the city be thefe : the Greater Palace fof the Monarchy of the Earth, wherein is the capital feat of the whole world, and the Caefarean palace t, in the Pallantean hill ;" fthe palace of Romulus nigh unto the hut of Fauftulus ; f the palace of Severus [by Saint Sixtus] ; the palace of Claudius [between the Coloffeum and Saint Peter in vtncu/a] ; the palace of Conftantine [in the Lateran, where my lord Pope dwelleth] : fthis Lateran palace was Nero's, and named from the fide of the northern region wherein it ftandeth, or from the frog which Nero fecretly pro•* This term is evidently applied, not only to the genuine palaces of popular and ecclefiaftical traditi'^n, but to other important ruins. The explanations of locality, added in the later copies to the bare lift of names given in the older Mirabilia^ cannot always be taken as a true interpretation of the original meaning. ^ The remains of the imperial palaces on the Palatine were called, throughout the Middle Age, palatium maius.

20 The Marvels of Rome. duced;** in the which palace there is now a great church f; the Sufurrian palace f where is now the church of Saint Crofsf i*^ the Volufian palace; the palace of Romulus [between New Saint Mary and Saint Cofmas], where are the two temples of Piety and Concord," and where Romulus fet his golden image, '* Dictum a latere feptentriimalis plagae in quofiium ejiy vel a rana quam ^ero iatenter peperit. The ftory of Nero's parturition is told by Matthew of Weftminfter> and other medieval writers. See Graf, i. 338-345*• The Bafilica Sejjforiana^ founded by St. Helena, and enriched with relics brought by her from Jerufalem, had the name of Jerufalem. Paiatium quod appellatur Seffmum exifted in the time of Theodoric. {Excerpta Falettana, apud Ammianum, ed. Gardthaufen, ii. 298.) The Einfiedeln traveller, going eaftward acrofs the ruined city, pafTcd., firft, paiatium iuxta iberufalem^ and then, Hierufalem. {Itin. Einfied.i Urlichs, Codex, 73.) The Volufian palace, next mentioned, was probably named, not from the emperor, but from a Volufian afTociated in legend with the ftory of Pilate. Graf, i. 380, 392, '^ The palace or temple (thefe words in MirabiUan nomenclature are frequently interchanged) of Romulus was the Bafilica of Conftantine. The temple of Piety and Concord was the double temple of Venus and Rome. See Part iii. c. 10.

Palaces. 21 faying, It fliall not fall till that a virgin bear a child ; and as foon as the Virgin bore a fon, the image fell down;*^ the palace of Trajan and Hadrian, where is the pillar [twenty paces of height]; Conftantine's palace;'® Salluft his palace ; Camillus his palace;^® Antonine's palace, where is his pillar [twenty-feven paces high] ; Nero's palace*' [where is Saint Peter's Needle] f and wherein reft the bodies of the ^ A like ftory is told by Alexander Neckam {De naturis rerum, ed. Wright, p. 312), as a fupplcment to the flory of the Vifion of Auguftus (fee further on, Part ii. c. i); but it is Virgil who ufcs the words, It JbaU not faii^ 8cc. of the palace of Auguflu8« ^ This fecond palace of Conflantine was probably the thermae Conftantmianae on the Quirinal. See Part iii. c. 14. **^ Palatium Camilli, otherwife Camillanum{?^Tt iii. c. 6.), and Campus CamiiianuSy was the iite of the ancient monaftery of SS. Cyriac and Nicolas, now apparently abforbed in the convent of S. Marta (founded 1546), near the Collegio Roniano. An arch, called Arcus CamiUi^ croffing the Via del Pi^ di Marmo at the north-weft corner of the convent, is (hown in Bufalini's plan, dated 1 502* *^ The £>riginal Miralnha ends the chapter with the words Paiatium Neronis, ubi eft fepulchrum Julii

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22 The Marvels of Rome. ApafUes Peter and Paul, Simon and Jude; Julius Caefar's palace, where is the fepulchre of Julius Caefar; Chromatins his palace; Eufimianus his palace ; the palace of Titus and Vefpafian without Rome at the catacombs;** Domitian's palace beyond Tiber at the Golden Morfelf;*' Odlavian's palace [at Saint Lau^ rence in Lucind\^*^ Caefaris: faUtium OSavianu The Jatcr copies have fome of the additions of the Graphia (difiinguiihed in the text by the croflcs tt), and add paktium Pompeii after Cbromatii. As to the pakuium Chrotnatii^ fee Part iii. c. 1 5. *^ In the defcription of Rome by the Jewifti tra-^ veller, Benjamin of Tudela, the palace of Titus is outfide the walls. See the eztradt at the end of this volume. ^ Falatium Domtium in tranftiberim ad mitam auream, A place called mica aurea occurs in the Einiiedeln Itinerary (Urlichs, Codex^ 73); and is apparently in the I'raftevere. And a church of Sl John in mica aurea on the Jantculum occurs in the fourteenth century. (See note 4; Gregorovius, Hiftorjy Ital. tranfl. iii. 636; Urlichs, CodeXj 175.) Perhaps it i» the fame as Montorio, a name faid to be derived from the yellow fand found there. ** Paiatium OUaviani in the original text probably alludes to the legend of Ara coeli (fee Part ii. c. i) the later addition to the arch mentioned in p. 1 1 

Theatres. 23 8. Of Theatres.^'' THE theatres be thefe : the theatre of Titus and Vefpafian at the catacombs ; the theatre of Tarquin and the Emperors at the Seven Flooris; Pompey's theatre at Saint Laurence \in Darnqfo] ; Antoninus his theatre by Antoninus his bridge ; Alexander's the^ The firft fix monuments named under this head appear to be the following: i, the circus of Maxentius, 2, the Circus Maximus, 3, the theatre of Pompey, 4, the theatre of Balbus, 5, the ftadium of Severus Alexander (Piazza Navona), 6, the circus of Hadrian near the maufoleum of Hadrian. The feventh and laft monument may be the Circus Flaminius. But if this interpretation is corred, not only the Colofleum, which might feem to form a clafs by itfelf, but the theatre of Marcellus is omitted. There is fomc reaf(9n to fufpeft that the latter building is denoted by the term Tbesarum Flaminium, When the remains of the Flaminian circus had become obfc«ire, the name may have been transferred to the more confpicuous ruin. See at the end of cap. 2 2 ; and fee alfo the firft extrad from the Ordo Romanus at the end of this volume. In the medieval A^ls of St. Agnes^ the prefedl comes ad tbeatrum^ that is, to the Alexandrine ftadium. Mombritius, £ 18.

24 TTie Marvels of Rome, atre nigh unto Round Saint Mary's; Nero's theatre nigh to Crefcentius his caftle ; and the Flaminian theatre. 9. OfBrtdges.^^ ' BRIDGES be thefe: the Milvian bridge; the Hadrian bridge; the Neronian bridge fat SaJ/ia\]*^ the Antonine bridge ^tn arenula]^^'' the Fabrician bridge, fwhich is called the Jews' bridgef, [becaufe Jews dwell there]; Gratian's bridge f between the ifland and the Tran/itberim\ \ the Senators' bridge fof Saint Maryf;** the marble bridge of Theodofius fat ^ The bridges are arranged in order, going down the ilream. ^^ The locality now called Borgo di San Spirito in Saflia was in the early Middle Age known as the Ficus Saxonum or Saxonia, owing to the foundation there of a Scbola Saxonum by Ini, king of the Weft Saxons, in 727, and of a hofpital for pilgrims by Offa, king of Mercia, in 794. ♦^ Pms Jntmnuj, the Pons Aurelius of the Notitia, the modern Ponte Sifto in the region called Arenula; broken down before 1018, rebuilt 1475. *8 The Ponte Rotto, called St. Mary's Bridge from the church of St. Mary Egiziaca,

Great Pillars. . 25 the Riparmeaf, aad the Valentinian bridge/® to. Of the Pillars of Antonine and :. of Trajan; ptnd of the Images that were of old time in Rome^ THE winding pillar of Antonine*^* hath one hundred threefcore and fifteen feet of height, fteps in number two hundred and three, windows forty and five. The winding pillar of Trajan hath in height one hundred thirty and eight feet, fteps in number one hundred fourfcore and five, windows forty and five. The coloffean Amphitheatre hath one hundred and eight fubmiffal feet of height/* ** Riparmea (hould, according to Jordan, be Ripa Romea, a medieval name for the Ripa Grande. The fame author thinks that the Valentinian Bridge was the fame as that of Theodofius, and that there were never more than two bridges below the ifland. %opugraphydy ii. 195. *® The materials of this feftion are derived from the Notitia, = ^^ Columpna Antmini coclidii^ ^^ Coloffeum dmpbitheatrum (jColofm ampbitheatri, E

26 The Marvels of Rome. tin Rome were twenty and two great horfes of gilded brafs, horfes of gold fourfcore, horfes of ivory fourfcore and four,*^ common jakes an hundred and fourfcore and four, great fewers fifty, bulls, griflFons, peacocks, and a multitude of other images, the coftlinefs whereof feeraed beyond meafure, infomuch that men coming to the city had good caufe to marvel at her beauty.f II. Of Cemeteries^ THE cemeteries be thefe ; the cemetery of Calepodius at Saint Paneras ; the cemetery of Saint Agatha at Graphia). The Notitia, in the fourth region, mentions Colojfum ahum pedes centum duo femis. After the removal of the flatue, the name of ColofTus pafled to the amphitheatre. The word fubmijfales (for which I do not know that any meaning has been fuggefted) feems to have arifen out of the Jemis of the Notitia. ^^ In the Notitia it is Dei aurei LXXX. eburnei LXXXIUL By carelefs tranfcription the gods have been changed to horfes. ^ Before the eleventh century, the infecurity of the open country had led to the abandonment of the ancient cemeteries or catacombs, and to the

Cemeteries. 27 the Ring ;** Urfus his cemetery at Portefa;^ Saint Felix his cemetery; Calixtus his cemetery by the catacombs [at the church of Saint Fabian and Saint Sebaftian] ; Praetextatus his cemetery nigh unto the Appian gate at Saint ApoUinaris; Gordian's cemetery without the Latin gate ; the cemetery between Two removal of the venerated remains of faints and martyrs to the churches within the walls. De Roffi has (hown that this fe6lion is topographically arranged, and founded upon information which would not have been acceffiblc to a writer of the eleventh century, unlefs he copied from an older written work (De Rofli, Roma Sotterranea, i. 158, 175-183). William of Malmelbury has a valuable account of the cemeteries arranged under the names of the gates leading to them, which is evidently copied from fome good earlier authority. Will, Malme[b.

28 The Marvels of Rome. Bays" at Saint Helen's; the cemetery of the Capped Bear* at Saint Viviana ; the cemetery of the ager Veranus at Saint Laurence [without the walls] ; the cemetery of Saint Agnes ; the cemetery of Saint Peter's well;** Prifcilla's cemetery at the Salarian bridge ; the cemetery at the Cucumber Hill;** Trafo's cemetery at Saint Satuminus; the cemetery of Saint Felicity nigh unto that of Calixtus; [the cemetery of Saint Marcellus on the old Salarian Way; the cemetery of Balbina on the Ardeatine Way ; the cemetery of the Innocents at Saint Paul] ; the Pontian cemetery ; the *^ Inter duos Inuros, The burial-place of St. Helen, on the Via Labicana. *« Cimiterium urfi pikati. See note 56. ** Cimiterium fontis [al. ad nympbam"] fancti Petri. The /ens S. Petri was on the Via Nomentana, where St. Peter was faid to have baptized. De Rofli, Roma Sotterranea, i. 159, 179. ^ Cimiterivm ciivi cucumeris. The oldeft copies have cimiterium cucumeris. The fpot, locus qui dicitur cucumeriSy is defcribed by William of Malmc(bury as near th€ point where the Via Pmciana. joined the Via Salaria. Will. Malmefb. ed. Savil, 1601, p. 135

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Holy Placeh 29 cemetery of Saint Hermes and DomiT tilla ; the cemetery of Saint Cyriac on the Oftian way. [Thefe cemeteries were chambers under ground that fome^ times ftretched for three miles, and wherein the holy martyrs were hidden.] 12. Of places 'nyhere Saints suffer ed!^^ THESE arier the places that are found in the paffions of Saints: without the Appian gate, the place where the bleffed Sixtus was beheaded, and the placfe where the Lord appeared to Peter, when he faid, Lord^ whither goeil thou, and the temple oif Mars; ^^ *i Prafeffor Jordan {Tof9graphie\ ii. 3B0) has fup* plied moft of the references to the A^a Sanctorum, which I give below. See alfa Mariindli; Roma Sacra^ 37. . . ^2 The temple of Mars, about two. miles, from the Porta Appia, was the,; place where St. Sixtus was beheadeid. Jcta S. Sixti, 6 Aug. 140. See alfo Jcta S. Stephanie 2 Aug. 141 ; S. Comelii^ 14 Sept. 144. In the legendary Acts of Pope Stephen (Morabritius, ii. 274) the temple fell upon the prayer of.thatfaint... .

30 The Marvels of Rome. within the gate, the Dripping Arch;®' then, the region of Fafciola at Saint Nereus ;•* the Vicus Canartus at Saint George, where was Lucilla's houfe,^ and where is the Golden Vail;^ the aqua Salvia at Saint Anaftafius, where the bleffed Paul was beheaded, [and the head thrice uttered the word Jefus, as it bounded, and where there be yet three wells which fpring up diverfe in tafte] f the garden of Lucina, where •• Intra portam arcus ftillae. The fo-called Arch of Drufus, which carried an aqucdu£l acrofs the road. St. Stephen Pope was imprifoned and held a Synod in carcere ad arcum ftelke^ perhaps not the fame place. {Lib. Pontif, Stepb. I.) A fcholiaft to Juvenal gives the name arcus ftillam to the Porta Capena on account of the aquedudl ovef it. SchoL adjuv. iii. ii. W FeRx 111. RofRanus de. titulo Fajciolae. Lib. Pontif. in vita Felicis III.

Holy Places. 31 is the church of the bleffed Paul, and where he lieth.^ Interlude^ that is, between two Games;®* the hill of Scaurus, which is between the Amphitheatre and the Racecourfe, before the Seven Floors,'" where is the fewer, wherein Saint Sebaftian was caft, who date of the Mirabilia) to Saint Bernard^ who founded there a convent of Cidercian monks. ^ More correftly the Cemetery 01 Commodilla. De RoiH, Roma Sotterr, i. 185 ; J£ia SanSiorum, Juni*. vol. vii. 488. ^ Interlude, id eft inter duos hdos. A few lines below we find : in tellure, id eft in cannapara. (See alfo Part iii. c. lo). The locality called in Tellure^ or locus Telluris (alfo in Tellude and Telludis temflum)^ occurs frequently in Afts of Saints and elfewhere, as the place where the Praefedtus Urbis held his tribunal. Lib. Pontif. Cornelius, J ; J£ia S. Gordiani, 10 Mai. 551; S. Creftrentiani, i6 Ian. 370, 372; S, Marii, 19 Ian. 580; S. Stephani, z Aug. 142 ; ^. Sixti, 6 Aug. 141 ; S. Abundiiy 16 Sept. 30 K The temple of Tellus was near the Suburra, in Carinis, Corp, Infer, Lat, 1. 145. ^® Clivus Scauri, qui eft inter amphitheatrum et ftadium (between the Coloflcum and the Circus Maximus) was the refidence of Saint Gregory, where the church of Saint Gregory now (lands. Near this was the Septizonium Severi, called, in Mirabilian nomenclature, y^//^^///ym orjeptem folia.

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3^ The Marvels of Rome. teve^led his body to Saint Lucina, faying Jhou {halt find niy body hanging on a nail ;"" the via Cornelia by the Milvian bridge, and goeth forth into the,ftreet;'' the via Aur.elia nigh to the Ring.;" the ^eps of EUogal)alus in the entry of the Palace ;^V the chained ifland behind Saint Trinity ;'* the Dripping Arch before the Seven Floors ;^* the Roman Arch be- : tweep the. Aventine and Albifton, where the bleffed Silvefter and Conftantine kiffed, and departed the one from the other ;'^ in Tellurej that is the Canapara^ . ^1 The words are taken from the Acts of St^ Sdba(tian(20 Ian. 642). Sebaftiaftusapparuit S, Lucinae, ' dUens^ in cloaca ilia quae eft iuxta circum invenies ccrpus meum pendens in gompba^ '^^ Et exit in/tratam. The meaniiig is obfcmp. ^' Iuxta girokm^ the Circus of Caligula, near the Vatican. '!\ Gradus tliogabatu '{Jfia S. Sebaftimi, 20 Ian, 642.) The locality appears to have ber^n on the Palatine Hill. ^* Et in/ula catenata pojtfanSam Trinitatem^ 7^^ Arcus unions antefeptemfolium. See Notes 63, 70; '^ Jlbijton was. a name given to. the church of St, 3albina;.see Part ill. c. 11. The legend of the parting of Conftantine and; Saint Silvefter, when

Holy Places. 33 where was the Houfe of Tellusy* the prifon of Mamertinus before the Mars nnder the Capitol ;^^ the Vitus Latertcti ^t Saint Praxede ; the Vicus Patrtcti at Saint Pudentiana ;*• the bafilica of Jupiter at Saint Quiricus ;" the thermae of Olympias, where the blefled Laurence the Emperor was fuppofcd to have furrendcred Rome with the fupremaqr of the Weftem Empire to the Pope, was of great political importance. See Part iL c. 8; Gregorovius, Hiftory^ Ital. tranfl. iv. 405; Graf, ii. 93. '* The Canapara appears to have been in the ruins of the Balilica Julia (see Part iii. c. 7), whereas the ancient temple of Tellus was in the quarter called Cannae, See Note 69. '^ Privata Mamertinu The ancient Carter^ and the traditional prifon of the apoftles Peter and Paul ; oppofite to which was the ftatue of a river-god, mifcalled Mars, more lately Marforio. Privata Mamerttni occurb in the A3a S. Stepbani Papae. Mombritius, ii. 274®® Vkus iaterkius occurs only in conneftion with the church of St. Praxede. ricas patrkius was an ancient ftreet, and was famous in ecclefiaftical tradition for the houfe of Pudens and the reiidence of St. Peter. *^ Bafilka lovk is mentioned in the Afts of St, Laurence as a part of the Palace of Tiberius (ABa S. Laurentii 10 Aug. 518). It is placed here at St. F

34 The Marvels of Rome. was broiled, in Panifperaa;®* the Tiberian palace of Trajan, where Decius and Valerian withdrew themfelves after Saint Laurence's death,*' [where the place is called the Baths of the Cornuti;]** the Circus Flaminius at the Jews' bridge ;** in the Tranftiberim^ the temple of the Ravennates, pouring forth oil, where is Saint Mary's/* Quiricus. Compare Part iii c. 8. In a Proceifional Order the name occurs near the Piazza Montanara. See the firft extradl from the Orio Romanus. ^ The thermae of Olympias are not named in the A6^s of St. Laurence, See Note 33, ad Jin, *• Jita 5. Laurentii, 10 Aug. 518. •* Tbermoi df Cornutis (al. cormitiis), w J£ia S. Marcelli^ 16 Ian. 371. The *Flaminian Circus at the Jews' Bridge' was perhaps the Theatre of Marcellus. See p. 23, Note 44; and Ordo Romanus^ Extras I. *• See Part iii, c. 16.

Part II. TTie Second Part containeth divers Hijlories touching certain famous Places and Images in Rome. I. Of the Vifion of 06lavian the Emperor^ and of the Sibyl's Anfwer.^'^ IN the time of the emperor Odlavian,* the Senators, feeing him to be of fo ®^ The legend of Auguftus and the prophecy of Chrift firft occurs in the Cbronograpbia of Malalas, a writer according to Gibbon {Hifl. c, xL note ii) little* later than Juftinian, who died in 565. ( Malalas, Cbronog. lib. x. p. 2 3 1 , ed. Dindorf.) This Greek form of the legend is given more concifely by Suidas. " Auguftus Caefar, after he had facrificed, aiked the Pythia who fhould reign after him, and (he faid: An Hebrew Child, that rules among the Bleffed, Bids me forego my houfe, and feek the fhades. Thou therefore henceforth from my fhrine depart. And, going forth from the oracle, Auguftus fet in the Capitol an altar, on which he infcribed, in Latin letters, This is the Altar of the Firft-born

36 The Marvels of Rome. great beauty, that none could look into his eyes,®* and of fo great profperity and peace, that he had made all the world to render him tribute, faid unto him: We defire to worfhip thee, becaufe the godhead is in thee; for if it were not fo, all things would not profper with thee as they do. But he, being loth, demanded a delay, and called unto him the Sibyl of Tibur, to whom he re. hearfed all that the Senators had faid. She begged for three days fpace, in the which flie kept a ftraight faft; and thus made anfwer to him after the third day: Thefe things, fir emperor, fliall furely come to pafs: . Tokeh of doom 1 the Earth (hall drip with iwcat ; From Heaven fhall come the King for evermore. And prefent in the flefh fhall judge the world. God." (Suidas, Lexicon^ s. v. Avyowirroc.) The hiftory of the legend is very fully difcufled b) Graf, Roma nel Medio Evoyi 309 — 320. ^ Forma fait eximia . . . ocuks habuit claros ac Hitidoi . * gaudebatque fi quis acrius intuentiy quasi 4d fulgbnm folisy vuUum dimitteret. Suetonius, Auguftus^ c*79. :

The Vifion of 06lavian. 37 And the other verfes that follow.®* And anon, f whiles 0<5lavian diligently heark^ ened to the Sibyl,f the heaven was opened, and a great brightnefs lighted upon him; and he faw in heaven a virgin, paffing fair. Handing upon an altar, and holding a man-child in her arms, whereof he marvelled exceedingly; and he heard a voice from heaven f faying. This is the Virgin that fliall conceive the Saviour of the World. And again he heard another voice from heaven,t faying, This is the altar of the Son of God. The emperor ftraightway fell to the ground, and worfliipped the Chrift that Ihould come. This vifion he fliowed to the Senators, and they in like wife marvelled exceedingly. The vifion took place in the chamber of the emperor ^ \Iudidi Jignum, Tellm fudon made feet : E caelo Rtx adveniet per fecla fuiurusy Scilicet in came praefent ut iudicet erbem, Thefe three lines are the firft of twenty-feven, given by Saint Auguitine, as a tranflation from a Greek poem afcribed to the Erythrsan Sibyl. De Civitate Dei, 1. xviii. c. 23.

38 The Marvels of Rome. 06lavian, where now is the church of Saint Mary in the Capitol, [where the Friars Minors are.]^ Therefore is it called Saint Mary in ara coeli?^ f Upon another day, when the people had decreed to call him Lord, he forthwith flayed them with hand and look, neither did he fuffer himfelf to be called Lord even by his fons,*' saying: Mortal I am, and will not call me Lord.f ^ The Francifcans were eftabltflied in 1250, twenty-five years after St. Francis' death, in the Abbey- of the Capitol, where they ftill retain a feeble hold on the church. *^ The proper name of the church continued until the thirteenth century to be Sancta Maria in Capitoiio. (Gregorovius, Hiftory^ Ital. trasifl. iv. 545.) Jordan fuggefts that the authority of the Mirabilia may have led to the official recognition of the name connedled with the legend. Topograpbie^ ii. 366. ^ Thefe fads are derived fron Suetonius {Auguftusy c. 53), and repeated, as having a religious fignificance, by Orofius, Hift, Ivi. c. Z2.

The Marble Horfes. 39 2. Of the Marble Horfes^^ and of the Woman encompajfed with Serpents. HEAR now to what intent the Horfes of marble, were made bare, and the men befide them naked and what ftory they tell, and what is the reafon why there fitteth before the horfes a certain woman encompaffed with ferpents, and having a fliell before ^er. In the time of the emperor Tiberius there came to Rome two young men that were philofophers, named Praxiteles and Phidias, whom the emperor, obferving them to be . of fo much wifdom, kept nigh unto himfelf in his palace; fand he faid to them, where-^ fore . do ye go abroad naked ? who anfwered and faid: Becaufe all things are naked and open to u§, and we hold ®* The legend of Phidias and Praxiteles, and that which follows in the next chapter, of the Brazen Horfe, are evidently ftories which had their origin upon the fpot, out of the fancy of pilgrims, or of their guides.

40 The Marvels of Rome. the world of no account, therefore we go naked and poffefs nothing ;f and they faid: Whatfoever thou, moft mighty emperor, flialt devife in thy chamber by day or night, albeit we be abfent, we will tell it thee every word. If ye fhall do that ye fay, faid the emperor, I will give you what thing foever ye Ihall defire. They anfwered and faid. We alk no money, but only a memorial of us. And when the next day was come, they fliowed unto the emperor in order whatfoever he had thought of in that night. Therefore he made them the memorial that he had promifed, to wit, the naked horfes, which trample on the earth, that is upon the mighty princes of the world that rule over the men of this world; and there Ihall come a full mighty king, which . fliall mount the horfes, that is, upon the might of the princes of this world. Meanwhile there be the two men half naked, which ftand by the horfes, and with arms raifed on high and bent fingers tell the things that are to be; and as they be naked,

The Woman with Serpents. 41 fo is all worldly knowledge naked and open to their minds. The woman e.ncompaffed with ferpents, that fitteth with a fhell before her, [fignifieth the Church, encompaffed with many rolls of fcriptures],^ to whom he that defireth to go, may not, but if he be firft waflied in that fliell, [that is to fay, except he be baptized].®* ^ The words here added are found only in the edition of Montfaucon. The earlier manufcripts are imperfe£^ in this paflage, and inflead of the claufe in brackets, have only the words pr^eduatores qui praedicaverunt earn. ** Of the female fitting llatue, which appears from this pafTage to have been on the Quirinal in front of the Marble Horfes, nothing further is known. I have fome fufpicion that its remains may be found in the colofiTal fitting Hygieia of the Giufliniani Palace, remarkable for the large folds of th€ ferpent furrounding the figure. Thefe folds, without their reflored head, might be taken for feveral ferpents. Of the prefent figure the knees and part of the ferpent are original, perhaps not much elfe. See Matz, Antike Bildwerke in Rom^ u zzj J Galleria Giufliniani^ plate 8 ; Clarac, Mujet de Sculpture, No. 890. >

42 The Marvels of Rome^ 3.^ Wherefore the Horfe was made^ that is called Conflantine's. THERE is at the Lateran a certain brazen horfe, that is called Conftantine's Horfe ;®^ but it is not fo, for •* Some of the earlier copies have a feftion in this place upon the officers of the imperial court, which has been omitted, having no relation to the fubjeft 0/ the Mirabilia. See Urlichs, Codex ^ 97, ^ There feems to be fome reafon for thinking chat the bronze ftatue of Marcus Aurelius> which was before the Lateran Palace as early as the tenth century, and was known as the Horfe of Conilantine, was the fame flatue which had been before called by the fame name in the Forum, and which appears to have been ftill there in the ninth century. (///». Eivftedeln. Urlichs, Codex y 71.) De Roffi fuggefts, that in the decay ot art as evidenced by the ufe of the Trajan fculptures in the arch of Conftantine, a ftatue of Marcus Aurelius may have been dedicated by the Senate to Conftantine. There is no adual proof of identity, beyond the difappearance of the name in one place and its appearance in the other The ftatue at the Lateran, according toRanulf Higden, was called by pilgrims Theodoric, by the people Conftantine, and by the clergy Marcus, or Quintus Curtius ; and he tells a ftory fimilar to that given in the text, of a knight called Marcus. Higden, Poly chronicon^ ed. Babington, i. 228.

