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rb158,515 Presented to the LIBRARY of the UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO by Gopp» Clark Pitman Ltd.

PITMAN’S SHORTHAND INSTRUCTOR NEW ERA EDITION

PITMAN^S JOURNAL OF COMMERCIAL EDUCATION The oldest and largest weekly journal devoted to Pitman's Shorthand and all Commercial Subjects. Every issue contains shorthand reading practice, with key, specially adapted for students at various stages. 2d. Weekly PITMAN^S SHORTHAND WEEKLY An illustrated weekly periodical in beautiful Shorthand, without a key. Provision is made for the beginner, the intermediate student, and the advanced writer. 2d. Weekly

PITMAN’S SHORTHAND INSTRUCTOR A COMPLETE EXPOSITION OF SIR ISAAC PITMAN’S SYSTEM OF SHORTHAND NEW ERA EDITION LONDON SIR ISAAC PITMAN & SONS, LTD., PARKER STREET, W.C.2 BATH : PHONETIC INSTITUTE MELBOURNE : THE RIALTO, COLLINS STREET TORONTO : 70 BOND STREET NEW YORK : 2 WEST 45th STREET

Copyright This edition of Sir Isaac Pitman’s System of Shorthand IS THE EXCLUSIVE COPYRIGHT OF Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd., AND IT WILL BE AN INFRINGEMENT OF SUCH COPYRIGHT IF MATTER FROM IT BE REPRODUCED IN ANY PUBLICATION WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION. The Right of Translation is Reserved. PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN AT THE PITMAN PRESS, BATH

PREFACE The system of shorthand writing presented in the following pages was invented by Sir Isaac Pitman, who in 1837 published his first treatise on the art. In 1840 the second edition of his work appeared, under the title “ Phonography, or Writing by Sound, being also a New and Natural System of Shorthand.** In the numerous editions of Phonography published in succeeding years, many improvements were introduced. These were the fruit of long and varied stenographic experiments, and of the valuable criticism and experience of large numbers of expert writers of the system who had applied it to work of every description. No other system of shorthand designed for the English language has been subjected to tests so prolonged, so diverse, and so severe as those which Pitman's Shorthand — as the system is now generally styled — has undergone during the last eighty- six years, with the result that it has been most successfully adapted to the practical requirements of all classes of shorthand writers. The present edition includes a few alterations that have been made in certain rules of the system. The effect of these alterations is to simplify the work of the student without in any way interferiog with the wonderful power of the system in the hands of the expert writer. The object specially borne in mind in preparing the work has been to render it equally suitable for self -tuition and for individual or class instruction under a teacher. No effort has been spared to explain and illustrate the rules in the clearest and simplest manner possible. V

VI PREFACE Although students, as a rule, experience no difficulty in understanding the method here set forth of “ writing by sound,” it is desirable that they should have, at the beginning of their study, an intelligent grasp of all that is conveyed by that term. Therefore, before the mastery of the first chapter is attempted, the Introduction which follows this Preface should be read with care. The advantage of practical ability in the art of shorthand writing is so universally acknowledged in the present day that it is unnecessary to emphasize it. It is obvious, however, that the value of shorthand, whether as a vehicle for private communication or for use in various ways in business or professional life, would be largely diminished if the same system — ^and that the best — were not employed. This important fact is now generally recognized ; and statistics, the testimony of public men, and general observation, concur in demonstrating that the system which Sir Isaac Pitman invented is taught and used as the shorthand par excellence for all who speak the English language. Further and very significant evidence to the merits of his system is the fact that it has been adapted to no fewer than twenty foreign languages. The Publishers take this opportunity of tendering their sincere thanks to the large number of expert writers and teachers of Phonography who have offered valuable suggestions for the improvement of the present edition.

I]S[TROI)UCTION’ Phonography, the name originally given to Pitman’s Shorthand, has been briefly but accurately deflned as “ the art of representing spoken sounds by character ; a system of shorthand.” The first question that will occur to the student will be, what is the fimdamental difference between the shorthand characters and the letters in ordinary writing and printing ? To answer this question it is necessary to consider the alphabet of the language. It is obvious that the usual or Romanic alphabet of twenty -six letters cannot represent by distinct characters the thirty-six typical sounds of the English language. As a consequence, many of the letters of that alphabet are of necessity used to represent different sounds. It is manifest, therefore, that any system of shorthand founded on the common alphabet would prove a very imperfect and cumbrous instrument for recording spoken utterances with certainty and speed — the chief object of shorthand. With such an alphabet either a single sign standing for one of the letters would be required to do duty for several sounds, or more than one character would have to be used to represent a single sound, as is done in ordinary spelling. On the other hand, the three consonants C, Q and X are unnecessary, inasmuch as they represent sounds provided for by other consonants. Two simple illustrations will demonstrate the difference between the ordinary spelling and the phonetic method, which is the distinctive feature of Pitman’s Shorthand. The first illustration deals with consonants, and is concerned with the ordinary spelling of the words vii

viii INTRODUCTION gaol and gale, in which the sounds of the first consonant are different, although represented in longhand by the same letter. If the common spelling were followed in shorthand, we should have the same shorthand symbols for both words. But the initial sounds in these words are different ; in the first the sound is jay, in the second gay. For these dissimilar sounds the Pitman system provides dissimilar shorthand signs. The second illustration deals with vowels, as, for example, in the words tub and tiibe. If the shorthand symbols were the equivalents of the letters of the common alphabet (the final e of tube being omitted because it is not sounded), the stenographer would be obliged to write both words by precisely the same characters, namely, t-u-b. Pitman’s Shorthand, however, provides for the representation of the different sounds u and u heard in the respective words, and these are indicated by different symbols. The phonetic notation of the system of shorthand developed in the present work has been found, after widely extended use, to possess important practical advantages. By the employment of the phonetic alphabet, which has been termed the “ alphabet of nature,” spoken language can be recorded with one-sixth of the trouble and time that longhand, requires, by those who use Pitman’s Shorthand simply as a substitute for the ordinary longhand writing. With the adoption of the systematized methods of abbreviation developed in the more advanced stages, this method of shorthand can be written legibly with the speed of the most rapid distinct articulation, and it may be read with the certainty and ease of ordinary longhand writing. An explanation on one point, however, is desirable. In the study and use of Pitman’s Shorthand it should

INTRODUCTION ix be borne in mind that although the system is phonetic it is not designed to represent or record minute shades of pronunciation. The Pitmanic alphabet, in the words of Max -Muller, “ comprehends the thirty-six broad typical sounds of the English language and assigns to each a definite sign.” It does not seek to mark, for example, the thirty or more variations of sound which have been found to exist in the utterance of the twelve simple vowels. The pronunciation of the vowels, as Max -Muller has shown, varies greatly in different localities and in the various countries of the world in which the English language is spoken, and in which Pitman’s Shorthand is practised. The standard of pronunciation, as exhibited in printed shorthand, cannot, therefore, be expected to coincide minutely with the pronunciation of English in all parts. Experience has abundantly proved that the representation of the broad typical sounds of English as provided for in Pitman’s Shorthand is ample for all stenographic purposes. The pronunciation adopted in Pitman’s Shorthand Textbooks is based on that given in The Oxford English Dictionary y edited by Sir James A. H. Murray, LL.D. The presence of r has a modifying effect upon a preceding vowel. The student’s attention is, therefore, directed to the following observations with regard to the consonant r, to certain vowels when preceding r and to a class of vowels which may be described as more or less obscure. (a) With the exception of worsted (the woollen material) and a few proper names, as WorcesteVy wherever the consonant r occurs in a word, in Pitman’s Shorthand it must be represented as a consonant. ■(b) In such words as bar, far^ mar, tar^ jar, the vowel -sign for ah is to be used ; but in such words as barrow, Farrow, marry, carry, and J arrow, the first vowel-sound is to be represented by the vowel -sign for d.

X INTRODUCTION (c) In such words as four, fore, roar, lore, wore, shore, door, pour, core, gore, tore, sore, the vowel-sign for o is to be used. {d) In such words as torch, morn, fork, the vowel -sign for o is to be used. (e) In such words as air, fair, lair, hare, the vowel -sign for a is to be used. (/) In such pairs of words as fir, fur ; earth, worth ; per, purr ; Percy, pursy ; the vowel-sound in the first word of the pairs is to be represented by the vowel-sign for ^ ; the vowelsound in the second word of the pairs is to be represented by the vowel-sign for u. {g) In words like custody, custom, baron, felony, colour,, factory, the second vowel -sound is represented by the vowelsign for u. {h) In words like village, cottage, breakage, the second vowelsound is represented by the vowel -sign for {i) In words like suppose, the second vowel-sound is represented by the vowel-sign for d ; but in words like supposition,, disposition, the second vowel-sound is represented by the vowel -sign for u. With the accurate employment of the phonographic signs, there need be no uncertainty as to what those employed for a particular word are intended to represent, and, as Max-Miiller has testified, “ Enghsh can be written rationally and read easily with the Pitmanic alphabet. To use Pitman’s Shorthand successfully, the rules of the system must be thoroughly mastered. By the employment of the various abbreviating devices, the most important benefit to be derived from shorthand will be attained, namely, the maximum of speed combined with legibility.

DIREOTIOI^^S TO THE STTJDEN^T The system of shorthand set forth in the following pages received the name of Phonography (a term derived from two Greek words meaning “ sound writing ”) because it affords the means of recording the sounds of spoken language* From the outset, therefore, the student should remember that he is learning to write by sound, i,e., to write words as they are pronounced ; that each simple character represents one definite sound and no other ; and that the ordinary spelling — ^with its many irregularities and inconsistencies — as exhibited in printing and in longhand writing, is not to be followed or imitated. When the student has mastered the value of the phonographic signs, he should use those which represent the equivalent sounds in forming the characters for the words he desires to write. For example, if he wishes to write in Phonography the word knee (spelt with four letters, though made up of only two sounds), he uses but two phonographic signs, namely, that for the consonant n and that for the vowel e. To spell in this fashion, a mental analysis of the soimds of words must be made, but the ability to do this is very easily acquired, and is soon exercised without conscious effort. For working the exercises and for ordinary phonographic writing, a pen and ruled paper should be used. Speaking generally, it is not so easy to acquire a neat style of writing by the use of a pencil as it is by the use of a pen. No doubt, the pencil is frequently employed ; in some cases, indeed, it may be found impossible to use a pen for note-taking. The student would do well, therefore, to accustom

xii DIRECTIONS TO THE STUDENT himself to write either with a pen or a pencil in the more advanced stages of his progress, though for writing the exercises given in this book the pen only should be used. The pen should be held lightly, and in such a manner as to permit of the shorthand characters being easily written . The wrist must not be allowed to rest upon the note-book or desk. In order to secure the greatest freedom of movement, the middle of the fore-arm should rest on the edge of the desk. The writer should sit in front of his work, and should have the paper or note -book parallel with the edge of the desk or table. For shorthand writing, the nib employed should not be too stiff, but should have a sufficiently fine and flexible point to enable the thick and thin characters of the system to be written so as clearly to distinguish the one from the other. Paper with a fairly smooth surface is absolutely essential. The student should thoroughly master the explanations and rules which precede the respective exercises, and write out several times the illustrative words appearing in the text, afterwards working the exercises. As the secret of success in shorthand is PRACTICE, it is advisable that the various exercises should be written and re-written until they can be done with perfect freedom and accuracy. The perusal of progressive reading lessons in printed shorthand will also be found helpful to the student in forming a correct style of writing ; and the practice of writing the characters, at first with careful accuracy, afterwards with gradually accelerated speed, will materially assist him in forming a neat style of shorthand writing. The system is fully explained in the following pages, and can be acquired from the instruction

DIRECTIONS TO THE STUDENT xiii books alone by anyone who is prepared to devote ordinary perseverance and application to the study. With the assistance of a teacher, however, more rapid and satisfactory advance will be made in the mastery of the art. Should any difficulty be experienced in finding a teacher, the publishers will be pleased to furnish any student with the names and addresses of the nearest teachers of Pitman’s Shorthand, It should be pointed out that satisfactory progress in acquiring the art of shorthand will only be made if a certain portion of time is regularly devoted to the study every day ; or, in the case of school or class instruction, by a thorough and punctual performance of the allotted portions of work forming the course. Study at irregular intervals of time is of little value ; but an hour, or a longer period, devoted daily to the task will give the student a knowledge of the system in a comparatively short time, and constant and careful practice will bring speed and dexterity.

CONTENTS CHAP. PAGE I. THE CONSONANTS ...... 1 II. THE VOWELS ....... 9 III. INTERVENING VOWELS AND POSITION . . 14 GRAMMALOGUES, PUNCTUATION . . .16 IV. ALTERNATIVE SIGNS FOR T AND ^ . . ' . 19 V. DIPHTHONGS ....... 22 ABBREVIATED W , . . . . .23 VI. PHRASEOGRAPHY ...... 26 TICK the . . . . . . .27 VII. CIRCLE S AND Z LEFT AND RIGHT MOTION . 31 VIII. STROKE S AND Z , . . . . .35 IX. LARGE CIRCLES SW AND SS OR 52 . . . 39 X. LOOPS St AND str . . . . . .43 XI. INITIAL HOOKS TO STRAIGHT STROKES AND CURVES 48 XII. ALTERNATIVE FORMS FOR /r, VVy ETC. . . 53 INTERVENING VOWELS ..... 54 XIII. CIRCLE OR LOOP PRECEDING INITIAL HOOK . 58 XIV. n AND / HOOKS ...... 62 XV. CIRCLES AND LOOPS TO FINAL HOOKS . . 67 XVI. THE shun HOOK . . . . . .72 XVII. THE ASPIRATE . . . . . .78 XVIII. UPWARD AND DOWNWARD r . . . .82 XIX. UPWARD AND DOWNWARD I AND sh . . 87 XX. COMPOUND CONSONANTS ..... 92 XXI. VOWEL INDICATION ..... 97 XXII. THE HALVING PRINCIPLE (SECTION 1) . .102 XXIII. THE HALVING PRINCIPLE (SECTION 2) . . 107 XXIV. THE DOUBLING PRINCIPLE . . . .112 XXV. DIPHONIC OR TWO -VOWEL SIGNS . . .119 XXVI. MEDIAL SEMICIRCLE . . . . .123 XXVII. PREFIXES . . . . . . .126 NEGATIVE WORDS . . . . . .127 XXVIII. SUFFIXES AND TERMINATIONS . . . .132 XXIX. CONTRACTIONS . . . . . .140 XXX. FIGURES, ETC. . . . . . .150 PROPER NAMES . . . . . .151 XV

CONTEITTS xvi CHAP. XXXI. XXXII. XXXIII. XXXIV. XXXV. XXXVI. XXXVII. XXXVIII. XXXIX. XL. XLI. XLII. XLIII. XLIV. NOTE -TAKING, TRANSCRIPTION, ETC. ESSENTIAL VOWELS . . • SPECIAL CONTRACTIONS ADVANCED PHRASEOGRAPHY . . INTERSECTIONS .... BUSINESS PHRASES POLITICAL PHRASES BANKING AND STOCKBROKING PHRASES INSURANCE AND SHIPPING PHRASES TECHNICAL AND RAILWAY PHRASES LEGAL PHRASES .... THEOLOGICAL PHRASES SPECIAL LIST OP WORDS SHORTHAND IN PRACTICE PAGE . 153 . 162 . 168 . 189 . 225 . 234 . 238 . 243 . 248 . 254 . 260 . 264 . 268 . 285 OUTLINES FOR THE NAMES OP THE CHIEF CITIES AND TOWNS OP THE EMPIRE . . . 288 GRAMMALOGUES ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY . 289 GRAMM ALOGUES ARRANGED PHONETICALLY . 291 SPECIAL LIST OP CONTRACTIONS . . , 293 INDEX ....... 297 KEY TO PITMAN’S SHORTHAND INSTRUCTOR New Era Edition Containing a Key to the Exercises. Price 2s. ; cloth, 2s. 6d.

PITMAN’S SHORTHAND (PHONOGRAPHY) CHAPTER I THE CONSONANTS “ Consonants are the result of audible friction or stopping of the breath in some part of the mouth or throat. ’’ {Prof, Sweet.) Forms of Consonants. 1. For the representation of all the consonant sounds, (except w, y, and the aspirate h), the simplest geometrical forms are used, namely, the straight line and the shallow curve, as shown in the following diagrams — Arrangement of Groups. 2. The order of the arrangement of each group of consonants, as exhibited in the Table on a following page, follows the order of the oral movements from the lips inwards in the utterance of their respective sounds. The first pair of consonants, p, h, are pronounced between the lips, and the next seven pairs at the several barriers further back in the mouth, in the succession indicated in the phonographic alphabet. Glasses of Consonants. 3. The first eight consonants, represented by straight strokes, are called “ explodents,” because, in pronouncing them, the outgoing breath is forced in a sudden gust through barriers previously closed. 4. The next eight, represented by upright or sloping curves, are called “ continuants,” because in uttering these the outgoing breath, instead of being ~{M) 1

2 THE CONSONANTS H 5-10 expelled suddenly, is allowed to escape in a continuous stream through similar barriers partially open. 5. The “ nasals,’' represented by a horizontal curve, are produced by closing the successive barriers in the mouth against the outgoing air-stream, so that it has to escape through the nose. 6. The “ liquids ” flow into union with other consonants, aiid thus make double consonants, as in the words cZifl, dry, where the Z or r blends with the preceding consonant. 7. The “ coalescents ” precede vowels and coalesce or unite with them. 8. The “ aspirate ” is a breathing upon a following vowel. Thus by a breathing upon the vowel d in the word aZ, the word is changed into hat. Pairs of Consonants. 9. The first sixteen consonants form pairs ; thus, p and h ; t and d ; ch and j ; k and g ; / and v ; th and th ; s and z ; sJi and zh. The articulations in these pairs are the same, but the sound is light in the first consonant of each pair and heavy in the second. The consonants of each pair are represented by the same stroke, but for the second consonant this is written thick instead of thin ; as \ p, \ 6, I

nil THE CONSONANTS 3 outset the student should learn to form the whole of the strokes uniformly as to length. Whatever size be adopted, all the strokes should be made equal in length. Later there will be introduced a principle for writing strokes half the normal length, and later still another for the making of strokes double the normal length. It is thus imperative that the student should obtain a fixed and strictly uniform length from the start. Care should be taken to form the curved thick letters, when standing alone, thus ^ v, ) z. If made heavy throughout they look clumsy ; the^^ should be thick in the middle only, and should taper off at each end, except when a joining such as — v g or b ng is made. Thick strokes are never written upward. As an aid to remembering the strokes for th and s, the student should note that j s is the curve on the right side of The consonants Z and r form the Zeft and right sides of an arch The consonant I is most commonly written upwards ; but it may be written downward in certain cases in accordance with rules which will be explained later. Names of Consonants. 11. Until the student is perfectly familiar with the names of the consonants and the characters representing them, he should, in writing out the exercises, name aloud each shorthand stroke as he writes it. The strokes must always be called by their phonetic names : thus, “ ch ” is to be named chay ; “ g ” gay ; “ ng Ing, The reason for this is that each phonetic character has a fixed value, and, therefore, requires to be called by a name which indicates the sound that it invariably represents.

Coalescents Liquids Nasals Continuants Explodents 4 TABLE OF CONSONANTS mi Divisions | Aspirate Character Name Letter As sounded in \ pee P post rope \ bee B boast robe 1 tee T tip fate 1 dee D dip fade / chay CH chest etch / jay J jest edge — kay K cane leeR — gay G gain league ef F fat safe vee V vat save ( ith TH thigh wreath ( thee TH thy wreathe ) ess S seal base ) zee z zeal baize ' ^ ish SH she dash J zhee ZH treasure vision em M met seem en N net seen ing NG kingly long up el L light tile ^up down ar, ray R right tire up way W wet away cT^ up yay Y yet ayah / c5^ up down hay H high adhere 1

EXERCISES ON CONSONANTS 5 nil Exercise 1 v/ (To he written by the student. The arrow shows the direction in which the stroke is to be written. The curves m, n and ng and the straight strokes k and g are written on the line.) P.B \ \ \\ \ \ \\ \\ T, D tl 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 CII, J // // / / / / / / / / / / (chay) K, G (gay) r, V ^ ^ Y V. V. . Y Y ^ TH,r//t( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (ith) (thee) s, z n n ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) (zee) SH.ZH : j y J 'J (ish) (zhee) M ^ N ^ KU ^ (iug) L {r B R (my) W (way) Y (yay) H (hay) 2^ r r r r r r r Y ^ ^ ^ 1 c< ^ ^ ^ r 1

G EXERCISES ON CONSONANTS IF 12-13 Chay and Ray. 12. These strokes are somewha.t similar. They differ, however, in slope and in the direction in which they are written. It is scarcely possible, moreover, to mistake one for the other, inasmuch as chay is always written down at an angle of 30° from the perpendicular, and ray is always written UP at an angle of 30° from the horizontal ; thus chay, 5^ ray. If the pupil cannot, at the first trial, produce a fair copy of the signs in Exercise 1, he should write them several times, and vary the practice by writing the strokes in irregular order ; thus, _ / ; Exercise 2 Read, copy and transcribe as shown in line 1 1. \ .... I .... I .... /.... / ^.. ^.... z....^.. ^ p h t d ch j k g w y h h r 2. .z ,...\..,..

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JOINED STROKES H 13 Exercise 3 Read and copy 1. \. ^ -> p, pt, pd, p ch, pj, pk. 2-V f -') f ^ bf, d ih, ds, ch s, jm, jl, Im. 3.-^-.-^ kl, km, kn, kk, kd, s V V -■ fr, frl, frld, ft, f ch, fj. 5. U. (/r. U. I_ d th m, th I, th r, th rfr, sk, Ik, ^ sh p, sh hi, sh k, sh r, sh rl, sh m. 7. ^ ^ ^ ^ hd, hv, h th, hn, hb, h ch. Exercise 4 Read, copy, and transcribe 2. u u .... 3^

8 JOINED STROKES The student will see the correct angles for the upright and sloping characters if he will copy and practise the following forms in combination — VQy '

CHAPTER II THE VOWELS “ If the mouth -passage is left so open as not to cause audible friction, and voiced breath is sent through it, we have a vowel.” (Pro/. Sweet) Vowel Sounds. 14. There are six simple long vowel-sounds in the English language, namely — 0^ e ^ ___ ah, d, e ; aw, 6, oo ; as heard in the words hah ! die, ^ch ; dll, odlL, doze. 15. There are six corresponding short vowelsounds in the language, namely — d, e, i, 6, u, do as heard in the words at, etch, it, odd, tuh, hook. The long vowels may be remembered by repeating the sentence “ Pa may we all go too I ” The short vowels may be remembered by repeating the sentence “ That pen is not much good.'" Vowel Signs. 16. The long vowels are represented by a heavy dot and a heavy dash. The short vowels are represented by a light dot and a light dash. Vowel Places. 17. There are three places close to each stroke where a vowel sign may be placed, namely, at the beginning, the middle, and the end. The vowels are accordingly called first-place, second place, and third-place vowels respectively. The places of the vowels are coimted from the point where the stroke begins. In the case of downstrokes, therefore, the vowel places are coimted from the top downward. In the case of upstrokes, the 9

10 THE VOWELS ^ 18-19 vowel places are counted from the bottom upward. In the case of horizontals, the vowel places are counted from left to right ; thus, Value of Vowel-Signs. 18. The vowel-signs are put in the places which correspond with their numbers. A heavy dot in the first -place represents the long vowel ah ; in the second -place it represents the long vowel a ; in the third -place it represents the long vowel e. A heavy dash in the first place represents the long vowel aio ; in the second place it represents the long vowel o ; in the third place it represents the long vowel do. 19. The fight vowel -signs for the short vowels are put in the same places as the heavy vowel-signs for the long vowels ; thus, 1 r r calm, Cam, bait. bet. eel. ill. . A A X V" pawed. pod, rote. rut. pool. pull. V \r i ^ \r Paul, Polly. coal. cull. peel. pill. V-, k k jade, fed, raid, red, dome. dumb.

^20 THE VOWELS 11 Vowels preceding and following Strokes. 20. When a vowel-sign is placed on the left-hand side of an upstroke or downstroke, it is read before the stroke, as ale, earth, ^ ajpe, */ age, .1 eat. When a vowel-sign is placed on the right-hand side of an upstroke or downstroke, it is read after the stroke, as lay, ^ ray, ^ /' ^ shoe. When a vowel-sign is placed above a horizontal stroke it is read before the stroke, as ache, i eke, ovjn. When a vowel-sign is placed below a horizontal stroke it is read after the stroke, as _ Kay, key, w' no. I Preceding Vowels I. \ -I / /V ehb, aid, etch, edge, off, ache, egg, aim, inn, oimi, awl, Following Vowels low, rotr, woe, ye, boiv, day. foe, they, Kay, gay, mow. knee. Preceding and Following Vowels -( oath. ore. yL -

12 THE VOWELS ^ 20 Exercise 5 Read^ copy, and transcribe Write the outline of the word first ; then put in the voicel-sign. Vowel ah r^.. „ « \.... aw o 6b \. \ .1^. / zi Vowel a L v:.. -N. ■ v’ ^ Exercise 6 Read, copy, and transcribe ...k:.. 4 ..f. z_. ...V. ...XI -rL. ^0 I „ , . V ^ ^ )' ^ ^ X. Exercise 7 Write in Shorthand crr zxr 1 . Pay, paid, bay, bait, Tay, tame. 2. Say, essay, Esk, escape, low, load. 3. Show, showed, foe, foam, may, make. 4. Weigh, weighed, eight, Etna, nay, name.

THE VOWELS 13 If 20 Summary 1. There are six long vowels, represented by a heavy dot and dash, and six corresponding short vowels, represented by a light dot and dash. 2. The vowels are called first-place, second -place, and third -place vowels, respectively. 3. The vowel -places are called first, second, and third-places respectively, and vowel-signs are put in the places which correspond with their numbers. 4. Vowel -places are counted from the point at which the stroke begins. 5. Vowel-signs are read as in reading longhand ; (a) To downstrokes and upstrokes from left to right ; (6) To horizontal strokes from top to bottom, as shown in the following diagrams — 6. In writing a word, the word-form is written first and then the vowel-sign.

CHAPTER III INTERVENING VOWELS AND POSITION Intervening Vowels. 21. First- and Second-place vowel-signs when occurring between two strokes are written after the first stroke ; thus, .L talk, gaie. Third -PLACE vowel-signs are written before the second stroke at the end, because the vowel-sign is more conveniently written in that place ; thus, deem, dim, read, rid, pool, pull. The vowel-sign is still in the third place, as indicated in the following diagram — INTERVENING VOWEL PLACES Compound Words. 22. In compound words the vowel-sign is generally placed to the separate words ; as, earache. Position of Outlines. 23. .Just as there are three places in which to put the vowel-signs, so there are three positions in which to write the outhnes of words. The first position is above the line ; the second position is on the line ; and the third position is through the line. The first sounded vowel in the word determines the position of the outline. When the first sounded vowel in a word is a firstplace vowel, the outhne is written in the first position ; as, palm, .L talk, I got, .1^. rod, wrought. When the first sounded vowel in a word is a secondplace vowel, the outline is written in the second position ; as, \ hake, share, load, X] road, code. 14

^24 INTERVENING VOWELS AND POSITION 15 When the first sounded vowel in a word is a thirdplace vowel, the onthne is written in the third position ; dim, lead 24. The first upstroke or downs troke in the outline indicates the position, as shown in the foregoing examples. It is not practicable to write a horizontal stroke through the line ; therefore, when an outline consists entirely of horizontal strokes, it is written in the first position if the first sounded vowel is a first -place vowel, and in the second position if the first sounded vowel is either a second- or a third -place vowel ; as, mocking, making, ^ « meek, cook. , ..fq lid, keyed. as, I ... deem, ..,.2. cool. 1. 2. Exercise 8 Read and copy V V r P Paul, Polly, tall. Dolly, C' r XI. X bought, u body. 1^ Coal, gull, wrote, rut, dome, dumb. 3- Xi -Z; Keyed, kid. giddy. leak. lick. 4. V ^ ....n ...X 1 Fade, fed, laid. led. raid. ■5. -V--v11 red. •vi Peel, pill, pillow, pillowed, bully, bullied. i

16 INTERVENING VOWELS AND POSITION ^25-26 Exercise 9 Read^ co'py, and transcribe >■ 2. x\ 35. /%7 yC" ^ U JLj ^ rV vdExercise 10 Write in Shorthand 1. Patch, batch, Fanny, shop, shoddy, jolly. 2. Paid, page, bake, beck, jail, jelly. 3. Leap, lip, leave, live, lead, lid. 4. Nave, navy, enough, bale, bell, below. 5. May, make, name, namely, comb, money. 6. Feed, food, sheep, ship, loom, limb. Grammalogues. 25. Frequently-occurring words are represented in shorthand by a single sign, as \ for he. These words are called grammalogues or letter-words, and the shorthand characters that represent them are called logograms, or word-letters. At the head of the following Exercises some logograms are given, which must be committed to memory. These characters are written above, on, or through the line, as, ..J. L |„„ Punctuation* 26. The period, or full stop, is represented by a small cross ; thus, x ; the dash

^20 INTERVENING VOWELS AND POSITION 17 thus, ^ — 7 ; the note of interrogation and the note of exclamation ? and 1 respectively. Other punctuation marks are written as usual. Two short lines underneath an outline indicate an initial capital. Grammalogues • s \ a, an, . the ; all, \ too ; of, \ to ; on, I hut; (down) awe, ought, aught, ^ {down) who ; (up) and, / (up) should. Exercise 11 Read, copy, and transcribe 1. (• ,.^...1. . 1.-71- . L^..^ 2. :k ; s \ .1. . ' 1- ’ 3. ,^....1 ^ ^ V "n -1. . n XI. s n.. . . xx *■ ^ ■ v-Xi. .. \ Exercise 12 Write in Shorthand (the words printed in italic type are GRAmiALOGUES. ) 1. They should ask the Head of the Academy to change the date. 2. Who took the padlock oh the gate of the paddock ? 2— (M)

18 INTERVENING VOWELS AND POSITION ^ 26 3. Up to the date of the party she looked both rich an,d happy. 4. The head of the bank may leave on Monday. 5. They ought to change the date on the cheque to the fourth of the month. Summary 1. First-place and Second-place vowel-signs when occurring between two strokes are written after the first stroke ; third -place vowel-signs are written before the second stroke. 2. The position of an outline is governed by the first sounded vowel in the word. 3. A grammalogue is a frequently-occurring word represented by a single sign. The sign for a grammalogue is called a logogram. 4. The full stop is indicated by a small cross, x ; the dash by ^—r ; mark of interrogation and mark of exclamation by ^ and I respectively. 5. Two short lines underneath an outline indicate an initial capital.

CHAPTER IV ALTERNATIVE SIGNS FOR R AND H Consonant R. 27. The consonant r is provided with two different forms in order to facilitate the joining of strokes together, and also for the purpose of indicating an initial or a final vowel sound. 28. Initial T is written downward when preceded by a vowel sound ; as, oar, ...I array, . Arab, In other cases, the general rule is to write initial or final r upward when it is followed by a vowel sound, and downward when it is not followed by a vowel sound ; as, ray but air ; parry but par ; tarry but tar ; J^- sherry but .share. 29. Downward r is always written initially before m because of the easier joining. Consonant H. 30. The upward form of h is most commonly used ; but the downward form is written when the letter stands alone or is immediately followed by k or g ; as, / hay, hake, Haig. Exercise 13 Read, copy, and transcribe 1. v^3. ^ 4. 5.

20 ALTERNATIVE SIGNS FOR “ R ” AND “ II ” 30 Exercise 14 Write in Shorthand 1. Arm, aroma, Orkney, arcade, arrow, ear. 2. Rob, rod, Rodney, Ruth, rage, roach. 8. Perry, Derry, Murray, furrow, morrow, ferry. 4. Deer, jeer, gear, fear, veer, leer. 6. Racy, writ, retail, revere, reverie, wreck. 6. Hook, hog, heath, hatch, hedge, hood. Grammalogues put; \ he, \.‘io he; | it; .J„. had, | do, difference, different ; „ much, / which. Exercise 15 Read, copy, and transcribe 1. . x\ . . j... 2. / I (• >, . \ . ^ 3. (• .L V I » 4. (• d

^ 30 ALTERNATIVE SIGNS FOR “ R ” AND II ” 21 4. If they get the money it should make much difference to the firm. 5. They had a heavy mail on Monday. 6. Tom saw the head of the firm leave at four or so. Summary 1. The consonant r initially is written downward if a vowel precedes, and upward if a vowel does not precede. 2. The consonant r finally is written upward if a vowel follows, and downward if no vowel follows. 3. Downward r is written before m, 4. The consonant h standing alone, or followed by k or g, is written downward ; in other cases the upward form is written.

CHAPTER V DIPHTHONGS “ A diphthong is a union of two vowel sounds in one syllable.” {Prof. Skeat.) Diphthongs. 31. There are four common diphthongs, namely, t, ow, oi, and u, as heard in the sentence I now enjoy music. They are represented as follows — OW OI U 32. The signs for % and oi are written in the first place ; the signs for ow and u are written in the third place ; thus. t%c^ time. ... ioy, mule. Joined Diphthongs. 33. The diphthong signs may be joined to the consonant in many words ; thus. r „ toil ; cow, cowed ; I . duty, item, idle. ^ ivv. • \ tr item, .L„ idle, ivy, ice, ...L. eyes, ire, isle or Pll, Pm {I am), nigh, now, how, avow, .di M alihew, issue, owl. 34. The semicircle representing u may be written c for convenience in joining; thus, — cue, ^^^^^.argue, mew, new, value. The sign for % is abbreviated when prefixed to I and m, and the sign for ow is abbreviated when affixed to n, as shown in the examples in paragraph 33. Triphones. 35. A small tick attached to a diphthong-sign represents any vowel immediately following the diphthong ; thus, diary, loyal, 22

DIPHTHONGS 23 If CG-37 vowel, attenuate, annual, annuity, 4 I riot, Ai..... ingenuous. These signs are called triphones because they represent three vowels in one sign. Abbreviated W. 36. The initial sound of w, before g, m, r is represented by a right semicircle ; thus, « wake, 3 ; wig, womanly, ^ wear, wary. 37. When w is preceded by a vowel, the stroke must be written ; as, awake, awoke. Exercise 17 Read, copy, and transcribe p" 1^ 3. 4. n I 1^.. I . 6. ^ ^ Lv U Exercise 18 Write in Shorthand 1. Bite, tile, time, timely, ripe, ride, fire, fiery. 2. Coil, coiling, toyed, joy, enjoy, coinage, Doyle. 3. Bout, rowdy, cowed, pouch, vouch, loud.

24 DIPHTHONGS U37 4. View, review, dupe, tunic, fury, mule. 5. Item, eyes, nigh, deny, voyage, argue, arguing, genuine. 6. Wear, wary, weary, woke, awoke, war, warm. Grajmmalogues A why beyond^ n you ; larcje ; ... .. can, come ; go, give-n ; for ; have. Exercise 19 Read, copy, and transcribe 1. I , ...V. \ A s — . S )- ./ 2. - -•'1 , 8. L ~ .C;. 4. . A. 5. I (• :a.. r \ Exercise 20 TFri^e in Shorthand 1. How can you attach the wire to the high chimney ? 2. They were due to arrive at five, but were delayed a long time at Wick. 3. You should verify each item on the bill. 4. Do you like the new tyre you have had put on the car ? 6. Few of the party knew why you had to go to Newquay on the tenth of July. 6. A week ago I saw Doyle, but he had no time to give to my work ; he had to hurry for the boat.

^37 DIPHTHONGS Summary 1. The four diphthongs are ow^ oi, u. 2. The diphthongs I and oi are put in the first vowelplace ; and 07v and u in the third vowel-place. 3. A diphthong may be joined to a stroke where convenient. 4. A small tick attached to a diphthong sign indicates the addition of a vowel to the diphthong. 5. Initial w before k, g, m, r, is represented by a right semicircle.

CHAPTER VI PHRASE OGR APH Y Phrasing. 38. Phraseography is the writing of two or more words together without lifting the pen, the resulting outhne being called a phraseogram. The best phraseograms are those which combine the quahties of facility, lineality, and legibility, A phraseogram should be easy to write ; it should not ascend too far above, nor descend too far below, the line ; and it must be legible when written. Subject to the observance of these conditions, the practice of phrase writing will greatly increase the writer’s fluency and speed. (a) The first word -form of a phraseogram must occupy the position in which it would be wiitten if it stood alone. Thus, the phrase How can they would be represented by the outline a_ ^ , commencing on the line, because how, if it stood alone, would be written on the line. Similarly, 'V. 1 have commences above the line, because I, standing alone, would be written above the line. {b) A first -position word -form may be slightly raised or lowered, however, to permit of a following stroke being written above, on or through the line ; as, ..Ii„ I thank you (and using the logogram with ), with much, ] with which, 20

1139 PHRASEOGRAPHY 27 V (c) When joined to k, m, I (up), the sign may be shortened ; thus, I can, 1 am, I will. {d) With rare exceptions it is unnecessary to vocalize phraseograms. The word he standing alone, or at the beginning of a phrase, is written ; but in the middle of a phrase the word is represented by the logogram i ; thus, he may, if he may, he should know, if he should know. For the sake of an easier joining the word much is sometimes written in full in phrases ; as, so much, how much ; and were is written either or *7 ; thus, they were, rw you were. we were. if he were. In phrases, the word him should have the dot vowel inserted ; thus, of him, to him. Tick the, 39. The word the may be expressed by a light slanting tick, joined to a preceding character and written either downward (from right to left) or upward (from left to right). > {a) Downward : of the, and the, ^ should the, with the, hy the, if the, have the. rv -y (b) Upward : beyond the, what the, how the, at the, / which the, )- was the. This tick for the must never be used initially. Note — on the and a but the should slope a little to secure a better angle.

28 PIIR ASEOGRAPH Y . I thank you Phrases Y I think you should be I have the Vj 1 have had I saw the I see -TT?. I am 1 may be r\ 1 will I will be ^ you should you should be you can r you will /\ you will be you may be ^ you were * if you were they were A — ^ how can they V why do you ; I "'k' -K•N ^7 f 89 why have you with you so much with much with which with each when they what do you what was what can be it would be it should be it will be it was which was which were he should be he will be if he if he were too much

PHRASEOGRAPHY 29 If 39 Gramm ALOGUEs thank-ed, ( think; though, ( them; ) was, y whose ; ^ shall, .^..wish; with, c when; what, 3 would; „.L. O, oh, owe, i he. Exercise 21 Read, copy, and transcribe 1. .1. . vex 2. ..vx\.. XI. c ..X _ A ±. > 3. XT 'T A., ..1. ^ L_ ...... 4.. \C~^ 5. .4 X b- . ^ N i X ,VJ; "M- . 7. 7*...^^-. -|. -X X\--- ■< 8...^ . X_ -) 9. V ^ .■■nrrTlX^. / ..X. . ..C7.. ^ X , -'D 

30 PHBASEOGRAPHT •^39 Exercise 22 Write in Shorthand (Phraseograms in the following letterpress exercises are indicated by the hyphen.) 1. Why-do-you think h.e-was aware of -the likely failure of-the firm ? 2. 1-thank-you for-the tube of colour, which 1-think should-be all-right. 3. They deny they-were at-the Tower at-the time of-the fire. 4. 1-think-you owe the Head an apology for-the way you hurried away on-Monday. 6. It-he-were aware of-the date, he-would, 1-think, have come icith us. 6. Kenneth Doyle, whose view all of us share, wrote to say he-would arrive at five. 7. 1 -think foo-much time w as-given to-the topic. What-do-you think ? Summary 1. Phraseography is the name given to the principle of joining word -forms together. The outline thus obtained is called a phraseogram. 2. The following must be carefully noted — (a) Awkward joinings must be avoided. {&) The first word -form in a phraseogram must occupy its own position. A first-position wordform may, however, be raised or lowered to permit of a following stroke being written above, on or through the line. 3. The word the may be expressed by a light slanting tick joined to a preceding character and written either downward or upward. The tick for the is never used initially.

CHAPTER VII CIRCLE S AND Z Circle S and Z. 40. The consonants S and Z are represented not only by the strokes ) and ) but also by a small circle o Initially the circle represents the light sound of s only ; medially and finally it represents the sound of s or z. The sound of z initially must be represented by the stroke ) as, zeal, zero, zenith. Left and Right Motion. 41. In this chapter, and in the following pages, the term Left Motion means the motion of the hand in writing the longhand letter ^ Oj i^he opposite motion being termed the Right Motion (^. The circle s, when standing alone, is written with the left motion. 42. The circle s is written {a) inside curves, (5) outside angles, and (c) with the left motion when joined to straight strokes not forming an angle ; thus, (a) ^ safes, soothes, essays, J sashes, seems, ^ sense, qjp sings, ^ slays, ^ source, fossil, thistle, Cecil, muscle, ^ nestles, designs, lisys, (b) gasp, rasp, risk, ^ - Biscay, justice, hasp. (c) \ space, ...P.. seeds, sages, qJ_d soaks, p / sorrows, Busby, task. tacit, cask. razor. 31

32 CIRCLE ‘‘ S ” AND “ Z ” T| 43-46 43. Initial circle s is always read first : final circle s is always read last ; and vowel signs are placed and road in relation to the stroke consonant, and not to the circle, as in the foregoing examples. 44. The circle s may be added to a stroke logogram, as, come, d comes, put, puts. Stroke L and Circle. 45. When the stroke I immediately precedes or follows a circle which is attached to a curve, it is written in the same direction as the circle ; thus, ^ lesson, cancel, vessel, loser. 46. A lightly-sounded vowel may be omitted. as in desire. poison. refusal. answer. Exercise 23 Read, copy, and transcribe 1. o O. Y T 7 4. > O 5. G C r 6. tt SX— • o ,n

CIRCLE “ S ” AND “ Z 33 1146 Exercise 24 Write hi Shorthand 1. Lays, slays, oars, soars, face, facing. 2. Poison, poisonous, pacifies, voicing, rising, toilsome. 3. Dusky, excites, customs, justice, rusty, suffice. 4. Less, Leslie, shame, shameless, shamelessly, slums. 5. Excusing, refusing, spacing, basin, dozen, resigns. 6. Hope, hopeless, hopelessly, consul, pencil, fossils. Grammalogues j iisual-ly ; as^ has, o is, his: because; ..^..itselj ; (q those, thyself , (othis, ,_(^..thus. Exercise 25 Read, copy, and transcribe .k.S... n. ^ C - L I 0 IV //, V . X ^ ^ ^ ^ .Cl. S ^ w C x1. XV. .... O' L .W. s r /

34 CIRCLE “ S ” AND “ Z ” H46 Exercise 26 Write in Shorthand If Miss Nelson wishes to see-the works, she can come to-this office on Tuesday or Wednesday of -this week, and-l-shall-be happy to show all-the details she may desire to see. 1-think-it-is but fair to say this is-the busy season with us, and 1-shall-have but a few minutes to spare to Miss Nelson. My deputy can take charge of-the lady. I-will thank-you if-t/otfc-will put-the facts to-the lady as nicely as you-can, because she may think I-am an idle fellow with-much time at-my disposal. I-know you-wiW excuse this appeal, and-1 hope you-wiM-do what I ask, as I should-be sorry to upset Miss Nelson, or to appear to be rude when she comes. Summary 1. A small circle used initially represents s only ; medially and finally it represents s ov z, 2. The circle s is written outside angles, inside curves, and with the left motion to straight strokes not forming an angle. 3. An initial circle is always read first ; a final circle is always read last, 4. The stroke Z, immediately preceding or following a circle attached to a curve, is written in the same direction as the circle. 5. The circle s may be added to stroke logograms.

CHAPTER VIII STROKE S AND Z Stroke S and Z. 47. Wherever there is a,n initial or a final vowel sound, there must be a stroke consonant, to provide a place for the vowel sign. Therefore, the stroke s must be written when a vowel precedes initial s, or when a vowel follows final s or 0 ; thus, ) ace, )* say ; ...y. oose, ...y.. zoo ; asp, but sap ; :l ask, but sack ; ^ racy, but ^ race ; busy, but bees. 48. Where the stroke s is written initially in the root word, it is retained in compounds and in derivatives formed by means of a prefix, thus, .1... saw, r„... saw-bench, assailed, unassailed, ...y.. ease, / disease. The stroke is also written — (a) In words like .L^. science, sewer, where a (V\ triphone immediately follows initial s, (b) In words like ..y.. cease, saucer, where initial s is immediately followed by a vowel and another s or z, (c) In words like sinuous, tortuous. Jj... joyous, where the final syllable -ous is immediately preceded by a diphthong, 35

36 STROKE “S” AND “z” II 48 Exercise 27 Read, copy, and transcribe 2. ...p.. Q_i cu|_

H43 STROKE “ S ” AND ‘‘ Z ” 37 Exercise 29 Bead, copy^ and transcribe ^ ^ I r > . IL. ^ i_ . -7 .r I -'V ’ •"•••• ' -V ..V;^. ^ \ ,V,. V — . r 4: ^ V ' .V, ^ \ ; 1^ ^ .. ../... I* Exercise 30 Write in Shorthand For several special reasons I should like you to-come and see me on Wednesday as early as you-can, 1 specially desire you to-write out-the names of all-the firms with-which-you have-had business dealings since you came to us. 1-shall discuss a new policy with-you, and-the names for -which I ask may-fee of use. I -am a bit upset at-the refusal of Askew and Benson fo-take those Eskimo rugs, and-\ should like to know-t/ie reasons for-the refusal, \-have several subjects besides these of-which 1-wish to speak to-you when I-see-t/ou on Wednesday. Ask to see me as soon as you arrive.