The Hor/e of Conjiantine. 43 whofoever will know the truth thereof, let him read it here. In the time of the Confuls and Senators, a certain fall mighty king from the parts of the Eaft came to Italy, and befieged Rome on the fide of the Lateran, and with much flaughter and war afflicted the Roman people. Then a certain fquire of great beauty and virtue, bold and fubtle, arofe and faid to the Confuls and Senators: If there were one that fliould deliver you from this tribu^ lation, what would he deferve from the Senate? and they anfwered and faid: What thing foever he fliall aft, he (hall prefently obtain it. Give me, faid he, thirty thoufand fefterces, and ye Ihall make me a memorial of the victory, when the fight is done, and a horfe in gilded brafs of the beft. And they promifed1:o do all that he afted. Then faid he, Arife at midnight and arm you all, and ftand at watch within the walls, and whatfoever I (hall fay to you, that (hall ye do. And they forthwith did that he bade them. Then he mounted

44 The Marvels of Rome, an horfe without a faddle, and took a fickle. For he had feen of many nights the king come to the foot of a certain tree for his bodily need, at whofe coming an owlet, that fat in the tree, always hooted. The fquire therefore went forth of the city and made forage, which he carried before him tied up in a trufs, after the fafhion of a groom. And as foon as he heard the hooting of the owlet, he drew near, and perceived that the king was come to the tree. He went therefore ftraightway towards him. The lords that were with the king, thought he was one of their own people, and began to cry, that he fliould take himfelf out of the way from before the king. But he, not leaving his purpofe for their fhouting, whiles he feigned to go from the place, bore down upon the king; and fuch was his hardihood that in defpite of them all he feized the king by force, and carried him away. Anon, when he was come to the walls of the city, he began to cry. Go forth and flay all the king's army, for lo ! I have

The Mf quire and the King. 45 taken him captive. And they, going forth, flew fome and put the others to flight; and the Romans had from that field an untold weight of gold and filven So they returned glorious to the city; and all that they had promifed to the aforefaid efquire they paid and perr formed, to wit, thirty thoufand fefterces, and an horfe of gilded brafs without a faddle for a memorial of him, with the man himfelf riding thereon, having his right hand ftretched forth, that he took the king withal, and on the horie's head a memorial of the owlet, upon whofe hooting he had won the victory. The king, which was of little ftature, with his hands bound behind him, as he had been taken, was alfo figured, by way of remembrance, under the hoof of the horfe.^ ^ Montfaucon concluded from this paflagc that there was formerly the- figure of a captive under the ftatuc {Diarium Italicum^ S^O- This conjefture appears to find fome confirmation in another legendary explanation of the work, according to which it reprefented Conftantine trampling under

46 The Marvels of Rome. 4. Of the making of the Pantheon^ and of its Confecration.^ IN the times of the Confuls and Senators, the prefect Agrippa, with four legions of foldiers, fubjugated to the Roman fenate the Suevians, Saxons, and other weftem nations. Upon whofe return the bell of the image of the kingdom of the Perfians, that was in the Capitol, rang. For in the temple his horfe's feet a dwarf, whom his wife had received as a lover. Enenkel, Weitbuchy cited by Graf, Roma nel Medio Evo, ii. iio^ The bird is reprefented by a tuft of hair between the horfe's ears. *® This feftion contains two legends, not neceffi^rily connefted. The legend of the bells, known as Salvatio Romae^ is at leaft as old as the eighth century, being narrated in Greek by Cofmas of Jerufalem {Comment, ad S, Gregor, Nazianzen^ Mai. Spiceleg, Rom, ii. 221 5 Urlichs, Codex^ 179), and in Latin in a book Defeptem mundi miraculis^ attributed to Bede, and fc^nd in a manufcript of that century. {Bed^s Works^ ed. Giles, iv. 10; Graf, Roma nel Medio Evo, i. 112, 189; fee alfo Jordan, Topograpbie^ ii. 366.) The other legend, of Agrippa and Cybele, does not fecm to be found in any earlier work.

The Dream of Agrippa. 47 of Jupiter and Moneta in the Capitol was an image of every kingdom of the world, with a bell about his neck, and aS foon as the bell founded, they knew that the country was rebellious. The prieft therefore that was on watch in his week, hearing the found of the bell, fhewed the fame to the Senators; |and the Senators did lay the ordering of this war upon the prefedt Agrippa. He denying that he was of ability to undergo fo great a charge, was at length conftrained, and alked leave to take counfel for three days. During which term, upon one night, out of too much thinking he fell afleep, and there appeared to him a woman, who faid unto him: What doeft thou, Agrippa? forfooth, thou art in great thought; and he anfwered unto her: Madam, I am. She faid, Comfort thee, and promife me, if thou flialt win the victory, to make me a temple fucb as I Ihow unto thee. And he faid, I will make it. And flie fliowed him in the vifion a temple made after that fafhion. And he faid: Madam, who art

48 The Marvels of Rome. thou ? And flie faid, I am Cybele, the mother of the gods: bear libations to Neptune, which is a mighty god, that he help thee; and make this temple to be dedicated to my worfliip and Neptune's, becaufe we will be with thee, and thou (halt prevail. Agrippa then arofe with gladnefs, and rehearfed in the Senate all thefe fayings; and he went, with a great array of (hips and with five legions, and overcame the Perfians, and put them under a yearly tribute to the Roman Senate. And when he returned to Rome, he built this temple, and made it to be dedicated to the honour of Cybele, mother of the gods, and of Neptune, god of. the fea, and of all the go.ds, and he gave to this temple the name of Pantheon. And in honour of the fame Cybele he made a gilded image, which he fet upon the top of the temple above the opening, and covered it with a magnifical roof of gilded brafs. After many ages pope Boniface, in the time,Qf Phocas, a Chriftian emperor,

The Con/ecratton of the Pantheon, ^^ feeing that fo marvellous temple, dedicated in honour of Cybele, mother of the gods, before the which Chriftian men were ofttimes ftricken of devils, prayed the emperor to grant him this temple, that as in the Calends of November it was dedicated to Cybele, mother of the gods, fo in the Calends of November he might confecrate it to the bleffed Mary, ever-virgin, that is the mother of all faints. This Csefar granted unto him; and the pope, with the whole Roman people, in the day of the Calends of November did dedicate it ; and ordained that upon that day the Roman pontiflf fliould fing mafs there, and the people take the body and blood of our Lord as on Chriftmas day;^^® and that on the fame day all faints with their mother, Mary ever- virgin, and the heavenly fpirits fliould have feftival, and the dead 100 Tiie pradice of adminiflering the facrament under both kinds to the laity continued in Rome as well as in England in the twelfth century. Mabillon, Mufeum JtalUum^ torn. ii. Comment, in Ord, Rom, p. Ixi. H

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$0 The Marvels of Rome. have, throu^out the churches of the whole world, a lacrifice for ranfom of their fouls.^ 5. An Homily of the Pajfions of the Holy Ahdon and Sennen^ Sixtus and Laurence.^ WHAT man that will preach the paffion of the Saints Abdon and Sennen, or of Saint Sixtus, Laurence, and the reft, on tlie one hand, as the Leffon hath told it,' regarding for what ^ The Pantheon was confecrated by Pope Boniface IV. probably in the year 6ro {Lib^ Pontiff; Nibly, Roma Mod. i. 407)* The day kept as the dedication day is the 15th of May; but tlie fe^yal of the I8t of Novenaber (All Saints' Day) is believed to have been fir ft celebrated in Rome as the Feaft of the BlefTed Mother of God and of all Martyrs, and by Gregory IV. made a general feftiral for th,e whole Church* Ufuardus, Martyrd. in Acta Sanetoruniy vol. 26; Baronius, MartyroL Rom, i Nov. * This chapter contains an half-hiftorical, halflegendary narrative, which might ferve, as the author tells us, a? part of a fermon on the pa^n, either of Saints Abdon and Sennen, of Saint Sixtus, or of Saint Laurence* 3 Sicut dixit lectio. The lives of the Martyrs

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Sainfs Abdon and Sennen. 5 j caufe the emperor did them to deatb, may begin thus: A tempeft having arifen imder Decks, many Chriftians were flain, while Galba had rule in the city of Rome ;^ or on the other, as out of the Roman ftory, may thus begin and preach: There was a certain emperor, Gordian by name, whofe ftandard-bearer in his legions was Philip. This Philip was a Chriftian,* and he flew his lord the emperor Gordian, and took the were cjrlled legends {Jegenda) becaufc they were intended to be read in the fervices upon their feftivals. * The old a£ia of Abdon and Sennen begin their ftory at this point. Petrus de Natalibns, Vita SmUcrumy f. 131; Mombritius, J£fa SanSorum, f. 6. ^ The belief that the Emperor Philip, who had the glory of celebrating the Secular Games on the thoufandth ansiverfary of Rome,. was a Chriftian, arofe partly during his own life. See Gibbon, c- i6* In later times this emperor and his fon, having both been put to death by " the pagan Decius,* were regarded as martyrs for the faith ; and Petms de Natalibtts devotes a chapter to the J3a S^enMnrum Pbiiippi et Pbilippi imperatorum et martyrum {Vitse BanBorum. f. 219 b). Moft of the fads narrated in th'; text are repeated either in the A6ls of thefe emperors or in thofe of Saint Laurence. lb. f. 140.

5 2 The Marvels of Rome. empire, with his fon. For he had a fon named Philip. Now among the fervants of the emperor Philip was a certain knight named Decius, an heathen man of Pannonia, which grew in favour with the emperor, by the good fame of his knighthood, and with the foldiers and Senate by his wit, prudence, and bounty; whom the emperor with the Senate made chief captain, with four legions, againft a nation of the Weft that was rebellious; and he went and made war upon them and overcame them in many battles. Upon his return, his foldiers in their rejoicing praifed him, and faid, Oh, if he were our emperor, all things would be well with us. And, being enticed by the foldiers' words, he confpired with them that he Ihould have the empire, ' and fliould give them duchies and marches and counties, and honours at court, and the treafure of Philip. Now when Decius was come to the parts of Liguria, the emperor Philip had betaken him to Verona, and, hearing of his return, received him gracioufly^

Philips firji Chrijlian Emperor. 53 But after that day was paffed, the foldiers of Decius fecretly took up arms as they had agreed with their emperor that was to be; and Decius at midday went to the emperor's court with a fword hidden about him, and entering into his tent, he call forth the chamberlain, and drawing his fword fmote Philip between the nofe and the lip as he flept in his bed, and fo did* him to death. And anon he- went forth and founded a fignal, whereupon all his foldiers ran to meet him around the tent, as they had afore devifed. Meanwhile Philip's foldiers, hearing that their lord was flain of Decius, took to flight; but being called back in their terror by Decius, who bade them not fly, but become his friends, they at the laft did return to him, but rather from fear than from love. Now when the younger Philip, that was at Rome, heard that Philip his father was done to death by Decius the pagan, he was afraid, and fled to the blefled Sixtus, pope of the Romans,

54 'I'he Marveh of Rome. faying, My lord Father, my father is dead, whom the impious Decius hath done to death; I befeech thee take my father's treafure and kfeep it hidden, and if I efcape that Decius flay me not, thou flialt render it to me again, but if not, thou flialt have it for the Church, Decius then came to Rome, and obtained the empire more by his valour than from any love that was borne him; and he began to feek Philip the younger, that was hidden away. At the laft, by great promifes and gifts, he found him, and flew him. Then he made fearch after the treafure of Philip, and fome men faid that Sixtus, the pope of the Chriftians, had it, others faid it was at Philippopolis in Grecia, And at this very feafon there came an embaffag^ from the ruler of Persia, faying that they of that land were rebellious; and the bell of the image rang.* Decius therefore having ordained Galba to be his vicar at Rome, carried with him his ® See p. 47.

Decius the. Pagan. 55 fon Decius and fought againft the Perfians and overcame them all, and took Abdon and Sennen, as it is declared in the Lesson, whom he knew to be of right noble race, and brought them away chained in golden fetters;' and as he returned, he laid fiege to Philippopolis. In the mean time a meffage came from Rome, and brought him tidings that Galba was dead. So he left Decius, his fon, there with a part of his hoft, and led the refidue to Rome, together with Abdon and Sennen. Now, when he was come to Rome, he aiked diligently after the trtiafures of Philip, the which he had not yet been able certainly to find. And he flew those holy martyrs, the right noble Abdon and Sennen in the Amphitheatre.® And it 7 Pergtt Romam [Decius] fecum adducens heatijjtmos fubreguhs Abdon et Sennen catenis vinSfos . . eoque no biles effent ai Jfe^aculum Romanorum, ABa SS, Addon et Sennen^ Mombritius, f. 6 b. * According to the legend, Abdon and Sennen were taken to the Amphitheatre, before the image of the Sun, and commanded to facrifice to the idol. (See chapter 7.) They refufed and fpat on the

56 The Marvels of Rome. was fliewed unto him, that Sixtus, bifhop of the Christians, had the treafure of Philip; fo he took him and afflicted him with many torments. And becaufe he could not be certified by him touching the treafures, Valerian commanded that he fliould undergo the fentence of death. And, even as he was led to be beheaded, the bleffed Laurence cried out and faid: Holy Father, leave me not behind, for behold, I have expended thy treafures that thou didft put into my hands. Then the foldiers, hearing of the treafures, laid hands on the bleffed Laurence before the Seven Floors in the New Way, and took him and delivered him to Parthenius the tribune: and the residue that foUoweth.* image ; and were afterwards put to death by gladiators in the Amphitheatre. P. de Natalibus, f. 131 ; Mombritius, f. 6 b. • ARa S. Laurentii. P. de Natalibus, f. 139b; Mombritius, ii. f. 50. Nothing is faid in the aSa about the locality of the taking of St. Laurence.

O&avtan and Antony. 57 6. Wherefore 06lavian was called AnguJluSy and wherefore was dedicated the church of Saint Peter at the Chains}^"" WHEN Julius Caefar was done to death of the Senate, his nephew 0<5lavian affumed the empire; againft whom arofe Antony, his brother-in-law, whofe fceptre had remained after Caefar's death,* and ftrove, with much ado, to take from him the empire. Antony, therefore, putting away 06lavian's fister, took to wife Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, mighty in gold and filver and precious ftones and people. When, therefore, Antony and Cleopatra, with 11® The church of St. Peter ad vincula was founded by Eudoxia, the wife of the Emperor Valentinian III., who is confounded in the legend with Eudoxia, the wife of Arcadius. The feaft-day of the dedication of this church, the ill of Auguft, was anciently obferved as a feftival in memory of the death of Antony. i Aug, Feriae ob necem Antonii, Fafti in Corpus Infer. Lnt, i. }^']t. 1 Cuius bajulus . . remanferat.

58 The Marvels of Rome. a great array of Ihips and people, began to come againft Rome, the news was brought to the city, and Odlavian, with a mighty array, went and fought againft them in Epirus. Thus a battle began; and the queen's fliip, which was all gilded, began to give way. Antony, feeing the queen's fliip give way, withdrew him too, and followed her to Alexandria, where he fell on his fteel and died. After this Queen Cleopatra faw that flie was referved for a triumph; fo Ihe decked her with gold and precious ftones, and would have bewitched Octavian with her beauty, but Ihe could not. Finding herfelf fcomed, Ihe went, decked as Ihe was, into her hufband's tomb, and put to her breafts two afps, which is a manner of ferpent; and they fo fweetly fucked that Ihe fell afleep and died. Odlavian took away vaft fums of money from that vi<5lory, and triumphed over Alexandria and Egypt and all the country of the East, and fo vi<5lorious came back to Rome. The Senate, therefore, and all the Roman

Fejlival of Auguftus. 5^ people received him with great triumph, and becaufe the vidlory was in the Calends of the month Sextilts^ they gave him the name of Auguftus by reafon of the augment or increafe of the commonwealth, and decreed that every year in the Galends of Auguft (for fo they alfo called the month) the whole commonalty fliould have a feftival of gladnefs for that aforefaid vi<5tory, to the honour of Odlavianus Caesar Auguftus, and the whole city fliould rejoice and be glad in fo great a feftival. This rite endured to the time of Arcadius, the hufband of Eudoxia, who, after his death, was left with her fon Theodofius of tender age, and did manly rule the empire, as though her hulband Arcadius had been yet alive. Moved by the fpirit of God, and for the welfare of the commonwealth, flie went to Jerufalem, and vifited the venerable Sepulchre and other holy places. And whiles flie was bufy with the affairs of the commonwealth, the provincial folk brought unto her huge gifts, among the

6o The Marvels of Rome. which a certain Jew brought her the chains of the bleffed apoftle Peter, wherewith he was bound of Herod in prifon under four quaternions. The fight of thefe chains gave the queen more joy than all her other gifts; and fhe bethought her, that they could not elfewhere be put in fo condign a place as where the bleffed Peter's body refteth in duft. Coming, therefore, to Rome in the Calends of Auguft, flie faw that ancient rite of heathendom yet full folemnly obferved of the Roman people in the Calends of Sextilis^ the which none , of the pontiffs had been able to fet afide. She therefore made fuit to pope Pelagius and the Senators and the people, that the favour which fhe fhould aflc might be granted to her; and they readily promifed to allow it. The Queen therefore faid: I do perceive, that ye give much thought to the Sextile holiday in reverence of the dead emperor Odlavian for the vi<5lory which he won over the Egyptians; I pray you give me up the worfliip of the dead

Saint Peter at the Chains. 6i emperor 0<5tavian for the worfliip of the heavenly Emperor, and his apoftle Peter, whofe chains, lo ! I have brought from Jerufalem, and like as he delivered us from Egyptian bondage, fo may that heavenly. Emperor from the bondage of demons. And I am minded to make a church to God's honour and Saint Peter's, and to fet there thefe chains; which church the Pope, our lord Apoftolic, (hall dedicate in the Calends of Auguft, and it fliall be called Saint Peter at the Chains, and there our lord Apoftolic fhall yearly, in the fame church, fing folemn mafs; and as Saint Peter was loofed by the angel, fo may the Roman people depart with a blefling, freed from their fins. This propofal was heard by the people and received with little favour, but was at length accorded unto the prayer of the Pope and Queen. She therefore built the church, which my lord Pope dedicated in the Calends of Auguft, like as the moft Chriftian Emprefs had devifed; and there fhe fet the afore 

6t The Marvels of Rome. mentioned chains of the bleffed Peter, arid the Neroriian chains of the bleffed Paul; that in this day of the Calends of Sextilis the Roman people may flock thither, and do reverence to the chains of the apostles Peter and Paul. . 7. Of the Colojfeunty and of Saint Silvefler? r" I ^HE Coloffeum was the temple *" JL of the Sun, of marvellous greatnefs and beauty, difpofed with many di*^ This chapter is found in manufcripts of the fourteenth century. Ranulph Hlgden gives the following marvellous account of the ColofTus, or image of the Sun, which he fuppofes to have been brought from Rhodes. "This brazen ftatue, gilded with imperial gold^ continually fhed rays through the darknefs, and turned round in even movement with the fun, carrying his face always oppofite to the folar body; and all the Romans, when they came near, worfhipped in token of fubjeftion. The which Saint Gregory deftroyed by fire, ,as he might not do fo by ftrength ; and only the head and the right hand holding a fphere outlawed the fire, and they are now upon two marble pillars before the palace of my lord

The Coloffeum. 63 verfe vaulted chambers, and all covered with an heaven of gilded brafs,' where thunders and lightnings and glittering fires were made, and where rain was Ihed through flender tubes. Befides this there were the Signs fuperceleftial and the planets Sol and Luna^ that were drawn along in their proper chariots. And in the midfl abode Phoebus, that it the god of the Sun, which having his feet on the earth reached unto heaven with his head, and did hold in his hand Pope. And it is marvel, how the founder's craft hath fo informed the ftubborn brtfs, that the hair feemeth foft to the iight and the mouth as though it were fpeaking." Higden, PoiycbronUony ed. Babington, I, 2^4. A colofTal head and hand are reprefented as lying before the palace of the Lateran in a plan of the thirteenth or fourteenth century publilhed by De Roffi (Piante di Romdy tav, i ). Benjamin of Tudela fpeaks of the Sampfon before the Lateran as if it- were an entire flatue. See among the Mirabiliana, further on. The bronze head formerly at the Lateran is believed to be' that now in the court of the Palace of the Confervators. ^ In fome of the early plans publilhed by De Roffi, the Coloffeum is reprefented with a dome in accordance with this fancy.

64 The Marvels of Rome. an orb, fignifying that Rome ruled over the world/ But after a fpace of time the bleffed Silvefter bade deftroy that temple, and in like wife other palaces, to the intent that the orators which came to Rome, should not wander through profane buildings, but fliall pafs with devotion through the churches. But the head and hands of the aforefaid idol he caufed to be laid before his Palace of the Lateran in remembrance thereof ; and the fame is now falfely called by the vulgar Samfon's Ball. And before the Coloffeum was a temple, where ceremonies were done to the aforefaid image.] * The Coloffus is transferred from the outfide to the interior of the Amphitheatre, which is itfelf converted into a temple. In the ecclefiaflical tradition it retained its true place (see note 108). So in the earlier Mirabilia, the Sun-temple is before the Coloffeum (Part iii. c. 11). This is remembered at the end of the prefent chapter.

The Marvels of^ me LdUrati. 65 8. Of the Foundation of the three great Churches of Rome by the Emperor Conflantine^ and of his Parting from Pope Silvefier.^ t T N the days of Pope Silvefter, ConX ftantine Auguftus made the Lateran Bafilica, the which he comely adorned. And he put there the Ark of the Covenant,® that Titus had carried away from Jerufalem with many thoufands of Jews; and the golden candleftick having feven lamps with veffels for oil. In the which ark be thefe things, to wit, the golden emerods, the mice of gold, the Tables of the Covenant, the rod of Aaron, manna, the barley loaves, the golden urn, the coat without feam, the reed and garment of Saint John * This chapter is from a manufcript of the thirteenth century. Cod. Vat, 656. Parthey, Mirahiliay 31. * Archam Uftamenti. Hebrews, ix. 4; Exod. XXV. 22. K

66 The Marvels of Rome. Baptift, and the tongs that Saint John the Evangelift was fhom withal.'^ Moreover he did put in the fame bafilica a civory * with pillars of porphyry. And he fet there four pillars of gilded brafs, which the Confuls of old had brought into the Capitol from the Mars' Field, and fet in the temple of Jupiter.^ ^ Domitianus iujjtt . . crines capitis eius tonderi^ ut inhonorabilis ab omnibus videretur, {J^a S. lobannis, Mombritius, f. 29.) Baronius has a note on the different for cipes ufed in the torments of martyrs. MartyrologiuM^ luni 26.) As to the relics of the Lateran church, compare Toh. Diaconus, in Mabillon, Mus, ItaL ii. 564; Panvinio, Sette Chiefe^ 158; Crefcembeni, Iftoria delta Chiefa di S. Giovanni avanti Porta Latina, pp. 13 4- 14.9; Urlichs, Codex ^ 117; and the ancient table, preferved in the , cloiftcr by the Sacrifty, of which a copy will be found in the Mirabiliana. * Ciboriumy a canopy of ftone or marble over an altar. Hence the word, civery, civer, ox fever ey was ufed by Englifh architefts for the compartment of a vault. Ducange, s. v. Ciborium ; Parker, Gloffary of Archite£turey s. v. Severy. ^ The bronze columns are believed to be thofe which now are at the altar of the Sacrament. In the table mentioned in note 117, they are faid to have been brought from Jerufalem by Titus. Urlichs cites the following extrad from Vatican

The Bajilica of St. Peter, 67 He made alfo, in the time of the faid pope and after his prayer, a bafilica for the Apoftle Peter before Apollo's temple in the Vatican.^^^ Whereof the faid emperor did himfelf firft dig the foundation, and in reverence of the twelve Apoftles did carry thereout twelve bafkets full of earth. The faid Apoftle's body is thus bellowed. He made a cheft clofed on all fides with brafs and copper,^ the which may not be moved, five feet of length at the head, five at the foot, on the right fide five feet, and on the left fide five feet, five feet above, and five feet below; and fo he inclofed the body of the bleffed Peter, and the altar above in the fafhion of an arch he Manufcript 1984, ad bift, mijc, f. 54, in margine Auguftus, conqueror of all Egypt, took from the fea-fight many roftra^ or (hips-beaks, therewith he made four molten pillars, that were afteVward fet by Domitian in the Capitol ; and which we fee to this day, as they were at a later time well ordered by the emperor Conftantine the Great in the Bafilica of Saint Saviour. Urlichs, Codex, 117. 12® See p. 70, note iz6. 1 Loculum ex omni parte ex ere et cupro conclufit.

68 The Marvels of Rome. did adorn with bright gold.* And he made a civory with pillars of porphyry and pureft gold. And he fet there before the altar twelve pillars of glafs ^ that he had brought out of Grecia, and which were of Apollo's temple at Troy. Moreover he did fet above the bleffed Apoftle Peter's body a crofs of pure gold, having an hundred and fifty pounds of weight; whereon was written: ConJiantinus Augufius et Helena Augufta. He made also a bafilica for the bleffed apoftle Paul in the Oftian Way, and did beftow his body in brafs and copper, in like fafhion as the body of the bleffed Peter. ^ The same emperor, after he was become a Chriftian, and had made thefe churches, did alfo give to the bleffed Silvefter a Phrygium^ and white horfes, * Ornavit superias altare ex fuho auro archam (read arcuatim). * Columpnas vitrineas. * Frigium, This word (or regnum) appears to be the proper term for what is now commonly called the Tiara. See Ducange, s. v. Phrygium,

Conjianttne and Silvejler. 69 « and all the imperialia that pertained to the dignity of the- Roman empire; and he went away to Byzantium; with whom the pope, decked in the same, did go fo far forth as the Roman Arch, where they embraced and kiffed the one the other, and fo departed.f* ^ See p. 3z.

70 The Marvels of Rome. Part III. The Third Part containeth a Perambulation of the City. I. Of the Vatican^ and the Needle. WITHIN the Palace of Nero* is the temple of Apollo, that is called Saint Pamel;' before which is the bafilica that is called Vatican, adorned with marvellous mofaic and ceiled with gold and glafs. It is therefore called Vatican becaufe in that place the Vates^ ^ The remains of the Circus of Caligula at the Vatican were called the palace of Nero ; and near this, according to ecclcfiaflical tradition, was a temple of Apollo. Sepultus eft (S. Petrus) via Aurelia in templo Apollinis iuxta locum ubi crucifixus //?, iuxta palatium Neronianum in Vatic ano^ iuxta territorium Triumpbale, in Calendas Julias, Anaftafius, Lib. Pontif. ^ Quod dicitur SanBa Petronilla. The church of St. Parnel, or Petronilla, was a round building where is now the apfe on the fouth fide of St. Peter's. Martinelli, Roma Sacra, 384.

The Memorial of Coejar. Ji that is to fay, the priefts, fang their offices before Apollo's temple, and therefore all that part of St. Peter's church is called Vatican. There is alfo another temple, that was Nero's Wardrobe,® which is now called Saint Andrew; nigh whereunto is the memorial of Caefar, that is the Needle,® where his afhes nobly reft in his sarcophagus^ to ® Quod fuit veftiarium Neronis, The church of St. Andrew in Vaticano became the Sacrifty of St. Peter's. Hence perhaps the idea of Veftiarium. Bunfen, Bejchreibung^ II. i. 39. ^ Memoria Caefaris^ id eft Agulia. The obelifk was popularly called St. Peter's Needle, acus^ or agulia, S, Petri, A carelefs reading of the dedicatory infcription to Auguftus and Tiberius (the Latin letters referred to in the text), DIVO . CAESARl . DIVI . IVLII . F . AVGVSTO TI . CAESARI . DIVI . AVGVSTI . F . AVGVSTO SACRVM may have led to its being taken for a memorial of Caefar. The word Agulia, or Guglia, was alfo suggeftive of Julia^ or columna Julia. Compare Suetonius, luliusy 85, upon which the following narrative of the twelfth century was founded. Co' lumpnam ei folidam lapidis Numidici XX prope pedum in foro ftatuerunty fuper quam tumulatus^ quae et lulia diSfa eft. Chrm. S. Panteleonis^ apud Eccard, Corpus Hift. ii 695; Urlichs, CodeXy 181.