38 H48 STROKE ‘‘ S ” AND ‘‘ Z Summary The stroke s or z must be written : 1. When a vowel precedes initial s or follows final s or z, 2. When initial s is immediately followed by a vowel and another s or z, 3. When initial s is immediately followed by a triphone. 4. When the final syllable -ous is preceded hy a diphthong. 5. When the word is a compoimd like sea-mew, saw-hench, 6. When the word is a derivative like unceasing, unassailed, where the stroke would be written in the root word.

CHAPTER IX LARGE CIRCLES SW AND SS OR SZ SW Circle. 49. A large initial circle, written with the same motion as the circle s, represents the double consonant sw, thus, seat, ...p. sweety sum, swum. As a vowel cannot be written to a circle, the stroke w must be written in words like ^ sway, suasive. The sw circle is used initially only. SS Circle. 50. A large medial or final circle, written with the same motion as circle s, represents s-s, having a light or heavy sound, with the intervening vowel e; thus, {ses) necessity ; N?. {sez) passes; {zes) possessive ; \ (zez) causes. When a vowel other than e intervenes, it is indicated by placing the vowel -sign within the circle ; thus, exist, exhaust, exercised. Final s is added thus, exercises. The large circle is also used to express the sounds of two s's in consecutive syllables, as in mis-spell. Plurals and Possessives. 51. As Lucy, policy, jealousy, etc., are written with the stroke s, the stroke s is retained in the derived words -(0^. Lucy's, policies, jealousies. (See also pars. 47 and 48.) 52. A few words ending in s-s are written with the circle and stroke, or the stroke and circle, in order to distinguish them from other words containing similar consonants, and in which the large 39

40 LARGE CIRCLES “ SW ” AND ‘‘ SS ” OR “ SZ ” ^53 circle is employed ; thus, ^ possess, but pauses ; access, but L axis ; /O’ recess, but ^ races. Large Circles in Phraseography. 53. The sw circle is used for the words as tve in phrases like ^ as we have, as ive can, and for as w- in as well as ; and the ss circle for the two s's in phrases like in this city, ^ this is, as is, or as has. O is as or is his. Exercise 31 Read, copy, and transcribe I. o No b 6 —p Vo 3. v_P t 4. alD 5. .sp_. 6. v:),.V5.. K) AQ ^ n Exercise 32 Write in Shorthand 1. Sweetly, sweetness, swig, swain, swing, swimmer. 2. Entices, reduces, revises, ounces, minces, laces. 3. Roses, peruses, terraces, essences, fences, romances. 4. Dazes, decisive, races, resist, misses, Mississippi. 5. Fallacy, fallacies, Morrissey, Morrissey’s, curacy, curacies. 6. Thesis, emphasis, paralysis. Genesis, Nemesis, axis.

^ 53 LARGE CIRCLES “ SW ” AND “ SS ” OR “ SZ ” 41 Grammalogues in, any, own ; ^ your, year ; / arc, .y:. hour ; ourselves, themselves. Exercise 33 Read, copy, and. transcribe Exercise 34 Write in Shorthand The invoices and bills o/ lading /or-^7i6 valances and laces are ready for despatch, and-the cases themselves are io-leave hy -the “ Swiss Valley,” sailing on Wednesday. The advices should-he with our customers hj-the tenth o/- March, and-they-will-do aZZ-they can Zo-make a success of -the deal. They lociow-the business thoroughly, and you-may safely leave it to-them, It-is scarcely necessary to emphasize what they themselves know aZready.

42 LARGE CIRCLES “ SW ” AND ‘‘ SS ” OR “ SZ ” % 53 Summary large initial circle represents sw. large medial or final circle represents the light or heavy sound of s-s with an intervening vowel. 3. Where a root word ends with stroke s, the plural, possessive, or third person singular is formed by the addition of the circle s. 4. Where a root word ends with a circle s, the plural, possessive, or the third person singular is formed by the use of the large circle ses, 5. A few words ending in s-s are written with the circle and stroke, or with the stroke and circle, to distinguish them from words in which the large circle is employed. G. The SW circle is used in phrases like as well as, as we know ; and the ss circle in phrases like it is said, in this city.

CHAPTER X LOOP ST AND STB Loop ST. 54. The combination st, as in sfeam, mist, pi\ssed (pasO is represented by a loop made half the length of the stroke to which it is attached ; thus, seem, steam, qjv sown, stone, o_i_ sake, stake, ^ miss, ^ mist, lace, laced, pass, past. Like the circle s, the st loop is written with the l^)eft motion to straight strokes and inside curves, as shown above. Like the circle s, too, the st loop is always read first at the beginning of the stroke and last at the end. 55. Since a final vowel sound requires a final stroke, in order to provide a place for the vowel-sign (par. 47), it follows that the st loop cannot be employed finally when a vowel follows t ; thus, best, but \|3 hestoiv ; ^ rust, but ^ rusty ; honest, but honesty. 56. The st loop may also be employed finally for the heavy sound of zd, as in the words fused, refused, opposed, .L... disposed. The word caused is written to distinguish it from .1. cost. Loop STR. 57. A large loop, extending two-thirds of the length of the stroke to which it is attached, represents str. This str (ster) loop is never written at the beginning of an outline. Like the circle s and the st loop, the str loop is written with the Left 43

41 LOOP ‘^st” and “str” u 58-CO motion to straight strokes, and inside curves ; thus, ^^.pass, ^^..pasi, pastor,/^, fast, faster, 58. The st and str loops may be used medially where a good joining results ; thus, ^ justify, elastic, masterpiece. 59. The st loop cannot be employed when a vowel occurs between s and t, nor can the str loop be written when a strongly sounded vowel occurs between st and r, because where there is a vowel sound there must be a stroke consonant to provide a place for the vowel-sign (par. 47). Compare best and beset, ^ rest and -

LOOP “ ST ” AND STR ” 45 If CO Exercise 36 Write in Shorthand 1. Stout, stoutly, stock, stockade, style, stylish. 2. Rust, rusts, nest, nests, waste, wastes. 3. Box, boxed, lapse, lapsed, refuse, refused. 4. Coaster, coasters, boaster, boasters, muster. 5. Stone, stole, stave, stem, stimg, star. 0. Gassed, gazette, vest, visit, rust, russet. 7. Bolsters, barrister, waster, lustre, sinister, minister. most, language, owing, w thing, young. Grammalogues p 0 first, infiuence, infiuenced, next. Exercise 37 Read, copy, and transcribe yjC. I O' \ ^ .'rr. ^ ^ r r

46 LOOP ‘‘st” and “str” H60 Exercise 38 Write in Shorthand The language of-the young barrister in-the case was most stately, and i^-must have influenced both judge and jury. It almost looked as-ii-the case was lost 8bt-the first, because of-the calm way in-which-the opposing coimsel set out to stsite-the facts for -his side. But-the young barrister faced the test fairly, and-his language and style, though different, showed him to be a master o/-law and logic. We-shall watch his career Sbt-the bar, and-we-ihink he-must succeed because of -his abilities. Revisionary Exercise (A) Write in Shorthand \i-you-can put me up for a week in August, 1-shallbe ready

^ 60 LOOP “ ST ” AND ‘‘ STR ” 47 who know them to-think-the same. I speak formyself, because I -know myself, 1-can say a deal onthis subject, and-1 usually do-so. You ask why Ihave stayed away so -long. The answer is business keeps me away. When would-you like me to-come ? The best of luck to-you and to-the rest of-the family 1 It-wi\\-be nice to see them all, though I-saw most ofihem a month ov-two ago. (283 words) Summary 1. A small loop represents st ; a large loop represents str, 2. The st loop may be used initially, medially or finally. 3. The st loop maybe employed finally to represent the sound of zd. 4. The sir loop may be used medially or finally, but not initially. 5. The st loop cannot be employed when a vowel occurs between s and t, nor can the loop be written immediately before a final vowel. 6. The str loop cannot be written when a strongly sounded vowel occurs between st and r.

CHAPTER XI INITIAL HOOKS TO STRAIGHT STROKES AND CURVES Double Consonants. 61. The liquids r and I frequently blend with other consonants so as to form a double consonant, as in the words pray, bZow, drink, grZare, /ry, fly, or are separated from a preceding consonant by an obscure vowel only, as in paper, ms^ker, table, hsbel. These consonant combinations are represented by prefixing a hook to the simple shorthand characters to indicate their union with r and Z. R Hook to Straight Strokes. 62. A small initial hook, written with the Right motion, adds B to straight strokes ; thus, \ ^ ^ T T T f ^ p, pr, hr, tr, dr, chr, jr, kr, gr, L Hook to Straight Strokes. 63. A small initial hook, written with the Left motion, adds L to straight strokes ; thus, f f ^ ^ p, pZ, hi, tl, dl, chi, jl. Id, gL R Hook to Curved Strokes. 64. A small initial hook, written inside the curve, adds r to a curved stroke ; thus, v_ ^ ^ f, fr, vr, thr, Tiir, shr, zhr, mr, fir. 48

G5-71 INITIAL HOOKS 49* L Hock to Curved Strokes. 65. A large initiali hook, written inside the curve, adds Z to a curved stroke ; thus, ^ C cJ (upward) CT^ /, fly vly ihly sTil , ml, nL C(). The stroke ^ r is not hooked initially^ because the characters and are employed for w and y. SHR and SHL. 67. The double consonant ^ shr is always written downivard, and the double consonant cJ shl is always written upward. Small Hook to NG. 68. The hooked form represents ng-kr or ng-gr, as heard in the words hdiUkcr, finger. 69. The hooked forms should be called by their syllabic names ; as, per, 'X pel, ^ fer, ^ fel, etc. Vowels and Double Consonants. 70. Vowels are placed and read to the hooked forms as they are placed and read to the simple forms ; thus, pie, S- ply, -S.. apply ; lead, leader^ leaderless ; \ . pity. pretty ; Peterloo ; tie, ...1.. try, trifle, tri Peter, trifler. Extended Use of L Hook. 71. In order to obtain easier forms the I hook is sometimes used in w'ords in which the I properly belongs to the following syllable, and not to the stroke to which it is attached ; thus, J..„. deeply, briefly, l^'riefless, thinly, enlivener, peevishly. 4— (M)

INITIAL HOOKS H71 EO Exercise 39 Read, copy, and transcribe t1 \ X ^ 2. ^ ^ . 3. 4. 5 } ■■ 6. v ^ 'j, c V Exercise 40 Write in Shorthand 1. t*ry, pride, preach, preacher, bray, break, breaker. 2. Crow, croak, cricket, grew, group, grape, bigger. 3. Ply, plied, played, plum, place, replace, replaces. 4. Problem, enclose, enclosure, blow, blows, bluster. 5. Double, pedal, fiddle, model, fickle, glow, gloat. 6. Fred, afraid, tougher, other, otherwise, every, usher, pressure, inner. 7. Honour, honourable, flavour, flower, Fletcher, faithful, privilege, Marshall, specialize. Grammalogues principle, principal-ly ; liberty, \ member, remember-ed, number-ed ; 1 truth; 1_. Dr., doctor, 1 dear, during ; / chair, cheer , ...Z.. larger ; c — care.

171 INITIAL HOOKS 51 Exercise 41 Read, copy, and transcribe Exercise 42 Write in Shorthand Dear-Sir, Thank-you for-your favour of-the first of April, and- for mailing me your price-lists and samples of blue and black inks and glue in-the several sizes of bottles. 1-think-the labels are better and brighter now. 1-shall give-the samples a fair trial during-the next few weeks, and, if suitable, I-may-6e able to stock a large number of-the smaller sizes. As 1-think-you know, my principal business is with legal offices, and, as you-wiW agree, it-is essential to offer them only first-class inks. Foars-truly,

INITIAL HOOKS 52 T[71 Summary 1. A small initial hook written with the Rfght motion adds r to simple straight strokes except ^ 2. A small initial hook written with the Left motion adds Z to simple straight strokes except 3. The hooked signs should be called by their syllabic names. 4. A small initial hook to curves adds r ; a large initial hook to curves adds Z. 5. Shr is always written downward, and shl is always written upward. 6. Ng with a small initial hook represents the sounds of ng-kr, ng-gr, 7. Booked forms may be considered as representing syllables.

CHAPTER XII ALTERNATIVE FORMS Additional Signs for FR, VR, etc. 72. Tlie strokes ^ r, ) s, are not hooked for the addition of r or L They are, however, hooked to provide alternative forms for /r, vr, fl, vl, ihr, Titr ; thus, n o /r, vr, tlir, THr, fl, vL The first form of each pair is called a left curve, because it is made with the Left motion ; the second form of each pair is called a right curve, because it is made with the Right motion. There is only one form for thl Q , namely, the left curve. 73. (a) Wlien standing alone, the left curves for /r, vr, thr, are used if a vowel precedes, and the right curves if a vowel does not precede ; thus, affray, fray, ether, three. (h) When joined to another stroke, the form is used which gives the easier joining, preference being given to the right forms ; thus, _^i., Friday, 4’ I ^ virtue, frame, verbal, thermal. leather, coffer, lover. Generally, it will be found that the left curves join better with strokes written towards the left, and the right curves with strokes written tovrards the right. PL and VL. 74. The right curves ^ fl,^ vl are used only after straight upstrokes and the horizontals k, g, thus, cavil, naval, 53

64 ALTERNATIVE FORMS H 75 rifle, - we&vil. In all other cases the left curves ^ fl, ^ vl are used ; thus, ^ flow, a flow, ^ flake, flicker, joyful, arrival. Intervening Vowels. 75. (a) In order to obtain a briefer or an easier outhne, an initially hooked form may be used even when a vowel separates Z or r from the stroke consonant. Where necessary, an intervening dot vowel between a stroke and an initial hook may be indicated by writing a small circle, instead of a dot, either after or before the stroke ; thus, barley, 21/. challenge, 111 narrate. sharply ; and an intervening dash vowel or diphthong may be indicated by striking the sign through the stroke consonant ; thus, Burmah, coarsely, nullify, f 1 lecture. (&) If the vowel-sign cannot easily be written through the stroke, it may be placed at the beginning or the end for a first-place or a third -place vowel respectively ; thus, corner, Vs. tolerable, captures. perceive, telegraphy, mercury, nervously, the hooked form sufficiently represents the first syllable of the word. With the exception of ^ nurse, Turk, L. dark, and a few other words, the initially hooked strokes are not used in monosyllables where the consonants lire separated by a vowel. Such words as pair. (r) In words like nervously.

If 75 ALTORNATIVE FORMS pale. tare, b tore are written with the separate strokes, so as to indicate the intervening^ vowel. Exercise 43 Read, copy, and transcribe 1. .

5G ALTET? NATIVE FORMS Exercise 45 Read, copy, and transcribe II 75 ■1:-v/ s X.. “ ' S' ^ — ■■■■ " ...V;^. IX / .A. ^ , \ ;f- ...v,^ /....... __o !Si., L, X . .x!. ^ . .x:., .1. '¥'• r ..A. ,r. Exercise 46 Write in Shorthand Have-you ever noticed what useful lessons youmay-receive through a shrewd look at-the faces of-the people you-come across in travelling ? Fow- will-see in-them humour and gloom ; generosity and miserable stinginess ; pluck and nervous fear ; wisdom and simplicity. Foie- will -notice the drinker and-the abstainer ; the hopeful and-the fearful ; the clever talker and-the bore ; the flighty and-the modest ; Ihe pilferer and-the honest fellow ; the loafer and-the worker. Five minutes in a tramway car may offer us many lessons it-we care ^o-take them.

•[[75 ALTERNATIVE FORMS 57 Summary 1;. (a) When standing alone, the left curves V, fr, ^ vr, C thr, ( Tiir are used if a vowel precedes, and the right curves fr, vr, ) thr, ) THr, if a vowel does not precede. (&) When joined to another stroke either curve is used in order to secure an easier joining. 2. The right curves ^ fl, vl are used after straight upstrokes, and after the horizontals k, — g, and n ; in all other cases the left cui'ves ^ vl are used. 3. (a) An intervening dot vowel between a stroke and an initial hook is shown by writing a small circle for the dot vowel, either after or before the stroke. {b) An intervening dash vowel, or a diphthong, is shown by intersecting the sign for the vowel or diphthong.

CHAPTER XIII CIRCLE OR LOOP PRECEDING INITIAL HOOK S befort Straight Strokes Hooked for R. 76. Initial s, or sw, or st, preceding a straight stroke hooked for r, is expressed by writing the circle or loop on the same side as the r hook, that is, with the Right motion ; thus, pry, spry ; 1’ tray^ 1* stray; crew, a— j screw; ...j... eater, .^...sweeter; ~1 utter, stutter; c4- ochre, ^ stoker. S before other Hooked Strokes. 77. In other cases s is written inside the initial hook, so that both circle and hook are clearly shown ; thus, ojfery -V. suffer, ^ sever, ^ deceiver, soother, sinner^ prisoner, plies, 5vo supplies, possible^ jyedestal, f settle, .1.... satchel, e : sickle, bicycle, I — exclaim, evil, civil, prosper, offspring, destroy, extra, ..C5|... mystery, nostrum, lisper, reciter, wiseacre. {a) Where I hook cannot be clearly shown in the middle of a word, the stroke I is written ; thus,. forcible, unsaddle, .,C- musical. V (b) When skr or sgr follows t or d, the circle is written with the Left motion ; thus, Lnr. lacker, L — Tasker ; degree, U disagree ; digress, 58

II 77 CIRCLE OR LOOP TO INITIAL HOOK 59 disgrace. When skr occurs after p ov h. the hook r may be omitted ; thus, prescribe^ subscriber. Exercise 47 Read, copy, and transcribe 1. ,=N.,. °\ ^ -I* ^ ^ Write in Shorthand 1. Set, setter, settle, stab, stabber, sable, sweet, sweeter, sweetly, seek, seeker, sickle. 2. Supreme, subhme, cider, sidle, sacred, seclude. 3. Traceable, disclosure, plausible, classical, distressed, extremity. Tasker, task. 4. Suffers, simmers, sinners, peacefully, explosive, expels, risible, rasper. 5. Disgraces, discloses, prescribes, crossways. Grammalogues from ; ^ very ; } there, their ; more, remark-ed, mere, Mr. ; nor, near ; surprise, surprised ; sure ; J) pleasure. Phrase they arc.

60 CIRCLE OR LOOP TO INITIAL HOOK ^77 Exercise 49 Read, copy, and transcribe ^ I ^■■■^- > ^ ,L... V- Y •\ ^:l ’ ■■%■■ r. I X ..^...,y:..,y:.. -n-.. ^ ..;. j 0— •« I. yr^.. ’X-c'^ .'?rXS.. yf .'^...1’.., .:.. k ..\.,c..^. ^ ^ Ws.x ..X ..^. -C.., ,.\..^.i. ^ L. k .:.. ..•: r..> Vb, / 1. ^ Exercise 50 Write in Shorthand We~are surprised to know from-your favour of-the Y-he-sure, and it-is still a mystery. Mr. Strong, our dispatch clerk, expressly disclaims any blame, but, if -possible, he-will take more care with-ihe books still to-come. He-will personally supervise the a,ddressing of-the parcels. By-^/ie way, we hope io-have-the new Uxbridge book ready very soon. Itwill-fee in-the same style as our classical library.

^77 CinCLE OE LOOP TO INITIAL HOOK 61 Summary 1. The circles s and sw and the loop st are prefixed to the straight strokes hooked for r by writing the circle or loop with the Right motion. 2. The circle s is prefixed to all other initially hooked strokes by writing the circle inside the hook, so that both the circle and hook are clearly shown. 3. The circle in words like tusker and disgrace is written with the Left motion ; but when skr follows p or h, the r is omitted.

CHAPTER XIV N AND F HOOKS N Hook. 78. A small final hook, struck by the Eight motion \J adds n to all straight strokes ; thus. Ben. J" tone, J* chain, coin, rain, hone. 79. The hook which represents r at the beginning of a straight stroke, and that which represents n the end, are both struck by the Right motion ; thus, ^ hrain, 3* train, criro crane. 80. A small final hook, written inside the curve, adds n to all curved strokes ; thus, fain, ...L. thin, ■y / V)..V... assign, shine, moon, lean. F-V Hook. 81. A small final hook, struck by the LeFt motion Kjh, adds / or v to all straight strokes; thus, buff, L" tough, 1* chafe, cave, rave, 1^... hive. 82. The hook which represents I at the beginning of a straight stroke, and that which represents f or v at the end, are both struck by the LeFt motion ; thus, bluff, cliff, glove. 83. There is no / or t? hook to curves ; therefore the stroke f or v must always be employed if / or v follows a curved stroke. The following pairs of words illustrate this : fine, five ; line, live ; nine, knife ; moon, move. 84. A final hook cannot be employed when the word ends with a vowel sound, because a final vowel 62

•[f 85-87 “n’' and “f” hooks 63 requires a final stroke (par. 47). and penny ; pujf and ^ Compare X, pen X P^ffy > Vo fun and funny ; men and many, LN and SHN. 85. The hooked forms In and sh n when joined to another stroke may be written upward or downward ; thus, gallon, melon ; ^...fallen, V! aniline ; f situation, extenuation. Hooks used Medially. 86. The n and / hooks may be employed medially when they join easily and clearly with the following stroke ; thus, plenty, ^ agent, suddenness, ^ punish, painful, defence, divide, refer, IXZ graphic. If these outline^) are compared with the following, it will be observed that a stroke is often used medially in preference to a hook in order to secure more facile outlines, or for purposes of distinction : brandy. agency. -V painless. suddenly. reviewer. pronounce, gravity. Syllable -NER. 87. The hook n and downward r are used for the representation of the final syllable -ner when following a straight upstroke ; in all other cases, the syllable is represented by the sign ; thus, opener, joiner, — keener, liner ; but runner, winner, yawner.

64 “ N ” AND hooks If 88 N and F Hooks in Phraseography. 88. The n hook is sometimes used in phraseography for the words been, than, on, and own, and the f-v hook for the words have and o/; thus, I have been, I had been, better than, carried on, ^ their own, onr own, ■j / which have, ..j... out of. Exercise 51 Read, copy, and transcribe \ \ y J- y- y- ^ ^ 4. 5. -I- ^ ..L=. . ..‘crf’. V :V Exercise 52 Write in Shorthand 1. Open, opening, tune, tuning, dine, dining, strain. 2. Begin, beginning, run, runner, win, winner, join. 3. Fan, fancy, fin, finish, vain, vanish, mean, meanness, noun, renown. 4. Pave, paving, prove, provide, provoke, chaff, chaffinch, refer, referring, preserve. 5. Pen, penny, deaf, defy, fun, funny, men, many. Gr AMM ALO GUES N been; J general-ly ; ..(^..within; ^ southern; advantage, .. I . difficult. northern : behalf: I

‘‘n” and ‘‘f” hooks 65 *5[ 88 Exercise 53 Read, copy, and transcribe ■\.3V> ^ X ' Y )■*■% 'No' -X-.-XX- ^ Xy....:.. -7^^ ...y.. ^ ' / ..^^...'^..JU, ..y^. .^...L ,^...C::xx I \ u L..r....L ^„x-9- • -X..:. K -v->^ ' \ V;. . \ 1; .:.. r ..a. . ^ :.. /■ X Exercise 54 Write in Shorthand Local authorities, as borough and urban councils, generally derive their main revenue from-the rates they levy. They-may, of -course, receive profits from any business carried-on hy4hem within-the borough. Over and above all-this they receive allowances from-the state. Either men or women may appeal to-the authorities, and-tliey very often do, if -they think th.ey -have-been unfairly assessed. But il-w\R~be difficult for-them to obtain relief unless they-are able fo-prove their case, and ssbiisfy -the authorities as to a supposed overcharge.

66 N ” AND “ P ’’ HOOKS U88 Summary 1. A small final hook struck by the Right motion adds n to straight strokes. 2. A small final hook struck by the LePt motion adds / or i; to straight strokes. 3. A small final hook adds n to curves. 4. There is no / or hook to curves. 5. When a word ends with a vowel a final stroke must be used. 6. When joined to other strokes, In and sh n may be written either upward or downward. 7. Hooks n, / or v may be used medially where an easy and legible joining is secured. 8. The final syllable ~ner is represented by when following any stroke except the straight upstrokes. 9. In phraseography, the n hook is sometimes used to represent the words been, than,, on, and own^ and the f-v hook for the words have and of.

CHAPTER XV CIRCLES AND LOOPS TO FINAL HOOKS Straight Strokes followed by NS, etc. 89. The sound of s or ses, st or str is added to the hook n attached to a straight stroke by writing the circle or loop on the same side as the hook, that is, with the Right motion, as . J.„ Dan, dance, dances, .J... danced, Dunster ; ^ pen, \ pens, expense, expenses ; 3^. spin, spins, spinster, spinsters ; glen, ^ glens, .L?. glances, glanced ; -J.— dispense, .JL.. dispenses. dispensed. Curves followed by NS, etc. 90. (a) The small circle (representing the sound of z) is added to the hook n attached to curves by writing the circle inside the hook ; thus, fine, fines ; .L vines, frowns, thrones, v^. balloons, earns, zones, shines, mines. nines. A... lawns. The effect of the preceding rule is that the hook n and the small circle attached to a curve represent in all cases the heavy sound of nz, as in the words fens (nz), vans (nz), Athens (nz), zones (nz), shines (nz), shrines (nz), moans (nz), nouns (nz), loans (nz), earns (nz). 67

68 CIRCLES AND LOOPS TO PINAL HOOKS H 91-92 (b) Where the light sound of ns follows a curve, as in the word fence, it is expressed by ; thus, fence, evince, Cl lance, mince, thence, nonce. The effect of this rule is that the construction of outlines is regular in all related words of this class, so that the transcription of the forms is facilitated ; thus, fence, fences, fenced, fencing ; mince, minces, minced, mincer, mincing ; evince, evinces, evinced, evincing. Circle S added to F-V Hooks. 91. The circle s Ls added to the hook / or i? by writing the circle inside the hook ; thus, puff, ^ puffs, caves. waves, ..^1. archives. heaves, operatives, observes, sheriffs. Medial NS or NZ. 92. When ns or nz occur medially both letters must be shown, as in the words pensive, 1^ density, L^. chancel, Johnson, cancer, fencer, . ransack, wincer, lonesome, ransom, winsome, hansom. cleanser, immensity, rancid,

92 CIRCLES AND LOOPS TO FINAL HOOKS 69 Exercise 55 Bead, copy, and transcribe -V-V-V-V-V -V- J- J’ J’ 2. /• /• .17" 2 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 5. .'

70 CIRCLES AN^D LOOPS TO FLNTAL EOOKS ][ 92 Exercise 57 Read, copy, and transcribe V- 'rrrr;..:ZA...i._. -r 4.- . > '' J. A L > M L. d b. X d^ ^ C ^ % ....kk....'k. Al ^ y. AA. ..! ?.. A , ..^..ytif ^-A ^ Exercise 58 Write in Shorthand If I annoy you in-the deliverance o/-my opinion, as-the chances are I -may, put it down to a reading man’s reverence for books, and-his diligence in-the pursuit of a course which lightens many an hour for -him. Think o/-these significant facts, and your frowns may vanish, li-you have a love of books,

II 92 CIRCLES AND LOOPS TO FINAL HOOKS 71 you-wiM feel no loneliness if and when men forget you. You-can dispense wiih-them in-the circumstances ; for-you-wiW-have within yourself, throughthe brains of -your authors, many better men ^o-replace them. The balance of advantage in-the change is likely to be in-your favour. Fo^^“Will grasp-f//^ significance of-this remark^ I-am-swre ; for-the man who derives pleasure from reading books makes forhimself reserves of strength to-call-upon against the time o/-trouble or stress. Summary 1. The sound of s or ses, st or str is added to hook n attached to straight strokes by writing the circle or loop on the same side as the hook. 2. Circle s is added to straight strokes hooked for fovv, and to curves hooked for n, by writing the circle inside the hook. 3. The light sound of ns after a curve is expressed by the sign v_p ns. 4. The heavy sound of nz after a curve is expressed nSy the circle s written inside the hook n. 5. When ns or nz occur medially both letters must be shown.

CHAPTER XVI THE SHUN HOOK The Termination -SHUN. 93. The termination Bhanov zhun, variously spelt ~tion, -sion, -dan, -tian, •sian, etc., is represented by a large hook, to which circle s may be added as required, as, notion, _T) ' ^ notions, L oaution, .[ cautions, 94. The shun hook is written inside curves ; thus, fashion, fashions, motion, nation, vp nations. 95. (a) When added to a straight stroke with an initial attachment (circle, loop, or hook) the hook is written on the side opposite to the initial attachment, in order to preserve the straightness of the stroke ; thus, citation, sections, oppression, c— ? Grecian. (b) The shun hook is written with the Right motion after the form V , light or heavy, and with the Left motion after the forms , in order that the k or g may be kept straight ; thus, affection, vacation, ^ ^ selection, ^ selections; and 96. On the side opposite to the last vowel when following a straight stroke without an initial attachment, in order to indicate where the last vowel occurs ; thus, passion, option, action, i_3 1 cautions, occasion ; but 72

siiun’ hook 73 H 96 (a) On the right side of \ t, \ d, / j, because it is known that the last vowel always occurs after these letters, and there is no need to indicate the fact, and also because the writing of the hook on the righthand side of these letters carries the hand forward in readiness for the next word ; thus, rotation, notation, gradation, fTj logicians. Exercise 59 Read, copy, and transcribe 1. /Vo c)- ^ Vo 2. ^ lo 3. :V 1 • ^^3 ■ 4. 5. I I Exercise 60 Write in Shorthand 1. Erasion, invasions, division, elevation, mansion. 2. Solution, desolation, relations, stipulations. 3. Exception, impression, celebration, recitation, discussion, exclusion. 4. Specification, infection, navigation, relegation. 6. Occupation, Russian, occasion, education, obligation, lubrication. 6. Deputation, adaptation, imitation, presentation.

74 ■SHUN” HOOK ^ 97-99 Shun following Circles S and NS. 97. When shun follows the circle s or circle ns, it is expressed by a small hook written on the opposite side to the circle and with the same motion ; thus, J; decision, J,... dispensation. (a) A third -place vowel between the circle and the shun hook is expressed by the vowel-sign being written outside the hook ; thus, ^ position, physician, „I.. transition. The circle s may be added thus, positions, ..X. transitions. (b) When a second -place vowel is to be read between the circle and shun it need not be indicated ; thus, possession, ^ accession, sensation, First-place vowels do not occur between the circle and shun. Shun Hook Medially. 98. The shun hook may be used medially ; thus, „lj/. additional, actionable, devotional, ^ positional, y_ transitional. Words ending in -nation and -uition. 99. When a diphthong and a vowel occur immediately before shun, the stroke sh and the hook n must be written thus, extenuation, but extension ; '^.intuition, but * b notation. This does not apply to such words as accentuation, perpetuation. where, in order to avoid a lengthy outline, the large hook is used.

^93 SHUN HOOK 75 6i Exercise 61 Read, copy, and transcribe 1. ^ -j.. i > 1. Proposition, propositions, precision, procession, processions. 2. Disposition, indisposition, accusation, accusations, vexation. 3. Mission, missions, missionary, commission, commissions, commissionaire, exception, exceptional. 4. Discretion, discretionary, affection, affectionate. Exercise 62 Write in Shorthand Grammalogues c/ generalization. Exercise 63 Read, copy, and transcribe 1858 ) f X u >

76 “shun” hook Ti99 ' ^ -I:;- > ^ .'. lT L ^ c . / .j.., > ^ r, ^ /,’■ ...v^.^'j) vp .^.. ^ ] :::v / ..s, Ij.. ) VI ■ /1i .>£.. L3 . J Exercise 64 Write in Shorthand Lord Macaulay was blessed with-the possession of rare powers o/-memory. His accumulation of facts was immense. He-was almost in a state of subjection to-his memory, and a subjective examination of -the information in-his possession at any-timQ would have-been a revelation even to-himself. The retention and repetition of figures, the manipulation of facts in discussion, the selection and citation of authorities caused him no hesitation. He-was to-have-been a barrister, but-the legal profession had no fascination for -him, Macaulay took a share in- the promotion of education, but-his reputation rests mainly on-hia famous essays. His criticisms brought him into opposition with several fashionable authors, and-his expositions occasionally produced bitterness vi opposite factions.

1[99 shun” hook 77 Summary The hook -shun is written — To curves Inside the curve. To straight strokes with initial attachment On the side opposite to the initial attachment. To h and g following the curves ^ (up) With the Left or Right motion as required to keep the kov g straight. To straight strokes other than L, d or j without initial attachment On the side opposite to the last vowel. To if d and j without initial attachment , ► On the right side. Following the circles s or ns 1 On the side opposite to the circle. Finally | ' In punctuation and a few similarly ) long words. Medially Like the other hooks.

CHAPTER XVII THE ASPIRATE Upward H. 100. The upward form of his employed in the great majority of cases, because it joins more readily with other strokes and abbreviations ; as, hope, head, hatch, hedge, hush, honey, hung, hero, hearth, hose, hush, hisses, ^ haste, hove, hen, Henry, hackle, hawker, hammer, upheave, XXl behead, adhesive, Jehovah, overhaul, enhance, rehearse. Downward H. 101. The downward form of h is used (a) When h stands alone, as in hay, high, and in compounds and derivatives like a/* haystack, ovv W I X. higher, L.... highly ; (b) When h is followed by k or g ; as, Z_ hawk, .trrr. hog ; (c) When h follows upward Z or a horizontal stroke ; as, Lahore, coherence, mahogany, i unhook. Following S, etc. 102. (a) In a few words like “ Soho and Sheehy, the circle of h is written inside the curve ; and in such words as - Fitzhugh, and racehorse, where s and h occur medially, the circle is enlarged for the representation of s. 78

Tf 103-104 THE ASPIRATE 79 (6) When h follows another stroke, it must be written so that it cannot be misread for s ch or sr ; thus, cohere^ but but observer. exchequer ; abhor. Tick H. 103. (a) When preceding strokes ^ m, I, r, initial h is represented by a short tick, written in the direction of downward h ; thus, home, f\ healthy, harm. (b ) The tick h may be employed medially in phrasing, but not in words ; thus, for whom, of her. Sv to her ; but inhuman, overhaul. Dot H. 104. Where a stroke form of h is not convenient in the middle of a word, h is represented by placing a light dot before the vowel which is to be aspirated ; thus, apprehensive, perhaps, vehicle, hogshead, uphill, downhill, 2:2 manhood. Exercise 65 Read, copy, and transcribe 1. 2. ^ .. 2 ^ ^ 1 3. FV 4. 2

80 THE ASPIRATE H 104 Exercise 66 Write in Shorthand 1. Head, hitch, huge, hyphen, hurry, hurries. 2. Host, hone, heave, hovel, haggle, hence, hover, boyhood, prohibition, cohesive. 3. Hack, hackney, hawk, Hawkins, hoax, cohere, high, higher. 4. Home, hail, hallo v/, hire, neighbourhood, freehold. Phrases 3^ Dear Sir, yours truly, every circumstance, S all circumstances, you will remember, 1 Relieve, I will tell you, 1 surprised. Exercise 67 Read, copy, and transcribe ^ .1. ^ ^ , .fc t o X, X r\ o ' 1— ,:s;.

H104 THE ASPIRATE 81 Exercise 68 Write in Shorthand Dear-Sir, — The heavy mahogany table for-your new home, “ Hillside,’’ Woodhouse Lane, is ready for delivery at ani/- time when-we hear from-you. We hope to-have-the hangings fixed ^o-morrow, and-the curtains hung by Wednesday next. The new hammocks and hassocks are almost ready, anrZ-they-willbe delivered n^xt week. Our van may-&e in-your neighbourhood on- Monday, in-which-csise you shallhave-the hall chairs and-the whole of -the small household things then. But for a mishap at our Harley Works, you would-have had-the hair cushions for-the settee before this. We hope, however, /o-receive them onFriday, and to-deliver them with-the other things onMonday. Fonrs-truly, Summary 1. The upward form of h is most commonly used. 2. The downward form is written when h is the only stroke in the word and in compounds and derivatives hke hayrick, high-flown ; also before k ov g, 3. The tick h is written initially to ^ The word HoMeLieR forms a useful mnemonic. 4. The dot h is used as an alternative to the stroke in the middle of a word. 6— (M)

CHAPTER XVIII UPWARD AND DOWNWARD R In order to present a complete statement of the rules for the writing of the alternative forms of r, the dii*ections given to the student in par. 27 are repeated here. Vowel preceding R. 105. When initial r is preceded by a vowel, the downward form is used ; thus, air, airy^ erase, ire, Irish, orh. Vowel following R. 106. In other cases, the general rule is to WTite initial or final r upward when it is followed by a vowel, and downward when it is not followed by a vowel ; thus, rob, borrow ; rainy, narrow ; carry, ZIZ). car ; furrow, fur ; sorry, soar ; story ^ store ; ware, wary ; siren, ^ stern. 107. Initial r followed by m is alw^ays written downward, because of the easier outline thus obtained; as, roam, _j::: 108. Facility of outhne is of the utmost importance, however, and accordingly either form of r is written, and vowel indication ignored, in order to secure a facile form. The upward form is written, therefore, in .d irate, arch, urge, earth, oracle, and similar words where r is immediately followed by \ t, \ d, / ch, / j, ( th or c M, ^ — gl, w. 109. Generally, the upward form is preferable after tw'o downstrokes ; as, ^ prepare, . irampler. 82

^ 110-113 UPWARD AND DOWNWARD “ R” 83 Shakespeare, because the hand is thereby carried back to the line of writing. But the downward form is better in pinafore, shuffler, persevere, etc., because of the easier joining with the preceding f or v. 110. After a single straight upstroke, the upward form is easier, because it avoids an angle ; thus, roar, aware, yore ; but the suffix -er must be written with downward r in roarer, rarer, because a treble-length straight upstroke would not be easily readable. 111. The upward form is obviously better in officer, nicer, closer, razor, where r immediately follows a curve and circle like Vr) or , or a straight horizontal or upstroke circled for s. R Finally Hooked. 112. When r follows another stroke and is hooked finally, it is generally written upward ; thus, spurn, fern, portion. Medial R. 113. Medial r is generally written upward ; as in ..X. park, parsnip, terrify, mark, roared ; but the downward form is retained in some derivative words, barely, J— .. disarrange ; and the use of the alternative forms provides a distinction in pairs of words such as clerk, cleric.

84 UPWARD AND DOWNWARD ‘^R H113 Exercise 69 Read, copy, and transcribe ,3. Srs^.'!^:..:r^..:rp... 4. y/ ^ ^ -\^ 5. ^ y^ y^ 6. /V’ ..it!, ..t.. '

*11 113 UPWARD AND DOWNWARD “ R 85 Exercise 71 Read, copy, and transcribe . \ ^ — ..<1. ^ . n /V ^ c Lr..r^, /!• ^ .:....i...r...l. yi. . ^ ^ \ iT). X .... XX) .'f?.. ^ .:rX^..'..,.Sr. / \) ^ A. .C^. 1^ ..'... ^.. 'X .A...'^..., ..A. XI, X ., • -y^cy'...^...:. X_ .ArA., . \] .^.. "P. \ .'...

86 UPWARD AJP^D DOWNWARD “ B 1 113 same organ we derive the force necessary ^o-rouse us to severe exertion in-the earning of-the wage or salary we receive for our services. Something of-the value of-our work rests upon-^Tie strength producing value of-our food. At-a^Z-costs, and by-aZZ*means, we should take measures to ensui*e-t/te food value of everything we eat. Initial r Summary Written downward when preceded by a vowel, and initially before m; as ^ erase, room. Initial or Final r Written upward when followed by a vowel, and downward when not followed by a vowel, as ^ race, parry, air, par. Medial r | Generally written upward ; but downward in some derivatives. When hooked / and following ^ another stroke v Generally written upward ; as, burn, mourn. For an easier outline Written either upward or downward irrespective of vowels ; as, /\ earth, answer, deplore, debar.

CHAPTER XIX UPWAHP AND DOWNWARD L AND SH Upward L. 114. The stroke Z, whether initial or final, is most commonly written upward ; as in lapse, spell, load, delay, (OL allege, jelly, f* lake, coal, loaf, felloiv, loathe, Othello, /O Lacey, assail, ^ sale, stale, LO leisure, sr:/..... shallow, L preceding or following Curve and Circle. 115. Wlien I immediately precedes or follows a circle which is attached to a curve, it is written in the same direction as the circle ; thus, ^ lesson, nasal, ^ elusive, vessel, losing, Kingsley, lissom. L after N and NG. 116. After the strokes n and w ng, final I is written downward so as to avoid a change of motion ; as in "7^ only, wrongly, 'mnoinly ; and the downward form is retained in derivatives ; as, manliness, enlisting. L and Vowel Indication. 117. For the purpose of vowel indication, initial I is written downward when preceded by a vowel and followed immediately by a horizontal, not hooked or circled initially ; thus, CL alike but jC...."-". like ; alone but loan ; along but long ; ^ elm but lame. 87

88 UPWARD AND DOWNWARD “u” ^ 118-120 118. Also for the purpose of vowel indication, final I is written upward after /, ^ v, o sk^ or a straight upstroke when a vowel follows Z, and downward when no vowel follows I ; thus, follow but fall ; valley but ^ vale ; scaly but ^ scale ; ruly but rule. Medial L. 119. Medial I is generally written upward ; but either form is used for an easier joining ; thus, unload but "ZZ unlock; vulgar but overlook ; facility but film. Upward and Downward Sh. 120. (a) The curve sh, joined to another curve, generally follows the motion of that curve ; thus, fish, .2. smash, Q: lash ; but it is written downward after the curve ^ n ; thus, gnash. When joined to a straight stroke, sh is generally written downward ; thus, push, cherish, Z. shake, yZ sherry ; but it is written upward after the heavy stroke | d, as in .2. dash, (b) After a straight down stroke with an initial attachment, sh is generally written on the opposite side to such attachment ; thus, ^ spacious, ^ blush, brush. In other cases the form is used which gives the easier joining ; as in sugar, rf, shackle, ZZ chauffeur, ^ shovel.

II 120 UPWARD AND DOWNWARD “ L 89 Exercise 73 Read, co'py, and transcribe Ore CrP 2. _4. 4- ,4, K v^. 5. X X. " 6. V- X. 5 Exercise 74 Write in Shorthand 1. Lie, lies, sly, slice, slices, steel, stolen, swallow. 2. Alps, Alaska, loth, loafer, lore, locker, latch. 3. Alack, lack, allocation, location, license, Allison. 4. Bale, billow, towel, Filey, veal, villa, dwell. 5. Canals, denial, frowningly, vessel, profusely. 6. Unlucky, lucky, pulling, spelling, sculling. 7. Plush, splash, crush, atrocious, waspish. Phrases as is ; o is as ; (q this is ; .1^. last year ; »_L. at first; just 'now. Exercise 75 Read, copy, and transcribe keso. E. t

90 UPWARD AND DOWNWARD “ T/’ - - II 120 -y- Vf ) -c:....ri>. s I /" rx. /\, ...^..Y.. •e, ..:. i ,vT:...t. , > V ^ M- > M..:...n^, -t ^ » .?CVi. . ...... (jC-Y ^ ^ IExercise 76 Write in Shorthand Z>ear-Sir, The volumes of-the French Revolution for-ivhichyou ask in-your favour of-the first July shall-be delivered to-you early to-movvow. W e-are just-now out-o/ stock of-the ‘‘ Life of Lord Lumley,” lastycar's best seller, and we-are unable to say whenue-shall receive copies. W e-have a daily delivery from-the wholesalers, however, and you-ina>j-re\y upon our msiiluig-the volume to-you as-soon-as it reaches us. We-are toking-the liberty of enclosing for-your approval “ Naval Lessons of-the War,’’ by Philip Bailey. Please return this with-the next parcel if-i? makes no appeal to-you, Yours-tvxxly,

^ 120 UPWARD AND DOWNWARD “l” 91 Summary 1. The upward form of Z is most commonly written. 2. When immediately preceding or following a circle which is attached to a curve, I follows the direction of the circle. 3. Final I is written downward after n and ng, and derivatives of words similar to manly, 4. When preceded by a vowel and followed im^ mediately by a horizontal, initial I is written downw^ard. 5. After /, ^ v, o sh^ or a straight upstroke, final I is written upward when followed by a vowel, and downward when not followed by a vowel. 6. Medial I is generally written upward. 7. Stroke sh, following a straight downstroke having an initial attachment, is wiitten opposite to the initial attachment. In other cases the form is used w^hich gives the better joining.