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72 The Marvels of Rome. the intent that as in his lifetime the whole world lay fubdued before him, even fo in his death the fame may lie beneath him for ever* The memorial was adorned in the lower pau-t with tables of gilded brafs, and fairly limned with Latin letters;*^ and above at the ball, where he refts, it is decked with gold and precious ftones^ and there is it written: Csefar who once wail great as is the world, Now in how iinall a cavern art thou clofed.^ iJ^ Et litleris lattnis decenter depiaa. Before the prefent bronze ornaments of eagles and feftoons were added in 17*3, the holes, to which ancient decorations had been attached, were vifible. (Fontana, Obelifco, p 8.) The bronze lions, which appear to fuftain the obeliflc, are of the time of its removal under Sixtus V. But it was conftantly ftated before its removal that it refted on four bronze lions (Higden, Polycbron, ed. Babington, i. 226; Petrarch, Lit.FamiL vi. 2); and Higden tells us that it was a faying among the pilgrims, that he was clean of deadly fin that could creep under that ftone. Bunfcn denies that the ancient fupports were really lions. Befchreihung, ii. 157. 1 Caefar^ iantus eras quamus et or his: Sed nunc in modico dauderis antrv. Thefe verfes are the commencement of an epitaph

• Saint Peter's Parvi/e. 73 And this memorial was confecrated after their fafhion, as ftill appeareth, and may be read thereon. [And below in Greek letters thefe verfes be written: If one, tell how this ftone was fet on high ; If many ftones, (how where their joints do lie.] ^ 2. Of the Bajin^ and the Golden Pinecone^ in Saint Peter's Parvife. IN Saint Peter's Parvife is a Bafin,' that was made by Pope Symmachus,* or poem referred by William of Malmelbury to the emperor Henry III. (d. 1056). De Gestis regum Anglorum^ 1. ii. c. 12; Jordan, Topograpbie, ii. 373; Graf, i. 296. * Si lapis eft unus^ die qua fit arte levatus; Etfifint plures^ die ubi contigui. This epigram is added in a manufcript of the fourteenth century. The Latin lines may have been written in Greek letters to excite curiofity. * In Paradifi JanBi Petri eft cantarum. The Paradife, or Parvife, of St. Peter was the Atrium in front of the Bafilica. ^ So Anaflafius in the life of Symmachus : Cantbarum beati Petri cum quadriporticu marmoribus vrnavit, et ex mufivo fecit agnos et cruces et paimas, Ipfum vero atrium marmoribus compaginavit : gradus vero ante fores bafilicae b. Petri ampliavit. Lib. Pont, L

74 The Marvels of Rome, and dight with pillars of porphyry, that are joined together by marble tables with griflfons, and covered with Ja coftly iky of brafs,* with flbwers, and dolphins of brafs gilt, ; pouring forth water. In the midft of the bafin is a brazen Pinecone, the which, with a roof ^ of gilded brafs, was the covering over the ftatue of Cybele, mother of the gods, in the opening of the Pantheon/ Into this i^ine-cone water out of the Sabbatine Aquedudl was fupplied under ground by a pipe of lead; the which being always full, gave water through holes in the nuts to all that wanted it;* and by the pipe under ground some part thereaf flowed to the ismperor's bath near the Needle. * Pretiofo celo aereo cooper toe. ® Cumjmino \Jimo Mx>Tih,ViCf>n\, ^ See puge 48 ; and note 1 53. ® The Pine-cone is now in the Gtardino delk Pigna at the Vatican. The fupply of wAter through the nuts is fpoken of as a thing of the pall; the Pigna does not, as far as I can fcc,vgive evidence of having been fo nfed. But fee Lanciani, j(///i delP Accad. dei UnceiyX.^i'^.

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The Sepulchre of Romulus. 75 3. Of the Sepulchre of Romulus^ and the Terebinth of Nero. IN the Naumachia^ \% the fepulchre of Romulus, that is called Meta^ or the Goal;'^^ which aforetime was incafed * The name Nauma^hia in this diftr^dl firft. appears in the life of Leo. III. r796-8j6)> who founded a hofpital in Iqjco qui Nautnachia. duitur. {Lib. Potaif.) The hofpital waS: dcdifsated to S. Peregrinus, and its fite. is marked by the little church of S, Fcllegxiao near Uic Portji, Angeliqa. But the. name extended pv^r. a wide af ea# A re^o, Naumachiit. appears in the zQi& of Sf. SebaAian^ 32)4. the Leonine city was popularly faid to be in Jlmachia (JiXion. Magliab. Urlichs^ Codex, 14.9, 1.6 1). Poflibly the fii^ where the name firjl appears by S. Pellegiunp, may indicate the pofirion, of one of the naval amphitheatres of imperifil times. ^*® The pyramid, which m the fifth or ^ixjth qentury was believed to be the fepulchre of Sqipio Africanus (Aero, Sfhol. ad Hor. Epod. i3^._^2.5), and in the twelfth wa^ called Meta or S^pulcruf^ Romuli^ was deftroyed by Pope ^l^xander VL. according to a note inferted upon the great I^ntuafi pla;^^ p.^br IWhed by De Roflr {^Piantey tay, vi-xii). It ftood, ojf part of the prefent fite of the church, and moiiaftej;y of S. Maria, Tranfpontinsjf, the old church having been nearer, to the maufQleum of Hadrian. Its pofition is well afcertained by the medieval plans

76 The Marvels of Rome. with marvellous ftone, wherewith was made the pavement of the Parvife and the fteps of Saint Peter. It had about it an open court of twenty feet, paved with the ftone that cometh from Tibur, with its drain and border of flowers.' About it was the Terebinth of Nero,* of of Rome, and by the plan of Bufalini. Some remains of ancient epus quadratum of tufo, ufed in the repair of the wall of the corridor leading from the Vatican Palace to the Caftle, clofe fo the Via della Porta del Caftello, and which may be feen in the ftonemafon's yard there, are probably the refult of the demolition of the pyramid ; the outer cafing of marble or travertine had been before removed, as appears from the text. The corridor, which feems to have been formed upon the ancient wall by Innocent VII. and repaired by Alexander VI. is called in Bufalini's plan amhulatorium Alexandri fextu His arms, with the date 1492, are over the entrance to the quarters of the Swifs Guard. ^ Habuit circa fe plateam Tibur tinam viginti pedum cum cloaca et fiorali 'fuo. The pyramid in its difmantled ftate was called by the lefs learned pilgrims St. Peter's corn-heap {acervus fegatis S. Petri), which was faid to have turned into a hill of ftone when Nero took pofleffion of it. Higden, Polycbron. ed. Babington, i. 230. 2 Circa fe habuit terbentinum [al. terebinta'] Neronis The Terebinth (^ repifiiydos) near the Naumachia is mentioned in fome Greek Afts of SS. Peter and Paul.

Nero's Terebinth. 77 no lefs height than the Caftle of Hadrian, [that is called the Angel's Castle],' incafed with marvellous ftone, from which the work of the fteps and the Paradife was finifhed. This building was round like a caftle with two circles, whereof the lips were covered with tables of ftone for dripping. Nigh thereunto was Saint Peter the Apoftle crucified/ {J^aJpocbr, ed. Tifchendorf, p. 37, cited by Jordan, Topographie^ vol. ii. p. xvii.) ; and in an Order for the emperor's coronation, probably of the eleventh century, he is defcribed as taking the oath to obferve the rights of the Roman people at S. Maria Tranfpontina which is near the Terebinth. (Grcgorovius, Hift. Ital. tranfl. iv. 70.) It is perhaps the fame monument which in the of do of Benedi6lus Canonicus is called obeli feus Neronis, (Sec Ordo Romanus^ Extrafts I and 4; and fee note 144). Ic appears to have been deftroyed in the twelfth century, as the Mirabilia records only an exaggerated tradition of its magnificence. The origin of its medieval name is obfcure. The word denotes a turpentine-tree, and among the local objefts in the bas-relief of St. Peter's Crucifixion, on the bronze door of St. Peter's, a tall tree between the maufoleum and the Pyramid appears to fymbolize the Terebinth. ' This addition is from a manufcript of the fourteenth century. See note 145. * This feems to agree with the ecclefiaftical

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78 The Marvels of Rome. 4. Of the Cizfile of Crefcentius.^ MOREOVER, there is a caftle, that was the temple of Hadrian, as we read in the Sermon of the feftival of Saint Peit^r, where it faith: The memorial of the emperor Hadrian, a temple built up, of m.an^ellous greatnefs and beauty;* the which was all covered with ftones and adorned with divers hiftories, and fenced with brazen railings round tradition. See note ia6. ASa SS\ Petri et Baulu Super venit autempepulus infinitus ad locum qui apfellatur Naumacbia iuxta obelifeum Neronis. litic enim. crux pofita eft. Mombritius, f. 199.9 ^ The maufoleum oi Hadrian, in the tenth century popularly called d^mui Tbeodorici^ o)>tained the name of CafUe of Crefcentius after the obilinate defence of it by Crefc.entiua againft the emperor Ocho IIL m 998. Before the end of tiie twelfih century it waa called the Caftle of the Holy Angel. Gregorovius, Hift, Ital. transl iii. 520, iv. 54}. ^ The fermon here mentioned, by aa unlmown author, follows the fermons of Leo. the Great in manufcripts of that work. It contains nothing further about the monument hese named. Leonis Magni Opera, Ven. 1753. Appendix Sermonum^ n. xvi. f. 4+2.

The Sepulchre of Hadrian. 79 about, with golden peacocks and a bull, of the which peacocks two were thofe that are at the Bafin of the Parvife.' At the four fides of the temple were four horfes of gilded brafs, and in every face were brazen gates. In the midft of the circle was the porphyry fepulchre of Hadrian, that is now at the Lateran before the Fullery,® and is the fepulchre of Pope Innocent; and the cover is in Saint Peter's Parvife upon the Prefect's tomb.® Below were gates of brafs as they now appear, f And in the porphyry monument of the bleffed Helen is buried pope Anaftatius the Fourth.f *^ ^ Two bronze peacocks are now in the Garden of the Pigna, at the Vatican. ® Ante folloniam. See the third extraft from the Ordo Romanus in the Mirabiliana. Pope Innocent II. (tied 24 Sept. 1143. Johannes Diaconug, who wrote under Alexander V. (12541261)9 places his borrowed farcophagus in the nave of the church. Mabillon, Mus» Ital, ii. 568. ® The prefeft was Cinthius, or Cencius, who died 1079. Gregorovius, Hift. ItaL tranfl. iv. 245. "^^ Anaftafius IV. died 3 Dec. 1 154, and was buried in the Lateran Bafilica, in the farcophagus of Helena, which he had brought to Rome from

8o The Marvels of Rome. The monuments whereof we have fpoken were dedicated for temples, and the Roman maidens flocked to them with vows, as Ovid faith in the book of Fafti. 5. Of the Sepulchre of Augiiftus. AT the Flaminean Gate Octavian made a caftle, that is called Augufium^ to be the burying-place of the emperors; which was incafed in divers kinds of ftone. Within there is an hollow, leading into the circle by hidden ways. In the lower circle are the fepultures of emperors, and in each fepulture her church on the via Labicana. (Johan. Diaconus, Mabillon, Mu^. ItaL ii. 169.) Th^ farcophagus is now in the Vatican Mufeum. * The maufoleum of Auguftus feems never to have loft the name of its great founder. The name Auguftum is found in the eighth century, and continued to the twelfth. In the thirteenth it was called Augufta: and in the fifteenth century it was popularly known as Laufta, Gregorovius, Hift, Ital. tranfl. ii. 357, iii. 663, v. 24c ; Anon. MagL Urlichs, Codex^ 162.

The Sepulchre of Augufius. 8i are letters faying after this fafhion : Thefe be the bones and afhes of Nerva emperor, and fuch and fuch was the vidlory he won;* and before it flood the image of his god, as in all the other fepulchres. In the midft of the fepultures is a recefs where Odlavian was wont to fit; and the priefts were there, doing their ceremonies. And from every kingdom of the whole world he commanded that there fhould be brought one balket full of earth, the which he put upon the temple, to be a remembrance unto all nations coming to Rome. * The emperor Nerva was in faft buried in the Maufoleum of Auguflus ; and Jordan fufpeded that the writer had fome knowledge of a bafe infcribed with his name, which may have been at that time dug out of the monument. The now well-known infcriptions, OJfa Agrifpinae M, Agrippae^ OJfa C. Caefaris Augusti f, principis inventutis, etc. derived from the fame fource, were not known to the earlier epigraphifts (Jordan, Topograpbie^ ii. 435). The bafe infcribed to Agrippina is now in the court of the Palace of the Confervators. M

82 The Marvels of Rome. 6. Of divers places between the Sepulchre of Augufius and the Capitol. aN the top of the Pantheon, that is to fay of the Round Saint Mary's, flood the golden pine-cone that is now before the door of Saint Peter;' and the church was all covered with tables of gilded brafs, infomuch that from afar it feemed as it were a mountain of gold;* whereof the beauty is ftill difcerned in part. And] in the top of the front of the Pantheon flood two bulls of gilded brafs. Before the palace of Alexander* were * See p. 74. The ftory of the Pigna having been upon the Pantheon probably arofe from the name of the region (Rione della Pigna), in which the Pantheon was the principal building. * This is a reminifcence of the tiles of gilded bronze, which were taken away by the Byzantine emperor, Conflans II. in 663. * The palace of Alexander is apparently the Alexandrine Thermae. The imaginary temple of Flora and Phoebus and that of Bellona illuflrate the propenlity of the Mirabilian writer to convert all the ancient ruins into temples. Other examples occur in every fubfequent page.

The Temple of Pompey. 83 two temples, of Flora and Phoebus. Behind the palace, where the Shell now is, was the temple of Bellona. There was it written: Old Rome was I, now new Rome Ihall be pratfed; I tear my head aloft, from ruin raifed.^ At the Shell of Parione was the temple of Gnaeus Pompeius of marvellous greatnefs and beauty; and his monument, that is called Majorent, was fairly adorned, and was an oracle of Apollo; and there were other oracles in other places.'' ^ Roma vetuftafuiy Jed nunc nova Roma vocabor: Eruta ruder thus culmen ad altafero, Thefe lines are not known elfewhere. They fecm to belong to the era of political revival in the middle of the twelfth century. (Gregorovius, Hift, Ital. Tranfl. iv. 518, 550.) The Shell {concha) where they are faid to have been written was a Fountain or Baiin. 7 The theatre of Pompey becomes his temple according to the fyftem referred to in note 155. The conca Parionis was probably an antique bafin in the region of Parione ; before the beginning of the fourteenth century it had been removed to the hofpital of St. James at the ColofTeum. {Anon, MagL Urlichs, Codex^ 163). The majorent {matoretum al. maiorentum) was perhaps part of the

84 The Marvels of Rome. The church of Saint Urfus was Nero'$ Chancery.®^ In the Palace of Antoninus was the temple of Divus Antoninus.^ By Saint Saviour,'*^ before Saint Mary in Aquiro^ the temple of -^lius Hadrianus, and the Arch of Pity/ In the Field of Mars^ the temple of Mars, where confuls were elected in the Calends of June, and they tarried till the Calends buildings grouped with the theatre. A church of S. Maria in majurente occurs in the twelfth century. Cencius, in Mabillon, Mus, ItaL ii. 195. ® Secretarium Neronis. If the church of St. Urfus is that near the Bridge of S. Angelo (fee p. 10), the pilgrim makes a frelh dart here. ® The Palace of Antoninus was the ruins near the Antonine column. So in chapter 8, columna Antonini in palatio fuo. ^^ The words iuxta SanSlum Sahatorem may belong either to the preceding or to the following claufe. The church is not known: S. Salvatore della Coppelle was founded 1 195, later than the Mirabilia. Martinelli, Roma Sacra^ 398. ^ See p. 14. Lanciani places the arch of Pity or Piety in an open place, oppofite the Porticus of the Pantheon, Jtti dei Linceiy Ser. Ill, ix. 387. 2 In Campo Martio The Campus Martius of the 1 2 th century was a reftrifted fpace, poffibly at the Piazza now fo named, where fome ancient remains are built up in a houfe on the weft lide.

Confuls of the Romans. 85 of January; and if he that was chofe,n conful was clear of crime, his confullhip was confirmed to him. [And by reafon of this cuftom many be yet called Confuls of the Romans.]* In this temple did the Roman conquerors fet the beaks of their enemies' fhips, whereof were made works to be a fight for all nations. Nigh unto the Pantheon was the temple of Minerva Chalcidica, [where fome pillars of marble are fl:ill feen].* Behind Saint Mark's, the temple of Apollo. In the Camillanum, where is Saint ^ This is a curious allufion to the ufe of the title Conful by the chief magiftrates of Rome in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. See Gregorovius, Hift. Ital, tranfl. iv, 20, 430. * This addition is from Montfaucon's text, probably of the fourteenth century. In a map of the fifteenth century fome ruins are Ihown adjoining the church of S. Maria fopra Minerva to the eaft. De Rofli, Piante, tav, iv. The fmall obelifk which is now before the Pantheon, and was formerly, until 171 1, in the little fquare before S. Macuto, is not alluded to in the text. We may perhaps conclude that it was excavated at a later time. It is Ihown in a map of about 1475, when it had already acquired the legendary name of Sepulchre of Brutus. See the map at the end of this volume.

86 The Marvels of Rome. Cyriac, was the temple of Vefta;* in the lime-kiln,® the temple of Venus; in the lady Rofe's monaftery, the Golden Caftle, that was the oracle of Juno.^ 7. Of the Capitol^ THE Capitol [is fo called, becaufe it] was the head of the world, where the confuls and fenators abode to govern the Earth. The face thereof was * See p. 21, note 40. * In Calcarari, S. Nicola ai Cefarini was called in the twelfth century S. Nicolai Calcariorum (Or do Cencii in Mabillon, Mus, ItaL ii. 194). Lucius Faunus calls it S. Nicola in Calcaria {Roma Ant, f. 143). The ruins behind this church, now called the temple of Hercules Cuftos, may be the Mirabilian Temple of Venus. ^ The caftellum aureum was the Circus Flaminius; and the monafterium dominae Rofae is now S. Caterina ai Funari. Martinelli, Roma Sacra, 87. * The north-eaftern end of the Capitol was occupied in the twelfth century by the Tabularium, redored about 1 143 as the Senators' Palace, and by the Abbey of St. Mary, to which in the beginning of the century the whole hill, * with its ftones, walls and columns,' had belonged. See the Bull of Anacletus II. among the Mirabiliana. The re 

The Capitol. 87 covered with high walls and ftrong, rifing above the top of the hill, and covered all over with glafs and gold and marvellous carved work, f And in the Capitol were molten images of all the Trojan kings and of the emperors.f* Within the fortrefs was a palace all adorned with marvellous works in gold and filver and brafs and coftly ftones, to be a mirror to all nations; [the which was faid to be worth the third part of the world]. Moreover the temples that were within the fortrefs, and which maindcr of the hill appears to have become a rough garden or pafture, ftudded with ruins, for moft of which imaginary names were provided. Yet fuch was the power of its old aiTociations, that the Capitol was regarded as one of the * fevcn wonders of the world.* During the three following centuries, the ruins were doubtlefs ufed to fupply materials for the new conftru6lions of the Palace and Monaftery. Poggio gives a Jefcription. of the defolate condition of the hill about 1450. Poggius, De Varietate Fortunae^ J ; Urlichs, Codex, 235, * This appears to be a reminifcence of the llatues of the kings mentioned by Appian, BelL Civ. i. 16; Dio, xliii. 45; Pliny, xxiv. 5, ii; Suetonius, Julius^ jG,

88 The Marvels of Rome. they can bring to remembrance,"® be thefe. In the uppermoft part of the fortrefs,' over the Porticus Crinorum^ was the temple of Jupiter and Moneta, as is found in Ovid's Martyrology of the Fajii^ f wherein was Jupiter's image of gold, fitting on a throne of gold.f Towards the market-place,* the temple ^^^ Q^^^ infra arcem fuerequae ad memoriam due ere pojfunt. Urlichs prints pojfum without remark. 1 In fummitate arcis. The Porticus Crinorum, or part of it, was between St. Nicholas in carcere and the Capitol {Ordo Romanus^ Extraft i, in Mirabiliana.) High above on this iide of the hill appear to have been the remains of the fouth corner of the Capitoline temple of Jupiter {femplum maius quod rejpicit fuper Alapbantum, Bull of Anaclete II. Tranflated in Mirabiliana). Poggio defcribes himfelf as fitting in the ruins of the Tarpeian fortress behind what feemed the huge threfhold of the door of a temple with broken columns about, the fpot being one which commanded a view of the greateft part of the city. (Poggius, De Var. Fort. 5.) It is probably thefe ruins which are fhown in the plan copied at the end of this volume. The name of Moneta was no doubt fupplied by the * Martyrology ' of Ovid. Faftt^ vi. 183. 2 In partem fori. The ancient Roman Forum feems out of the queftion, as it had ceafed to be a

Ccefar and the Capitol, 89 of Vefta and Csefar ; there was the chair of the pagan pontiffs, wherein the fenators did fet Julius Csefar on the fixth day of the month of March.' On the other fide of the Capitol, over Cannapara^^ the temple of Juno. Faft by the public market-place*^ the temple of Hercules. public place, and there is no fign of its locality being remembered. See chapter 10, note 195. Jordan fuggefls the Piazza del Campidoglio as a fit place for the enthronement of Caefar. {TofographiCy ii. 462.) The Piazza di Ara Celi was a market-place in the twelfth century. See the Bull of Anacletus II. among the Mirabiliana. ^ The fixth day of March was marked in the ancient calendar as the day on which Caefar Auguftus aJfTumed the pontificate. (Foggoni, Faftiy pp. 23, 107; Corp. Infer. Lat, i. 314). The occjtfion is mentioned by Ovid {Faftiy iii. 419), Caefaris innumerisy quern maluit ille mereriy Accejjit titulis pontificalis boms. It was a natural mifiake to afTume that Julius was meant. * In the direction of the Bafilica Julia; See chapter 10. • ^ It is not clear whether the forum publicum is the fame as the forum already named. Bunfen fuggefts the Piazza del Campidoglio. Befcbreibungy iii. 2,128. N

go The Marvels of Rome. In the Tarpeian hill,® the temple of Afilis^ where Julius Caefer was flain of the Senate/ In the place where Saint Mary's now ftandeth were two temples together, joined with a palace, to wit, the temples of Phoebus and of Carmentis, where the emperor Oftavian faw the vifion in heaven.® Faft by the Camellaria was the temple of Janus, that was the warden of thq Capitol.® And it was therefore called Golden Capitol, becaufe it excelled in wifdom and beauty before all the realms of the whole world. ® It is quite uncertain, whether any fpecial part of the Capitol was known as the Tarpeian Hill in the Mirabilian time. 7 So Shakfpeare : '^ I did enadl Julius Caefar ; I was killed i' the Capitol." {Hamlet, aft iii. fcene 3.) A remote example of the influence of Mirabilian legend, 8 See p. 35® The Camellaria appears to have been in the ruins of the temple of Concord, See the Bull of Anacletus II. among the Mirabiliana. The * temple of Janus* may have been that of Vefpafian, or poffibly a ruin below the church of Ara Celi, towards the Prifon. Janus, as cuftos Capitolii^ is a reminifcence of Ovid. Fafti, i. 259-272.

TTie Palace of Trajan. 91 8. Of the Palace of Trajan and his Foruniy and of the Temples nigh theteunto. THE palace of Trajan and Hadrian was built well nigh all of ftones/** and adorned throughout with marvellous works, and ceiled with many diverfe colours ; where is a pillar of marvellous highnefs and beauty, with graven work of the ftories of thefe emperors, in like falhion as the pillar of Antonine in his palace ; and on the one fide was the temple of Divus Traianus^ and on the other, of Divus Hadrianus} In the Silverfmith's Hill* Was the 1*^ Ptne totum lapidibus tcnftruBum, Probably marbles are meant. ^ Perhaps the remains of the Bafilica Ulpia, and of the temple of Trajan. ^ In c/ivo argentarii. The temples of Concord, Saturn, Vefpafian, and Titus art from the Notitia, where they follow in the fame order the Bafilica Argentaria. But Concord and Saturn are here paired together in one temple, inftead of Vefpafian and Titus. Some of thefe temples reappear in the next chapter.

92 The Marvels of Rome temple of Concord and Saturn. In Tofula the temple of Bacchus.' In the end of the In/ula Argentaria the temple of Vefpafian. In the hill of Saint Mary in campo the temple of Titus.' Where Saint Bafil ftandeth, was the temple of Carmentis.* Within thefe bounds® was a Palace with two ^ A church of S. Maria in Tofella is mentioned by Cencius (Mabillon, Mus, ItaL ii. 192). The fite is uncertain. * The church of S. Maria in Campo is placed in Bufalini's plan on the ilope of the Quirinal hill, a little fouth of S. Agata. But the church of S» Maria in Campo Carleme exifted until a few years ago at the weftern end on the fouth fide of the exifting Via Campo Carleone. See Nolli's plan, dated 1748. ^ St. Baiil, an ancient monaftery built in the ruins of the temple of Mars Ultor in the Forum of Auguftus, is now the convent of the Nuns of the S. Annunziata. ^ Infra hunc terminum. The monaftery of St. Bafil was partly inclofed by the lofty wall of the Forum of Auguftus, which was continued to the fouth by that of the Forum of Nerva. The former forum had loft its name, and the name of Trajan was extended over a wider area. So Petrus Mallius, Ecclefia S. Bajilii iuxta palatium Traiani imperatorif. (Mabillon, Mus, ItaL ii. 161.) The

League of Romans and J-ews, 93 Forums, the Forum of Nerva with his temple of Dtvus Nerva^ and the greater Forum of Trajan ; before the gate whereof was the temple of So/pita Dea. Where Saint Quiricus is, was the temple of Jupiter.^ In the wall of Saint Bafil was fixed a great table of brafs, where in a good and notable place was written the league that was between the Romans and Jews in the time of Judas Maccabeus.® remains of the temple of Minerva, dedicated by Nerva, and here called the temple of Nerva (being identified by its infcription), were dcftroyed by Pope Paul V. ^ The gate of the forum of Trajan may be the Porta dei Pantani, which however appears to have been clofed. See Ordo Romanus^ Extraft 2, in Mirabiliana. St. Quiricus ftill exifts in the Via Tor dei Conti. ® Maccabees, viii. 22. Jordan fuggcfts, that the ftory of the bronze tablet, which the writer docs not leem to have feen, may have arifen from an infcription formerly exifting by the church of St. Bafil. C lulius Caefar Strabo aed. cur .... iud. pontif. Corpus Infer, Lat, i. 278 ; Jordan, Topographies ii. 470.