CHAPTER XX COMPOUND CONSONANTS Initial W. 121. A large initial hook adds w to k — and g ; thus, — = keen, queen, Gwynn. Initial WH. 122. A small initial hook to I represents w, and a large initial hook to I represents wh ; thus, r' ell, (T well, 'C' whale. Strokes L and R Thickened. 123. Downward I is thickened for the addition of r preceded by any hghtly sounded vowel, and downward r is thickened for the addition of -er only ; thus, hire, hirer. > vale, ..V valour ; Addition o£ P or B to M. 124. The curve ^ m is thickened for the addition of p or & ; thus, hem, hemp, moss, ^ eniboss. Aspirated W. 125. The aspirate is added to w by enlarging the hook ; thus, weasel, whistle, aware, where. Stroke L after KW. 126. After c_ kw, I is written upward when followed by a vowel, and downward when not followed by a vowel ; thus, squally, squall. Vowel preceding W. 127. The initial hooks in wl and whl are read first. Therefore, if a vowel precedes w, the stroke form of w or wh must be written, and not the hook ; thus, while, awhile. 92

^ 128-130 COMPOUND CONSONANTS 93 Use of LR and RR Signs. 128. The form of Z or r which is used in the root word is retained in the derivative ; thus, hoil, boiler, mill^ miller ; full, fuller ; snare, snarer. The use of ^ rer is strictly confined to derivatives of words written with downward r. Vowel after Final R. 129. The thickened forms r Zr, ^ rr must not be written finally if a vowel foolery; follows r ; compare .\^ fuller with valour with valorous. Hooked Form of MP. 130. An initial or final hook may be attached to the sign ; as in scamper, ^ hempen, ambition. The sign is not used when pr, br, pi or bl immediately follows m. Compare empress with emperor ; embrace with embower ; imply with impel ; emblem with embolden. Exercise 77 Read, copy, and transcribe 2. r n -a 3. 4. 5.

94 COMPOUND CONSONANTS H130 Exercise 78 Write in Shorthand 1. Quake, earthquake, square, liquid, liquidation, require, Maguire. 2. Wall, wallflower, welfare, will, willing, unwilling, while, awhile, jump, romp. 3. Fairer, scorer, scaler, nowhere, whisper, whimper. 4. Imprison, umbrella, taller, similar, failure. G RAMMALOGUES whether ; impossible ; importani-ance, improve-d-ment. Exercise 79 Read^ copy, and transcribe

TJ 130 COMPOUND CONSONANTS 95 Exercise 80 Write in Shorthand 1-have-no wish to impose my views upon-^7?r ambassador, or to embarrass him by asking for impossible improvements ; hut it-is important I should impress upon him the chancellor’s opinion in-the case of -those lumber vessels. Foie- will-see how imperative it-is I should see-the ambassador, ifwe-are to-have any improvement in-our relations justnow. I-desire to discover whether-the whaler’s story is true, ov-the idle tale of a wilful imposter. \-shall occupy only a quarter of an hour, and-l-Simsure the ambassador will agree the importance of -the case is well worth-the time. Summary 1. Table of compound consonants — Character Name Letters As in Ckwa QU quick, request Cgwa GU g*Uava, ling’Ual (T (up) wel WL Wail, unwell C (up) hwel WHL whale. meanwhile (down) ier LR feeler, ^ (down) scholarly rer RR poorer, sharer jemp) |emb 1 MP, MB camp, embalm c/ hwa WH where. everywhere

90 COMPOUND CONSONANTS II 130 2. After cl_ kw stroke I is written upward when followed by a vowel, and downward wlien not followed by a vow^el. 3. The initial hooks to I are always read first. 4. When the downward forms of I or r are written in root words, the thickened forms ^ Ir, rr are written in the derived words. 5. The thickened forms ^ Zr, ^ rr must not be used when a vowel follows r. 0. The si^ is not used when m is immediately followed by pr, hr, 'pl or hi.

CHAPTER XXI VOWEL INDICATION Vowels Implied. 131. A careful reading of tlie rules governing the use of the circles, loops, and hooks will have led the student to reahze {a) that when a word begins or ends with a consonant, that consonant is to be written with the briefest form ; as, soup, place, spinsters, „d.. dances, ^ craves, uni ss there is a rule to the contrary, as in the words Siam and joyous ; and (h) that when a word begins or ends with a vowel soimd, the first or last consonant, as the case may be, must be represented by a stroke in order to accommodate the vowel-sign. It will be seen from the foregoing that in very many words an initial or a final vowel may be implied by the outline of the word, without the use of the vowel-sign. The following illustrations will serve as additional examples of the implication of initial or final vowels. y\ INITIAL VOWEL IMPLIED C asleep. assume, arising. arrives. along. d •.X — alike, aware, awake. awhile. awoke. INITIAL 1 <5^ CONSONANT IMPLIED d C" sleep. sum. rising. raves. long. .c~ . . d . 1 like, wear. wake. while. woke. 7— CM) 07

98 VOWEL INDICATION H 131 FINAL VOWEL IMPLIED o lessee. tasty. penny. defy, robbery. oX" / sorry, worry. follow. scaly, yellow. FINAL CONSONANT IMPLIED r k \ iless. taste. pen, deaf, repair. T A sore. wore. fall. scale, yell. In many of the words given in the following exercises an initial or a final vowel is suggested by the outline employed. Exercise 81 Read, copy, and transcribe ■(XI. ^ . .1 .. s ^ NX - . X ^ \ W..X X T / -V- “ \

H 131 VOWEL INDICATION 99 ^ -■ ^ A :.yi....-iC....

100 VOWEL INOICATION If 131 of -its truth, If-2/aw-leave your call till neA month. Ihere-msby-he more to-tell-you, and-the news items maybe equal to anything you have read. Every-day brings before-me circumstances imknown to-me before, and every circumstance is singular in itself. It-is very difficult for-me to be surprised at anything now. I-amsurprised at nothing at-aZZ, nor do 1-think there-is anything to surprise me, because my-life during -the past few years has brought me so -many surprises from all quarters. 1-have-been delivered from troubles when deliverance would appear to-have-been impossible, and when an improvement of -circumstances looked too difficult to be possible. You-w\W-s>ee-the significance of-this when you know something of what 1-have-been through, though-the tale can-be no-more than a mere generalization or general review. Still, it-w\W-be as near- the facts as possible in-the circumstances. l-w\W-tell-you and Mr. Oliver more when 1-^ee-you, and iZ-vvill-6e an advantage and an immense satisfaction to-me to-tell-you both. Foi6- will -then be at liberty to ask for any number of details, and, asfar-as I-am-able to-remember them, I-will give them to-you. 1-can see myself in-your easy-c/iatr in-the larger of -your two rooms at home, with my journal on-my knee and-the cheertxxl listeners facing me while I-talk of-the days of-my subjection and-of-the dreary subjective examinations I gave myself in justification of-my actions. In-my opinion, you-wiW say-ZAe tale is significant, and, in signification of-the happenings in-the northern and southern climes, far beyond anything you know. I-must leave-Z/ie balance of-the tale, however, till 1-can go over it with-you. 1-have some information, largely personal to-you, which I-must tell-you at-aZZ-costs before long. I-trust the information will give-you as-much-pleasure as 1-thinkiZ-wiLl. Anyway iZ-will enable you Zo-set a right

^ 131 VOWEL INDICATION 101 valuation vipon-fhe rest o/-my story. Please remember me to-the children at home, and to-tJie older and larger children also. 1-shall-be home again within six months. 1-shall hope to see-the principal members of -the local literary club within a few days of -my return. Ever yours, Arthur Clyde. (468 wcrds) Summary 1. An initial vowel requires the use of an initial stroke, in order to give a place for the vowel-sign : a final vowel requires the use of a final stroke, for the same reason. 2. An initial or a final vowel may frequently be indicated by the form written for the initial or final consonant. 3. Words beginning with the sound of a consonant have that consonant represented in the briefest form unless there is a rule to the contrary, as in the case of the word Siam. 4. Similarly, words ending with the sound of a consonant, or group of consonants, have the consonant or group represented in the briefest form.

CHAPTER XXII THE HALVING PRINCIPLE (Section 1) General Rule. 132. Halving a stroke in length indicates the addition of t or d. In words of one syllable, however, unless the stroke is finally hooked, or has a joined diphthong, a light stroke is halved for t only, and a heavy stroke for d only. Halving for either T or D. 133. (a) In words of more than one syllable, a stroke may be halved for either t ov d; thus, rahbit, rapid ; credit, dehit ; honoured, applied. (b) A stroke having a final hook or a joined diphthong may be halved for either t or d ; thus, ^ pave, ^ paved ; J' ten, J tent or tend ; men, ^ meant or mend ; few, feud ; prow, ^ proud. Halving for T only, or for D only. 134. (a) In words of one syllable, light strokes, without a final hook or a joined diphthong, are halved for t only ; thus, \ play, \ plate, but ^ played; thaw, S.... thought, but thawed. (b) In words of one syllable, heavy strokes, without a final hook or a joined diphthong, are halved for d only ; thus, bray, ^ brayed, but bright ; err- gray, rr grade, but greet. Vocalizing Half-length Forms. 135. (a) Vowelsigns to half-length forms are read next to the primary stroke; thus, fle, fight ; off, oft; n . seek, sect ; o— * seeker, secret. 102

U 136-138 TIIE HALVING PRINCIPLE 103 Circle S following Half-length Forms. 136. Circle s at the end of a half-length form is read after the t or d indicated by the halving ; thus, _ coat, coats ; ^ mount, mounts ; y^rent, rents; rift, ^ rifts. Half-length H. 137. Half-length h, when not joined to another stroke, is always written upward ; as, height, heights ;

104 THE HALVING PRINCIPLE H139 Position of Half-lengtli Forms. 139. Upward or downward half-length characters must not be written through the line for the indication of vowels. Where the first upstroke or the first downstroke in an outline is a half-length, the outline is written so that the half-length stroke appears over the line for the indication of a first-place vowel, and on the line for the indication of a second or a third-place vowel ; thus, optical, ^ . vertical, lightly, lately, witness, military, netted, J. tinU Exercise 83 Read, copy, and transcribe 1. V Q. 2. •/ /. A...!! -I- A. ^ ^ c 3. V V V 4. ...1...-^ ^ .AA. g r> —P Pi ^ ^ 4- -p -f5. n .p ■]’ ^ .5

189 THE HALVING PRINCIPLE 105 Grammalogues quite, could ; accord-ing, c- cared : guard, r- great ; called, equalled, cold ; gold ; ^ that, ( without, J Wtshed. Exercise 85 Read, copy, and transcribe 1 \ 1 1 1:.:^ 1 -^-x r. x .M-.., 1 ^ -f .5:. .1. ^x K- V/"' ; •r I )Oy...?., C .... e-|^ ‘1., .5.. a_D ..!^.. . ~L, ^ ..!...!...^.x L .-. cr- .^. . A. .../... (. . >^.:...^. \ V. .:....e.. 7 ..(. ^ I ...V^.. e- 'I )'x

106 'fHE HALVING PRINCIPLE H 133 Exercise 86 Write in Shorthand It-has-heen maintained that certainty does-not admit of degrees of any kind ; that-there-can-be no shade of difference in-the intensity of-our certainty. But let us see. A man may-&e certain that-he settled his debt with-his tailor on-the 10th of October, andin gold, or that-he paid his local rates on demand. But is-this certainty equalled hy-the certainty withwhich he knows that three and four make seven, or that heat will melt butter ? Is there not a great difference ? Summary 1. Halving a stroke indicates the addition of t or d. 2. Unless it is finally hooked, or has an attached diphthong, a light stroke in words of one syllable is halved for t only, and a heavy stroke for d only. 3. Vowel-signs to halved forms are read next to the primary stroke. 4. Half-length h, when not joined to another stroke, is always written upward ; half-length upward r must not be written alone, or with a final circle s only added. 5. The halving principle is not applied when a word ends with a vowel, when f or cZ is immediately preceded by a triphone, and in a few other cases where the fuller form is necessary to secure distinction of outhne. 6. Half-length forms should not be written through the line for vowel indication.

CHAPTER XXIII THE HALVING PRINCIPLE (Section 2) Strokes M, N, L, R. 140. {a) The four strokes addition of are also halved and thickened to indicate the addition of d ; thus, ^ md, w nd, r Id (down ), A rd, as in the words ^ mate, made ; A aimed, timid ; neat, need, end ; V old, aired. (b) The half-length form r Id, standing alone, is used only for words beginning with a vow^el ; as, T ailed, Y old ; so that words like ^ sold, y.^1 styled, holed, must be written with the full strokes. (c) When a vowel occurs between l-d or between r-d, both consonants must be written in full. Compare pallid with ^ paled ; married with marred ; sorrowed with sword ; hurried with ^ hoard. (d) The signs r ^ cannot be halved to represent the syllables -lerd, -rerd respectively, because the forms r A are used for representing Id, rd, as explained above. (e) The strokes ^ mp, mb, w ng cannot be halved for the addition of either t or d, unless they are hooked initially or finally ; thus, impute, Q. imbued, \C~\ belonged ; but hampered, .1^.... rampart, lingered, ^ impugned. which are halved to express the 107

108 TITE HALVING PRINCIPLE ^ 141-143 RT and LT. 141. (a) The signs for rt and It are generally written upward ; thus, part, X/" pelt, fort, fault ; but r It is written downward after n and w ng, as in ^ inlet, ringlet ; and it is written downward after if no vowel follows I ; thus, dwelt, but .1^.. twilight. (h) The light sign / may be used for rd when it is not convenient to write ^ ; thus, .ffZ... lard, coloured, id!... cordage, preferred. (c) After the shun hook, ) st may be written downward or upward ; thus, protectionist, progressionist. Joining of Strokes of Unequal Length. 142. {a) The halving principle may be applied to words like afford, named, where the difference of thickness shows the inequality of length ; but in other cases two strokes of unequal length must not be joined unless there is an angle at the point of junction. Words like propped, ..CT:rr:![.. minute, I be written with full-length strokes ... cooked, looked, fact, must, therefore. (6) Half -sized t or d is always disjoined when immediately following the strokes t or d ; thus, attitude, treated^ dreaded, credited. The half-sized stroke is also disjoined in some other •\ r ^ cases, as aptness, tightness, hesitatingly. Past Tenses. 143. In past tenses -ted or -ded is always indicated by half-length t ov d respectively ; thus, parted, braided, “n coated, graded.

T1144 TIIE HALVING PRINCIPLE lOO' The Halving Principle in Phraseography. 144. The halving principle is employed in phraseography as^ follows — {a) For the word it, as in if it, Ko if it is (b ) not, as in I am not, you may not, I will not ; (c) word and would by as in this ivord, we would he ; and {d) in phrases like at all times, able to make. Exercise 87 Read, cojpy, and transcribe 1. A ^ ^ 2. ^ ^ Y 3. J. -T y /t; 4. K1 -y\ ^ 5. V. V ^ / -rn 6. 1-, Jl I, Ij- -Ij-.l.-V li Exercise 88 Write in Shorthand 1. Amid, signed, doled, dazzled, sailed, heard. 2. Collide, colt, borrowed, bored, thronged. 3. Impede, dreamed, scampered, conquered. 4. Quilt, quilled, sunhght, answered, glared. 5. Chatted, treated, pathetic, flared, deadness.. 6. Liken, hkened, exported, shimted, trended.

110 THE HALVING PRINCIPLE ^144 Grammalogues cannot; .J..„ gentleman, J gentlemen; particular, ^ opportunity ; child ; \ huild-ing ; p told ; 0 — L. tried, 1 trade, toward, % towards ; hand, ^ under. Exercise 89 Read, copy, and transcribe / V. v> • c— 'r { X .7., 'f , r -) \L y ^ . ■)r . s )-. 1, t, -c ^ M, \ 1 y ^ *•-. S’ n.^ 1^ \ r o C \ 7 A -1 o . p r X,. ..r. 'C cX ^ Exercise 90 Write in Shorthand Quite early in man’s attempt to penetrate into-the •great secrets of -the earth, when-he tried ^o-find its hidden treasures of gold and diamonds for-the purposes of-trade, he learned one important fact, namely,

H144 THE HALVING PRINCIPLE 111 ihut-it grows hotter as you descend. This-is evident, also, from-the hot springs found in different parts off the world, and still more evident from-the volcanoes which, when violently active, pour out molten rock until it covers the country around to a thickness off many feet. A great authority on-the subject has asserted ihat-there-are slight earth tremors every quarter of an hour. The hand o/-man seems weak indeed when-we-think offthe wondrous power o/-these mighty forces. Summary 1. The four strokes ^ ^ are halved and thickened for the addition of d. 2. The thickened forms C ^ are not used if a vowel comes between l-d, r-d. 3. Ler and rer are never halved ; mp and ng may be halved when initially or finally hooked. 4. Rt is generally written upward ; It is written upward, except after n, ng ; after w, It is written downward if no vowel follows 1. 5. The upward form may be used medially and finally for rd. 6. The half-length ) st may be written downward or upward after shun. 7. Two strokes of unequal length must not be joined unless there is an angle at the point of junction, or unless, in the case of curves, the difference of thickness clearly shows the inequality of length. 8. Half-sized f or d is always disjoined when immediately following the strokes t or d. 9. In past tenses -ted or -ded is always indicated by half-length t or d respectively. 10. The halving principle is used in pliraseography to represent it, not, word, would.

CHAPTER XXIV THE DOUBLING PRINCIPLE The General Rule. 145. With the few exceptions named below, the addition of the syllable -tr or -dr, or -THr, or, in common words -ture, is indicated by doubling the length of the preceding stroke ; thus. fie, fighter ; ten, 1_ neither ; sector ; tender ; track, ...L , tractor ; Dow, doubter ; cX^ nigh, seek, won. .... grafter ; ^ impugn, centre, central ; pick, picture ; ^ nature ; natural. wonder ; frr^ grave, ^ ^ impounder ; enter, ^ enteric ; \^few, \^^fuiure, ^nay Doubling of Straight Strokes. 146. The doubling principle must not be applied to a straight stroke imless it follows a circle or stroke consonant, or has a final hook, or an attached diphthong. Compare n ^ skater with cater ; \^captor with potter; wonder lj.„ daughter ; with wader ; tutor with Ij tether. doubter with Strokes MP and NG. 147. The character mpmb, when not initially hooked, is doubled for the addition of -er, and the character w ng for the addition of -kr, -gr ; thus, bump, bumper ; vamp, vamper ; Ingersoll. inker, linger. 112

^ 148-151 THE DOUBLING PRINCIPLE 113 Alternatives for MPR, MBR. 148. There are therefore alternative forms for mpr, mbr, the doublelength form and the hooked form The hooked form is used when mpr, wbr immediately follows an upstroke or — k ; in all other cases the double-length form is used ; thus, umber, but slumber ; tamper, but hamper ; chamber, but cumber. Alternatives for NG-KR, NG-GR. 149. There are alternative forms for ng-kr, ng-gr, the double-length " and the hooked form The double-length form is used initially and when following a circle or an upstroke. In all other cases, the hooked form is written ; thus, anchorage, but .. V hunkering ; ^ sinker, but drinker ; hunger, but pinker ; rancour, but canker. Stroke L. 150. The stroke I, standing alone, or with only a final circle attached, is doubled for -tr only ; thus, letter, letters ; alter, alters ; but leader, leather. Circle S and Double-length Strokes. 151. Circle s at the end of a double-length form is read after the syllable indicated by doubling ; thus, volrrs, renders, rafters, / ^ rectors, , pictures. c C-(M)

114 THE DOUBLING PRINCIPLE 152-154 Past Tenses. 152. When the present tense of a verb of more than one syllable is written with either a double-length character or a hooked form, the past tense is written with the halving principle ; thus, \„on^r, :Spon^„e,.-'^.ean„r. 2?. winter, co^ wintered ; matter, mattered ; malinger, malingered ; conquer, j conquered. Doubling Principle not employed. 153. The doubhng principle is not empl3yed — (a) When a vowel follows final -tr, -dr, etc., because a final vowel requires a final stroke for the vowel flatter, but flattery ; winter, sign ; as, but wintry ; feather, but feathery ; anger, but angry. (b) In words like panther, Arthur, where the thr is a light sound. Position of Double-length Strokes. 154. (a) All double-length dowuistrokes are written through the line ; as, painter. fetter, tender. (b) Double-length horizontals are written either above the hne or on the line, according to the first vowel heard in the word ; thus, .* matter, mother, enter, neither. (c) Double-length upstrokes are written above, or on, or through the line, according to the first vowel heard in the word ; thus, loiter, render, hinder.

H155 THE DOUBLING PRINCIPLE 115 The Doubling Principle in Phraseography. 155. The doubling principle is employed in phraseography for the indication of the words their, there ; thus, in, in their ; I know, I know there is ; take, h___^ take their way ; '' \ I can he, I can he there ; has to he, has to he there ; ^ upon, upon their. Exercise 91 Read, copy, and transcribe Exercise 92 Write in Shorthand 1. Flatter, thither, aster, voters, enters, neuter. 2. Fender, lavender, shedder, feeders, godfathers. 3. Central, centralization, dysenteric, eccentric. 4. Bidder, spider, plotter, sector, painter, winter.

no THE DOUBLING PRINCIPLE 11155 5. Louder, Lowther, builder, cylinder, chambermaid, sinker, hunger, hungered, whimper, conquer. 6. Mutter, muttered, wander, wandered, temper, tempered, alter, altered, shatter, shattered. 7. Pander, pantry, seconder, secondary, voter, votary, cinder, cindery, enter, entry. Grammalogues .1... chaired, 7 cheered ; sent ; J third, j?.... short ; ^ spirit ; yard, ^ 'loord ; rather, writer ; loonderfid-ly ; ^ therefore ; s school, e_ schooled. Exercise 93 Read, copy, and transcribe (• L_ ■'t ^ ^ ^ — ■ ^ A w-j-- 1, '£ 7 / — 7x 'Y'- ^ -TT-.r::. .y:.... ^ r. 1 X — 'V. . . I . ■ c-+-° \ ^ Y -4.-.

^155 THE HOHBLING PRINCIPLE 117 Exercise 94 Write in Shorthand W e-have to hand ^o-day, under last Wednesday’s date, another copy of -the wonderful catalogue issued by Crowder and Sanderson. Their motor cycle department rather appeads to-the boys in-this school, and-we-have, therefore, sent word that-we should like several extra copies of -the catalogue. The new leather belt, just over a yard in length, for use with a waterproof coat, seems wonderfully cheap. There-is, also, a rather attractive lamp, with silvered reflector, suitable for any holder, and-this should take well with-the boys. These people are enterprising. Theyare inventors as-well-as dealers, and-therefore we should-he-ahle-to rely upon-their motor fittings being absolutely up to date. Summary -tr, -dr or -Tiir, 1 or, in common I by doubling the length of the words, -ture is | preceding stroke, added J -er is added to the curve , and -kr or -gr is added to the curve w by doubling the length of the curve. there or their in a phrase is expressed by doubling the length of the preceding stroke.