94 The Marvels of Rome. 9. Of the Temple of Mars by the Prtfon of Mamertinus^ and of other buildtngs nigh unto Saint Sergius his Church. BEFORE Mamertinus his prifon was the temple of Mars, where is now his image.® Nigh unto him was the Fatal Temple, that is, Saint Martina; nigh whereunto is the temple of Refuge, that is. Saint Hadrian. Faft by is another Fatal Temple.^^ Nigh unto ^ The ftatue called Marforio, removed in the fixteenth century to the Piazza del Campidoglio, and to the Court of the Capitoline Mufeum in or about 1668. Roma Antica e Moderna, ed. 1668, p. 66 1. 1^^ The Fatal Temple was fuggefted by the name, in Trtbus Fatis^ given to the fite of the church of S. Martina, probably from the Sibyls* ftatues, called the Three Fates. (Procopius, Bell. Gotb, i. 25 ; Lib, Pontif, Leo III. § 413). If there is no mifreading, the fecond Fatal Temple may have been the ruin defcribed by Labacco and others, and thought by fome archaeologifts to be the Janus of Domitian, and by others part of the iEmilian Balilica. Labacco, Arcbitetturay tav. 17; Lanciani, Atti dei Lincei^ Ser. III. vol. xi. p. l ; Hiilfen, Annali deir Inft. 1884, p. 323.

The Trea/ury of Saturn. 95 the public prifon, the temple of the Fabii/ Behind Saint Sergius, the temple of Concord, before which is the Triumphal Arch, whence was the afcent into the Capitol by the public Treafury,' that was the temple of Saturn. On the other fide was an arch encafed with marvellous ftones, whereon was the ftory how the foldiers received their gifts from the Senate through the Treafurer,* that had the charge of this bufinefs, all the which gifts he weighed in a Balance, before they were given to the foldiers ; whence it is called Saint 1 The Fabian Arch probably flood at the weft corner of the temple of Faullina. See note aoo. But the name of Fabius appears to have migrated to the neighbourhood of the Prifon. 2 luxta aerarium publicum. The lituation of the temples of Concord and Saturn (the aerarium) and of the ciivus Capitolinus appears to have been rightly known. The church of St. Sergius, removed between 1539 and 1551, ftood on the fouth corner of the ruins of Concord. (Nichols, Notizie dei Roftri^ 65-71.) The ancient afcent is fpoken of in the paft tenfe. ^ Per fac cellar ium.

96 The Marvels of Rome. Saviour de Statera^ that is to fay, of the Balance.'* 10. Of Cannapara^ and the place called Hell; and of the Temples between Cannapara and the Arch of Seven Lamps.^ IN Cannapara is the temple of Ceres and Tellus, with two courts or houfes, adorned all around with porches refting upon pillars, fo that whofoever fat therein for to give judgment was * It is impofliblc to fay what foundation there may have been for this ilory of an arch, which, it fhould be obferved, is not fpoken of as exifting. Perhaps the whole was fuggefted by the additional name of the church, the origin of which name is unknown. The church feems to have been on the fouth lide of the Capitol (Jordan, Topograpbie, ii. 483-487), poflibly the church now called S. Omobuono, formerly S. Salvatore in porticu. Martinelli, Roma Sacra, 391. ^ In this chapter the vifitor is led from the fouth fide of the Capitol, acrofs the Roman Forum, and up the Sacred way ; but it Ihould be obferved, that the names of thefe famous localities . appear to have been forgotten.

The place called Hell. 97 feen from every fide.^ Fall by that houfe was the palace of Catiline, where was a church of Saint Antony;^ nigh whereunto is a place that is called Hell, becaufe of old time it burft forth there ;® and brought great mifchief upon Rome; where a certain noble knight, * There can be little doubt, both from the fituation and defcription of the ruin, that the Cannapara was the BafiHca Julia, the remains of which were in a garden belonging to the hofpital of Our Lady of Corfolation, and were ufed for a long period of time as a quarry, as is evidenced by the leafes or liccnfes granted for that purpofe, preferved among the records of the hofpital. The bafilica, which was principally ufed as a law-court, was erroneoufly identified with the temple of Tellus, attributed by eccleiiaflical tradition to the fame use. See note 69. ^ The palace of Catiline was probably the ruin of the temple of Cailor. Suetonius mentions Catiline's houfe in the Palatine (^De GrammaticiSy 17). Nothing is known of the church of St. Antony, which appears to have difappeared before the defcription was written. In the lower part of the great ruin behind the temple fome religious paintings were found a few years fince. * Locus qui dicitur infernus^ eo quod antiquo tempore ibi eructuabat. This name is ftill preferved in that of the church of S. Maria Libera nos a poenis Inferni, The hollow vaults under the towering ruins of the O

98 The Marvels of Rome. to the intent that the city fliould be delivered after the refponfes of their gods, did on his hamefs and caft himfelf into the pit; and the earth clofed ; fo the city was delivered. There is the temple of Vefta,^ where it is faid that a dragon coucheth below, as we read in the life of Saint Silvefter.^^ The temple of Pallas is there, and Palatine feem to have fuggefted fearful aiTociations, which recalled at the fame time the yawning pit of Curtius and the legendary cave of St. Silvefter. * There is reason to believe, that confiderable remains of the temple of Vefta exifted above ground in the twelfth century. See Lanciani, Attidei Lincei, Ser. III. vol. X. p. 349. ^^ The legend of St. Silvefter and the dragon was ailociated with various localities in Rome. The ancient legendaries place it in the Capitol, the Ordo Romanus of Benedict near St. Lucia in Orpheo. (See Extradl 6, in Mirabiliana.) Among the pilgrims the Infernus^ by the temple of Vefta, was believed to be the fpot. (Sccl Church Marvels, c. 13, in Mirabiliana.) In the later medieval legendary no fpecial locality is mentioned, but the faint defcends into the pit by an hundred and fiftytwo fteps, binds the mouth of the dragon, and (huts him in there until the day of doom. Pet. de Natalibus, AS a S, Silveflri^ £,22,

Cencio Frangipane^s Tower, 99 Caefar's Forum/ and the temple of Janus, who forfeeth the year in his beginning and in his end, as Ovid faith in the Fa/it; now is it called Cencio Frangipane*s Tower.* The temple of ^ From the temple of Vefta the vifitor is condu6^ed northward to the other fide of the Roman Forum. The firft building paffed in this dire6^ion would include the marble walls of the Regia, perhaps the ' temple of Pallas ' of the text. The * temple of Pallas ' before the portico of Fauftina is faid to have been demoliihed under Paul III. (Magnan, Citta di Roma^ i. 54.) This was the time of the removal of the remains of the Regia. Further north was the Mirabilian Forum of Caefar, which lay to the right of the road leading from St. Hadrian ro the temple of Minerva in the Forum of Nerva, Ordo Romanus^ Extraft 4. 2 Cencio Frangipane was a leader of one of the Roman fadlions in the firft half of the twelfth century. The fortrefTes of this family, which included the arch of Titus, appear alfo to have extended acrofs the bottom of the Sacra Via. The tower, built on a ruin here called the temple of Janus, was perhaps upon a part of the temple of Julius. It was united, with an ancient arch, to the church of St. Laurence, that is, to the temple of Fauftina. A maflive arch of mafonry which exifled till the middle of the fixteenth century near the weft corner of this temple, and is fhcwn in

lOO The Marvels of Rome. Minerva with an arch is joined thereunto, but it is now called Saint Laurence de Mirandu Faft by is the church of Saint Cofmas, that was the temple of Afylum. Behind was the temple of Peace and Latona, and above the fame, the temple of Romulus.* Behind New Saint Mary, two temples of Concord and Piety/ Nigh unto the arch of Seven Lamps the temple of ^fculapius; feveral early drawings, has been conjedlured to be the arch here mentioned, and poflibly the remains of the arch of Fa bins. See the Proceedings of the Roman Archaeological Inilicute of this year, i888. ^ The name of Afylum^ given to the round church, was perhaps fuggefted by that of Romulus, which was its original defignation but had pafled to the adjoining baiilica. The ancient building behind, on the walls of which the marble plan of Rome, partly preferved in the Capitoline Mufeum, was hung, appears to have adjoined the Forum of Peace, The Baiilica of Conftantine, to which the name of temple of Peace was afterwards transferred, was called the temple (or palace) of Romulus. See p. 20. The name of Latona was derived from the learned name of an adjoining arch, popularly called Arco del Latrone. See Or do Romanusy Extract 6; Anon Magi, Urlichs, Codex^ 106. * See p. 20.

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The Palatine Hill. loi it is therefore called Cartulary, becaufe there was a common library there,* of which there were twenty and eight in the city.® II. Of the Palatine Hill^ and the parts nigh thereunto. ABOVE the arch of Seven Lamps Was the temple of Pallas,^ and * The arch of Seven Lamps and the Cartulary Tower have been mentioned, p. ii. There is forae evidence of ah ancient temple of iEfculapius near the Colofleum (Jordan, Topographiey ii. 508). The Cartulary Tower was fo called from having been a Papal Archive in conne6bion with a palace exifHng on this fide of the Palatine in the eighth and ninth centuries. (De Rofli, Bull, dtl Inft. 1884, p. 5.) It was afterwards part of the Frangipane fortrefs, and was deftroyed in 1237. « This is from the Notida. Urlichs, Codex^ 11. I The mcmaftery of St, Scbaftian, alfo called^ S. Maria in Pallara, ftill exifting on the Palatine / near the Arch of Titus, appears to have derived its \ name from an ancieiH palladium palatinum mentioned in aqi in(cription of the time of Conftantine. - (De -Roffi, Bull, di Arch4€QL Crift. 1867, p. 15.) In a former page (p. 16) the Palatine Hill is called Pallanteum^ in allufion to Virgil, Aen^ viii 53. / Delegere locuniy etpojuere in m§ntibus urhtnt^ Pallantis proavi de nomine PaUanteum,

1 62 The Marvels of Rome. the temple of Juno. Within Palatium is the temple of Julian ; in the front of Palatium, the temple of the Sun; in the fame Palatium, the temple of Jupiter, that is called Cafa maior. Where Saint Caefarius is, was the Auguratory of Caftfar.® Before the Coloffeum was the temple of the Sun, where ceremonies were done to the image that flood on the top of the Coloffeum, f having on his head a crown of golddight with gems, whofe head and hand are now before the Lateran.f * The Septizonium was the temple of the Sun and Moon, before w^hich was the temple of Fortune. Saint Balbina fin Albiftonf was the fhifting-place of Csefan f There was a candleftick made of the flone Albi/ion^ * The temple of Julian is unknown. The temple of the Sun is probably the fame as that below. The Cafa major was the group of imperial palaces. S. Csefarius. may have been a church of that name in the Palatine, and not the well-known church on the Via Appia. The Attguratorium (not Caefaris) occurs in the Notitia, Region X. Palatium, ^ See pp. 62, 64.

Saint Balbina in Albijlon. 103 which, once kindled and fet in the open air, was never by any means quenched. There, moreover, is the image of our Lord behind the altar, painted by no human hand, after the fafhion wherein our Lord was in the flefh. The which place is therefore called Albejla becaufe the albae ftolae^ that is to fay the white ftoles, of the emperors were there made.f There were the Severian and Commodian Thermae. Where Saint Sabba is, was the Area of Apollo and ofSpleen.^^^ 12. Of the Circus of Tar quin. THE circus of Prifcus Tarquinius was of marvellous beauty: the which was in fuch wife built up with degrees, that no Roman hindered an210 Mutaiorium Caefarisy Thermae Severianae et Commodianae, Area Apollinis et Splenis are all from the Notitia, Region I. Porta Capena. The localities arc probably arbitrary. The meaning of the name Albifion is unknown. Two fanciful derivations are fuggefted in the text. See p. 32.

104 The Marvels of Rome, other in the feeing of the games.* At the top were arches all around, ceiled with glafs and fhining gold. Around, were the houfes of the Palace above, where the women fat to fee the games on the fourteenth day of the Calends of May, when the games were held.* In the midft were two Needles ;* the leffer had eighty and feven feet of height, but the greater one hundred twenty and two. On the top of the triumphal arch, that is at the head of the Circus, ftood a horfeman of gilded brafs, which feemed to prefs forward, as though the 1 The Circus Maximus is learnedly introduced, not by its popular name of Stadium (fee p. 31, note 70), but as the Circus of Prifcus Tarquinius (Liv. i. 35). The form of the feats alluded to above is fhewn in the drawings of the fixteenth century. * The thirteenth of the kalends of May was marked in the calendar as the laft day of the ludi Ceaeri in Circo, which continued eight days. Corp. Infer, Lat. i. 305, 391. 8 Duae aguliae: two obeli iks, the greater of which (fomewhat fhortened at the bafe) is now at the Lateran, and the lelTer in the Piazza del Popolo. The heights are from the Region Book. Urlichs, Codex, 21.

The Circus of Tarquin. 105 rider would have the horfe to run. On another arch, that is at the end,* flood another horfeman of gilded brafs in like fafhion. f Thefe images with all their hamefs made of brafs were carried away by the emperor Conftantine to Conftantinople, Damafcus and Alexandria.!* In the height of the Palace were chairs for the emperor and the queen, from which they were wont to fee the games. ♦ In alio arcu qui eft in fne, Thefe defcriptions feem to imply that two arches were (landing in the twelfth century. One only is mentioned at p, 10, in circo arcus Titi et Vejpafiani^ unlefs arcus be here treated as plural. The arch at the round end belonged in the tenth century to the monaftery of St. Gregory, and was demifed in 1145 to the Frangipani. Mittarelli, Ann, Cam. i App. 96, 3 App.417, cited by Jordan, Topographiiy ii. 514, ^ Condantine added to the ornament of the Circus, and his fon Conftantius erefted the greater obelifk. The text is founded on a miflaken reminifcence of the plunder of Roman monuments by Conftans II. in 663, when the bronze roof of the Pantheon was removed.

id6 The Marvels of Rome, 13. From the Cceltan Hill to Saint Cro/s in ^erufalem. IN the Caelian hill was Scipio's temple. Before the Maximian Thermae were two (hells,* and two temples of Ifis and Serapis, In the Orphan-houfe^ the temple of Apollo. In the palace of Lateran are things to be marvelled at, but not to be written.® In the Sufurrian Palace was the temple of Hercules.® ® Due concae [al. duo carcerei]. The Maximian Thermae occur in the lift of thermae, Part i. c. 6 ; but nothing is known about them^ or the ruin here called Scipio*8 Temple, unlefs it be S, Stefano Rotondo. ^ In orphanotropbio, A church of S. Stepbani orpbanotropbiiy alfo called in fcbola cantoruniy is mentioned in old documents. Cencius, in M^billon, Mus, ItaL ii. 194; Zaccagni, Mai. Spicikg, Roman, ix. 462. ® See p. 65, and further on, Church Marvels, chapter 4. * See p. 20, note 36.

The Efquiline Hill. 107 14. Of the Edjlern Quarter of the City. IN the Efquiline HilP^ was the temple of Marius, that is now called Cimhrumy becaufe he conquered the Cimbrians, [where fome pillars and images do yet appear].* In Licinius his palace, the temple of Honour and Diana.' Where Saint Mary the Greater '^ The fingular name for the Efquiline, alluded to in the chapter on the Hills, p. 17, Bxqutlinus quifupra [al. fuper] alios dicitufy is mentioned in Peter de Natalibus : Hie eiificavit eccUfiam SanSae Dei GenitriciSy quae dieitur ad Praejepe et hodie Major vacatur, in monte Superagio iuxta mateUum Libyae. ASa S. Sixti IIL See alfo Adinolfi, Roma, ii. tj^j. ^ The images, commonly called the Trophies of Marins, were removed in 15S5 to the parapet of the Piazza del Campidoglio. 3 The Licinian Palace appears to have been in the Region called in the middle ages Caput Tauri (that is near the Gate of S. Lorenzo, fee p. 7) ; and the temple of Honor and Diana is thought to be fuggefted by fome knowledge of an aedes Honoris et rirttttis, founded by Caius Marins. Vitruvius, lib. vii. praef. Cicero, Or at. pro Seft. 54, 56; Corpus Infer. Lat. i. 290. Jordan, Topograpbieyiu 319, 518.

io8 The Marvels of Rome. is, was the temple of Cybele. Where Saint Peter ad vincula^ was the temple of Venus. At Saint Mary in Fontana^ the temple of Faunus ; this was the idol that fpake to Julian, and beguiled him.' In the palace of Diocletian were four temples, of Afclepius and Saturn and Mars and Apollo, the which are now called the Bufhels.* At the head of the Three-CrofsWays* was the temple of Venus, where * The temples of Cybele, Venus, and Faunus are without any known foundation. A church of S. Maria in Fonticana is mentioned {Lib. Font. Leo III. § 362). The legend, that Julian was led aftray by the fpeech of an idol in the temple of Faunus, is not found elfe where. There is another legend, that he took an idol of Mercury out of the Tiber, and the demon within it induced him to renounce Chriftianity, and gave him the empire. Kaifercbronik, cited by Graf, Roma nel Medio EvOy ii. 1 36. * Nunc vocantur modii. The round form of parts of the ruin of the Baths of Diocletian no doubt fuggefted this name. One of the Bufhels is now the church of S. Bernardo alle Terme. * In capite ttivii. Whether the name trivium (the modern Trevi) is of claffical origin, is not certain. Hortus Veneris occurs in a Papal Bull,

Monte Cavallo. 109 it is yet called Venus' Garden. In the palace of Tiberius, the temple of the Gods." On the brow of the hill was the temple of Jupiter and Diana, that is now called the Emperor's Table, over the Palace of Conftantine.^ There in the palace was the temple of Saturn and Bacchus, where their idols now lie. Faft by are the Marble Horfes.® In the Thermae of Olympias, where relating to the boundaries of the parifh of SS. Apoftoli, attributed to John III. but probably of the tS7clftb century. Jordan, Topographie^ ii. 526, 669. Urlichs, CodeXy 200. ^ Templum deorum: the names perhaps omitted by overfight. This palace of Tiberius fcems from the order in which it is named to have been on the Quirinal. ^ The ruin called tnenfa imperatoriSy and later Frontifpizio di Nerone, is known by many drawings and engravings. It appears to have been deftroyed partly at the end of the feventeenth century and partly in 1722. ® The palace of Condantine was the Conftantinian Thermae, the ruins of which were oppofite the church of S. Silveftro a Monte Cavallo. The ilatues called Saturn and Bacchus were the two river-gods, now in the Piazza del Campidoglio.

I lo The Marvels of Rome. Saint Laurence was broiled, Was thfe temple of Apollo!^ Befor)5 the palace of Trajan, where the gate of the Palace yet remains, was a temple:'*^ 15. Of the parts of the City nigh unto the Tiber. IN the Aventine was the temple of Mercury looking towards the Circus ; and the temple of Pallas ; and Mercury's Well, where the merchants received refponfes/ At the Arch of the Racecourfe, the houfe of Aurelia ' See p. 18. The temple appears to be imaginary. 280 Seep. 93, note 187. ^ A temple of Minerva appears in faft to have been on this fide of the Aventine (Jordan, Tapographiey li. 530) ; and a balneum Mercurii is mentioned in the Einfiedeln Itinerary as on the Aventine above St. Mary in Cofmedin. The writer had probably Ovid in his mind {Fafti^ v. 669). Templa tibi pofuere patres fpeBcntia circum Idibus: ex quo eft baec tibifefta dies, Te, quUunque fuas profitetur vender e merces Thure dat€y tribuas ut ftbi lutra, rogat.

The Palace of Lentulus. 1 1 1 Auriftilla;* on one fide the temple of Maecenas, and on the other fide the temple of Jupiter. Nigh unto the Greek School was the palace of Lentulus.* On the other fide where now is . the tower of Cencius de Orrigo, was the temple of Bacchus,* At the gratings*^ was. the temple of the Sun. The Round Saint Stephen « Aurelia Oreftilla, wife of Catiline (Salluft. CatiHn. Coniur, c. 15, 35.) The names of Lentulus and Catiline (p. 97) fuggefted this third name. The arch of the Circus has been mentioned, pp. 10, 104. * This title of Palace of Lentulus is derived from an infcription (P. Lentulus Cn, f. Scipio^ etc.) formerly upon an arch near the church of St. Mary in Cofmedin, or in Scbola Graeca, Uflichs, Codex y 226. ^ Cencio de Orrigo is not other wife known < His tower may have been the building on the Janus Quadri/rons, of vfhich the remains appear in Piranefi's engraving, and other views until the beginning of this century. But the Fe/um Aureum occurs later, p. J 13. ^^Ad'gradeUas^ Jordan fuggefts, that the. church of 8. Maria Egiziaca was the fame as S. Maria d$ Qradellis (Cencius, in Mabillon, Mus, ItaL ii. ipi)The fluted half-columns may have fuggefted the nan^e; but there was alfo a church Si Gregorii de Gradellis. Jordan, Topografbiey ii. 531, 534; Urlichs, Codex y 173; and fee note 3516 in this volume.

1 1 2 The Marvels of Rome. was the temple of Faunus.^ At the Elephant^ the temple of the Sibyl ; and the temple of Cicero at the TuUianum, fwhere now is the houfe of Peter Leone's fons. There is the Career Tullianus^ that is to fay, the TuUian prifon, where is the church of Saint Nicolas. There nighf is the temple of Jupiter, where was the Golden Bower ; * and the Severian temple, where Saint Angel is. At Velur.i • The Round S. Stephen of the twelfth century was S. Stefano alle Carrozze in the Piazza Bocca di Veritk, commonly known as the Temple of Vcfta. ^ In Akfhanto. See note 171. Probably the eUfantus herbarius of the Eighth Region {Notitia, Urlichs, Codex y iz). Elephantus alfo occurs in the Einfiedeln Itinerary, apparently between the theatre of Marcellus and the ^choU Graecorumy i.e. St. Mary in Cofmedin (Urlichs, Codex ^ 68; Jordan, Topograpbie^ ii. 657). In the map copied at the end of this volume, the name, templum SibyiUt^ is given to that church. ® The original text, without the addition from the Graphia, runs as follows: et templum Ciceronis in Tuliiano eft [al. et] templum lovis ubi fuit pergula aurea. The church of S. Niccol6 in carcere^ which flands on the fite of three ancient temples, ac 

Pierleone's Hou/e. 113 Aureum^ that is to fay, the Golden Vail,^ the temple of Minerva. At the Jews' Bridge the temple of Faunus '^^ at Caccavari the temple of Craticula.^ quired by an erroneous afiociation of names the title, in car cere Tulliano. From this it was an eafy ftep to Cicero. Pierleone, father of Pope Anaclete II. died 1 128. His houfe under the Capitol {qua Capitotii rupes aedibus Petri Leonis imminet, Fit a Pajchalis II.) was near St. Nicolas, and probably included the ruins of the theatre of Marcellus. The temple of Jupiter appears to have bcr'n that of Jupiter Stator at the Porticus of OAavia, here called, from the infcription, the Scvcrian Tenlple. Pergola d'oro may have been a popular name. The church of S. Angelo in Pcfcheria is called in a letter of the twelfth century S. Angeli itixta templam Jovis, Gregorovius, Hiftoryy Ital. tranfl. iv. 344, 424, 542 ; Mirabiliana, Or do RomanuSy Extraft J. ^ Ad velum aureum. The ancient Velabrum. See note dd, 2

1 14 The Marvels of Rome. At the Antonine Bridge, the Ring of Antoninus ;* where is now Saint Mary in Caterino. At Saint Stephen in Pifcina (that is to fay, at the Ciftem)^ the palace of the prefe6l Chromatius, and a temple that was called Holovitreum^ being made of glafs and gold by mathematical craft, where was an aftronomy with all the figns of the heavens, the which was deflxoyed by Saint Sebaftian with Tiburtius, the fon of Chromatius. in Mabillon, Mus, ItaL 193; Martinelli, Roma Sacra, 388); Nomina ecclefiarum faec. xiv, Urlichs, Codex y 170, 174). This church is faid to have been at the entrance of the * temple of Craticula.* Jnon, Magliab, Urlichs, Codex y 169. 2 Circus [2[. arcus] Jntonini. In the lift of Theatres, part i. c. 8, we have the theatre of Antoninus by the bridge of Antoninus. The fame monument is doubtlefs meant here, probably the theatre of Balbus. If fo, the church of S. Maria in Catarino [al. Cataneo"] cannot be identified with S. Catarina de Rota. Martinelli, Roma Sacray 371. ^ The church of S. Stefano in pifcinula flood oppoiite to S. Lucia in the Via S. Lucia. Chromatius {PraefeSlus urbuSy a.d. 284) was known by the ABa of St. Sebaftian, in which his palace and its deftrudlion are defcribed. {Acta Sanctorumy BoUand. 10 Jan.) See Or do Romanusy Extradl 4.

The Tranjitberim. 115 16. Of the Tranjitberim. IN Tranjitberim^ that is to fay, beyond Tiber, where is now Saint Mary, was the temple of the Ravennates, where oil flowed from the earth in the time of the emperor Odlavian ; and there was the taberna meritoria^ where the foldiers ferved for wages, that waited without pay in the fenate/ Beneath j^aniculus^ the temple of the Gorgon.® At the river ftrand, where * The name urbs Ravennatium, ^-^which occurs in fome of the A£bs of Martyrs, and which has been thought to be derived from fome cafira Ravennatium eftablifhed in the Traftevere, analogous to the caftra Mifenatium in the Third Region,— fuggeftcd to the writer a * temple of the Ravennates * on the fite of 8. Maria in Traftevere. The legend of the fountain of oil and the name taberna merit or ia are from the chronicle of Jerome. Anno Abrah. 1976, E taberna meritoria trans Tiberim oleum terra erupit fluxitque tota die fine intermiffione^ fignificans Chrifti gratiam ex gentibus, ® Ubi merebantur milites qui gratis ferviebant in fenatu, • Temflum Gorgonis. In the Notitia, Region XIV. Tranftiberinay a monument called Caput Gorgonis is regiftered.

1 1 6 The Marvels of Rome. the fhips do tarry, the temple of Hercules. At the Ciftem^ the temple of Fortune and Diana. In the Licaonian ifland* the temple of Jupiter and the temple of -/Efculapius, fand the body of the apoftle Saint Bartholomew.! Without the Appian Gate, the temple of Mars, and a Triumphal Arch.® ^ In pifcina. There is a little church between the ifland and S. Cecilia, called S. Benedetto in Pijcinula {in Pifcinay Cencius in Mabillon, Mus, ItaL ii. 193), where St. Benedid is faid to have lived (Martinelli, Roma Sacra^ 79). The temple of Fors Fort una trans Tiber im was probably known to the author through Ovid {Fafti^ vi. 773), but this appears to have been outfidc the Oftian Gate. Becker, Handbuch^ i. 479 ^ The name, insula Lycaonia^ occurs in some of the Asia Martyr urn. The temples of Aesculapius and of Jupiter are associated by Ovid, i^Fafti^ i. 291): Accepit Phabo nymphaque Coronide natum InfiiUy dividud quam premit amnis aqua, lupiter in parte eft / cepit locus unus utrumque^ lunSiaque funt magno templa nepotis avo. ^ See pp. 10, 29, and notes 20, 62. This paragraph appears to be out of place, or the commencement of a new chapter on objefts without the walls.

Conclufion. 117 17. Conclufion. THESE and many more temples and palaces of emperors, confuls, fenators and prefects wore in the time of the heathen within this Roman city, even as we have read in old chronicles, and have feen with our eyes, and have heard tell of ancient men. And moreover, how great was their beauty in gold, and filver, and brafs, and ivory, and precious ftones, we have endeavoured us in writmg, as well as we could, to bring back to the remembrance of mankind.

MIRABILIANA.

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MIRABILIANA. I. The Marvels of Roman Churches, A.D. i375.^«> I. Of the Founding of the Church of Saint Mary Major. JOHANNES Patricius, fenator of the city, let make the church of Sainr Mary Major; likewife alfo did pope Liberins. For, on rhe fame night, whiles they flept. Our Lady Mary appeared unto them, faying, I lay upon you this commandment, that ye build me a minfter. And when as in the morning they were come together, taking counfel concerning the marvel by them feen, by the one as by the other, that they fliould dedicate a church in honour of the blefled Virgin, '^^ The following itnperfcft defcription of the ccclcfiaftical Marvels of Rome, the Latin text of which is printed by Parthey, as part of the Mirabiliay from a manufcript of the fourteenth century (Codex Vatic. 4265; Parthey, Mirabiliay pp. 47-62), has been thought wordi reproducing here as a fupplement to that work. The text is incotnplete in many places ; and i&OA words are for this or other reafons occaiioaally omitted in the ^ngliih verfion. R

122 Church Marvels. there came meffengers, which (bowed unto them, how that fnow had fallen in one place, the feafon being in May time. They therefore acknowledged this miracle, and dedicated a church in that place. And it is therefore called Mary Major, becaufe the fnow fell in the midft of May.* 2. Of the Converjion of Conftantine? CONST ANTINE, that was emperor, caufed male infants to be brought, that he might be bathed in their blood, after the advice of his ^ The church of S. Maria Maggiore was called S. Maria ad Prafepe after its moft famous relic, and S. Maria ad Nives from the miraculous fall of fnow, which is ufually faid to have occurred on the 5 th of AugUft, on which day the feaft of its dedication is kept. (Pet. de Natalibus, Fita SanRoruniy f. 136; Baronius, Martyr olog, 5 Aug.) The month given here is founded apparently upon a fanciful derivation of the title Major, 2 The ftory of the baptifm of Conftantine by St. Silvefter appears in the Greek Ads of Silveder, attributed to the iixth century. The legend as here narrated is found in the medieval legendaries. It is painted on the wall of the tranfepts of the Lateran Balilica, and in the chapel of St. Silvefter at the Quattro SS. Coronati ; and is alluded to by Dante {Infernoy xxvii. 94), Ma come Coftantin chiefe Silvefbo Dentro Siratte a guerir delle lebbre.

The Legend of Conjlttntine. 1 23 phyficians and doctors, to the intent . that he fhould be cleanfed of his leprofy. But the apostles Peter and Paul appeared at night unto him in his dreams, and bade him fend to the pope of the Chriftians, the holy Silvefter, who then lay hidden in Mount Syrapte, Wherefore a meffage was fent to that place. Silvefter, when he faw thofe knights [draw near, fuppofed that they came to fummon him to his] death * He, coming to Conftantine, fliowed him a picture in the likenefs of the Apoftles, and afked him, whether they that appeared to him in the night were like unto that picture, and he faid that it was even fo. The picture yet ftandeth in the altar-wall above the high altar.* Conftantine therefore was baptized, the idols of Rome were beaten down, and the emperor in his baptifm was alfo healed by Silvefter of. his leprofy. Neverthelefs there remained of his flcknefs, upon his forehead, one little fpot, by reafon of one idol, that he held dear, and had hidden it away. And when he found that he had the fpot by reafon of the hidden idol, he deftroyed the fame, * Militibus illis vijts cum mortem. The text is defeftive, and fome words are fupplied. So Peter dc N atalibus : Qui videns milites credidit fe ad martyr ium evecarL A£ia S, Silveftriy f. 20. * At St. John Lateran, p. 132.

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124 Church MarvtlL and fo was healed. Conftantine gave • . » a6 or horfe,*^ and a red mitre that Peter had as pope ;^ and he brought him with . • • bridle on a horfc to the Lateran. Now his mother Helen difputed with, her fon of his converlion. And the fame had been beyond fea ; and flie brought with her two wizards. • • The: ox fells [upon the word] of Helen's wizards, and rifes again by the prayers of Silvefter.* It was after this fight that Helen pa&d beyond fea for to win the Holy Crofs* * Dedit az*^ afinum aut equum. * The mitra or regnum (fee p. 68, note 124) which Silvefter was believed to have received from Conftantine, was taken to Avignon, and, having been brought back to Rome, was reftored by Eugenius PV. to the Lateran, from whence it was ftolen in the time of Innocent VIII. Rofponi, de Rafilica. hater anmfiy 195. * Bos cadit . ♦ . incantatorum Elene (?) refurgit per orationes Silveftru. The ftory here alluded to is told ia the legendaries. Helen had embraced Judaifm, and to ailifl her in the religious controverfy, brought with her fome Hebrew advifers, one of whom, being a wizard, whifpered a word into the ear (^i a fierce bull, which killed hjm. Silvefter fpoke the name of Chrift^ and the bull arofe tame. Pet. de Natalibus, A&a Confiantini^ f. 20.

The Venerahle Bede. 125 3. Of the Bajilica of Saint Peter, IN Saint Peter's of Rome, as one firft goeth into his minfter> is the firft altar, whereat Saint Peter celebrated mafs. And as you go on further, in the great door of the fame minfter lieth the Venerable Bede.^ In the infide to the left behind the fepultures of the popes, is the altar of Saint Gregory, wherein his body is laid ;^ from whence ftretcheth the Vatican Way in the half behind the Sacrifty, proceeding along it toward the nave of the minfter.* • . , After the altar ^ Venerabilis Beda, The memorial of Beda conlifted of a diik of porphyry lying under the filvcr door, afterwards replaced by the bronze doors of Pope Eugenius IV., which now clofe the principal entrance of the modern baiilica. The Englifh Beda was erroneoufly believed to be buried here. Another Beda, a monk of the monaflery of Gavello near Rovigo, contemporary of Charlemagne, had the reputation of fanftity. His relics were tranflated to Genoa. Vita Bedae tun. cum notis Papebroch. in ji£ia SanSorum^ Bolland. lo April, p. 866 ; Mabillon, Mits, ItaL u 142. * The chapel of St. Gregory the Great, built by Pope Gregory IV. was in the fouth-caft corner to the left of the entrance. De Angelis, Bajilica Vaticana^ Plan. * A quo protenditur via Vatic ana in medietate (?) foft facriftiam procedendo iuxta earn verfus navem monas 

126 . Church Marvels. of Saint Gregory is the chapel of Peter and Paul, where are the firft wooden images made after the likenefs of the fame apoftles. • . . Thereafter is interpofed a certain a great altar, in the midft of which lyeth John Chryfoftom, and nigh to the fame door is the altar of Saint Alexius ; and it is faid that his body is laid before the fame altar under the lamn that hangeth there, and that in his own church no more is had of Saint Alexius but his head. And above the fame altar is an image of the blefled Virgin • . • made by Saint Luke. Behind this, beneath the Sacrifty, is Saint Peter's chair.^^ Beyond in the midft, is the high altar of Saint Peter, where none but the pope alone was wont to fmg mafs,^ beneath the which altar is one half of the relics of the bodies of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, and there is th^fejforium of Saint Peter.^ terii via Lavicana, I cannot explain what fcnfc is concealed here. 260 Pojthoc fub facriftia eft capud feu cathedra fan Sli Petri. 1 Ubi nullus nifi folus papa confuevit cekbrare. The paft tenfe (hows that the work belongs to the tirac of the refidence of the popes at Avignon, that is, between 1311 and 1378, and confirms the date, 1375, given in the laft page. 2 Et ibidem feforium fanSii Petri. The relics of the Apoftles were, and are, in the Confeffto under

Saint Peter' s. 127 Thereafter is the altar of Saint Crofs in a chapel, where of old time, in a certain -window behind the altar, oil did iiTue forth, and the ftone is fhown that is fet there and pitted with holes.* Into that chapel women enter not by the fame reafon, becaufe a certain woman, when the faid oil, that had healed many flck folk, ftained her robe, did curfe the oil, and thereupon the fame ceafed to drop. Therefore that woman, and all the women that yet do enter the faid chapel, are accurfed and excommunicate. Thereafter is the chapel of Saint John Baptift, where is the baptiftery,* wherein men were wont to be chiiftened at certain times of the year; and it wis refolved that thofe baptifms fliould be removed from that place unto Saint John of Lateran.* Then before the pope's palace is the the high altar. The pope on the third Sunday in Advent ufed to go down and perform a fervice in the ConfeJJio^ fitting in Jubfellio, Ordo Romanus BenediBi^ in Mabillon, Mus. ltd, ii. 122. '^ Et oftendit [qu. oftenditur'] lapis ibidem pojitus et foraminibus feneftratus. The oratory of St. Crofs was to the right of the high altar. * In qua eft baptijmus. * Et conjultum fuit de ifto loco fundi (qu.) baptifmus in fan Stum Johannem Later an. The ceremony of the baptifm of adults takes place at the Lateran on Eafter Eve.

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128 Church Marvels. Holy Rood of Chrift's blood. There is the altar • • • As one entereth iirft into the fame church, to the right is the altar of Veronica^ above which the Vernick is enclofed.^ Into the £utie as one entereth, toward the left, in the wall above is the crofs of Saint Peter, nigh whereunto reft the bodies of the Apoftles.*^ Then furtljer, towards the left, is the Vatican, where many popes and many iaints do reft. In the fame church is one of the thirty pieces of filver. Alfo, an image of the Holy Majefty, which fpake to King Charles, faying. My foil, thou has of&red to all, but to me haft thou given nothing. Charles therefore drew from his finger a ring, and caft it to the wall, where the fame noble ftone is yet ieen; but he himfelf fell to the ground and worfliipped.® In the fame place yet • • . in the ftones from the feet and for the head.^ There is alfo the diurch of Saint Andrew and ® The altar of Veronica was in the north-eaft corner of the old bafiHca to the right of the entrance, ^ 1 fuppofe the apoftles Simon a&d Jude. * I do not know whether this ftory refers to Charlemagne, who was efpecially liberal in his gifts of money and jewels to the church of St. Peter. ^ Ibidem adhuc . . , . in lapidibus a fedikus et m capite.

The Seat of the Dung-heap. 1 29 the minfter of Saint ParneL^^ Moreover there is the image of Chrift, from whofe head a head felL^ Alfo nigh unto the altar where the pope confecrateth the emperor, hangeth the Cord of Judas Ifcariot. There are twenty and eight degrees before the church, like as at Saint Gregory by the Seven Floors.^ There alfo at the fide is laid the body [of Chrift] that was changed into a finger in the hands of the bleffed Gregory.* 4. Of the Church of Later an. IN the Lateran, before the ambit, is the feat of the dung-heap,* where the pope is led for to fit, when he hath been crowned at St. Peter'sj 2'® See pp. 70, 71, "^ De cuius cepite cecidit caput, * luxta feptemfolium. See note 70. ' Item eft pofitum corpus in latere. According to the legend, St. Gregory was adminiftering the body of Chrift to a lady, who was incredulous, becaufe (he recognifed the bread as part of her own offering. On the prayer of Gregory, the bread was changed in form to part of a finger with blood on it, and then changed again to bread. ASa S. Gregorii Mombritius, i. 330. * Sedesfterquilinii. This ceremony is dcfcribed in the Ordo Romanus of Cencius, and in that of Jacobus Gaietanus. In the former, written in the

130 Church Marvels. and he faith: Silver and gold have I none, but that I have, give I thee. Above the palace before Saint Silvefter^ be two feats, in the which it is confidered, whether the pope be a man or woman. In the fame place is an image of the Majefty ® time of Celeftine III. (i 191 -i 198), the Jedes flercoraria is faid to be ante porticum bajilicae Salvatoris fatriarchatus Lateranenfis ; in the latter, about 1320, it is defcribed as fedes marmorea ante portimm nunc deftruiiam, Mabillon, Mus, Ital. ii. 211, 259. * Ante fan ^um fan Siorum [read Stheftrum], The two feats here alluded to were before the baiilica of St. Silvefter at the Lateran Palace, and the pope on the day of his coronation fat firft on one, and then on the other. While in the firfl he received the keys of the Lateran palace and bafilica. From the fecond he threw money to the people. Both feats were of porphyry. (Mabillon, Mus, ItaL ii. 212, 261 ; Crefcembeni, 5. Giovanni av ant i Porta Latina^ p. 140.) We fee above the popular interpretation of thefe lingular ceremonies. Leo X. was the laft pope in whofe coronatis^n they were ufed. All the three feats were prefcrved in Mabilloh's time in the cloifter. The fedes fiercoraria was not perforata, (Mabillon, Mus, Ital i. Pref.) As to the legend of Pope Joan, with which the ftory in the text is connefted, fee p. 139. ^ Ymdgo maieftatis proiecta in lapide ceu cum lapide vulnerata eft fanguinea a tefferatore. I cannot disentangle the words of the text ; but Cencius fays, that on the arch of the baiilica of St. Silvefter was

The San6ia SanSiorum. 131 .... There is a crofs that paffed from wall to wall by reafon of the words of a certain prieft, which gave abfolution of a fin to a woman that confefled unto him. In the chapel that is called Sancta Sanctorum^ is well nigh all of the Coat without Seam, whereof the other part is in the greater Church .... where the altar top is the Lord's table in the Supper.® Moreover, in the fame church or chapel be the heads of the apoftles® Peter and Paul, and a pidture of the Saviour, which, being ftruck in the forehead by a Jew, dropped blood, as might ftill be feen. (Mabillon, Mus, Ital. ii, 212.) A ftain of blood was fhown on one of the fteps of Pilate's houfe (the Scala Santa) formerly at the chapel of St. Silvefter, now before the Sandta Sanftorum. Crefcembeni, Chiefa $. Giovanni avanti Porta Latina, 140. ' The Sanfta Sanftorum was the chapel of St. Laurence, and is ftill preferved. ® In ecclefia mayori argent eo in cuius ecclejie cacumen altaris eft menfa domlni in cena. The Coat without feam was one of the relics at the high altar, where was alfo the wooden altar of the Martyrs in a filver frame, and, above that, the table at which the Laft Supper was celebrated. See the Table of Latcran Relics printed at the end of the volume. ® In eadem ecclefia five capella funt capita apoftolorum, Thefe heads were placed by Nicolas IIL in the Sanfta Sanftorum, but were transferred by Urban V. in 1369 to the high altar, and placed in

132 Church Marvels. the head of Saint Agnes, and the head of Saint [Euphemia], and a part of Cbrift's body, that Chrift confecrated in the Supper, and many other things befide. Alfo above, under a vault,^®^ is an image of the Majefty, painted by God's hand, the which the blefled Luke had drawn in the picture. Alfo before the Holy of Holies is the image of Our Lady, before which Theophilus was reconciled.^ In the fame place is the head of Zachary.^ Moreover, above the high altar in the church, is the table with the images of the apoftles Peter and Paul, which was fliewed unto the emperor Conftantine by grace divine.^ the two filver bulls which are now in the upper part of the ciborium. Rofponi, Bos. Later an^ 45. 280 Item fuperius in teftudine. This famous pifture of the Saviour, painted on wood, is above the back of the altar in the Sandla Sandlorum under an arched gothic canopy of marble. ^ Parthey writes antequam Theophilus reconciliatus fuit, I do not know what ftory is alluded to, 2 Caput Zathae [read Zachariae\ In one lift of relics at the Lateran is the head of Zacharias the Prophet ; in another the head of Zacharias, father of St. John Baptift; but neither is defcribed as being in the Holy of Holies. Crefcembeni, ^. Giovanni avanti Porta Latina^ 136, 139 ; compare Mabillon, Mus, JtaL 570. 5 See p. 123.

Bajilica of Saint Paul. 133 ' In another part is the veflel, wherein Conftantine was baptized and cleanfed from leprofy, before the chapel of Saint John Baptift, wherein women enter not. In . . . « is another chapel, wherein is painted an image of Our Lady, that upon the offering of a ring by a certain woman, ftretched forth her hand and drew to her the ring, where it yet appeareth upon the finger in the picture. 5. Of Saint PauFs BaftUca, and the Cloijier of Anajlatius. IN Saint Paul is the other moiety of the bodies of the apoftles Peter and Paul ; and the great chalice of Pope Honorius, where be written verfes to this purport : * Paul of high name, take this noble veffel, Which I, Honorius, who prefide in the Sacred Court, give in thine honour, That thou in anfwer to pious prayers mayeft give n^e thy realms of piety. And that I may feek the reft of peace and be united with the blefled. * Uo minis exceljt, vas nobile fufcipe, Paule: Fas in honor e tu[o do^ prejul Honorius aule, Ut tua regna pits precibus michi des pietatisy Et fatur pads requiem^ iungarque beatis. Poffibly the fecond word in the laft line was Jeffer,

134 Church Marvels. At Anaftaiius is a cloifter of Ciftercian monks at the Salvian well/ where be three wells There was the bleffed Paul beheaded; and when he was beheaded, he cried thrice : Jefus, Jefus, Jefus ; and in each place a well flowed, after the three leaps of the head. 6. Of the Churches of Saint Mary Major ^ and the Round Saint Mary. IN Saint Mary Major above the high altar is an image of the face of Chrift, with another picture, that was not made by man, but by the hand of God. There is alfo the image of the bleflfed Virgin by the hand of God, but as fhe fat to be painted by Saint Luke. In the fame church lyeth Saint Jerome ; alfo the cloak left at Troas,^ whereof the apoftle maketh mention in his Epiftle. There be alfo three long fplinters of Our Lord's Crofs, and fome of the milk of the bleflfed Virgin, and Our Lord's blood in a In the third line the tranflator has fubftituted des for das^ and in the fecond has added the letters within brackets. * Ad fontem falinum [c^m, falviufn]. Aqua Salvia; fee p. 30. ^ The Latin copy has aula et cufthotium^ for which the tranflator has read fenula reliSla Troadi,

Saint Mary New. 135 cryftal, and of the wood of the Holy Crofs ; the head of the apoftle Saint Matthias, whofe body alfo refts before the altar.*^ Nigh unto Saint Mary Major, Simon Magus began his flight, and before New Saint Mary he fell.® At the church of Round Saint Mary® [the porch] hath one hundred feet of width, and fourfcore and four feet of depth. 7. Of the Church of Saint Mary New. IN New Saint Mary is a table wherein is painted by Saint Luke, as it is faid, the image of Saint Mary with her child ; and upon a time when that church was burned, this table alfo was fet on fire,^^ and was blackened all over, 7 The place of depoiit of the body of St. Matthias appears to have been uncertain in the twelfth century. See Johannes Diaconus, in Ma billon, Mus, ItaL ii. 573. ® As to the legend of the flight of Simon Magus, fee the next chapter. ^ In eccleJiafanUe marie rotunde. The meafurement here given appears to be that of the portico, the external dimeniions of the whole fquarc addition to the Rotunda being 1 1 2 X 84 Englifh feet. Taylor and Crefy, Monuments of Rome, plates 45, 46. ^'^ Ifta tabula est et abigna [read ufta ab igne'\ fuit.

136 Church Marvels. and nought doth appear either of the garments or of the limbs, but the faces of the mother and child did endure unhurt, as yet appeareth.' In the fame at an altar is the ftone that is marked by the kneeling of Saint Paul,^ when he prayed during the flight of Simon Magus, who fell before that church, where the place is marked on the ftones.* Thereby is the temple of Peace, wherein it was written, I fhall not fall but if a maid bear a child, and again. The temple fhall not fall except a maid bear a child. ^ ^ The picture is ftill fhown. 2 St. Peter and St. Paul are alTociated in this miracle. Gregory of Tours fays that the ftones indented by the knees of the apoftles remained, and that the rain-water colleded out of thofe holes healed the fick. (Gregor. Turon. de glor. mart. i. 28, cited Urlichs, Codex^ i^SO ^ ftone with two holes is ftill fhown in the church. ^ The place where Simon fell was believed to be marked in the fourteenth century by a ftain on the pavement. Cernet lapidem infando Simonis cerebro maculatum, (Petrarch, Epift, Fam, ix. 13, ed. 1853). An early legendary fpeaks of four ftones united into one by the broken body. Urlichs, Cod, 181. * The temple, or palace, of Romulus of the Mirabilia (pp. 20, 100) has become the temple of Peace, by which name it continued to be known for many centuries.

Saint Mary Tranfpontina. 137 8. Of divers Churches and Relics. NIGH to Saint Hadrian, and againft that image of ftone,^ is the Prifon of Saint Peter, and a well in the fame. Moreover, the pillars whereunto the apoftles were bound, are at Saint Mary Tranfpontina ;* where is the place in which Saint Peter was crucified J At Saint Peter ad vincula is the chain wherewith he was bound. At Saint Paul is Saint Paul's chain. At Round Saint Mary ^ is Saint Agnes in Agone^ where fhe was caft forth and fet in a brothel. At Saint Silvester, where be the nuns of Saint Clare, is fliown Saint John Baptift his head.* At Saint Pudentian, fifter of Praxed, are the * Contra illam ymaginem lapideam. The image of Marforio. * Afud Jan&um Marcum in cropediem [read JanHam Mariam Tranfpadinam,] The pillars were in the old church of S. Maria Tranfpontina (frequently mifwritten Tranfpadina), and in 1587 were carried in proceffion to the new. {Roma Antica et Moderna^ 1668, p. 88.) 7 See notes 142, 144. ® That is, near the Pantheon, in Piazza Navona. * This famous relic, from which the church had the name of S. Silveftro in capite, is not now there, but is preferved at the Vatican. T

138 Church Marvels. bodies of Pudentian and Prifcilla, and there was the cemetery of Prifcillai alfo the place of baptifm of the fame virgins. There was their father's houfe, the dwelling-place of Peter and Paul,^^ Where Crifpin is and Crifpinian, is the paftoral ftafF of the fame.^ In Saint Praxed is the body of Saint Maurice and his forty fellows.* Moreover in Saint Praxed is the body of the fame faint j and the third part of the column whereat Chrift viras fcourged, in a fmall chapel, where women enter not. From Saint Praxed, as one goeth toward Saint Sixtus, towards the left, are the Thermae of Dio^^ Ibi fuit domus paterna Petri et PaulL The houfe of Pudens, - the father of Pudentiana and Praxede8,-at which 'St. Peter was received as- a gueft. 1 The bodies of SS. Crifpin and Crifpinian are faid to have been brought from ^oiflbns to Rome, and entombed at St. Laurence in Panifperna. (Baronius, jAartyrokgium^ Oft. ^ 2 J .) But Jieither of them was a biihop. 3 The more popular . Saint Maurice of the Theban Legion has been fubftituted by the aclthor, or his copyiil, foran-obfcure Rroman martyr^ Maurus. The ancient lift (infcribed on a marble table in the church) of faints, whofe bodies to the number of 2,300 were transferred from the catacombs by Pope Pafchal I. and placed under the high altar at S. PrafTede, includcb che following: * Mauri et 'Uliorum quadraginta mar^rum.

Pope ^oan. 139 cletian, which were painted by the Four Crowned Martyrs;* and in the fame way is a memorial of the Geese, that roufed the Romans from fleep and freed them from captivity. In going from Saint Sixtus is the caftle oi Antonianus, under which is the calHe of the Three Legions.* 9. OfPopeJoan.^ MOREOVER nigh unto the Coloffeum, in the open place,^ lieth an image which is called the Woman Pope with the boy, whofe ' There may be a confuiion between the Thermae of Diocletian and thofe ot Caracalla ; but even fo the defcription of the diredlion is unintelligible. * Caftrum Anthoniani fub quo eft caftrum trium (?) legionum. The firft are probably the thermae Antoninianae, • The fabulous Pope Joan was faid to have fucceeded Leo IV. who died in 855, and to have filled the fee of St. Peter for more than two years. The legend makes its firft appearance in the thirteenth century (Martinus Polonus, Chronicon^ cd. Plantin. p. 317), and was generally believed until the end of the fifteenth. ^ In platea. In the Mantuan plan publiffied by De Roffi {Piante di Roma\ the loco dove partcrt la papejfa is fhown to the north of S. Clemente,

140 Church Marvels. body is buried at Saint Pitreus in honio? Moreover, in the fame open place is a Majefty of the Lord, that fpake to her as {he pafled, and faid : In comfort flialt thou not pafs;® and when fhe pafled, fhe was taken with pains, and caft forth the child from her womb. Wherefore the Pope to this day fliall not pafs by that way.* apparently towards the end of the Via Labicana. Sut in Panvinius' note to Platina {Vitae Pontificum^ I Gib, 104) it is implied that the facellum, then flill exifting, where the female pope was faid to have been buried, was not in the Via Labicana, but in the other way from the ColofTeum to S. Clementc, which ran between the Via Labicana and the road pafling the SS. Quattro. It fhould be obferved that in the twelfth century, before the legend of the female pope was current, there was a domus lobannis papae between the ColofTeum and S. Clemente. Cencius, Orda Romanus^ c.29, in Mabillon, Mus, Ital, vol. ii. ^ AdfanBum Pitreum in bonio, ^ Comodo (?) non tranjibis, ^ The ancient proceffional routes between the Lateran and the ColofTeum are defcribed in the Or do Romanus^ Extraft 4. It is poffible that at a later time, when the legend was current, the fpot afTociated with it was purpofely avoided. See the note of Panvinius, in Platina, Fit. Pontif. 104. At the date of the text, the papal proceffions had long been difcontinued owing to the abfence of the popes. See note 261.

Saint Sixtus. 141 10. Of Ara Celt, and Saint Sixtus. AT Saint Marjr in Ara Celi *^® is an image, painted by God's hand, of the bleffed Virgin in tears, as (he ftood by the crofs. In Saint Sixtus [is the minfter] of the Friars Preachers and holy Nuns; there be the bodies of Pope Zephyrinus, of Pope Lucian, of Pope Soter, of Calocerus and Parthenius, of Pope Lucius, of Lucius bifhop and of Maximus martyr;^ and an image of the bleffed Virgin made by Saint Luke;® the which a certain pope obtained by wrong, or took away, and carried the fame into the Holy of Holies, faying that the mother ought to be with the Son, whose image is there. But in the morning, againft the dawn, the image returned with a great light to the worfliip of the Sifters 5 and the fame in the Holy Week changeth his colour, so ^^® Ad fan Bam Mariam mamma celi. ^ Ibidem funt corpora pape Severini pape Luciani pape Perfutheris pape Calethorii pape Perthoquinii pape Luci epifcopi Maximii martyris. The names in the tranflation arc correfted from the table in the church (Martinclli, Roma Sacra, 306). But the name of Lucian is not in the lift of popes. * This miraculous pifture, placed by St. Dominic himfelf in S. Sifto, was transferred with the nuns to the church of SS. Domenico c Sifto on the Quirinal Hill.