118 THE DOUBLING PRINCIPLE IF Past tenses of verbs of more than one syllable. are written with the halving principle. The Doubling Principle is not applied 1 when a final vowel immediately \ follows -tr, -dr, etc. The doublelength form ^ -mpr or -mhr J is written (a) initially ; (b) after • a circle or loop ; (c) after a downstroke. The hooked form -mpr or -mbr ' is written in all other cases. The double- 1 length form ^ ng-kr or ng-gr. J The hooked is written initially and when following a circle or an upstroke. ) form ng-kr 1 or ng-gr. ' ^ is written in all other cases.

CHAPTER XXV DIPHONIC OR TWO-VOWEL SIGNS In many words two vowels occur consecutively, each being separately pronounced. To represent these, special signs have been provided called cliphones (from the Greek di — double, and phone =; a sound). Use of Diphones. 156. In most instances, the first of the two consecutive vowels is the more important, and therefore the diphonic sign is written in the vowel-place which the first vowel would take if this occurred alone. The method of using the diphones is explained in the following rules. 157. The diphone a is written as follows — (a) In the first vowel-place to represent the vowel ah or d and any vowel immediately following ; thus, saMb, . Judaism. (6) In the second vowel-place to represent d or e, and any vowel immediately following ; thus. (c) In the third vowel-place to represent e or i and any vowel immediately following; thus, glorious, creator, cr^ creation, serial, serious. surve?/or ; jr, geography, - geographical, ion, heaviest, bur^/ing. 119

120 DIPHONIC OR TWO VOWEL SIGNS 158-159 158. The diphone ^ is written as follows — {a) In the first vowel-place to represent aw and any vowel immediately following ; thus, flawy, JL^.. drawer, 1^. dramngs, caiving ; (6) In the second vowel-place to represent o and any vowel immediately followmg ; thus, ^ showy, hestoival, pogt,Xj poetical, coercion, coincide, coincident, 6^ heroic, (c) In the third vowel-place to represent 6b and any vowel immediately following; thus,.s\^_brmn, 5Ns^i bretoery, Louisa, ,.f3. Le^ois, 3^/ truant, 1; Druid, Druidical, .^.shoeing, i^^^hallooing. Extended Use of Angular Sign. 159. The angular sign A is also used to represent the consecutive vowels in the small class of words like Spaniard, million, bullion, question. Exercise 95 Read, copy, and transcribe r ^ ^ ^ 3. ^ :S.V.T:. 4. ^ ^ ^ fT 5. 6.

^ 159 DIPHONIC OR TWO-VOWEL SIGNS 121 Exercise 96 Write in Shorthand 1. Slay, slayer, bay, bayonet, air, aerometer. 2. Pay, payable, betray, betrayer, obey, abeyance. 3. Re, real, really, reinforce, readdress, readmission. 4. Billow, billowy, blow, blower, co, coincide. 5. Piero, heroic, snow, snowy, slow, slowest. 6. Cruel, brewing, jewel, ruinous, ruination. Exercise 97 Read, copy, and transcribe Exercise 98 Write in Shorthand Dear Mr, Brewer, It-is to be regretted that-the arrangement withthe band of-the Cleopatra has fallen through, but l-shall-be-8ih\e-to re-8irTa,nge-the programme and itwill-not ahect-t/ie gaiety of-the members of-Uie

122 DIPHONIC OR TWO-VOWEL SIGNS H 159 Lyceum on-Monday. We-have-had is also used to represent the consecutive vowels in such words as million.

CHAPTER XXVI MEDIAL SEMICIRCLE As explained in a previous chapter, a right semicircle is used initially as an abbreviation for w before the strokes 7b, g, m (and mp) and the two forms of r. The medial use of a semicircle is explained in the present chapter. Left and Right Semicircles. 160. [a) A left semicircle is written in the middle of a word to represent the sounds wah, wd, v:e, or their corresponding short sounds. (6) A right semicircle is written in the middle of a word to represent the sounds waw, wo, woo, or their corresponding short sounds. 161. The following diagram shows the places of the semicircles, and the sounds they represent. Place 1 Left Semicircle c Place Right Semicircle ? 1 represents w ah ova 1 represents w aw ov 6 2 -f- d ,, e 2 „ „ 0 „u 3 3 j) jj + ao ,,00 162. The medial semicircle is, therefore, simply an abbreviation for w followed by a vowel. The sign is usefully written in words like -V— .. boudoir. ..^.1 assuage, sea-weed ; seaward, Wordsworth, C__ lamb's-wool, i.e. where the w is not essential to the outline. 123

124 MEDIAL SEMICIRCLE H162 Exercise 99 Read^ copy^ and transcribe Exercise 100 Write in Shorthand 1. Sealing-wax, twenty, twentieth, Cromwell, Both well. 2. Dwindle, dwindled, wherewith, //lerewith, bewilder, bewildered. 3. Breakwater, blameworthy, seaworthy, Wandsworth, Cornwallis. 4. Wick, wicked, wickedly, weaken, weakness. Exercise 101 Read, copy, aiid transcribe ^ .C.^. 'f, yL.y.G..,. r~G -f- ^ X-.:... ^ X. > c , f Ij.." >"x V.O..

H 102 MEDIAL SEMICIRCLE 125 - •

CHAPTER XXVII PREFIXES Initial Com- or Con-. 163. Initial com- (or comm-) or con- (or conn-) is expressed by a light dot written at the beginning of the following stroke ; thus, combine, ^ commence, congratulate, connection. In a few words clearer outlines are obtained by writing the prefixes fully ; thus, commotion, ^ ^ commission, commiserate, consul, connote. In words beginning with the prefix com- or con-, represented by a dot, the position of the outline is governed by the first vowel after the prefix. Medial Com-, etc. 164. Medial com-, con-, cum-, or cog-, either in a word or in a phrase, is indicated by disjoining the form immediately following the com-, etc. ; thus, becomingly, welcoming, incompetent, uncontrolled, ference, recognize, incompliance, by consent, ^ I am compelled. This method may be used after a dash logogram when this is written upward, but not when it is written downward ; ^ > I compare on the committee, |.... of the committee ; should commence and \ circumAccom-. 165. sented by to commence, Accom- (or accommo-) is reprek, joined or disjoined ; thus, accommodation, accompany. Intro-. 166. Intro- is expressed by — thus, introduce, introspectio7i, 126 7itr ;

% 167-171 PREFIXES 127 Magna-, etc. 167. Magna-, magne- or magni- is expressed by a disjoined ^ m ; thus, magnanimity, ...L_ magnetize, magnify, Trans-. 168. Trans- may be contracted by omitting the n; thus, _I transfer, _L_ transmit. transgression ; but sometimes the full outline is preferable, as, .U. transcend, transit. Self- and Self-con- or Self-corn-. 169. (a) Self- is represented by a disjoined circle s written close to the following stroke in the second vowel-place ; thus, self-defence, ^ self-made. (b) Self -con- or self -com- is indicated by a disjoined circle s written in the position of the con- dot ; thus. self-control. sel f- complacency. In- before Str, Skr and H (up). 170. In- before the circled strokes 1 o — is expressed by a small hook written in the same direction as the circle ; thus, instrument, inscriher, inhabit. Negative Words. 171. (a) The small hook for in- is never used in negative words, that is, where in- signifies not. In such cases in- must be written with the stroke n ; thus, hospitable, inhospitable ; suppressible, insuppressible; CSrrd humanity, inhumanity.

128 PREFIXES H172 (b) Words which have the prefix iZ-, im-, m-, rr-, un-f are written in accordance with the following rules, so as to provide the necessary distinction between positive and negative words, and other pairs of words where distinction is required — (c) By writing the downward r or Z when the rules for writing initial r or Z permit of this being done ; thus, resolute, irresolute ; resistible, irresistible ; limitable, illimitable, > (cZ) By repeating the Z, m, n or r in cases where a distinction cannot otherwise be obtained ; thus, legal, illegal ; mortal, immortal ; ^^1^3 noxious, innoxious; ^S>^' necessary, unnecessary ; redeemable, ; /\i^radmnce,::s^ Arradiance, Logograms. 172. Logograms, joined or disjoined, may be used as prefixes or suffixes ; thus, almost, ^ understand, undermine, unimporlayit. Exercise 103 Read, copy, and transcribe 1. j* j* ^ y 2- Hbc-lb,- . 3.

II 172 4. ."3 PREFIXES 129 Exercise 104 vXl. Write in Shorthand 1. Competent, combat, common, compensate, compound, compact, compare. 2. Conductor, conflict, constant, convulsion, conserve, conscientious, contango. 3. Commissioners, incomplete, recognized, uncongenial, reconsider, incumbent. 4. IFe-were compelled, accompanying, accomplices, introducing, introduces. 5. Magniflcent, magnifler, magnificence, transmission, translated , transmitter . 6. Self-possession, self-congratulation, instructor, inherent, inhumanly, insuperable. 7. Illiberal, immaterial, innocuous, imknown, reparable, irreparable, reclaimable, irreclaimable, understood, undersell, ^rade-mark. Grammalogues ^ selflsh-ness ; ^11. inscribe-d ; inscripti \j instruction ; t instructive. \ Exercise 105 Read, copy, and transcribe W" No- N t 9— (il/)

PREElXEa 130 H172 .(L .k:?., . J (x . D... ■b X—b

131 ^ 172 PREFIXES Summary Peefix Represented by Initial con-, comA light dot. Medial con-, com- | 1 Disjoining the form immedi* ately following the con-, etc. Accom- 1 , The stroke - — k joined or disjoined. Intr0‘ The double -length ^ nir. M Cigna-, etc. Disjoined ^ m. Trans- | I The sign for irs, or by the full form. Self. j ( A disjoined circle s written ' in the second vowel-place. Self-con- j , A disjoined circle s written ' in the place of the con- dot. In- before certain \ circled straight 1 strokes ) A small hook written with the Right motion. 1 1 Downward 1 or r, or by the repetition of the initial consonant. im-, in-, unRepeating the ^ m or — ^ n. Logograms May be used as prefixes or suffixes.

CHAPTER XXVIII SUFFIXES AND TERMINATIONS -Ing, 173. The stroke w is generally employed in the representation of -ing. Where this stroke cannot be written, or, where, if written, an awkward joining would result, a light dot is used to represent the suffix Ang, The dot Ang is written — (a) After light straight downstrokes and downward r, as paying, tying, / etching^ hoeing, hearing, spluttering, (b) After circle ns, after k and g hooked for / or V, and after an upstroke finally hooked ; as, prancing, L coughing, cX* waning, (c) After a half-length or a double-length stroke where no angle would be obtained by the use of the stroke w , as brooding, fidgeting, matting, fielding, muttering. {d) Generally after a contracted logogram ; as, \ remembering, coming, „ thanking ; but the stroke w is employed in wishing, calling, having, surprising. (e) The dot Ang cannot be used medially ; therefore the stroke ng is written in Angly ; thus, admiring, but admiringly ; deservmg, but deservingly. 132

^ 174-179 SUFFIXES AND TERMINATIONS 133 (/) Wherever -ing would be represented by a dot, -ings is indicated by a dash ; thus, ^ etchings, scrapings, plottings, windings, rinsings. -Ality, etc. 174. - Ality, -ility, -arity, -ority, -elty, and similar terminations are expressed by disjoining the stroke immediately preceding the termination ; thus, formality, barbarity, novelty, frivolity, v feasibility, majority. -Logical-ly. 175. -Logical and -logically are expressed by a disjoined / j ; thus, genealogical-ly, mythological-ly. •Ment. 176. -Ment is, as a rule, expr^sed by ^ mnt ; thus, sentiment, agreement. If this sign does not join easily, however, the contracted form may be used ; thus, imprisonment, commencement, refinement, preferment. -MentaHy-ity. 177. -Mental, -mentaUy, and -mentality are expressed by a disjoined ^ mnt ; thus, fundamental-ly , instricmentahly~ity. -Ly. 178. -Ly is expressed by / I, joined or disjoined ; thus, cMefly, friendly ; or the hook I is employed ; thus, J._ deeply, pos'itively. deeply, . -Ship. 179. -Ship is expressed by a joined or y sh ; thus, 'Ji friendship, citizenship, disjoined scholarship, y^... leadership. V

134 SL^PFIXES AND TERMINATIONS ^ 180-182 -Fulness and -lessness or -lousness. 180. (a) - Fulness is expressed by a disjoined V© fs ; thus, .^v- usefulness^ = — carefulness, gratefulness'. (5) -Lessness and -lousness are expressed by a disjoined Is ; thus, heedlessness, hopelessness, sedulousness, -¥/ard, -wart, -wort; -yard. 181. -Ward, -wartov -vjort, and -yard are expressed by a half -sized w and y respectively, as in the words, backward, stalwart, 5\-.— ^ brickyard. Compound Words. 182. Compounds of here, there. where, etc., are in written as follows — on at to of with Here 1 r There 1. ' ? 1 i Where < cX Exercise 107 Read, copy, and transcribe 1. \ c 2, ^ ^ ^ 3. 4. -i' . ,p;

SUFFIXES AND TERMINATIONS 135 H182 5. 6. ^ r- ..Cl.^.. Uy Exercise 108 Write in Shorthand 1. Sapping, tying, teaching, fearing, webbing, wading, lodging, shaking, flogging, loving, scathing, sowing, rushing, slaying, roaring. 2. Dispensing, enhancing, craving, surrounding, ballooning, opposing, menacing, puffing, disjoining, caning, concerning. 3. Pleating, obtruding, permitting, scaffolding, flitting, smothering, dissecting, smelting, sauntering, speaMng, castings. 4. Solubility, singularity, fatality, novelties, etymological, accompaniment, effacement, sentimentally, vainly, frankly, exhaustively. 5. C/iairmanship, clerkship, playfulness, credulousness, indifference, hereby, thercsihout, whereunto. Phrases you will he able to, we are able to ; at the same time, at some time, for some time; this ivas, that was; according to the^

136 SUFFIXES AND TERMINATIONS % 182 Exercise 109 Bead, copy, and transcribe . v» ^ 4 4 ..c^'. .r::: ^ . 1. ') ..4..:.. i- A.X . 'r 5?. 4= .rrTe^, .r...^:d^. ..1. oix. .:.../^k.. ^ A .cf. / .V- A .r;, V -^---- -V r .^...A. . .3. -_3! A-.. A -A?S|..A p; ; r I ^ .. \ A Exercise 110 Write in Shorthand I-am-sorry to interfere with-the arrangements forthe announcement of-the concert season, hut a>t-thesame -time I -am compelled to say that l-think-the form proposed is-not likely to-have-ihe effect of introducing new members to-the society. I-fear-f^e psychological effect of-the wording of-the circular, wMch-is more like a command or instruction than an invitation. l-thinJc i£-will provoke a feeling of resentment in-^/^e-minds of-those whom you-are

SUFFIXES AND TERMINATIONS 137 11182 addressing, and at-f/^e-same-time convey a false impression, I -am conscious of no selfishness in communicating with-you on-the matter, because-it-is quite immaterial to-me whether-the membership is large or small ; but^ as-the instructor and conductor of-the choir, I-must, in seh-defence, warn the committee against a possible misconstruction of-their circular. I-^Mnfc-i/ow-will-be-able-fo induce them to change it 1-have-been wanting to see-you /or-sometime, and-it-you-will call some-time during -the coming week I-s7ia?Z-6e-glad of a little conversation with-you. Revisionary Exercise (C) 1-cannot quite understand how you-ca,me to act as you did in-the court fo-day, nor how you could put-the case against that child with-such. particular force, missing no opportunity that-you-were able-fo seize to-msbke-the poor child, appear guilty of-the theft. Fon-may say that, without-the evidence of-the gentleman whose purse teas-taken, and without-the statements of-the other gentlemen who said they saw-Zbe child put her hand into-the old gentleman* s pocket, therewould certainly have-been no case for-the jury. But, surely, according -to-the evidence ofithe guard called hy -the defence, there-was more-than a doubt thatdhe prisons? was-the child seen hy-the gentlemen who testified. The guard told a straightforward tale, and, though-you tried to shake his evidence you failed to do-so, except towards-the end, when-he admitted he-saw a gold coin drop apparently from-the child*s hands to-the ground, l-think-you-weive a little short with-the guard, and 1-was glad when-the people in-the court cheered his final reply. They chaired him, too, ei-the end of-the case, under protest hy-him and-his friends. I-dp-not believe-the poor child came oui-of-the

138 SUFFIXES AND TERMINATIONS H182 yard, as stated by -one- of -your witnesses, and-indeed I-did-not believe a word of-that witness’s evidence. It-was given in a bad spirit, in a tone which sent a shiver through everyone in-the court. I -know that at-lea;st a third of-his story nbout-the school and-the wonderful instruction he had received there was untrue. I-know this because I-went to-the school myself and ?/ou- will -find my name inscribed on-the roll of honour hanging in-the large hail. It-is-not wonderful, therefore, that 1-have a doubt of-that man’& word, li-would-be rather more wonderful if 1-believed his story. 1-think that-he-is a selfish, vindictive fellow, and it-wi\\-be instructive to follow his future. Anywsbj, 1-shall set about an appeal for-the child, whom 1-believe to be absolutely innocent of-the crime alleged against her. (373 words) Summary Suffix Represented by -ing / The stroke w where con< venient ; otherwise by a ( light dot. ‘ings / The stroke where conj venient ; otherwise by a V light dash. -ality, etc. / Disjoining the stroke immedj iately preceding the ( termination. -logical-ly Disjoining the stroke / j. -ment / The sign ^ mnt, where X convenient ; otherwise by ^ nU

^182 SUFFIXES AND TERMINATIONS 139 -mental-ly-ity -ly j -ship -lessness or ( -lousness ( -fulness •ward, etc., and ( yard \ Disjoined mnt. The stroke Z, or by a form hooked for Z. The stroke sh. Disjoined Is. Disjoined fs. Half -sized w and y respectively. Compounds Generally formed by joining the outlines for the separate words.

CHAPTER XXIX CONTRACTIONS Omission of Consonants. 183. (a) Where p is very slightly sounded, it may be omitted, as in prompt, ts tempt, assumption, exemption ; but the p is represented in words like trumpet, trumpeter, where it is clearly sounded. (6) or G is omitted between ng and t, or between ng and s7i, when no vowel occurs immediately after k ov g ; thus, adjun{c)t, extin{c)tion. In trinket, blanket, and similar words, in which a vowel follows the consonant, the k ov g retained. The k is also retained in past tenses, as inked, winked, hanked, linked. {c) Medial t, immediately following circle s, may be omitted in many words ; thus, postman, hon&stly, ^ tasteful, mistake, mistaken, institute ; and in phrases like most important, there must he. your last letter. In some \ words, however, the full form is quite as facile as the contracted form ; thus, t... drastic, elastic, plastic. 140

H183 CX3NTEACTIONS 141 Exercise 111 Uead^ copy, and transcribe 1. Vv .L...!n. 4 ^ 2. V:> ;>5. 4. v>- V>-- X 5. 'Xp -L..ti....^....|^,. 6. ^ ^ ^ 7. ^ ^ ,c^:..A...\^. w. Jt^ Exercise 112 Write in Shorthand 1. Presume, presumptive, bump, bumped, tempt, tempter. 2. Temptation, contempt, contemptible, cramp, cramped, thump, thumped. 3. Consumption, consumptive, stamp, stamped, swamped, resumptive. 4. Indistinct, distinction, extinct, manifest, manifestly, adjustments. 5. Rest, restless, hst, hstless, dishonest, dishonestly, waste-pipe. 6. Text, textbook, trust, trustworthy, postcard. Post Office.

142 CONTllACTIONS 1^: C If 183 Exercise 113 Read, copy, and transcribe > ■f V ^ f ■ ■ A \ ■ ■'A T > cri-o / V . C J? ^ ^ ^ .'- ' ;A.O; i- vx '..[..A-.' ■ ■ Vx•-.^^..•.. T. ,.v..r:t -T V . K, ,r., -- A.\ r V Exercise 114 Write in Shorthand TFe-are-mwc/z -obliged for-your-letier and estimate for-the elastic web. But surelj there-must-be some mistake in-your figures. Please-refer to-your-\sbstletter to us, dated 26th October, in-which-you-ga>Ye us a distinctly better price. Manifestly, the postponement of-the-ovder for a week cannot possibly feare-made so great a difference in4he-price. We

CONTRACTIONS 143 II 184 realize ihat-the web is-the best-finish, as-it-is mostimportant it-should-he, but-you-must-tTy to-improve upon your estimate, or you-cannot hope to-vece\\e the order. Fow-must-6e estimating, tve-think, on-the assumption ihat-the web is to be silk finished. That-isnot so, as t/oit- will-see on referring to-our last-letter. li-there-is-to be a resumption of business between-us, your estimate will-have to be reconsidered. All-we ask for is a web with-the best -finish, but not silk, and of a tasteful design. What-can you offer to tempt us to pass the order to-you ? Other General Contractions. 184. Contractions for a number of words in common use are formed by the omission of a medial or final consonant or syllable. These contracted words, together with the classes of words contracted on the principles explained in the present chapter, constitute what may be termed General Contractions. A prefix or suffix may be attached to a contracted outhne, and in this way the list of contractions may easily be extended ; thus. respect, disrespect, disrespectful, respective, respectively. The halving principle may be applied to contracted forms for past tenses ; thus, endanger, endangered ; but in many cases the same form may safely be employed for both present and past tenses ; thus, respect-ed, ^ suspect-ed. Contracted outhnes are generally written on the line.

144 CONTRACTIONS If 184 Omission of N passenger stranger messenger danger dangerous contingency emergency exigency stringency appointment attainment contentment assignment entertainment enlightenment abandonment ironmonger oneself Omission of R demonstrate remonstrate remonstrance ministry monstrous manuscript henceforward thenceforward Omission of -ect expect-ed inspect-ed-ion prospect respect-ed retrospect imperfect-ion-ly suspect-ed object-ed project-ed architect-ure-al

^184: CONTRACTIONS 14-6 Omission of kt before -ive perspective destructive prospective destructively productive retrospective obstructive irrespective > objective \ irrespectively Omission of K before -shun > production destruction obstruction jurisdiction objection '-h introduction objectionable A retrospection Exercise 115 Write in Shorthand The appointment of a stranger as Passenger Superintendent is a disappointment to-the local candidates for-the position. There-is a rumour of a demonstration ©/-protest against what-have-been called the monstrous methods of-the administration m-^Ms-matter. Thereis, however, great danger in a form of remonstrance that-m.a>y provoke a dangerous outburst in-place of-the-pves&nt contentment, and, with great respect to-the leaders, we-isil to see any prospect of-their attaining their object if -they demonstrate in-the way suggested. It-is aZways the xmexpected and unsuspected contingency that-is likely to happen, and-we expect-the present emergency will prove no exception to-the rule. The introduction of a policy of obstruction or destruction, or even of interference with reasonable jurisdiction, mo>j-be productive of discontentment allround, It-is to be hoped every means will-fee sought for-the attainment of-the objective. yy-Li)

146 CONTEACTIONS 1184 Exercise 116 Write in Shorthand PPe-fear there-is-no prospect of success for-thosewho raise objection to-the appointment, and, quite irrespective of -the merits of -the respective parties, we-would wv^e-the abandonment of obstructive measures and-the entertainment of -the suggested resort io-threats. Further enlightenment is necessary if matters are to proceed smoothly henceforward. It-is pleasant toturn from this-subject to-the attractions of -the cormtryside, where there-are numerous objects of entertainment and instruction for all who care to-lo6k for-them. The jerry builder Tias-not-yet begun his destructive work, and-the monstrous things which he calls architecture, but which cause diisappointment and-grief to-the genuine architect, /^are-not-yet appeared to-vvln-the prospect. The unspoiled beauty of nature still remains to compel our respecttul admiration, and to remonstrate in silence against those whose object is

CONTRACTIONS 147 1[184 abandonment caused disappointment, of -course, but contentment followed enlightenment as-to-the cause and eventually the attainment of -the orginal object was secured. (&) The demonstration against the administration of-the local funds was, in-our-opinion, a monstrous mistake, and-we-shoM remonstrate as vigorously aswe-can. The monstrosity in-the shape of an effigy of-the chairms^u of-the administrative committee was of-the-most objectionable nature, and-ouly served to demonstrate the poor taste of-those-who designed it, I should-have to-write a long manuscript if I desired to-express my resentment properly, ancZ-even then my remonstrance would-uot-be too strong. I should hke to assist in-the administration o/-personal punishment upou-the men Sit-the head of -this monstrous business. It-is pleasant to know that no-one from-the ministry was concerned in-the-mabter, (c) As-to-the architects project for-the alteration of-the club premises, I rather suspect that-his idea of-the architectural possibihties is imperfect andincorrect. With great respect to-him, because of-the imperfection of-mj acquaintance with architecture, 1 respecttuWj suggest that-he-should take counsel with someone whose architectural abihty would entitle him

148 CONTRACTIONS H184 Exercise 118 Write in Shorthand Irrespective entirely of~the dijferent views of-the respective parties to-the discussion, I-am compelled to consider-]^7ie possible results of-the obstructive course taken hy-the council. There-can-be no-doubt thatthe objective would-be more easily attained if -these merely destructive methods were abandoned. They can only be productive o/-mischief in-the case of prospective candidates for admission to-the society, and-this whether we consider-77ie matter prospectively or retrospectively. A retrospective examination will show what-has occurred in-the past, in similar circumstances, and a prospective consideration will show what-is likely to occur in-the future, it-the respective parties are allowed to follow their-own merely obstructive ideas. Each will-5e destructive of-the other, and-will certainly act destructively, no matter what each may say. They should-be instructed to consider, respectively and collectively, the effects of-the present methods and advised to-refuse them. Exercise 119 Write in Shorthand The objection to-the obstruction in-the new bill is-not simply a personal matter. The obstruction is objectionable on-several grounds. First, because it-will certainly lead to a destruction of-the opposition whichhas-been so carefully arranged, and, secondly, becauset/ie-matter is one which falls under another jurisdiction, The introduction of various methods of -production and -reproduction has no bearing on-the question, as-the least retrospection would-have shown beyond doubt. It-Toory sound disrespectful, but my-oivn view is that-the architect and-his friends, who-are^

H184 CONTRACTIONS 149 1-suspect, the authors of -the bill, are simply unaware of -the real circumstances of -the case, and-have-not given-the project the consideration it deserves. Summary General contractions are formed by the omission of p in words where the p is only lightly sounded. k ov g between ng-t and between ng-sh. -ect -kt between circle s and a following consonant. in words hke gency, etc. passenger, enterwords like demonstration. "\-B| remonstrate. in words like in words like s expect-ed, etc. ike productive, etc. Derivatives are formed from contracted outlines by attaching a prefix or a sufiix, as in, respect, disrespect, respectively.

CHAPTER XXX FIGURES, ETC. Figures. 185. Figures one to seven, and the figure nine are represented by shorthand outlines. All other numbers, except round numbers, are represented in the ordinary way by the Arabic numerals. In dealing with round numbers the following abbreviations are used ; ^ hundred or hundredth, as in 4 400 ; ( or C thousand or thousandth, as in 3 ( 3,000 ; ^ hundred thousand, as in ^ 400,000 ; million, or millionth, as in ^ 3,000,000 ; hundred million, as in 700,000,000 ; \ billion (a million of millions), as in 4\ four billion. The principal monetary units are expressed as follows ; ^ pounds, as in 2 £200, 6 C £6,000, ' — b ^ ^ £5,000,000; ...L dollar, .„L dollars, as in O 15^ $15,000; Vo francs, as in ^4^ 400 fr. ; ^ rupees, as in Rs. 2,000,000. Accent, etc. 186. (a) Accent may be shown by writing a small cross close to the vowel of the accented syllable ; thus, .3. ar'rows, arose', renew'. 150

If 187-189 FIGURES, ETC. 151 (b) Emphasis is marked by drawing one or more lines underneath ; a single line under a single word must be made wave-like, , to distinguish it from k. (c) The sign ^ indicates that the preceding remark is to be taken humorously. Proper Names, etc. 187. In the few cases where it is necessary to indicate exactly the vowel following a diphthong, the separate signs should be used and not the triphone as explained in paragraph 35 ; thus, Bryan, Bryon, Myatt, 3- Myott, Wyatt. Similarly, if it is necessary to indicate exactly the second of two consecutive vowels, the separate signs should be used and not the diphone ; thus, Leah, but Leo; genii, ^ nuclei, /l.v radii. The necessity for the use of these separate vowel-signs will be found to arise but seldom. Scotch, Welsh, and Irish Consonants and Vowels. 188. The Scotch guttural ch, and the Irish gh are written thus, -5- ch, as in loch, Loughrea, Clogher, The Welsh ll by ll ; thus, ./!T. Llan, Foreign Consonants and Vowels. 189. The German guttural ch is written thus, -6- ch, as in ich, -tzfc: dach ; French nasal , as in soupQpn ; French and German vowels cU jeune, Goethe, ...L. da. *1

162 FIGURES, ETC. 1189 Exercise 120 Write in Shorthand The ChainoaSbU.^ in moving-the adoption of -the report and accounts, dealing first with-the accounts of-the local holding company, said it-wouldrhe noted that-the amount paid up on-the shares was increased by F. 42, 560, or £3,546 ; this-was ^o-keep pace with-the increase in capital costs of-the property, including extensions during recent years. Simdry creditors at £3,507 included £2,583 for Java income-tax reserve (of -which £1,666 appearing to-the debit ofprofit and loss account was additional for-the-year), besides bonus due to-the staff and-some trade items. The outlay on capital account £3,714, included £2,746 for a new drying installation, smoke house, etc., the balance being for upkeep of -the immature area. They -had now a monthly capacity of 15,000 lb. sheet, the policy of-the board feeing to increase their output of-this quahty to 50 per-cent of-the estate’s whole output. Their cash assets in-London and Java amounted to £16,712, an increase of nearly £5,000. The crop was 449,000 lb., as compared with-the restricted crop of 230,4731b. in-the preceding year, and against an estimate of 394,000 lb., despite the fact that forthe last two-months of-the-year they-were on a restricted basis. The average net selling price was a fraction under Is. Id., against Is. 4’35d. Isbst-year. Thanhs, however, to a reduction from Is. l*80d. to 8*92d., in-the total costs, the net profit per poimd Was 4*02d., or IJd. sibove-the previous year. Itwas largely owing to-this reduction in costs that-theyhad made a net profit of £8,843, over 12 per-cent on-the issued capital. He thought-ffee shareholders would agree that-this-was a pleasing result.

CHAPTER XXXI NOTE-TAKING, TRANSCRIPTION, ETC. Note-Taking. 190. The inexperienced writer may sometimes find difficulty in turning over the leaves of his note-book. The following method may be usefully adopted — While writing on the upper half of the leaf, introduce the second finger of the left hand between it and the next leaf, keeping the leaf which is being written on steady by the first finger and thumb. While writing on the lower part of the page shift the leaf by degrees, till it is about half-way up the book, and, at a convenient moment, lift up the first finger and thumb, when the leaf will turn over almost of itself. This is the best plan when writing on a desk or table. WTien writing with the book on the knee, the first finger should be introduced instead of the second, and the leaf be moved up only about two inches. The finger should be introduced at the first pause the speaker makes, or at any other convenient opportunity that presents itself. Another method is to take hold of the bottom left-hand corner of the leaf with the finger and thumb, and on the bottom line being reached the leaf is lifted and turned over. Some reporters prefer a reporting book the leaves of which turn over like those of a printed book. When such a book is used there is less difficulty in turning over the leaves with the left hand. Whichever form of book is used, the writer should confine himself to one side of the paper till the end of the book is reached, and then turn the book round and write on the blank side of the paper, proceeding as before. 153

154 NOTE-TAKING, TRANSCRIPTION, ETC. % 191-192 Unvocalized Outlines. 191. The essentials of accurate note-taking are rapid writing and facile reading, and it is to these objects that the following chapters are directed, special methods being developed for the formation of brief and legible outhnes. The student is already famihar with a method of forming contracted outlines' He will find in succeeding pages further applications of that method, and also a method of abbreviation by Intersection, which gives distinctive forms for well-known combinations of words. Phraseography is also greatly extended, and compact outlines are provided for many technical and general phrases. Vocalization being a great hindrance to speed. Phonography from its beginning is so constructed that the necessity for the insertion of vowels is reduced to a minimum. By means of the principle of writing words in position, unvocahzed outlines which are common to two or more words are as readily distinguished as are musical notes by means of the difference of place assigned to them on the stave. Position-writing. 192. In speed practice, which should, of course, be pursued concurrently with the careful study of the advanced style as hereafter developed, the rules of position-writing should be carefully observed. After a short time this will become automatic. Even unique outhnes that may appear to be independent of position are rendered still more legible by being written in accordance with the position-writing rules. At first a few vowels may be inserted, in order to promote clearness and to enable the writer to acquire the power of vocalizing quickly when necessary. But efforts should be made from the outset to write the outlines clearly and in position,

193 NOTE-TAKING, TRANSCRIPTION, ETC. 155 and to make these, rather than vocalization, the factors on which reliance is placed for accurate reading. When a fair speed in writing has been reached the student should avail himself of opportunities of reporting public speakers, vocalizing but little even when there is ample time, so that the ability to dispense with vowels may be cultivated. Practising the Rules. 193. Since perfect familiarity with the rules is essential to rapid writing, the aspirant for speed is advised to vary his dictation practice by writing from dictation the exercises which appear in ordinary type in the pages of the Manual or first part of the Instructor, Pitman’s shorthand is a connected system, and the most elementary rules have been formulated with the needs of the fast writer in view all the time. There is an orderly development throughout the whole system, so that the advanced principles of abbreviation cannot be properly understood and instantaneously apphed imless the elementary rules are imderstood and can be applied without hesitation. Practice in the writing of the exercises which illustrate the various rules has upon the shorthand student much the same effect as practising the scales has upon the advanced student of music. The more thoroughly the scales are studied and practised, the more easily will the musician play the most intricate passages in any musical composition. Similarly, the more familiar the speed writer is with, the exercises given in illustration of the fundamental rules of the system, by means of repeated practice in writing exercises from dictation, the more easily and quickly will he become a fast and accurate writer of any matter he may be called upon to take in shorthand. It is well known that

156 NOTE-TAKING, TRANSCRIPTION, ETC. Tf 194-195 the most accomplished pianists are the most persistent and regular in their practice of difficult scales. The shorthand writer cannot do better than follow their example and apply their methods to his own subject. Knowledge of Outlines. 194. The reading of printed shorthand in the advanced style is as important as writing practice, and should be practised daily. It gradually gives an extensive knowledge of outhnes, and the power of reading unvocalized shorthand, as well as trains the student in the selection of the best outlines, and also considerably expedites the arrival of the time when the omission of practically all vowels may be ventured upon. When unvocalized shorthand can be read with facihty, speed and self-reliance will be greatly increased. The student in reading his notes should observe whether he has omitted essential vowels or inserted unnecessary ones. The latter is as important as the former, because the loss of time occasioned by the insertion of unnecessary vowels may render the writer unable to keep pace with the speaker. An outline which has caused difficulty in writing or reading should be written in position several times, the word being repeated aloud simultaneously with the writing. Knowledge of Contracted Forms. 195. It is impossible to lay too much stress upon the importance Df an absolutely perfect knowledge of the grammalogues and contractions. It will be found that any ordinary piece of matter consists of about sixty per cent — and sometimes more — of words which are included in the lists of grammalogues and contractions given in this book. Easily written signs have been given to those words for the very reason that.

^ 196 NOTE-TAKING, TRANSCRIPTION, ETC. 157 they are words in common use, and the student should know them with such thoroughness that he can write them at almost any speed at which they can be dictated. This familiar knowledge can only be obtained by repeated practice in writing from dictation the exercises which have been compiled for the purpose. The student cannot know these special word -forms too well. Fluency in writing and neatness in the formation of the forms will increase in proportion as his knowledge grows, and the general style of his shorthand notes will be improved as a result. Method of Practice. 196. To a great extent the student must judge for himself as to his method of practice, but the following is recommended — Begin by taking down from dictation, well within your powers, for periods of five minutes, and with the insertion of none but necessary vowels. After halfan-hour’s practice, read back to the dictator a passage chosen by yourself, and also one other, the choice of which should be left to him. Resume practice at an increased speed of ten words per minute, the same method of reading being pursued at the end of each half-hour. Continue the same speeds each evening until the higher becomes moderately easy, both in writing and reading. Then begin at the higher speed, and at the end of half-an-hour increase it by ten words a minute. Read a portion of the notes which were taken a day or two previously, to test your powers unaided by memory. Aim at keeping not more than two or three words behind the reader. After a time you should occasionally practise writing ten or a dozen words behind the reader, so as to acquire the power of doing so in emergencies. Ear

158 NOTE-TAKING, TRANSCRIPTION, ETC. ^ 197-198 and hand should work practically simultaneously in order to secure the best results. When a wrong outline has been written, ignore the fact and go on. You may correct it afterwards at your leisure. If several outlines are wrongly written, reduce the speed. The policy of hastening slowly was never more justified than it is in learning to take a note. Regular Practice. 197. At first, particular attention should be given to the outlines, but imperceptibly the writing will become instinctive by practice, which should be regular and systematic. Practice of an hour a day is better than two, or even three, hours every second day. Practice in writing, and practice in reading both printed shorthand and your own notes will quickly give you confidence, which has its root in conscious ability to do the work required. Varied Dictation. 198. The subject-matter taken down should be as varied as possible so that the writer’s vocabulary may be extended, but special regard should be had to the object for which the art is being acquired. As to the size of the shorthand, that which is natural to the individual is the best for him ; but the writing should not be cramped. A free style is necessary and should be cultivated. It will add greatly to the legibility of the notes if the large circles, loops and hooks are exaggerated in size. The pen should be held with only moderate pressure, and the whole hand, poised lightly on the little finger, should move with it. The common tendency to write sprawling outlines when writing at a high speed is distinctly bad. The immediate cause is mental stress, partly induced by anxiety lest a word should be omitted. It is obviously preferable to omit a few outlines rather

199-200 NOTE-TAKING, TRANSCRIPTION, ETC. 159 than to risk the legibility of many. If the possibility of an occasional omission is not a source of fear, and if there is confidence in the ability to record, at all events the essential words of the speaker, the best chance is secured of recording everything. Even if something important has been left out, confidence must be maintained, or the rest of the note will suffer. Concentration. 199. Concentration upon the work in hand is necessary even when the art of notetaking has been acquired, for \mless the general trend of the discourse is followed, together with the grammatical construction of the sentences, the transcript, owing to looseness of speech met with everywhere, will sometimes be indifferent and possibly misleading. Special attention should be paid to the speaker’s tone of voice and any peculiarities of speech or manner which may render his meaning clear, though he may not express himself properly. Any habit persevered in becomes automatic, and the mechanical writing of the shorthand characters is fortunately no exception to the rule. When experience has been gained, attention can be concentrated almost entirely on the matter ; but as in writing an important letter in longhand some portion of the attention, slight, but nevertheless valuable, is devoted to the calligraphy and punctuation, so should this be the case in writing shorthand. Punctuation in Note-taking. 200. Pull stops should always be written if at all possible because of the great assistance it gives the note-taker in the transcription of his notes. Dashes should also be inserted where possible in order to indicate where the speaker drops the principal sentence and goes off at a tangent,

160 NOTE-TAKING, TRANSCRIPTION, ETC. If 201 and where he resumes it, if ever. The commas at the beginning and end of a parenthetical observation should be shown by a short space, the principal instance being where the noun and verb are separated as in the following sentence : The soldier, being tired after the long day's march, quickly fell asleep." In such a simple case as this it is hardly necessary, but with long and involved sentences, it is of great assistance in analyzing their construction to be able at once to locate the verb, which will very often be the second or third word after the second space. The following are examples : “ The speaker, having discussed at length the arguments advanced by his opponent in the various speeches he had delivered during the week, earnestly urged his hearers not to be influenced by specious promises " ; and “ We, acting on behalf of the executive, who were of one opinion as to the necessity of prompt action in the matter, immediately issued a writ against the offender and succeeded in gaining substantial damages." As a corollary, it is obvious that a space should be left only where it has a definite meaning — a small space for a parenthesis or important comma, and a somewhat larger one for a full stop, if the stop cannot be written. Reporting Technical Matter. 201. Where an engagement is expected for the reporting of highly technical addresses, or for a meeting at which speeches or discussions on highly technical matter have to be reported, it is obviously advisable that the shorthand writer should prepare himseff beforehand as well as possible. If he does not already possess a fairly good knowledge of the subject-matter of the lecture or subject of discussion dealt with at

^201 NOTE-TAKING, TBANSCRIPTTON, ETC. 161 which he is to exercise his professional skill, he should read up the subject so as to become more or less familiar with the terms which are hkely to be used in connection with the engagement he has taken. Unless some such means are taken, it is likely that the shorthand writer’s work will be unsatisfactory, both to himself and his clients. Pitman" s Shorthand Writers" Phrase Books and Guides have been compiled with the object of furnishing assistance in the application of Phonography to technical matters, and Technical Reporting gives valuable advice and suggestions for those wishing to be successful in this special branch of the shorthand -writing profession. Summary 1. Exercise yourself in the use of a note-book. 2. Practise the reading of unvocahzed shorthand. 3. Always write in position. 4. Practise the illustrative exercises from dictation. 5. Enlarge your knowledge of outlines by reading printed shorthand. 6. Read at least a portion of every mote you take. 7. Vary your dictation matter as much as possible. 8. Pay attention to the subject-matter dictated or spoken. 9. Always indicate the end of a sentence. 10. Acquire a perfect knowledge of the contracted forms. 11. Read up the subject before undertaking a report of technical matter. 12. Practise note-taking every day.

CHAPTER XXXII ESSENTIAL VOWELS Vocalized Outlines. 202. There are certain wordoutlines which should be vocalized to some extent. The following directions, therefore, should be carefully noted — (a) In single stroke outlines having an initial and a final vowel, the final vowel should be arroiv, area. inserted ; era. thus, echo, I (b) An outline should be written in position notwithstanding that it has an initially or a finally joined diphthong-sign ; thus, Isaac, item. review, institute. future. ague. renew. oracle, ...V::; aroma ; billow. (c) Where an upward or a downward r or I does not indicate a preceding or a following vowel, the vowel-sign should be inserted ; thus, aright, y\ erode, irritable, t. jolly, IT' jelly, gilly ; early. (d) Generally speaking, vowels should be inserted — (1) Where words of the same part of speech have similar outlines and the same position ; (2) Where a word is unfamiliar, or unfamiliar in the special sense in which it is used ; and 162

202 ESSENTIAL VOWELS 163 (3) Where an outline has been written incorrectly, badly, or in the wrong position, in which case the insertion of a vowel is the quickest way of making the outline legible. (e) It is also advisable to vocalize as fully as possible : — (1) Where the subject-matter is unknown ; and (2) Where the language is poetical, unusual, or florid, because in these instances the context is not as helpful as in other cases. The following lists contain some of the more common words in which the vowels indicated by italic should be inserted in order to facilitate transcription ; but after a little experience in shorthand writing the student will instinctively recognize other outlines in which distinguishing vowels should be inserted. (1) Insertion of an initial vowel -f;. apposite apathetic ■^L . approximate V absolute •Iauditor accept across afar Haffect effaced emotion .ru altitude opposite pathetic proximate obsolete daughter except cross far effect faced motion latitude

1G4: ESSENTIAL VOWELS T[ 202 (2) Insertion of a medial vowel I... adapt extricate commissionaire exaltation voluble amazing r.-r. innovation lost layman sulphite hmnanly adopt extract commissioner exaltation valuable amt^sing iiivasion last laymen sulphate humanely (3) Insertion of a final vowel .---h ■^v_, chilli/ monarch^/ amicabli/ monkei/ manly enemy anomaly snotr liberally radically chill monarch amicable monk manual name animal Q-^ sun liberal ffArr-., radical

\ 202 ESSENTIAL . VOWELS 165 Exercise 121 Read, copy and transcribe xi... i > '.'S. ( L_D 0< V -V^-, V X -'A^ b>. ^ X J.x . > > .Lx ±y..\ ^x % L < O > ..> .-..x..:..i. . .■?. ^ ^.4,. f “-y, L-v---'-'-” ^ r ^ (x i c ^ \ -K X -U /V ■> Exercise 122 Write in Shorthand {In this and in the following exercise the vowels marked in italic should he inserted. Marked in divisions of thirty words each.) We should-neither accept any theories nor adopt any views, however voluble the advocates of -such-may- be, except we-are convinced thab-they-are authorized, andhave-been tested I and attested by-those upon whose veracity we -can rely, or unless our reason approves of -them and-we-have ample proof that-though theymay have some defects, | their adoption wiil-be valuable

166 ESSENTIAL VOWELS Tf 202 to us in-the-main, that -we -may employ them to -the benefit of-ourselves and others, and-that-they-will-be readily recalled on | occasions of necessity. No matter how apposite the arguments may appear which-are adduced to -move us from an opposite opinion, we should- be as adamant in -the face of | any demand upon -the feelings, which-our reason does-not sanction. Thus, any attempt to-tempt us to foolish actions will-only end in-the failure of -the tempter. We- I have-been endoioed with mental faculties far and away above those with-which-the lower animals are endaed, in order that-we -may protect ourselves from-our enemies, and may [ add to-our happiness. It-is a fact, however, that-such-is-the effect of -persuasion upon some persons of weak mil that-they become as mere wax in-the I hands of -those -who -would lure them to ruin. With-such people it-seems only necessary for a fluent rogue to advance an alluring prospect of an affluent position at- | little cost, and-they fall at-once, without a defence, into-the trap set for-them. Is-not-this-the secret of almost every successful fraud we-have-heard or | read of in-any-nation ? (275 words) Exercise 123 Write in Shorthand There -are, alas, too -many persons who -make -it their vocation or avocation in life to dupe others less able than themselves. They -have -no feelings of honour, or else I would-not prey on-the failings of-those around. They despise veracity, and-their greed for gold amounts almost to voracity. In order to obtain wealth they -make light of- I every obstacle, and are slow to admit themselves beaten. They-are averse to honest labour, and-yet they spare no pains to become versed in-the cunning arts necessary to I extract money from -their victims, and to extricate themselves from-the consequences of -their illegal actions. They devise a plot, and, under-the semblance of advice, they operate on-the I greed and-credulity of ignorant persons, and -having thrown them off their guard, lead them into foolish adventures. Truly “ A fool and-his money are easily parted.” We should-not I attach toomuch importance to a scheme because -it -is introduced with a flourish of fair words, nor should -we touch any speculative affair without first subjecting it to an | accurate

^202 ESSENTIAL. VOWELS 1G7 examination. If-we could only examine the annual returns of failures and analyze their-causes, we should -find that many are attributable to an wtter absence of judgment in- I the conduct of business, and an over confidence in-the nicety and honesty of -others. (225 words) Summary Vowels should be inserted — (a) In single stroke outlines where a vowel is not indicated by position ; (b) In cases where a vowel is not indicated by an initial or a final stroke ; (c) In pairs of words occupying the same position but having a varying vowel ; (d) Where the language is of an unusual character.