1 42 Church Marvels. that on Grood Friday it is all pale. In the fame place is ... . the table of the blefled Dominic, upon which the angels brought bread; and the altar whereat the fame saint fang Mafs, and raifed. from the dead the Cardinal's nephew,^ by whofe means he hath many monafteries in England.^ II. Of the things beyond Saint Sixtus. FROM Saint Sixtus in going toward Saint Sebaftian, when you come to the wall, is the Latin gate, where is a cloifter to the left^^ * TKc miraculous cure by St. Dominic of' a* young kinfman of the Cardinal of Foffa Nova; who was thrown from his horfe and brought lifelcfs into* the houfe, is narrated in the life of the Saint. (Mombritius, J^a 6\ Dominiciy i. 245b.) The Cardinal was Stephen de Ceccano, Abbot of FofTa Nova in Campania, who was created Cardinal 12 11, and died 1227. His young kinfman, according to Ciaconio, was his brother's fon, Napoleon, but is called by others Napoleon Orfini. The Cardinal held by King John's gift the church of Bamburgh; in Northumberland, out of which he affigned to the nuns of S. Siflo a penfion of fifty marks, redeemed in 1428. Ciaconius, Fit, Pontif, i. 646; Taxatio P, Nic, IF. J 1 7/ Bull, Ord. Praedic. an, 1244, 1428, Add. MSS. Brit. Mus. 15,352, p. 118. * Ubi eft claftrum [read clauftrum] ad finiftram. The church of St. John ad portam Latinam wa^ anciently a collegiate church of fccular canons

Saint Gregory. .143 and there is the veffel wherein Saint John the Evangelift was fet, and the chain that he was bound withal; and there nigh before the gate^ on the right hand, as one goeth forth, is the place where Saint John was fet in the veffel of boiling oil. And as one goeth further without the walls, toward Saint Sebaftian, in the Appian Way, is the chapel Domine quo vadis; and a conduit. 12. Of the Palatine yund Saint Gregory, AT the Greater Palace is the Garden of Delights, and Ovid's Palace. There is alfo the cloifter of the holy Gregory, wherein he let make him a monk ; in the fame cloifter is a book of Dialogues of his hand, and there is the image of the Crucifix, that nodded his hegd to bear witnefs between a Jew and a Chriftian, of the money received. At the fame is the board, whereat Saint Gregory did fet twelve poor folk whom he had bidden, and our Lord Jefus Chrift appeared cas the thirteenth gueft. Near by is the cloifter of Saints John and Pawl, martyrs, where their bodies do reft. under an Archprieft. In 11 44 it was united to the Lateran BafiUca, but appears to have preserved its collegiate pharader. Crefcembeni, 5, Giovanni avanti Porta Latina^ 224, 246*

144 • Church Marvels. 13. Offundry Churches and Relics. AT Saint Vivian is her head, where reft four thoufand martyrs. At Saint Marcellus is the head of Saint Cofmas. At Saint Paul's Gate is the Sudary of the fame Saint ."^ At Saint Alexius is the head of Alexius, and the head of Saint Boniface. At Saint Cicely is her head ; and there was her houfe, and her body is there in the altar, with nine hundred and fix other bodies. Saint Silvefter bound the dragon, that had flain of Romans more than can be told, in the end of ^ Ad portam Jan£li Pauli eft Judarium domini [read eiujdem faniii]. The Judarium domini would be the Vernicle, preferved at St. Peter's. Probably the objed here alluded to was the kerchief («'^/(^^), faid to have been borrowed by St. Paul on the way to his own martyrdom, and miraculoufly reftored to St. Plautilla (or Lemobia) at the moment of his death. (Mombritius, A£la San^orum, f. 194b; P. de Natalibus, JSia S. Pau/i.) The place where it was reftored was Ihown outfide the Oftian Gate. Perhaps the kerchief itfelf was exhibited in a chapel there. See note 456 on the medieval Plan of Rome at the end of this volume.

Saint Bartholomew. 145 the Greater Palace, where now id the church of Saint Mary of Hell.^ There be two places where holy martyrs fulfered in the city : at Saint Vitus in macello^ near Saint Mary Major, and at Saint Sebaftian.^^ At the Holy Angel in the Fifli market, is Saint Felicity with her feven fons. In Saint Bartholomew in the Ifland is (hown his head} and there alfo is his body under a golden bull of the emperor.^ There alfo is the head and body of Paulinus, confeflTor and bifhop. Moreover, there is the arm of Thaddeus, the arm of Simon, and the chin of Saint James the Greater. At Saint Crofs in Jerufalem.* There * See p. 97, 98. ^ The church of S. Vito was at the ancient Macellum Liviae (see Or do Romanus^ Extraft 3 ), but was called ad macellum martyrumy and a ftone was fhown there on which many martyrs were believed to have been put to death. 820 St^ Sebaftian on the Palatine, near the Stadium, the place of martyrdom of that faint. ^ Both the emperors Otho II. and Otho III. are faid to have brought to Rome from Benevento the body of St. Bartholomew; bui the poffeflion of this relic was ftill difputed by the Beneventines. See Baronius, Martyrologiumy Aug. 25 ; Gregorovius, Hiftory (Ital. Tranfl.), iii. 584. 2 jid SanSam Crucem in lerufalem ibi quedam U

146 Church Marvels. moreover, is the cord wherewith Chrift was bound on the crofs;* alfo Chrift's fponge, and one of the nails of Chrift*s crucifixion with eleven thorns of his Crown ; and there in the tower without, put away in the wall, was that golden fcripture that Pilate wrote over the head of Chrift : J ejus of Nazareth King of Jews. There is alfo one great timber, that hangeth above in the great minfter, of the crofs of the thief that hung on his right hand.^ Neiar by is the cittern of fome emperor, the fecit fe demorari aut demembrari. Perhaps the words here corrupted or loft referred to the building of the church by St. Helena in a place where Ihe was believed to have dwelt. ' Ligatusfuit ad ftatuam. The laft word appears to be corrupt. An ancient infcription from the lower chapel prmted by Martinelli, fays : funis quo ligatus fuit D. N. le/us Cbriftus in Cruce* Roma Sacra^ 96. * Unum magnum lignum . , . de cruce dextri later is ac latronis. The penitent thief became in medieval legend Saint Difmas. 5. Difmasfuit ille latro qui a dextris domini crucifixus eft, P. de Natalibus, ^^ 6^. In that Chirche is alfo Of the Croys he was on-do, That heng on Rode him by, And of his funnes hedde Merci. ne Stacions of Rome (Early Englifh Text Society, 1867), p. 13.

Saint Mark. 147 which he had always full of wine; and now Saint AngePs church is there.^ On the other fide, towards Saint John in Lateran, is Pilate's houfe.^ At Saint Mark's is his robe with many other relics.^ At Saint George ad velum aureum is his head. At Saint Laurence in Panifperna Saint Laurence was broiled, and there is his fat in a cryflal, and the iron wherewith he was fHrred. * I cannot find any notice of a church of S. Angelo in this locality, nor explain the allufion to the ciftern. Is it poflible, that the amphitheatre included in the wall may have been called by the pilgrims the Emperor's wine-vat ? Compare note 141. ® The Scala Santa and fome columns at the Lateran Palace were faid to be part of the houfe of Pilate. 7 The church of St. Mark was built by, and named after St. Mark, Pope and ConfciTor, whofe body was transferred thither in 1 145. The veftis mentioned in the text may be affigned to Mark the Evangelift.

148 Church Marvels. 14. Of the Churches in Tranjliherim, AT Saint Mary in Tranjiiherim^ outfide the church, did oil flow forth three days when Chrift was born,® Moreover, there is an image of the blefled Virgin aloft above the door, which anfwered unto the Romans, that they were fafc by reafon of the penance that they had done. In the fame is the body of Saint Calixtus. In the church of the Holy Ghoft is the body of Saint Cyriac ; and in a chapel above, in the hill in Nero's Camp,® is an image of the blefled Virgin, which Saint Luke did make. In Saint Chryfogonus is the body of the fame Saint, and the arm of Saint James the Greater, with many other relics. In Saint Cicely is her body. I 15. Of the Aventine Hill N Saint Sabba's minfter, which he founded, lie Titus and Vefpafian and Volufian.^^^ 8 See p. 115. * Perhaps the little church of St. Michael in SaJJia, ^^ In the Portico of St. Sabba, there is faid to have been a great fepulchral ftone with an infcription beginning thus : Conditur hie tumulo Titus cum Vejpafiano,

The Aventine Churches. 149 In Saint Prifca is her body; alfo the bodies or Aquila and PrifciUa, of whom the Apoftle wrote. In ... an altar ^ that was confecrated by Pope Gregory, to whom, as he fang mafs at the fame, appeared an image of Chrift crucified; in remembrance whereof Pope Urban [ordained] the office Nos autem; and over the fame altar is a picture of Saint Luke of his own hand.* And there is the holy fandal of Saint Peter. Alfo a fmall piece of the Chair of the fame.^ 16. Of St. Barbara^ St, Martin^ and St. Agnes. IN the church of Saint Barbara is her head and arm; alfo the pillar whereunto (he was bound with her fitter. In Saint Martin in the Mount is the body of Saint Silvefter pope. At Saint Agnes without the walls, there is (Martinclli, Roma Sacra, 296.) Volufian was aflbciated with Titus in the legendary flory of the punifhment of the Jews for the killing of Chrift, See note 36. ^ In altars. Perhaps we fhould read. In fanBa Balbina eft altare. That church was confecrated by St. Gregory. Martinelli, Roma Sacra, 76. 2 Pi8ura JanUe (lie) Luce de manu propria, ^ Item in [?] etujdem Cathedra [?] parva peccia.

150 Church Marvels. over the altar an image of Saint Agnes, holding in her hand the ring, that fhe received from John, her prieft, by the order of Pancafius,* as yet appeareth. In that convent there was one that fhould be cloiftered, but fhe could not; and at the laft (he confefled the caufe; wherefore they that be in that cloifter cannot abide but if they be clean maids.^ In the fame place is the head of Conftantia, and of Amata,® virgins. * Quam recepit a prejbytero lohanne ex iujju Fancajii, This ftory is alluded to by Petrarch in a letter to Philip de Vetriaco : Videbit Agnetis annuulm et divinitus extinSiae libidinis mtraculum recognofcet (Petrarch, Ep, Fam, ix. 13. ed. Lc Monnicr, 1853). A prieft of her church begged leave of the Pope to marry. The Pope gave him a ring, and bade him afk St. Agnes to take him as her fpoufe. He ofFfrred the ring to the ftatue of the Saint, which extended its finger and clafped the ring ; and the prieft had no inclination for any other wedlock. {Asia SanSlorum, Holland. 10 Apr.) The prieft in the legend is called Paulinus, the name of the pope is not given. ^ At St. Agnes was a convent of nuns until 1499, when Sixtus IV. removed them, and put the church under the care of the Canons Regular of St. Saviour. Martinelli, Roma Sacra^ 52. ® Amate. Perhaps St. Emerentiana.

Saint Sebajlian. 1 5 1 17. Of Saint Laurence. AT Saint Laurence in Lucina is his gridiron and the chain that he was bound withal. There is his body and that of Stephen protomartyr,*^ and the ftone whereupon Saint Laurence was put, when he was lifted off from the gridiron. And the body of Hippolytus below in a chapel, in an altar. In Saint Laurence [/« fonte'\ is his prifon and a well therein.® 18. Of Saint Sebafiian. AT Saint Sebaftian is the Cemetery of Saint .Calixtus at the Catacombs. And without is the campus agonis, wherein is an idol, at the which Saint Sebaftian was {hot with arrows. And near by is the well, wherein Saint Urban baptized . . . and his hiding-place. And in Saint Sebaftian is Pope Stephen, and the place where he was beheaded. In the fame is the woman of ^ This paragraph applies to St. Laurence without the Walls. 8 St. Laurence in fonte, in the Via Urbana, is faid to have been the houfe of St. Hippolytus. Martinelli, Roma Sacra, 137.

152 Church Marvels. Samaria.® And in going into Saint Sebaftian appear the ftones of Saint Stephen.**^ Alfo two crofles in a lamp which are faid to have been made before Our Lord became flefh. There alfo in a field, over againft Saint Sebaftian, nigh to his chapel, is a well, out of which [Saint Urban] chriftened Saint Cicely and Tiburtius and Valerian.^ .....* In the church of Saint Peter ad Vtncula is very remiffion of all fms. In the year of Our Lord M.CCC.LXX.V.^ ® The head of the woman of Samaria appears to have been one of the relics at St. Paul without the Walls. Roma Antic a e Moderna, 1668, p. 20. **® Apparent lapides de fanSlo Stephano, Probably the ftones marked the place of Pope Stephen's martyrdom. He was killed while celebrating mafs at the cemetery of Lucina : cuius fanguis in pavimento effufus adbuc ibidem apparet, Petrus de Natalibus, f 134 b. ^ This feems to be the fame well as that mentioned above. 2 In this place in the manufcript are copied fome Indulgences granted by Pope Gregory to Roman Churches. Parthey, Mirabilia^ 62, * See note 261.

MIRABILIANA. II. A DESCRIPTION OF RoME BY BeNJAMIN OF TuDELA, A Hebrew traveller, about A.D. II 70.* ROME is divided into two parts by the river of Tiber, the one part being on one fide, and the other part on the other. In the firft part is a right great temple, that is caUed Saint Peter's of Rome, and there alfo is the palace of the great Julius Caefar;^ and there, moreover, are full many buildings and works, the like whereunto are not in the world. And around the part of * The Hebrew book, from which the above defcription is ex traded, has been printed in a Latin Tranflation at Antwerp in 1575, and again at Leyden in 1633, in an Englifh Tranflation by Wright {Early Travels in Paleftiney London, 1848), and in a German tranflation by Martinet at Bamberg in 1858. Not having Mr. Wright's work at hand, I have taken the above from a later Latin tranflation by Dr. Geiger, given in the valuable Codex Topographicus of my friend, Prof. Urlichs, p. 178. ^ Mirabiliay pp. 22. X

154 Benjamin of Tudela. Rome wherein men dwell, are fpread out twenty and four miles of ruins.* And there be found therein eighty Palaces of eighty full mighty kings, that be all called emperors from Tarquin's reign unto the reign of Pepin fon of Charles, who firfl conquered Spain, when it was holden of the Iflimaelites. The Palace of Titus is without Rome,^ who was not received by the three hundred Senators, becaufe he had not fulfilled their commandment, and had not taken Jerufalem until the third year, whereas they had fet him to do it in two years. Moreover there is the palace of Vefpafian, after the manner of a caftle, a right great building and a ftrong.® There alfo is the palace of king Malgalbinus, in whofe palace be three hundred and three fcore houfes, after the number of days in the year, the compafs whereof reacheth unto three miles.® And whereas upon a time war arofe among them, more than an hundred thoufand men were flain in this palace, whose bones are hung there imto this dayj and * Mirabilia^ p. 6. ^ Mirabilia^ p. 22. ^ Perhaps the Colofleum. • Urlichs fuggefts the catacombs Compare Mirabiiiay p. 29. May it not be the Palatium majusy the vaft ruins of the Palatine ? The carved work feems to allude to the fculptures of the Arch of Severus, or the imperial columns.

Defcription of Rome. 155 the Emperor fet forth in carved work all that, had happened in that war, how faction was fet^ againft faction, hoft againft hoft, men and horfes with. their armour, all in marble^ for to (how unto them that came after how great a war had once been. Moreover is found there a cave under ground, where the Emperor and the Empress his wife fit on thrones, and an hundred barons of his. realm ftand around, all embalmed with drugs unto this day.'^^ And there be there, in Saint John's church at the Latin Gate, at the altar, two brazen pillars of the works of King Solomon, to whom be peace; and in each of them is cut the infcription, Solomon Son of David ;^ and it was told unto me by Jews abiding in Rome, that every year on the ninth day of the month Abib, a fweat like unto water droppeth from thofe pillars. And there is there a crypt, or privy chamber, wherein Titus, fon of Vefpafian, did hide the holy veffels taken from Jerufalem.^ There is alfo another crypt, in a hill by the fhore of the river Tiber, wherein be buried the ^® Perhaps the Maufoleum of Auguftus. Mirabiliay pp. 80, 81. 1 Mirabiliay p. 66, note 119, St. John at the Ladn Gate is put for St. John Lateran. ' Mirabiliay p. 65.

156 Benjamin of Tudela, ten righteous men of blefled memory,* who were flain under the reign of ... . Moreover, before the bafdica of the Lateran is Samson carved in ftone, holding a globe in his hand. Then there is Abfolon, fon of David,* ^nd the Emperor Conftantine, who built the city that is called after his name Conftantinople ; whose image with his horfe is of gilded brafs. There be moreover other buildings and works in Rome, the number whereof no man can tell. • This appears to refer to ten doctors of the Miihna, who were killed between the time of Vefpafian and Hadrian. Wright, Early Travels in Paleftine^ 68, cited by Urlichs, Codex^ 179. * It is uncertain what ftatue was known to the Jews by this name. As to Samfon, fee Mirabiliay p. 64.

V u. ;V' MIRABILIANA. III. Ordo Romanus.^^^ Extract i. ProceJJion from Saint Anajtafta to the Vaticariy part of the Ceremony of Chrijimas-day. (Mabillon, Mufeum Italicumy ii. 125. Ordo Romanus^ c. 16.) IN the morning the PontifF faith Mafs at Saint Anaftafia, which done, he goeth down with proceffion by the way nigh to Porticus Galla8W The following extrafts are taken from the Politicus BenediSi Canonici, a treatife on the religious ceremonial of the Papal Court, written by Benedift* a Canon of St. Peter's, and dedicated to Guido de Caftello, Cardinal of St. Mark. The latter became pope in 1143 under the name of Celefline II. The book mull therefore have been written before that date. It has been already Ihown in the Preface, how the Politicus was affociated with the Mirabilia in the century which produced them both. The paiTages relating to proceffions, which are tranflated in the following extrafts, furnifh the moft important evidence refpefting the medieval topography of Rome, and are eflential to the inter 

158 Or do Romanus. torum^ before the Temple of the Sibyl, and between the temple of Cicero and Porticus Crinorumf and proceeding between the bafllica of Jupiter and the Flaminian Ring,^ he then goeth nigh to the Severian Porch, and crofSng before pretation of the Mtrabtlia, The Politicus of Benedi^ is printed with other Ritual Books, under the general title of Or do Romanus, in Mabillon, Mufeum, Italicumf vol. ii. ^ A record of the year 1243 mentions fome houfes in porticu Gallatorum ante ecclejiam S, Marie de Gradellis (Nerini, S. AleJJio, 432). As to this church, and the temples of the Sibyl, and of Cicero, fee pp. Ill, 112. ^ The temple of Cicero being at S. Niccolo in Car cere or in car cere Tulliano, the Porticus Crinorum muft be placed between this and the Capitoline hill ; perhaps the. ancient porticos of the Forum Olitorium. ® Circum Flaminium, (So Urlichs from Cod. Vatican. 5348; Mabillon. has arc urn Flaminiumy In going from the church . of St Nicolas to the Porticus of Oftavia, the moft important monument, which the proceffion muft have paffcd, was the Theatre of Marcellus. It is probable that the name of the Flaminian Circus had been transferred to the ruin of this theatre, which feems to have been included in the ftronghold of Pierleonc. See pu 23, note 44; p. 113, note 238, The bafilica, or temple, of Jupiter was in the Porticus O&aviae, See p. 112. The way would pafs between this and

St. Anaftajia to the Vatican. 159 the temple of Craticula,* and before the infula milicena et draconariorum^ fo on the left hand goeth down to the Greater Way of Arenula^^ paffing by the Theatre of Antoninus;^ and by the Palace of Cromatius, where was the Holovitreum^ and under the arch of the emperors Gratian Theodofius and Valentinian,* he entereth by the Bridge of Hadrian before his temple^ and nigh unto the obeliik of Nero/ and before the memorial of Romulus,* and by the Porticus afcendeth into the Vatican to the bafilica of Saint Peter, where is a ftation; and mafs is there fung with all the the theatre, and then in front of the Porticus, on the entablature of which was, and is, the infcription of Sevcrus. ® Mirabilia^ p. 113, note 241. * *^ Infula melicena (al. militend) et draconariorum. This infula appears to be a group of houfes like the infula argentaria (see Mirabilia^ p. 92). In the fame Ordo (chapter 22) the draconarii are mentioned among the officers ailifting in papal ceremonies. 1 The Via della Regola. 2 Tranfiens per iheatrum Antonini, Probably the theatre of Balbus. See p. 23. * Fer palatium Cromatii ubifuit olivitreum. See note 243. * See p. 10, note 19. * See p. 114. * See p. 75. The Porticus was the covered way through the Borgo to St^ Peters.

i6o Or do Romanus. Orders of the Palace as behovethj and he ihould there receive the crown on his head^ and return with proceffion through the midft of the city to the Palace, to finifli the feftival of the Crown. 2. Proceffion from Saint Hadrian to Saint Mary the Greater^ part of the Ceremony of the Feaji of the Purification of the Blejfed Virgin, (lb. c. 29, p. 131.) IN the morning ftation at Saint Mary the Greater. The eighteen images of the deacons ^ iffue forth, and with the clerks and people they go to Saint Hadrian, where a coUeft is done. But my lord Pontiff difmounteth at Saint Martina with the biihops and cardinals and the other fchools. Then with the reft he is robed . . . Then he walketh to Saint Hadrian, where is a ftational crofs. . . . Then the fub-deacon taketh up the ftational crofs; and when he Cometh forth he raifeth it, and carrieth it before the Pontiff" in proceffion unto Saint Mary the ^ Exeunt xviii, imagines a diaconis. So in the fame Ordo, cap. 29, cum xviii. imaginihus diaconorum. There were at that time eighteen diaconiae^ the incumbents of which were the Cardinal Deacons, but in this document they are iimply called diaconi^ and the Cardinal Priefts cardinales.

St Hadrian to St. Mary Major. i6i Greater. The primicerius on the left hand^ fupporting the pallium of the Pontiff, flngeth with the fingers the anthem Adorna thalamum tuutn Sion. The Pontiff with the others faith Pfahns, and fo proceeding bare-foot before the arch of Nerva, he entereth by the Forum of Trajan, and going forth of the Arch of Aurea in the porticus apfidata? afcendeth by the hill nigh unto ® Etjic procedens difcalciatus ante arcum Nervae (?) intrai per forum Traiani et exiem arcum Aureae in porticu apjidata. Jordan underflands the proceflion to have gone firfl in the diredlion of the Arch of Nerva (that is, the arch adjoining the temple of Minerva in the Forum Tranfitorium), then to have turned to the left through the Forum of Auguftus (included in that of Trajan, fee note 1 86), and to have gone out of the imperial Fora through the Arco dei Pantani. (Jordan, Topograpbie, ii. 474). But this interpretation gives a forced fenfe to the words et Jic precedent ante arcum, which, according to the ufage obferved elfewhere, fhould mean paffing by the objed, not walking towards it. It is probable that the words arcum Nervae conceal a reference to fome other monument near S. Adriano. Jordan fuggefts arcam Noes but if this name was then popularly applied, as it was in the fifteenth century, to the temple of Minerva (Urlichs, Codex, 165, 225), it would fcarcely be employed by a learned writer, who in another place calls the fame building the temple of Nerva, fee p. 171. One Y

1 62 Or do Romanus. Eudoxia,* and croffing by the filex nigh to the Houfe of Orpheus,*^® goeth down by the title of Saint Praxed to Saint Mary the Greater. may fufpeft that the monument really paffed was the ruin with Doric pilafters near S. Adriano defcribed by Labacco and deftroyed in the fixteenth century (Note 190). I am inclined to think that the route is the fame as that fhortly defcribed in Extrad iv, and the arcus Aureae (if that is the true reading, compare p. 167) in porticu apfidata is the Arch of the Forum Tranlitorium, which appears to have opened into a curved porticus. (See the plan in Middleton's Ancient Rome, 253.) There is reafon to think that the Arco del Pantani was clofed through the middle age. It is fo reprefented in Bufalini's plan; the exifting marks of rafters on the arch fhow that medieval buildings were placed againft it; and the Anonymus Magliabecchianus defcribes the monaftery of St. Bafil as extending to the temple of Minerva (Urlichs, Codex, 165). The expreilion per Forum Traiani does not, according to the ufage of the author, neceflarily mean through, but rzih^T along the Jide of, the Forum. See note 384. ® luxta Eudoxiam. Near S. Pietro in Vincoli, called Titulus Eudoxiae, Mirabilia, Part ii. c. 6. ^^ The church of S. Lucia in Orphea, otherwife called S. Lucia in filies, had its name from a lacus Orphei (probably a fountain adorned with fculpture relating to Orpheus), mentioned in the Notitia, Region V.

St Mary Major to Later an. 163 3. ProceJJion from Saint Mary the Greater to the Lateran on Eajier Day, with the ceremony of the Laji Supper. (lb. c. 48, p. 141.) MASS ended (at Saint Mary the Greater) the Pontiff* is crowned^ and returneth with proceffion to the Palace by the Efquiline Hill. Entering under the arch^ where it is called the I/ivian market^^ he proceedeth before the temple of Marius, that is called Cimbrum^ croi&ng by Merulana, goeth up to the palace by the Fullery.^ In the entry of the bafilica of Saint Zacchary Pope, after receiving the lauds of the cardinals and judges, as in other crown-days,* he difmounteth from his horfe, and is received by the Primicerius. The Secundicerius of the judges taketh the crown, and giveth it to the chamberlain,* who placeth it with care in the cheft. And on that day the Judges bring him into the great Leonian bafilica, into a chamber where eleven benches are prepared and one lower feat • around ^ The arch of Gallienus by the church of St. Vitus in macel/o, on the iite of the ancient macellum Liviae. 2 Mirabilia^ p. 107. ^ luxtafulkniam. See p. 79. * In aliis coronis. ^ Cubiculario. ^ Undecim fcamna et unum Jubfellium.

164 Or do Romanus. the table of my Lord Pontiff, as well as his own couch '^ well arranged, after the fafhion of the Twelve Apoftles around Chrift's table, when they did eat the Paffover. There five Cardinals and five Deacons and the Primicerius recline on their elbows at fupper, the prejbyterium having been firft given in the chamber with the manus^ as on Chriftmas day. The Pontiff then arifeth and Cometh to the place that is called Cubitoriumy where the roafted lamb is blefled j and blefleth it, and returneth to the couch at the table. The Prior of the bafilica fitteth in the lower feat before the couch. Then my lord Pontiff taketh a little of the lamb, and firft offereth it to the Prior, faying: That thou doeft, do quickly, and as Judas received unto damnation, fo do thou receive unto remiffion; and putteth the fame into his mouth, who taketh and eateth. The reft of the ® The prejhyterium and the manus appear to have been gifts of money. In cap. 22 it is faid, " On Chriftmas day and on Eafter day he giveth to all the principal officers {omnibus prior ibus) a manus y that is a double prejbyterium^ to wit to the FrefcA XX foL and the manuSy to the primicerius of the judges \\\\, foL and the manus ^ to each of the judges iiii. JoLy etc. So after the greater Litanies (c. 56) the clergy receive from the Curia of my lord Pope a pre/byterium.

Ceremony of the Lajl Supper. 165 lamb he giveth to thofe that fit at meat with him^ and to others as he will^ and fo they all do eat. And when the banquet is half done^ a deacon arifeth on the bidding of the archdeacon and readeth the LeiTon. The fingers then by the order of my lord Pontiff fmg a Sequence fui table for Eafter with the mufic of the organ ; and that done, they go and kifs the Pontiff's feet, who giveth them a cup full of liquor,* the which they drink, and receive from the Burfer^®® one bezant. 4. Procejjwn from the Later an to Saint Peter* s and back^ part of the Ceremony of Eafer Monday, (lb. c. SO, 51, p. 143.) IN the morning all the Orders Palatine are affembled at the palace with the Pontiff, and come down from the palace ; and my lord Pontiff rideth. He entreth by the Field ^ near Saint Gregory in Martio^ goeth down into thv • Coppam plenatn potione. ^® A 'faccellario, ^ The campus Lateranus, called in Bufalini's plan campus fan^usy lay to the north of the Bafilica and Palace. 2 S. Gregory in Martio is identified with the little chapel of S. Mari" Tmperatrice, whjch lately

1 66 Or do Romanus. Greater Way, under the Conduit Arch, and on the right hand before Saint Clement," turning to the left near the ColofTeum, pai&ng by the arch of exilled in the garden of the Englifh fculptor, Warrington Wood, at the Villa Campana, in the angle between the Via S. Giovanni Laterano and the Via SS. Quattro. ' Defcendit in viam Maiorem fub arcu formae et dextra manu ante fanBum Clementem. According to an ancient document, cited by Maringoni from the Regifter of the Hofpital of St. Michael (or St. Saviour), the way leading from S. Stefano Rotondo to the Lateran was called via maior et fan St a (Maringoni, SanSta San ff or urn, 291; Urlichs, CodeXy 186). Adopting this interpretation of via maior , the proceffion, for a ihort diftance, followed that road, which lay to the fouth of the aquedudt; then pafTcd under one of its arches and took a way (now no longer ezilling) on the right hand, leading to the front of the atrium of S. Clemente; after palling which it turned to the left (into the via Labicana) and pafTed along the north fide of the ColofTeum in the direftion of the Via Tor de' Conti. The whole route may be traced on Bufalini's plan. But it is perhaps more probable that the via maior of the Ordo was the road to S. Clemente reprefented by the prefent Via di S. Giovanni (Urlichs, CodeXf 90), in which cafe the proceffion, having entered that route under one of the arches of the aquedudt, turned to the right to pass before the atrium of S. Clemente.

From the Later an to St. Peter's. 167 Aurea* before the Forum of Trajan as far as Saint Bafil^ and going up by the hill about the Militiae Tiberianae^^ goeth down by Saint Abbacyrus,^ and paiSng before the Holy Apoftles, on the left hand going down into the Via Lata, and turning down by the Via ^irinalis^ and pro* Tranfiens per arcum Aureae [al. Nerviae], Whatever is the true reading, the arch is probably that which formerly ftood to the fouth of the temple of Minerva in the Forum Tranfitorium. See p. i6z. It is important to obferve that the vrord per, in the language of this document, does not mean through or un^er, but by. When the proceffion paffes through an arch, the expreffion is /ub arcu. See notes 383, 401, 403. The procefEon therefore does not enter the imperial Fora, but continues outlide the wall of the Forum of Auguftus (in which was eftabliihed the convent of St. Balil), towards the Torre delle Milizie. ^ Circa militias Tiberianas. • This church (originally dedicated to S. Cirus abbas, converted by a gradual corruption to S, AbbacyruSy and Santa Pacera) appears to have been near the north end of the hemicycle of the Forum of Trajan, by the Via Magnanapoli. See Martinelli, Roma Sacra, ^z, 335. 7 Siniftra manu defcendens in via Lata [qu. viam Latam"] et declinam per viam Quirinakm, The Via Lata is the Corfo. The Via Quirinalis (not known as an ancient ftreet) was evidently a ftreet leading from the Quirinal hill acrofs the Coifo; poifibly

1 68 Or do Romanus. ceeding to Saint Mary in Aquiro at the Arch of Pity,® fo goeth up to the Campus Martins^ paffing before Saint Trifo,^*® nigh to the Pofterns,^ unto the Bridge of Hadrian j entreth by the bridge, and goeth forth by the Porta Gollina * before the temple and caftle of Hadrian, proceeding before the obelifk of Nero, entreth by the Porch nigh to the Sepulchre of Romulus,* goeth up to the Vatican, into the bafilica * of the blefled Apoftle Peter; and there fingeth mafs with all the Roman People. the lane leading from the Trivium (Piazza Trevi) towards the Pantheon, or the ftreet mentioned by Petrarch as croffing the Via Lata, ubi tranfverfa illam (Viam Latam) fecat via^ quae a montibus ad Camilli arc urn y et inde ad Tiber im defcendit (Petrarcha, Epift. FamiL viii. i.) For the Arch of Camillus, fee p. 21, note 40. ® See p. 14, note 28 ; and p. 84. ® See p. 84, note 162. ^ The church of S. Trifone faced the Via dell a Scrofa, and was abforbed in the convent of S. Agoftino. ^ luxta pofterulas. Thcfe appear to have been openings in the wall, which was carried along the bank of the river from the corner near the Porta Flaminia to the Aelian Bridge. 3 The Porta CoUina occurs in the lift of Gates, Mirahiliay p. 8. It appears to have clofed the bridge from the Leonine City. * Mirabiliay Part iii. chapter 3. * In bafilica [read bafiUcam],

From St Peter's to the Later an. 169 The which ended, he is crowned before the bafilica of Saint Peter, in the place where he mounteth his horfe; and wearing his crown he returneth with proceffion to the Palace, by the fame Holy Way ^ by the Porch and by the aforefaid bridge, entering under the triumphal arch of the emperors Theodofius, Valentinian and Gratian,® and goeth nigh to the palace of Cromatius, where the Jews make praife.''' PreiEng on by Parione between the Ring of Alexander ® and Pompey's Theatre, he goeth down by Agrippa's Porch and goeth up by the Pineay nigh unto Palatina^ and paiEng on before Saint Mark, goeth up under the Arch of the Hand of * Per banc viamfacram, ^ Mirahilia^ p. 10. ^ Mirabilia^ p. 114. In the Ordo Romanus of Jac. Gaietanus, the place where the Jews made their reverence to the pope is faid to be ad turrim de Campo, Mabillon, Mus. ltd, ii. 259. ® Projilicus per Parionem inter circum Alexandri etc. Between the Yizxtol Navona and the theatre of Pompey. The Poriicus Agrippina is probably the Portico of the Pantheon, infcribed with the name of Agrippa. ^ Afcendit per pineam iuxta paiatinam. The name of Pinea remains in the Piazza Pigna, and is ftill attached to the Region. The bafilica of St. Mark was founded, a d. 336, by St. Mark Pope, iuxta Palatinas. Lib. Pontif, 49. Z

170 Or do Romanus. Fleflij by the Clivus Jrgentarius*^ between the in/ula of that name and the Capitol; goeth down before the prifon of Mamertinus, entreth under the Triumphal Afch,^ between the Fatal Temple and the Temple of Concord,^ proceeding between the Forum of Trajan and the Forum of Caefar, entered! under the Arch of Nerva,^ between the *^ Su3 arcu manus carneae per cUvium argentarium. See pp. I2y 91, 92. 1 Intrat fub arcu^ etc. This may ferve as evidence, that in the earlier part of the twelfth century one vault at leaft of the Arch of Severus was ftill open. At the end of the fame century it appears by a bull of Pope Innocent III. {Mirabiliana^ part iv.) that the fouth vault belonged to the clergy of St. Servius, and the middle vault, which was divided between them and a private proprietor, was already occupied by chambers. * The Fatal temple was Sta Martina. The temple of Concord was rightly known. (See page 95). • Sub arcu Nervaey[Nerviae^ Mabillon]. Leaving the arch of Severus, the proceffion goes through the ancient Forum Tranjitorium, having on the left hand the * Forum of Trajan' which included that of Auguftus (see p. 92), and on the right the so-called Forum of Caefar (fee p. 99), and paffcs under the arch between the temple of Minerva and another building (poffibly the Colonnacce) called the temple of Janus. But this arch appears to be called elfc^ where arcus Aureae, See pp. «6i, 167.

Mamertine Prifon to Later an. 171 temple of the fame goddefs and the temple of Janus, goeth up before Afylum along the ftlex where Simon Magus fell before the Temple of Romulus/ proceedeth under the Triumphal Arch of Titus and Vefpafian which is called the Seven Lamps, goeth down to the Meta Sudans before the Triumphal Arch of Conftantine, turning on the left hand before the Amphitheatre,*' and by the Holy Way nigh unto the Coloffeum^ returneth to the Lateran ; and there being honorably received, and praifes having been made by the cardinals and judges, goeth up to the Palace ^ giveth a prejhyterium without manuslf and maketb a banquet ® in the fame Leonine BafUica, After the banquet he goeth down to Vefpers, and doth the office as it is written. * Sec pp. 100, 136. * Reclinans manu laeva ante amfhithefitrum. * Per fan Bam viam iuxta Colofeum. The fanRa via may be the road palling by SS. Quattro. See Panvinius, in Platina, Vit. Pont, f, 104. But in the document cited in note 383 it is identified with via major and the lane pafling by S. Stefano Rotondo, ^ Prejbyterium Jine manibus. See note 398. * Celebrat convivium.

172 Or do Romanus. 5, Procession from the CobJJeum to Saint Peter's, in a Greater Litany. (lb. c. 57, 58, p. 146.) WHEN the proceffion is come before the Coloffeum, the Subdeacon of the Region beginneth the Septiform Litany, and they of the bafilicas* fing the refponfes unto the feventh. And when he is come before Saint Mary New, my lord Pope, in a bed prepared for the purpofe,*^^ taketh reft, with the Bifliops, Cardinals and Deacons, until the Litany be ended. The which done, my lord arifeth and faith, Oremus, and the Deacon, FleSfamus genua. The refponfe foundeth, Levate. The Pontiff faith a prayer; the deacon , Procedamus cum pace, and they all return in procefEon by the via Jacra^ to the beforementioned Clivus Argentariiy or Silverfmith's Hill. The Subdeacon beginneth the Quinqueform Litany in the fame order as before as far as the bed before Saint Mark, where my lord repofeth, as in the firfl. Then they return in proceffion to the Triumphal Arch of the Emperors Theodofius, ^ Bajilicarii. *^® In praeparato leRo. 1 Per viam Sacram. The ufe of the claffical name in this inftance is remarkable. The name was preferved in the Afts of Saints. Compare Mirabilia, note 195.

Colojfeum to St. Peter's. 173 Valentinian and Gratian,^ where he beginneth the Triform Litany as far as the bed on the Hadrian Bridge. They then come to Saint Laurence in the Greater Porch,^ where he beginneth the Simple Litany as far as the bed at the Cantarus before Saint Mary of the Vergers at the end of the Court.* The Litany ended and the other ofHces, he afcendeth to the bafilica of Saint Peter, where is a ftation, and there my lord Pontiff fingeth Mafs. 6. ProceJJion with the Sacred Pi^fure, part of the Ceremony on the Feaji of the AJfumption of St. Mary. (ib. c. 72, p. 151.) IN the AfTumption of Saint Mary, my lord Pope, with all the Curia, doeth Vefpers and Vigils of nine leflbns in the church of Saint Mary Greater. When this is done, he returneth to the Lateran, and the Cardinals and Deacons, ^ See pp. 10, 159. * St. Laurence, alfo called in Pifcibus from a family of that name (Martinelli, Roma Sacra^ S^S)* is in the Borgo S. Michele, now included in the Borgo San Spirito. * Ufque ad leBum cantari ante fan Bum Mariam in Firgari [al. Hrgariorum] in fine cortinae. The

174 Or do Romanus. with all the people, take the image of Jefus Chrift from the Bafdica of Saint Laurence,*^ carrying it through the Lateran Field nigh to the bafilica of Saint Gregory.* . . . The prefect, with the Twelve Men, receiveth from the Curia twelve torches ;7 and the Ufhers twelve more, which they carry kindled before the Image. While the Image paffeth through the Field, the chamberlains ftand on the top of Saint Gregory,® holding two kindled torches, the which they quench when the Image is pafled. And when the Image is come to Saint Mary New, they put it down before the church, and wafh his feet with bafiL' Meantime, in the church, the Schools do cantarm here mentioned was not the fountain in the Parvife (p. 73), but another bafin at the foot of the fteps of St. Peter's, before a chapel which took its name from the chaplains who attended with rods at the high altar {virgarii)^ and who had an bofpitium near this chapel. Martinelli, Roma Sacra, 375. ' The famous pifture in the chapel of St. Laurence or San£la San6torum. See p. 132. * See p. 165. ^ Faculas, ® In fttlmine fanSii Georgii [read Gregorit], ® Lavant pedes eius de bafilico. That is, with water in which this herb was fteeped. The water fo ufed was believed to acquire a healing power. Aqua ilia qua cum badlico pedes eius lavantur a languenUbus haufta nonnullis extat caufa recuperandae falutis.

ProceDion with Sacred Picture. 1 75 Matins, to wit, of three Leffons.**^ And the people {landing and bleffing the Lord, take the Image thence and carry it to Saint Hadrian, where they wafh his feet. And, ifluing from the church, they return by the way they came, and carry it by the Arch in Lathone^ becaufe of old time there was a great perfecution of the Devil there. Then they pafs nigh to the Houfe of Orpheus, by reafon of the Bafilifk, which at that time lay hid^ there in a hole, by whofe ftench and hiffing men that paffed thereby were made fick and died: therefore Pope Sergius ordained this Proceffion in this great feftival, to the intent that by the lauds of fo many people, and the interceflion with God of the moft holy Virgin Mary, the Roman people might be delivered from thefe perfecutions. They then go up to Saint Mary where my lord Pontiff, being arrayed, lingeth Mafs, and bleffeth the tired people ; and they all depart. Lateran MS. cited by Martinelli, Roma Sacra, 158. 420 q'rium fcilicet leSiionum. ^ Arcum in Lathone. See p. 100, note 203. * luxta domum Orphei propter bafilijcum qui tunc temporis latitabat. See note 370. The bafiliik may be the dragon of the legend of St. Silvefter, or perhaps another monfter. Mirabiliay p. 98.

MIRABILIANA. IV. Three Records.*^ I. Grant of the Capitoline Hill to the Abbey of St. Mary in the Capitol, Extract from a Bull of Pope Anackte IL (about 1130) cited in a Bull of Pope Innocent IV. 1252.* ANACLETE Bifhop, Servant of the Servants of God, to his beloved fons in Chrift, John, Abbat of the Holy Mother of God ^^'^ The extrafts here tranflated furnifh examples of the two kinds of documents from which a complete commentary on the Mirabilia would be largely drawn, namely, legal records and ecclefiaflical infcriptions. The two Bulls throw light on the medieval topography of the moft interefting parts of Rome, the Capitol and the Forum. The Lift of Relics of the Lateran is inferted in illuftration of the paflages in the Mirabilia (p. 65), and in Church Marvels (p. 131), relating to the fame fubjeft, * Thefe Bulls are printed in Cafimiro, Storia della chiefa di Araceliy pp. 21, 432*. The Bull of Anaclete, which is of a date between 11 30 and 1 1 34, is extradled in Urlichs, Codex y 147; Jordan, Topographic y ii. 667.

Grant of the Capitol. 177 and Virgin Mary, and of Saint John Baptist in the Capitol, and his fucceflbrs to be regularly promoted for ever .... To the faid monaftery of the fame Mother of God, to thee committed. We do grant and confirm the whole hill of the Capitol in entirety, with the houfes, crypts, cells, courts, gardens, and trees, both fruitful and unfruitful, together with the porticus of the Camellaria,^ with the land before the monaftery that is called the Market-place,® with the walls, ftones, and columns, and all things in general thereto appertaining; the which is included in thefe bounds : on the firft fide is the Public Way that leadeth by the Silverfmith's Hill, that is now called the Defcent of Leo Prothus'J on the fecond fide is the Public Way that leadeth under the Capitol; and from thence it goeth down ^ The Porticus of the Tabularium overlooking the Forum appears to have been called Camel/aria^ or Camellaria Juferior to diftinguifh it from a building (conftrufted in the cell of the temple of Concord and belonging to the clergy of the church of St» Sergius) which is called Camellaria inferior \n a Bull of Innocent III 11 99 (p. 181), and Camellana S» Sergiim a Bull of Innocent VI. 1360 (Martinelli, Roma Sacra^ 39o)» See Mirabilia, p. 90. ^ ^i locus nundinarum vocatur. See Mirabilia^ pp. 88, 89; Caiimiro, Storia di Araceli, 433. ^ The Salita di Marforio. 2 A

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178 Mirabtliana. through the boundary smd hillflde,^ above the gardens which Ildebrand and John de Guinizo did hold, 93 far a9 the Greater Temple that looketh over the Elephant:^ on the third fide are the banks that are over the Well of the MeatMarket,**^ and thence winding by their cliffs^ above Canaparia,^ as far as the charnel-houfe of Saint Theodore;* on the fourth fide it goeth up from the fame charnel-houfe through the hole where is the Verfified Stone^* and thence goeth ® Exinde dejcendit per limitem et appendicem. The fenfe feems to require afcendity as the boundary is carried up from the lane at the foot pf the hill (under Ara Cell) to the ruins on the edge of the hill over Piazza Montanara. The word appendicem appears to be ufed in the fame fenfc as the modern Italian pendice, ^ Mirabliay p. 88, note 171. ^^ Fontem de macelioy probably in the Piazza Montanara. ^ Per appendices fuas. ^ Mirabilidy pp. 96, 97, note 196. In a lift of churches, enumerated in order, by Niccolo Signorili (Cod. Vat. 3^56), the following names occur in this order,. 5. Adrianiy S. Martinae^ SS. Sergii et Baccbi^ S, Mariae de Canapara, 5, Mariae de Inferno. Cafimiro, Ara Celiy 438. * In camarium S» Jbeodori. * Per caveam in qua eft peira verfificata. An infcribed ftone; poffibly the architrave, redifcovered

Grant of the Arch of Severus, 1 79 down by the Garden of Saint Sergius*^ to the Garden that is under the Camellaria^ coming by the Hundred Steps* to the firft bound: around the fame Hill we do grant and confirm to thee and thy fucceifors the houfes^ crypts, and ihops in the Market, and all the Hill of the Capitol iii entirety, and all other things that are in the hill or about the hill. 2, Grant to the Church of St. Sergius and Bacchus, of half the Arch of Severus and other property. Extract from a Bull of Pope Innocent III. 1 199. TO Romanus Archprieft and the clerks of the Holy Martyrs Sergius and Bacchus, as v/ell prefent as future for ever. Albeit the care of all churches'^ is committed in the fifteenth century, with infcriptions relating to the fo-calledyri^/tf Xantbi* * This garden was behind the church of S. Sergius. Compare the next record extraftcd. * Per Gradus centum. Apparently the afcent to the Capitol from the Prifon. An afcent to the Capitol called Centum Gradus is mentioned by Tacitus (Hift. iii. 71) ; but is not neccflarily the fame. ^ Licet omnium ecclefiarum. The firft part of the bull, preceding the defcription of the property,

i8o Mirahiliana. to us, neverthelefs it behoveth us the more diligently to provide for thofe that are in the City and to keep their rights unimpaired, inafmuch as they are known more efpecially to belong to our jurifdiction .... we do grant .... the moiety of the Triumphal Arch, which in all confifts of three arches, whereof one of the lefler arches is more near to your church,^ upon which arch one of the towers is feen to be built; and the moiety of the greater arch that is in the middle, with the chambers next to the leffer arch; with their entrances and exits and all their appurtenances, which are included under thefe bounds. On the firft fide is the other moiety of the fame Triumphal Arch, of the right of the heirs of Ciminus; on the fecond fide is another clofe^ of the above-written Ciminus, and a court and the public way; on the third fide is the court of your church; and on the fourth fide is the public way which pafleth before the faid church, as in the inftrument of demife made by Gregory, of good memory, to the Cardinal Deacon of the fame church is more fully contained; the church of St. is not fully given in the colleftion of the Regefta Innocentii III, i. 404. The defcription of the property is extrafted in Latin by Jordan, Topograpbie^ ii. 668. 8 A Hud clauftrum.

Grant to Saint Sergtus. i8i Saviour de Jiatera^ with its appurtenances j the church of Saint Laurence, fituate under the Capitol, with the buildings,**® crypts, gardens, and all other appurtenances thereof; all the houfes fituate in Gallicis which are included in thefe bounds; on two fides it is held by your church, on the third fide it is held by Saint Martina, on the fourth fide is the public way which paileth before the faid church; .... an houfe fituate near the houfe of John de Afcefa; four crypts with the tofts ^ before them, as far as the public way behind the church of Saint Saviour de Statera, which ye bought of the heirs of Peter de Afcefa; one toft in the region of Saint Theodore at the foot of the Canaparia, two tofts nigh to the Perfect Pillar;^ alfo the Parifti of the lower Camellaria, and the property of the fame Camellaria, fo that no injury be done to the dwellers in the fame Camellaria by the dwellers in the upper Camellaria;^ alfo the garden of Saint Laurence or above Saint Laurence; the land which was ^ Mirabilia, p. 96. 4^0 Cum cafis. ^ Cum cajalinis. Cafalinum, locus ubi cafae acdificataefuerunt, Ducange, Glojfarium. 2 luxta columnam perfectijjimam. PofTibly the Phocas Column. 8 Mirabilia^ p. 90. See alfo note 425.

1 8 2 Mirahiliana. formerly an olive-yard from the cavern as far as Saint Saviour; the land above the olive-yard as far as the bath or bafin; the garden of Saint Sergius or behind Saint Sergius, and the garden among the columns,^ as far as the Apfe ^ and as far as the Mamertine Prifon, upon the which a queftion was long moved between you and the church of Saint Mary of the Capitol, and was fet at reft by an amicable compofition by the delegation of Pope Celeftine, of happy memory, our predecefibr, through our beloved fons J. by the title of Saint Stephen in Celiomonte^ and S. by the title of Saint Praxed, Cardinal Priefts, as in the writing of the faid Cardinals, thereof made, is more fully contained; to you and through you to your church, by authority apoftolic, we do confirm. 3. Table of Relics at the Bafilica of the Later an, ^ THIS Bafilica of our Saviour and Lord Jefus Chrift, and of Saint John Baptift, and of the blefled John the Evangelift, is ennobled by * Probably remains of the Porticus of Concord. ^ Jordan fuggefts the apfe of the Secretarium Senatusy poffibly the fanie as a porticus curva mentioned in Calfiodorus. Topographic^ ii. 457, 481. ^ The following table, infcribed in mofaic with gold letters upon a blue ground, was formerly in a

Table of Lateran Relics. 183 thefe moft holy and venerable fanctuares: in the firft place this Wooden Altar, which God's holy pontiffs and martyrs had from the time of the Apoftles, and whereon through the crypts and divers hiding-places they celebrated mafles when the rage of perfecution was threatening. them; upon the which, above, is the Table of our Lord, whereat Chrift fupped with his difciples in the day of [his paffion]. And in this^ altar are two portico behind the high altar in the ancient apfe of the Lateran Bafilica. It is now placed in the new cloifter to the left of the door of the Sacrifty. A fecond fimilar table on the right hand records in verfe the rebuilding of the church by Nicholas IV. in 1 29 1. The two tables are apparently contemporary, though the letters are in fome cafes a little different in form. The Latin original has been printed in Rofponi, De Bafilica Lateran, 48 ; Crefcembeni, S. Giovanni a Porta Latina^ i35;Forcella, Ifcrixioni delle Cbieje, viii, 14. But the copy which follows this Tranflation is believed to be more correft. As to the Lateran relics, see pp. 65, 131, 155. ^ Cena\yit cum difcipulis in die ca^na^ in hoc"] autem. The word ca'^na'^ has been mifread caenae in the printed copies. The in which follows is fupcrfluous. The fign 3 might ftand for any omitted letters, as, for example, fuch a word as cz.tenarum* Perhaps the word was originally carnis; for the line which begins with vit and ends with boc appears to. be a reftoration, containing forms of letters found in the other table, but not elfewhere in this.

184 Mirabiliana. phials of the blood and water from Chrift's fide. Moreover there is part of Chrift's Cradle, the Coat without Seam, and his purple robe. Moreover there is the napkin that was about his head, and the towel that he waflied his difciples' feet withal. Moreover there is of the five barley loaves^ and of the afhes and blood of Samt John Baptift; and his Raiment of Camel's hair; of manna from the tomb of Saint John the Evangelift, and his Coat, and alfo part of the Chain wherewith he came bound from Ephefus, and the {hears® that he was {horn withal by commandment of Caefar Domitian. And beneath this altar is the Ark of the Covenant,® wherein are the Two Tables of the Teftament, Mofes' Rod, and the Rod of Aaron. 7 here is alfo the Golden Candleftick, and the Golden Cenfer full of incenfe, and an urn of gold full of Manna, and some of the Shewbread. Now this ark, with the candleftick and the things aforefaid, together with the four prefent Pillars,*^® did Titus and Vefpafian ® Forcipes, Mirabiliay p. 66. ^ Mirabilidy p. 65. 450 Mirabilia, p. 66y note 119. Thefe bronze columns, which are plain fluted, were formerly at the great arch of the n^ve near the high altar, and were placed by Clement VIII. at the altar of the Sacrament. (Rofponi, De Bajilica Later an^ 45.) Benjamin of Tudela believed them to be from

Relics at the Later an. 185 make to be brought of the Jews from Jerufalem to the City, even as it is feen to this day in the Triumphal Arch that is nigh unto the church of Saint Mary New, for their victory and for a perpetual remembrance of them, fet up by the Roman Senate and People. ( ^Fhe original Latin infcription is printed on the next page,) Solomon's temple. (See p. 115.) They have now composite capitals in which a star (the badge of Clement VIII.) is introduced. 2 H

1 86 Mirabtltana. Literal Copy of the Original Table of Relics at the Lateran Bajtlica. HEC BASILICA SALVATORIS DNT NRF IESV XPf SCTQj lOHlS BAPTISTE ATQ; BEATI lOHAN NIS EVANQELISTE HIS SACRO SANCTIS AC VENERABILIBVS SANCTVARIIS INSIQNI TA CONSISTIT IN PRIMIS HOC ALTARE LIGNEO QUOD SANCTI DEI PONTIFICES 1 MARTYRES AB APO STOLOU* TEMPORE HABVERVNT IN OVO P CRIP TAS 1 DIVERSA LATIBVLA MISSAS CELEBRA BANT PSECUTIONIS RABIE IMMANENTE SVP OVO DE SVPER EST MENSA DOMINI IN OVA XPS CENA VIT CUM DISCIPVLIS IN DIE CAjNAj IN HOC AVTEM IN ALTARI SVNT DE SANGVINE 1 AOVA DE LATERE XPT AMPULLE DUE ITEM EST IBI DE CVNA XPl TVNICA INCONSVTILIS ET PVRPVRE VM VESTIMENTVM EIVS ITEM EST IBI SVDARI VM OVOD FVIT SVPER CAPVT EIVS 1 LINTEVM VNDE PEDES DISCIPVLO^* LAVIT ITEM EX OVINOVE PANIBVS ORDEACIIS ITEM DE CINERIBVS 1 SANQVI NE SANCTI lOHANNIS BAPTISTE 1 CILICIVM EIVS DE PI LIS CAMELORU DE MANASEPULCHRI SCT lOHIS EVA GELISTE ET TVNICA EIVST ETIAM PARS CATENE CVM QUA LEGATVS VENIT AB EFESO FORCIPES CV QVIBVS TONSVS FVIT DE MANDATO CESARIS DOMITIANI SVB ISTO NEMPE ALTARI EST ARCA FEDERIS IN QVA SVNT DVE TABVLE TESTAMENTI VIRGA MOYSI "3 VIRQA AA RON EST IBI CANDELABRV AVREO 1 THVRIBVLV AUREV THYMEAMATE PLENVT URNA AVREA PLE NA MANNA 1 DE PANIBVS PROPOSITIONV HANC AUTEM ARCA CV CANDELABRO ET HIIS QUE DICTA SVT CO QUATVOR PRESENTIBVS COLVPNIS Tl TVS T VESPASIANVS A IVDEIS ASPORTARI FE CERVNT DE H^RVSOLIMA AD VRBE SICVT VS QVE HODIE CERNITVR IN TRIVMPHALI FORNI CE QUI EST IVXTA ECCLESIAM SANCTE MA RIE NOVE OB VICTORIAM ET PERPETWM MONVMENTVM EORVM A SENATV POPVLOQVE ROMANO POSITVM

MIRABILIANA. V. Medieval Plan of Rome. THE map of Rome at the end of this volume is copied (with partial reduction in height but not in width) from one of thofe edited by De Roifi in his valuable feries of medieval plans of Rome. {Piante di Roma, tav. li. i.) De RoiS's drawing is itfelf a reduction (two-thirds of the original) of a plan contained in a manufcript of the Cofmography of Ptolemy, preferved in the National Library at Paris (No. 4802), which has the arms of Henry II. of France upon the binding. In the fixteenth chapter of the Treatife publiflied with the Plans, the learned editor gives an interefting account of thofe manufcripts and printed editions of the Latin Tranflation of Ptolemy's work illuftrated with maps, which were multiplied in the laft thirty years of the fifteenth century. Of the prefent plan of Rome copies exift in other manufcripts, one of which, from the Urbinate MS. No. 277, in the Vatican Library is alfo given in De RofS's work. This book has

1 88 Mirahiliana. the date 1472, and was painted in the ftudy ot Hugo Comminellus de Maceriis^ to whom De Roffi alfo attributes the Paris manufcript. A flight variation in the map of Rome furniflies evidence of the later date of the Paris copy. The Ponte Sifl:o, which was founded in 1473 ^^^ opened in 1475, is abfent in the Urbino manufcript, but appears in that of Paris, which muft therefore have been drawn fomewhat after the other. But the original defign, from which both are taken, is thought by De Roifi to have been made between 1455 and 1464. The period to which our plan belongs is therefore precifely that which witnefled the commencement of the more critical ftudies of clai&cal literature and epigraphy by which the authority of the Mirahilia was overthrown. But the plans bear no imprefs of the new learning; and the names which are afcribed to the monuments belong, as De Rofli has obferved, to " the terminology which may be called Mirabilian." They were evidently prepared by a draughtfman and intended for readers who were ftill guided in their Roman archaeology by the old Hand-book. For this reafon they form a fuitable illuftration to the prefent volume. The Paris plan has been chofen, as being more carefully drawn than that of Urbino. Like moft of the medieval plans of Rome, it is in the nature

Medieval Plan of Rome. 189 of a bird's-eye view, taken from the fide of the Porta del Popolo. Very little attempt is made to reprefent the actual fliape of the city as fliown by the circuit of walls ; and in filling in this area, the fyftem adopted has been to felect the objedls which were thought moft important, the ordinary houfes and the minor churches being altogether omitted, and no indication being given of the ftreets, with one exception, that the route from the Ponte di S. Angelo towards the Capitol, through the Campo di Fiori, and the Jews* Piazza (Piazza del Pianto) is indicated by a line and two fquares. Three Palaces only, the Lateran, the Vatican, and the Senators' Palace at the Capitol, are fliown, with the principal bafilicas and moft famous monuments of antiquity. The hills are indicated by a dark fliading. The monuments are reprefented, not by a mere note of their fituation or area, but by flight flcetches of their general form and appearance, which are often of much value, as fliowing the condition of the buildings in the middle of the fifteenth century. The views of the Capitol and of the Forum are efpecially interefting. In the former the reftored palace of the Senators, flanked by its two weftern towers, has on the left the church of St. Mary in Ara celi, with its long flight of marble fteps, and on the right a ruin confifting of fome

190 Mirabiliana, columns and an architrave, which can fcarcely be other than the laft remains of the Capitoline Temple.*^^ Beyond is feen the Forum. The churches immediately behind the Capitol are omitted. On the right, between the Capitol and the Palatine, is a building which the draughtsman has reprefented as an arch, perhaps intending it for that of Severus, but which, from its fituation, may have been meant, in the original defign, for another monument, poifibly the remains of the temple of Caftor, or of the Bafilica Julia, the Cannapara of the Mirabilia, On the left, the mafs formed by the temple of Fauftina, with the round church of SS. Cofmas and Damian, and the b^lica of Conftantine, is very faithfully fliown. Oppofite Fauftina, in the middle of the Campo Vaccino, is a tower, probably a refidue of the fortrefs of the Frangipani;^ and beyond, drawn on a fmall fcale as a diftant part of the fame (ketch, are the church of S, Maria Nuova, and the Arch of Titus, with the buildings which united them; while to the right rifes the Palatine hill, occupied by the '* Greater Palace " of the Mirabilia, In the next line, beyond the Forum group, towers the Coloffeum, with a magnitude proportioned to its celebrity and importance. **i Mirabilia^ p. 88, note 171 and p. 178. 2 See p. 99.

Medieval Plan of Rome. 191 The mafs of buildings at the Lateran, and the nearer and more detailed group of the Vatican and the Borgo, are no lefs inftructive. In the latter the ancient pyramid, called the Sepulchre of Romulus, is feen near the caftle of Saint Angelo. Between the Porta del Popolo and the Porta Pia, may be ftudied a group of ruins which furnifh a fuggeftion of what then remained of the Salluftian Palace and of the Domus Finciana, Outfide the walls the principal churches and other places of intereft to pilgrims are fliown; but the moft charafteriftic object confifts of a length of broken aqueduct, at the fide of which is a heap of earth under which is believed to be a temple, a typical and truly Mirabilian picture of the Roman Campagna. In the original map the names of many, but not all, of the objects delineated are written againft them in Latin, in a hand by no means eafy to read. In the following table the plan is divided into fixteen parts, of which the firft four are thofe along the top; and the objefts in each part, the higher objefts being taken firft, are indicated by the Latin names ufed in the original map, or by a modern defcription, or by both. The names in brackets [ ] are fupplied from the companion map in the Urbinate Manufcript mentioned above.

192 Mtrabiliana. A, I. An aquedudl and a heap of ruins, infcribed Sub hoc cumuh eft templum. Porta maior, A. 2. Colojfeum parvum^ Sancta Crux in leru" falem (the Amphitheatrum Caftrenfe, and Church of Holy Crofs in Jerufalem). P. Sancti Johannis Laterani (the Gate and Palace of Saint John Lateran) . [ Sancta Sanctorum, fcala hac per quam Chrjftus ad Pilatum], the chapel of Saint Laurence, called Holy of Holies (with a dome over it), and the Scala Sancta. The *' Horfe of Conftantine."* The Arch of Dolabella with a tower over it.^ A. 3. Theatrum [theatrum gladiatorum^ theatro dove battagle mortali faceano\ the circus of Maxentius. 5. Sebaftianus. S. Annunciata. [Domine quo vadis"]. Porta latina. Porta Dazza [Porta Appia^. Porta 5. PaulL Palatium Augufti (?) Therma Antoniana (Antoninianae). The Aventine Hill, Su Saus (S. Sabba, in old Italian, Santo Save), [Arcus Tarquinii Prlfci, 5. Alefti'], A. 4. Outfide the walls, a pillar on the way to Saint Paul, [apud hanc crucem S. Paulus prouta^ * This objeA is added from the drawing in the Urbino Manufcript. * Perhaps in the original drawing S. Stefano Rotondo may have been reprefented here. * De Roffi fuggefts the words prout ante mortem dixeraty and the emendation velum for telum {Piante^

Medieval Plan of Rome, 193 defunctus telum mulieri reddidit], Ponte della Moletta, with a building near the bridge. S, Paulus, Further off, the Tre Fontane, [/bntes ubi decollatus eft S. Paulus]^ S. NaftafiuSy Scala cceli. Within the walls, Remi fepulcrum. Teftaccius mom. B. 1. Porta S, Laurent ii. Aqua duSfus, B. 2. Colojfeum. Trophea cymbrica [y/rcus cymbrius], S. Petrus in vincula, Turris comitum, S. Adrianus (S. Lorenzo in Miranda). SS. Cofma and Damiano. Templum Pads (Bafilica of Conftantiiie). S, Maria Nuova. Ara Celt. B. 3. Trax Arms [Arcus Thracius] (Arch of Conftantfne, commonly called Arcode trafi) . Arch of Titus. Palatium /«<2/^r^ {Palatine Hill^id Imperial palaces), [Spelunca Cacct] under the Aventine. Templum Sybillarum [Sybilla], S. Maria in Cofmedin. [Pons Sancta Maria], Hie se iecit horatius in amnem. Tower of the Frangipani. Arch of Severus, or Bafdica Julia. 5. Georgius [Templum Severip. 146). See before p. 144. The little building between the pillar and St. Paul may have been the church of S. Menna, reftored by Leo IIL {Lib, Ponti/,), and named in the Einliedeln Itinerary. Urlichs, Codex^ 68; Jordan, Topograpbiey ii. 258 ; Marti nelli, Roma Sacra, 377. 2 C

194 Mirabiliana. anurn]. Double arch' in the Velabrura. [T^mplum lovis quod et domus favelioruTn\? [ Pom ludeorum]. 5. bartolomeus, [Pons tranftiberim]. B. 4. Porta Portuenjis. Porta S. PancratiU The Church of St. Pancras, [5, Cecilia y S. Francifci^, S, Grifogonus, S, Petrus in montorio ubi cruci afixus eft. S. Maria tranftiberim ubi in natali Chrifti oleum manavit [unde oleum fiuxit in tiberim in nocte nativitatis domini"]. C. I . Outflde the walls, S, Laurentius, Porta Numentana (Porta Pia). Thermae Diocletiana. C. 2. On the hill, S. Maria Maggiore. The Marble Horfes. [Menfa Neronis], Militia turris [Militia palatium]. In the valley, Palatium Cafaris (Forum of Auguftus). Columna Antoniana^ (Column of Trajan). S. Marcus. Minerva. Bruti fepulchrum? S, Afoftolus, f The two objedls which in one map stand for the church of S. Giorgio in Velabro, and the arch near it, are identified in the other as the Portico of Oftavia then called the temple of Severus, and the Theatre of Marcellus, in which the Savelli were already eftablifhed. 8 Antoniniana, The names of the two great columns feem to be accidentally tranfpofed. 5 See note 164.

Medieval Plan of Rome. 195 Traiana Columna (Column of Marcus Aurelius). Palatium Adriani (Arch of Claudius?).^ S. Maria Rotonda, C, 3. 5. Angelus ubi forum pifcatorum (Portico of Oaavia). The Ponte Sifto. Porta Septignana, S. Eujiachius, Area iudea, (Piazza del Pianto) . 5. lacopus de Septignana. S. Lorenzo in Damafo. Platea^ i.e. campus deflore. C. 4. laniculus mons. Porta Sancti Spiritus, [Lacus neronis"], Palatium neronis [Agulia, S, Petri]. D. 1. S. Agnefa. Porta Salaria, Porta Pinciana, [Pincis] (The ruins of the Palaces on the Pincian Hill). D, 2. S. Sihe/ler ubi caput eji batifa lohanis. Arch in the Via Flaminia.^ S. Laurentius in lucina. S. Apollinaris ubi manjit maometus? [Sancti Auguftini, S. Tri/onis]. [Santa Maria Populi]. Porta Flamminia [qua et Porta popuW], Turris fpiritus neronis [Turris ubi umbra neronis diu manjitavit"]? *®® See p. 12, note 23. 1 See p. II, note 22. 2 I have not found anything to explain this defcription. ' The ftory of Nero haunting the neighbourhood of the Porta del Popolo is not told in the Mirabilin,

196 Medieval Plan of Rome. D. 3. Agon, S. Agnefa, [Domus Orftna\ Monte Giordano.* Tiber fiuviui. S. Celfus [San^i iohannis. S. hiajii']. Bridge of S. Angelo. CaJtellum S. Angeli. Porta Cajlelli [Porta collina qua et caJielW],^ Sepulcrum RomulL D. 4. [Hofpital fancti fpiritus']. Porta viridaria [quce et Sancti Petri] . \_Nova turris. Palatium pontificis], Outfide the wall, TTieatrum, Hadrian's Circus. Frontifpiece, The bronze doors of St. Peter's, made for Eugenius IV. in 1447, have among other ornaments a baf-relief of the Paflion of St. Peter by Antonio Filarete. In this work, to mark the locality, the foreground is occupied by a row of objects conceived in the fpirit of the Afirabilia. Thefe are the ' Sepulchre of Remus • with a figure of Roma before it, the Tiber with fliields and arms floating on it, the 'Temple of Hadrian', the Terebinth, and the ' Sepulchre of Romulus '. The *aft three objedts fymbolize the place of Saint Peter's crucifixion.® * This object, reprefented as a fquare cattle, is added from the plan of the Urbino manufcript. * The Porta Collina of the Mirabilia and Ordo Romanus is not this gate, but that clofing the bridge on the fide of the Borgo. See pp. 8, 168. « See pp. 7, 75-79, ^^^ no^e 144.

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^ ABOUT 1475

INDEX.

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INDEX. Abdon and Sxnnkn, 50-55. Abfolom, ftatue of, 156. Atrarium^ 95. Acfculapius, temple of, 100, 116. Albifton, 32, loz, 103. Alexandrine circus, 23, 169, Alexandrine Thermae, 18, 82. All Saints* Day, its origin, 49, 50* Anaftafius IV. his tomb, 79. Antonine column, 21, 25, 84. Ayua Sahna^ 30, 134. Ara Celi, 38, 90, 141. Area Noe, 2, i6l«. Arch of Antoninus, 12. Aurea, 161, 167. Claudius, I2«, 195. Camillus, 21. Conftantine, f i, 171, 193. Dripping, 30732.Drufus, 10, 3o«. Hand of Flefli, 12, 170. GaUienus, 163 Gold Bread, 13. Latona {in Lathone\ 100, » '75. Marcus Aurelius, iin, Nerva, 161, 170. Pity or Piety, 14, 84, 168. the Seven Lamps, 11, 100, 171. Severus, ii», 170, 180. Severus in Velabro, I'^n, Theodofius and Gratian, 10, 159, 169. Titus, II, 100, 105, 171. Titus at the tircus, 10. Arch, Roman, 32, 69. Arches, triumphal, 9-15. Arco dei Pantani, 93, no, 163*. Argentaria injtda^ 92. Argentarti cVmmy 91, 170, 177, Augurator'mm, 102. S. Auguftine cited, 37, Auguftutriy maufoleum of Auguftus, Auguftus, vifion of, 35. Aurelia Oreftilla, her houfe, in. Aventine hill, no. Ba/neana^Usy 17. S. Bafil, coi\vent of, 92, i62«, 167. Bede, his tomb, 125. Breeches Towers, 11. Bridges of Rome, 24, 25^ Brutus' sepulchre, 85^, 194. Buihels, ruins so called, 108. Caccabariorum regioj 113. Caelian hill, 106. Caefar, Forum of, 99. Caefar, see Julius. Calcararej 85. Camellaria, 90, 177. Upper and Lower, 177//, 181. CamlUanumy 21, 85. Camfnti Martius, 84, 168.

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200 Index. Cannapara, 3i«, 32, 89, 96, 178, 181. Cantarus at the Vatican, 73, 173. Capitol, 16, 86-90. Capitoline hill granted to abbey of St, Mary, 176-179. Capitoline temple, ruins of, 88, 178, 190. Career TulRanus^ 112. Cartulary tower, 11, 101. Catacombs, 26-29. Cateritio, S. Maria iir, 114. Catiline, palace of, 97. Cemeteries or catacombs, 26-29. Centum Gradus, 179. Chromatius, palace of, 114, I59> 169. Churches : S. Abbacy rus, 167. S. Agnes In Agone^ 137. S. Agnes without the Walls, 149 S. Anaftaiius, 134. S. Angelo in Pefcheria, 113, 145. S. Balbina, 149. S. Bartholomew, 116, 145. S. Benedid in Pifcinuloj 116. S. Catherine dei Funari, 86. S. Cefarius, 102. S. Cofmas, 100. S. Crofs in Jerufalem, 20, 145 S. Gregory, 129, 143. m Martioj 165, 174. S. John at Janiculum, 2, 22. Lateran, see Lateran Bafilica. at Latin Gate, 7, 142. S. Laurence in Fonte^ 151. in Laterano [Sancta Sanctorum) J 13 1, I3»f 174in Lucina, 151. in Alirandaf 106. in Panifpernaj 147. in Porticu (in Pijcibus\ 17%, Churches (continued) : S. Laurence without the Walls, 151. S. Lucia in Orphea, i6zh. S. Mark, 85, 147. S. Mary in Campo^ 92. in Cafito/iOf {in ara ceS), 38, 90, 141. of Egypt, lli«. in Fontana, 108. de Grade/fuj iii. Imperatrice, 1651K. de Inferno, 97, 145. Major, 107, 121, 134. Sopra Minerva, 85. New, 100, 135. in Jchda Graeca, 1 11, II2ff. in Traflevere, 115, 148. Tranfpontina, jj, 137. Virgariorumy 173. S. Menna, I93ff. S. Nicolas in ca/caria, 86. incarcere, 112, 1580. Pantheon, 46, 74, 82, 135. S. Paul, 68, 133. S. Pell^rino, 75. S. Peter in the Vatican, 67, 73, "5. , ad tmculaj 108, 137, 152. S. Praxedes, 138. S. Pudentiana, 138. S. Quiricus, 93. S. Saviour in porticu^ 97. de fiateroj 97, 181, 182. S. Sebaftian at the Catacombs, 151. on the Palatine, loi. SS. Sergius and Bacchus, 95, '79S. Silvcfter in capite^ 137. S. Sixtus, 141. S. Spirito, 148. S. Stephen alle Carrozze, iizn, in fijcinuia, 1 14. Round, 16, III S. Valentine, 8. S. Vitus in macello^ 145.

Index. 20 1 Cicero, temple of, 112, 158. Qmbruntj 107, 16'?. Cincius or Cinthius, prefect, 79. Grci znA fta£a^ 23. Circus Atttonini^ 1 14. Grcm MaximuSy 103, 105. Cleopatra, 57, 58. OMinafortOy 8, 168, 196. CololTeum, 62-64, '7i« CololTus, 63, 64«, 102. Concord, temple of, 92, 95, 170. Conftantiae, bafilica of, 20, 100. converfion of, 68, 122. Thermae of, 21, 109. ConfuU of the Romans, 85. Cornuti, baths of, 34. Craticula, temple of, 113, 158, Crefcentius, castle of, 24, y6, Curtius, legend of, 97, 98. Deacons, eighteen Cardinal, 160. Diocletian, baths of, 108, 138. Domine quo VM&y 7, 27, 143. Elephantta HerbariuSy 88«, 112, 178. England, Dominican monaileries in, 142. Efquiline hill (Monte Superaggio), 17, 147. Fabiiy temple of, 95. Fatal temple, 11, 94, 170. Faunus, temple of, 108, 112, 113. Fauflina, temple of, 100. Flaminian circus, 23, 24, 34, 86, 113, 158. Fors FortuttOy temple of, 116. Forum of Auguftus, 92*, i6i«. of Caefar, 99, 1 70. of Nerva, 93. of Trajan, 21, 91, 93, 161, 167, 170. Forum Romanumy 96/}. Frontefpizio di Neronc, 109. Frangipane, tower of, 99. FuUonia at the Lateran, 79, 163. Gates of Rome, 6-9, Gorgon, temple of, 115. Gradellae, place fo called, 1 11, 158/7. Hadrian, temple of, 91. Hell, place fo called, 97, 145. Hefcodius or Eftodius, a medieval hiftorian, 2. Hol(wkreumy 114, 159. Holy places in Rome, 29-34. Innocent II., his tomb, 79. Ittfula JlfiTicenaf 159. yanus ^(uadrifrottSy 13/r, iii. Janus, temple of, 90, 99, 171. Jews, their ancient league with Rome, 93. their place for faluting the Pope, 169. Jews* Bridge, 24, 113. Piazza, 189, 195. ([Quarter, 24, Judas Maccabeus, 93. Julian, beguiled by Faunus, 108. Julius Caefar, inthroned pontiff, 89. killed in the Capitol, 90. his memorial (obelifk), 71, 73. 2d

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202 Index. Last Sapper, Eaflcr ceremony, 163165. Lateran Bafilica, its foundation, 65 bronze pillars, 66, relics, 65, 66, 106, 131-133, 182186. Lateranm Campus^ 165, 174. Laurence, place of his martyrdom, i8«, 33, no, 147. Legend of SS. Abdon and Stnnen, S. Agnes and her prjcft, 150V Auguftus and the fibyl, 25, 90. the Bull Gate, 7. the Bells of the Capitol (Salvath Romae\ 46, S4King Charles and the ring, 128. Conftantine and S. Silvefter, 32, 68, 122. Curtius, 97, 98. S. Dominic, 142. the foundation of S. Mary Major, 121, 122, 132, 133 the foundation of Rome, the foundation of the Pantheon, 46. the fountain of oil in Traftevere, 34, 115. S. Gregory, 15, 129, I43> H9S. Helen, 124. the horfe called Conftantine's, 42. the horfes of marble, 39» 40. S. John at the Lattn Gate, 7,66,143,184. Julian the Apoftate, 108. S. Laurence, 18, 33, 34, 56, 147, 151Sj Lucy and the Hand of Flefh, 12, 13. Legend of the Maufoleum of Auguftus, 81, 155. Nero and the Frog, 19, 20. S. Paul and the kerchief, 144, 192. the dedication of S. Peter ad tnnada, 5762. S, Peter's chains, 60. S. Peter's corn-heap, 76«. Phidias and Praxiteles, 39Philip, emperor and martyr, 51. the taking of Jerufalem, 154; Pope Joan, 139. the image of Romulus, 21, 136. S- Sebaftian, 31, 114, S. Silvefter and the dragon, 98, 144. Simon Magus, I3S> ^3^, 171. S. Sixtus, 29, 50. S. Stephen, pope, 151, »5^ the Three Fountains, 30. 134. ^ . ^. Trajan s pity and juftice, 14. Virgil's witchcraft, 17. Lentulus, palace of, in. Leo Prothus, Dcfcent of, 177. Leonine city, or Peter's Porch, 6, 9Livy referred to, 4, 5. Lycaonla Jnfula^ 116. Macellim lAvtanum, 163. Magnanapoli, I7». Mahomet, his abode, 195.

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Index. 203 Majofent, an oracle of Apollo, 83. Mamcrtinus, prifon of, 33, 170 182. Mapt of Rome in the middle age, 187. Mariut, trophiea of, 107, 163. Market place of Capitol, 88, 89, Maufoleum of Auguftus, 80, 81. Hadrian, 78. Aitnfa Imperatorii (Neroms\ 109, 194.. Merulana, 163. Meta^ pyramid, fo called^ 75, 76. Meta Sudani, 17 u ACca Aurea^ 3, 22. Minerra Chacidica, temple of, 85. Moneta, temple of, 88. Monte Cayallo, 109. Montorio, 220. Naumachia^ region o£^ 75. Nero, his camp, 148. his Chancery, 84. his Ghoft, 195. his Obeli (k, 77^ 159, 168. his Wardrobe, 71. Nerva, arch of, 161, 167, 170. Forum of, 93. tomb of, 81. Nimrod or Nembroth, a founder of Rome, 3. Noah, a founder of Rome, i. Noah's Ark, ruin fo called, 2, 1610. Obeli (k of the Piazza del Panteon, 85«. of the Vatican, 71. Obeliiks of the Chxus Maximus, 104, 105. Olympia, baths of, 33, 109. Ordo Romama, extrads from, 1 57175. Orphanotroptiumy 106. Orpha domus (lacus), 162, 175. Orrigo, tower of, tii. Ovid cited or alluded to, 9, 80, 88, Palaces of Rome, i9-'22. Palatina, 169. Palathtm tnajus {caja tnajor\ 19, 102. Palatine hill, 10 1, 102. PalUs, temple of (Repa)y 98, 990, lOI. Pantheon, 48, 74, 82, 135. its foundation and hiftwy, 47-50Par lone, 169. S. Paul, bafilica of, 68, 133. martyrdom of, 134, 144. his doak left at Troas, 134. his kerchief, J44, J 92. Peace, temple of, 100, 136, 193. Pergula aurea, 112. S. Peter, bafilica of, 67, 125. body of, 67, 1x6. Cantharus of, 73. his place of martyrdom 77^ i37> 194S. Peter's chains, 60. cornheap, jSn, Parvife or Paradife, 73. Porch, 6, 9. Philip, firft Chriftian emperor, 51. Phocas column, i8i». Pierleone's houfe, 112, 1 130, i^%n, Pilate's houfe, 147. Pinctana domus, Sn, 191. Pincius, king, his palace, 8.

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204 Index. Pinea or Pigna, 82, 169. Pijc'ma in Traftevere, 116. Ponte Siftoy 24. Porttcus affidatOy 16 1. Crinorum, 88. Gallatorum, 157, 158. 5. P*fr; (m^z/V), 159, 173. Octamae, 112, 113, 158. Prifon, Mamertinc, 33, 170, 182. Proceffiona, Papal, 157-175Ravennatium templum (urbs), 34, 115. Regia, 99«. Relics, table of at the Lateran, 182-186. Remus, fepulchre (or temple) of, 7. Rifarmeay or Ripa Romea, 25. Romulus, palace (or temple) of, 20, 100. fepulchreof, 7,75, 168. ftory of his image, 21136. Rofe, the lady, her monaftery, 86. Roftra^ 85. Sanaa Sanctorum at Lateran, 131, 174, 192. holy image m, 132, 174. Saturn, temple of, 92, 95. Saffia, diftrict fo called, 24. Scala Sancta, 192. Schola Graeca^ iii. S. Sebaftian, 114. SeJesJhrcoraria, 129. Senators' palace, 16. Septizonium, 31, 56, 84, 102. Seflbrian palace, 20, 106. SS. Sergius and Bacchus, property of their church, 180, 182. Sergius, garden of, 179, 182. Severus* arch, its medieval condition, 95, 170/7, 180. Sibyl, temple of, 112, 158, 193. Silexyhy S. Lucia in Orphea, 162. by the bafilica of Conftantine 171. Solomon's pillars at the Lateran, 155. Stadia and circiy 23. Stateray 96, 181, 182. Statue of Abfolom, 156. Conftantine, 42, 156. Hygieia (Giuftiniani Palace), 41 «. Marble horfes, 39, 109. Marforio, 94, 137. Saturn and Bacchus (River Gods), 109. Samfon, 154. Woman with SerpenU, 39» 41. Statues of Ancient Pome, 26, 87, 88. Suetonius referred to, 36, 38. Sun, temple of, 102. Superapus mons (Efquiline), 17, 107 Tabema Merltoriay 115. Tabularhtm, i6» ; and fee Camellaria, Tellus, honfe or temple of, 3in, 33, 96. Templum Majusy 178. Terebinth, 76. Theatre of Balbus, Ii4», I59». Marcellus, 23», 34», ii3«, i58ff. Pompey, 83. Theatres, 23, 24.

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Index. 205 Tkawae^ 17-1%, 106. Titus, his palace at the Catacombs, 22, 154. Tofula or Tofella, 92, Tofetti family, their tower, 12. Tower, Cartulary, 11, loi. of the Field, 169)1. Cencio Frangipane, 99. Orrigo, iii. the Tofetti, 12. Towers of the Breeches, ii. Trajan, column of, 21, 25, 91. forum of, 21, 91, 93, no, 161. legend of, 14. Tre fontane, 30, 134. Traftevere, 115, 116. Trevi or Trkntm, 108. Tudela, Benjamin of, 153-156. Varro cited or referred to, 3, 4. Vatican Bafilica, 67, 70, 125. Pelum Aureitm (Velabmm), 30, 113. Venus, Garden of, 109. Venus and Rome, temple of, 20, 100. Vefpafian, his palace at the catacombs, 22, 154. his tomb, 148. Vefta, temple of, 98. Vta Major, 1661T. ^tarinaliSf 167. Salara, vetta et nova, 8. SanSia, i66ff, 171. Sacra, 172. Vtcui Canarius, 30. Lateruha, 33. Patrichtt, 33. Virgil, a wizard, 17. Virgil alluded to, 4, loi. Vaidarhatt of the Vatican, 8. Volufian, 20ff, 148. Walls of Rome, 5, 6. or Ty\-. ' N Westminster : Printed by Nichols and Sons, 25, Parliament Street.

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