CHAPTER XXXIII SPECIAL CONTRACTIONS Formation of Contractions. 203. In the Special Contractions dealt with in this chapter, the student is introduced to further methods of contracting outlines. The importance of having such contractions is shown by the fact that in ordinary language only a very limited number of words are used. Of these words at least 60 to 70 per cent are of frequent occurrence, and are, therefore, included in the grammalogues and contractions of Pitman’s Shorthand. An essential point in forming contracted outlines is to choose forms that are distinctive and legible at sight. With this end in view the special contractions are formed according to the following rules — (a) By employing the first two or three strokes of the full outline, as in perform.^ ^ advertisement^ ^ expediency, / regular^ unanimity, 6^ ^ henceforth, (See sections 1-3.) {b) By medial omission, as in ^ intelligencey sympathetic, ^ satisfactory, infiueyitial^ amalgamation, (See section 4.) (c) By using logograms, as in thankful^ (T'^ something, remarkable. (See section 5.) (d) By intersection, as in ± enlarge, '^

204-206 SPECIAL CONTRACTIONS 169 Adjectives and Adverbs. 204. As a general rule the same contracted form may represent either an adjective or an adverb, but where a distinction is necessary the adverb should be represented either by writing a joined or disjoined Z, or by writing the form for the adverb in full ; thus, irregular^ irregularly ; substantial, sta7itially. Contractions and -ing. 205. Dot -ing is generally used after contractions. In a few words such as distinguishing, relinquishing, and ~\^^extinguishing , where the stroke is clearly better, the stroke is used. Arrangement of Lists. 206. The lists of contractions which follow are arranged according to the principles explained above, and the student should make himself thoroughly familiar with them. The portion of a word which is not represented in the contracted outline is shown in parenthesis. This arrangement will help the student to memorize the contracted forms. Thus, \ pec is the contraction for peculiar-ity, \/\^ pcrf for perform-ed, ^\/\o perfs for performance, Feb. for February, fam for familiar-ity, and so on. The exercises which follow each list should be written from dictation until they can be taken down with ease and rapidity, and read back from the shorthand notes without hesitation. 12—

170 SPECIAL CONTRACTIONS H206 Special Contractions : Section 1 Pec(uliar-ity) perf(orm-ed) perf (orms-an )ce perf(or)mer perp (endicular ) pub (lie) repub (lie) repub (liea)n pub(lish-ed) pub(li)sher pub(liea)tion prae(tiee) prae(tise-d) prae(tie)able prejud(iee-dial-ly) prelim (inary) prob(able-ly-ility) profiei (ent-ey-ly ) prop(ortion-ed) proper (tionate) subse(ribe-d) subse(rip )tion substan(tial) defiei (ent -ey-ly ) deseri(ption) . . [...■ . diffie (ulty ) Jo diseh(arge-d) disting(uish-ed ) ^ adver(tise-dment) Exercise 124 Read, copy and transcribe

SPECIAL CONTRACTIONS II 206 SPECIAL CONTRACTIONS 171 ^ / Y.:.. P Y.|^ L. r- r ^ .V; Y. ) . J -Y. , ^ ^ ^-■/ .//,<. y...r="" i="" .l="" r="" oao="" y..j..="" .yl-="" .1="" y="" o="" :...="" y...y="" yy="" y.="" y-.="" .r.="" .:.y="" v="" .:y="" icy.="" yy7-.y..jj="" exercise="" write="" in="" shorij="" preliminary="" announcement="" published="" on="" the="" public="" were="" made="" aware="" of="" deficiency="" income="" performers="" society="" which="" performs="" a="" good="" work="" most="" practicable="" manner.="" offices="" are="" situated="" building="" which-is="" fine="" example="" perpendicular="" architecture="" but="" is="" state="" decay.="" lately="" there-="" has-been="" discussion="" among-the="" powers="" committee="" and="" many="" divergent="" views="" expressed="" by="" other="" members.="" as="" tribunal="" do="" always="" show="" dignified="" attitude.="" among="" observations="" some="" extremely="" strong="" tone="" chairman="" person="" ofprejudiced="" said="" there-were="" difficulties="" in-the="" way="" it="" at="" improbable="" that="" our="" new="" patents="" would="" revive="" trade="" south="" republics="" as-they-were="" peculiarly="" applicable="" to="" wants="" people.="" words=""/>

172 SPECIAL CONTRACTIONS 1[206 Exercise 126 Read, copy and transcribe . A f I r-x } r?.. ^ (r\.. y V yvo ^ V ..'..fd., U n . 1- ^ t ^ t u .1.^ n.. k \A^ --r\^ ° — ^ ^ i ..^.. r~ \ . \.^.. . .•....■3-..'. /\ Exercise 127 Write in Shorthand The chairman, in-the-course-of his speech, said that to -seek- the preservation of -the concern when -the profits were so \msuhsiantial and so disproportionate to-the amount invested, I and when-the price of-the stock was so depreciated, was absurd, and-it was inadvisable to -carry on- the company.

H 206 SPECIAL CONTRACTIONS 173 The advei'tisements in-the paper are out-of all- | proportion to -the news, which -is very deficient, and- we marvel at-the prosperity of -the publication and-the confidence of -the publishers. It-has often subscribed substantial amounts to j public funds, opened its columns for national subscriptions, and given distinguished services to -the cause of charity. The performer who performed at-the theatre is a Russian, and-his artistic I performance of -the play brought out all-the peculiarities of-the Slav race, although -there -was a disproportion in-his acting which-would render a long engagement impracticable. (148 words) Special Contractions : Section 2 -7° -A ...V. Jan(uary) cap (able) charac(ter) charac (ter )is (t )i c commer(cial) cross-ex(amine-d-ation ) exch(ange-d) exped (iency) expend (iture) expens (ive) esp(ecial-ly) esq(uire) estab(lish-ed* ment) immed(iate) impertur(bable) mag(netic-ism) manuf (acture-d ) exting(uish-ed) gov(ern-ed) gov(er)nment fam(iliar-ity) fam(ilia)rize fam(iliar)iza' tion Feb(ruary) finan(cial) effici(ent-cy-ly) suffici (ent-cy-ly ) manuf (acture )r math (ematically) math(ematic)s math(ema)tician max(imum) (see minimumin section 4.) mechan (ical-ly ) metrop(ohtan) mor(t)g(age-d)

174 SPECIAL CONTRACTIONS 11200 Exercise 128 Read, copy and transcribe I <5^

^ 206 SPECIAL CONTRACTIONS 175' Exercise 129 Write in Shorthand At-the meeting of -the -directors to-day it-was stated that -the rates oi~exchange in January - February were favourable to manufacturers in -this -country. Regardingthe -matter | of expediency , to -discuss which the meeting was primarily called, it-was thought that-the plan suggested might prove very expensive and cause endless trouble in arranging -the necessary mortgage, I The chairman, John Ogden, Esq., a commercial magnate, is a very capable mathematician, and he carries out all -his business with mathematical exactitude. He -is hoping that-the mechar^ iced efficiency | of-the establishment may-be sufficient tocheck any unnecessary expenditure during-the coming year. No-man is more familiar to -the -members of-theExchange than he, and-his I speeches at social fimctiona are noted for -their humour, while -his placid manner is a characteristic which compels the admiration of all. Heis possessed of -great personal magnetism, and I it -is -due, undoubtedly, to -his ability that-the company has an almost unassailable position which-has surprised thosewho-are engaged in a similar manufacture, (176 words) Exercise 130 Read, copy and transcribe 1. „ L/...L X \Lp V u;|.. ( -r. (Col -■ —

176 SPECIAL CONTRACTIONS n 206 yy Jo o n ,r.. ^.. ./.;. V-— i.v:?, -r.. / Exercise 131 Write in Shorthand The new book of essays by a member of -the- Government contains some very worthy sayings : “A person ofcharacter is incapable of a mean action, and-is able-to-| govern himself under all -circumstances. We-cannot-be wise -men unless we familiarize ourselves, and sympathize, with human -nature. Our familiarization with new scenes and new peoples shows us the I insufficiency of -our education.” liL-the-immediate future we-expect to see-tho author at-the head of -the cabinet. In dealing-with-the charge against the prisoner the metropolitan | magistrate passed the maximum sentence after a close cross-examination of-the offender, and-after several -witnesses had-been cross-examined, and despite the fact that-the-prisoner’s action had-l been governed by financial troubles over-which he had no control. The magistrate is a man of -wide tastes, and-is one of-the prime movers in-om* Agricultural Show, I and he-is regarded as an authority on -most -matters relating to-the land. His model farm is a splendid example of scientific farming, and it-is a source of-| amazement to-the farmers in-the district, who-are mostly satisfied with seeking for-the best -results by empirical methods. (200 words)

1[206 SPECIAL CONTRACTIONS 177 Special Contractions : Section 3 enthus(iastic-iasm) incor(porated) independ(enceent-ly) indispens(ablely) individ(ual-ly) f inf(orm-ed) inf(or)mer interest invest (ment) negl(ect-ed) negl(ig)ence !nev(er) Nov(ember) sensib(le-ilityly) elec (trie) elec(tri)cal elec(tri)city recov(erable) A irrecov(erable) ref(orm-ed) ref(or)mer reg(ular) irveg(ular) relinq(uish-ed) rep(resent-ed) rep(resenta)tion rep (resentat )-i ve respons(ibleility) irrespons(ibleility) organ (ize-d) orga(ni)zer organ (i)zation certif(icate) uni (f orm-ity-ly ) 3 unan(imity) ( unan(imous-ly) yest(erday) Exercise 132 Read, copy and transcribe K r- ^

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178 SPECIAL CONTRACTIONS Tf 206 3, cy^ \-- ..!. ^ -i. .,;... I. ^ ) ..c". L^\| rzv...s-.. \_x ^...;..k .^...‘f!..:..-^'\>, 1^./. -k. \ V ..^...Vr>. .V_

179 11 206 SPECIAL CONTRACTIONS .-I . -..x ) — .:r^...:!^..k r~ .". ^ ^ S-...1?. /i. .'°.. 1^, ^ A .'^. .\.:. / c^-, . “V. .r. Cf, ^.1 .;.. ^ A/ -^- A_ “% X Exercise 134 Write in Shorthand Greo^t-interest is manifested in -the electric apparatus atthe local exhibition, the capable organizer of -which is very enthusiastic in following-the development of electricity and -all electrical appliances. Our representative on-the council is responsible for-the negligence of -the reform, and our committee is of -the unanimous opinion that in -the future its support cannot -be given I to-one who-has shown so-much neglect o/-his duties, and it purposes nominating another and a better candidate for-the November elections. Yesterday the investment was sanctioned by-| those interested in-the improvement of-the-association, and it was hoped that-its previous position would soon be recoverable. When -the -association becomes incorporated, its certificate should-be recognized I by-all similar organizations, some of -which have shown considerable opposition towards -it, and displayed an inexcusable temper when-the committee refused to -relinquish-t\ie policy formulated several weeks-ago. I (150 words)

180 SPECIAL CONTRACTIONS Ti 206 Exercise 135 Read, copy and transcribe f ^ o 1 l;. 1 . _o_ ^.'1.^0^. :c-r. /\o .y. .1? o’/\, ^ \ -k. ^ r. ^ V r> ^ ^ o ^ 1/^ o A'r?. .^.. C_jD > .Y]T^X . Q_xV ^ . /V^o r, .r.. l X/ ^ ^ ^ ■>“- --- ^ —“-X-v ' ^ ^ ^ • ^--V V -v.b- --- ■-•• e^.x -X. ^o .>. Xx Exercise 136 Write in Shorthand There -was a unanimity of opinion by -all -the reformers present that organized playgrounds were indispensable in-the education of children, and it- was resolved to -make a representation to- 1 the-council, and to ask it to introduce uniformity in-this -matter throughout -the coimty. This resolution was singularly imfortunate, as-it-was-the cause of -friction between these individuals \ and -the -council. Regular subscribers to -the institution showed arrogance at -the irregular practices, and many informe d-ihe Board that -they -would withdraw their support if-such

^ 206 SPECIAL CONTRACTIONS 181 irresponsible actions were I allowed contrary to all -the teachings of -the past. We -fear that no disinterestQd person was-the informer in -this -matter, s^nd-prohahly he represented -the circumstances to be more I serious than they really are. The resignation of-the secretary, however, will -be demanded, as -his attitude amoimts to insubordination, and-this will cause -the regret of all, no matter I what their sensibility may-be. The agenda of-the next Board meeting will -be far from uninteresting, and an apparently irrecoverable position may-be turned to -the advantage of-the I institution. (181 words) Special Contractions ; Section 4 L U/ > 'V Pari (lament ) -ary pros(p)ec(t)us tel(egraph)ic tel(egr)am satis (fact )ory adm(inistrat)or ad m (inistratr )ix ques(tion)ab(le-ly) fals(ific)ation anial ( ga )mation amal(ga)mate mar (coni )gram m(inim)um symp(athet)ic inves(tig)ation insu(ran)ce know(l)edge acknow(l)edge • in(con)siderate in(fluen)tial int(elii)gence int(elli)gent int(elli)gible En(gli)sh En(gli)shman En(g)land a leg(islat)ive leg(isla)ture ar(bi)trate ar(bi)trator ar(bi)t ration ar(bi)trary wheresoev(er) wher einso e v ( er ) -oA.wiiithersoev (er ) u(ni) verse u(ni)versal ATI u(ni)versality "3 u(ni)versity X howsoev(er) whensoev(er)

182 SPECIAL CONTRACTIONS H 206 Exercise 137 Read, copy and transcribe V, L ^ 1 ^ ^ i c/ - c ^ ^ > \ .r.. j ) /X- . :.. ^ I u, .:..i xri ^l_D r..^. . X I X '-^ j J..^ o -U..:, > /j . .c^...". '~y\. .:.. y .t ^ ^ Vk ..v^... Up .1. ^ 7 /x. V -V / .7:?'....°...:.. .r.. -X~X~1 U u. /u^>x I .. 'cr-^ Exercise 138 Write in Shorthand One who arbitrates is called o.Ji^arhitrator, and-thero-is a growing tendency to-submit all disputes to arbitration by a third-party. Such decision would frequently save 

•[[ 206 SPECIAL CONTRACTIONS 183 the disputants I from being arbitrary and harsh towards one another whereinsoever amends may-be-made. It-is thought by-some that a universal language would foster the spirit of arbitration throughout -the | universe, but as yet the attempts made to formulate such a method of intercommunication have-not-been wqtj -satisfactory. There-can-be no-doubt that telegraphic communications, hy-telegram and I marconigram, work for-the-cause of peace. The investigation by-the parliamentary committee was universally acknowledged to be justified, and although-the falsification of -the reports was established, there-were-| many unsympathetic remarks, reflecting adversely on -the supposed failings of -members of -the legislature, by influential and xminfiuential newspapers. All Englishmen, however, should -be proud of -the legislative bodies of 1 England and should-be sympathetic towards all endeavours to effect any intelligent progressive reforms. (164 words) Exercise 139 Read, copy and transcribe . I ^ ^ ^ . .4-. .1 y) o ^ ^ ^ V. .'NO...'. \-0 ..'T. q—O), . ^ 1. , u ) a . L, . u_o; ^ a. . ) V. o ..vr.; >->s O

184 SPECIAL CONTRACTIONS f 20G 1 cr/ . ■ Exercise 140 Write in Shorthand At a quarterly gathering of-our scientific society the university lecturer said an intelligible reason could-be given for-his theory of economics, but-the universality of -its acceptance by I economists was-not- to-be expected in-our present ^ta,te-oi-knowledge. On a future occasion he-is to-lecture on-the-subject of a minimum wage for workers. He -I is acknowledged to be a capable economist and a most excellent lecturer and writer on-the-subject for- which his name is famous. The prospectus which-you forwarded yesterday ^ in I acknowledgm.Qnt of-mine of -last Monday, is xmquestionably very unsatisfactory howsoever it-may-be considered. The amalgamation of two such prodigious concerns is very undesirable, and-the intelligence of -prospective I insurers should warn them of -the disadvantages of insuring under their tables. In-our company the minimum^ period for-such a policy of insurance is fifteen years, and it-is I questionable if-you-can secure better terms through any other English office. From-the-enclosed cutting you-will-find that-the administrator and administratrix, whom you-mention, were punished for I fraud in-connection with-the estate. (186 words)

Jl ^ 206 SPECIAL CONTRACTIONS 185 Special Contractions : Section 5 ^Z(to)ge(tlier) ^oge(ther) (circum)stantial evevy thing thanMul somethifig remarkahle anything nothing ^ whateY{ev) # wheneY{er) ^ • misf(ortune) unprincipled n (o )t (withstand • ing) de (nomi )nation(al) in(can)descent in (can )descence enlarge enlarger in (con )ven (ientce) n(e)v(ertheless) irrem(ov)able rem(ov)able Exercise 141 Read, copy and transcribe . ^ .1. ^ -1, .1. > ^ O " -I C ^ ..2^. o i V \ ^ w,. /3.x .'rr. > '-t • - > 13— (i?)

186 SPECIAL CONTRACTIONS H 206 o .1. / /.^..'-v ..\. _ '^.-."....■r!. =- .•.Cv-.-.r... ^ %. y I yf .L.'y...^.. . o_ .:...%. ^ r..j... .^. ^ ;> ■.' . , ,t3... k . .^f. . f y.....C^ Exercise 142 Write in Shorthand Dear-Sir, My committee have- considered your communication of-the 12th-inst., drawing attention to-several matters relating to -the denominational schools in -your district. The enlargement of-the Cross | Street Schools received special consideration, and my committee are of-the opinion that something should-be done immediately inthis direction. To enlarge them again as -they -were enlarged ten | years-ago seems-to-be necessary, and it-is hoped to commence building operations during-the coming summer ; and, to-save-time, my committee purpose giving the contract to -the I original builder of-the schools. As-the whole of-the lighting of-the schools requires overhauling, my committee have arranged for a report on-the matter, and-as-the incandescence I of-the mantles in-the offices here is very -satisfactory, it-is probable that similar incandescent lights will -be fitted throughout. Notwithstanding your remarks, my committee thinkthere-will-be I no xmfairness to -the voluntary-schools ofthe district owing to -the recent Circular coming into force in-the autumn, and are of-the opinion that nothing should-be done | to hinder its working. Yours-very-truly, (187 words)

If 206 SPECIAL CONTRACTIONS 187 Exercise 143 Head, copy and transcribe ^ ^ . j _ L?. .. .r.. .rT. /tx .l.i..... ^ 1. X- ^ “1 V, V---p>- > - J, J X -'^■■ ^ X. ) .f?. X • I r s 4..'.. ^ .777^. 1 — Xp --C-> ^ ^ S. 1 ^ ■/I c ^ 7 Exercise 144 Write in Shorthand Dear- Sir, I-thank-you for-your circumstantial account of-the centenary celebrations in -your town, the reporting and sending of-which show much consideration on-your part. Whenever I- 1 can help you in similar circumstances, I-shallbe only too -pleased to-do-so. It-is remarkable that-such an insignificant matter asthe one you-mention should give I ofience in newspaper circles. One would-have-thought that-its very insignificance would -have -been sufficient to ensure its acceptance. Certainly it-is difficult to understand how anything of-the 1 kind could -be described as unprincipled and unmannerly. It-is a misfortune that-such a quibble should-be raised

188 SPECIAI. CONTRACTIONS T[ 206 and-l-hope that everything will-be-done to-save any | inconvenience to -those interested in-the-press. NeverthelesSf I -do -not -think -the cause is irremovable, but rather altogether removable, and -I -shall -be thankful whatever is done to-bring-1 the parties together again. Yours-truly, (156 words) Summary 1. Special Contractions are formed as follows — {a) By employing the first two or three strokes of the full outline. (5) By medial omission. (c) By using logograms. {d) By intersection. 2. As a general rule the same contracted form may represent either an adjective or an adverb, but where distinction is necessary the adverb should be represented by a joined or disjoined Z, or by writing the full form for the adverb. 3. Dot -ing is generally used after contractions, but the stroke is used in a few cases.

CHAPTER XXXIV ADVANCED PHRASEOGRAPHY Principles of Phrasing. 207. Bearing in mind the most important rules of phraseography, that all phraseograms must be recognizable at sight, easily written, and not too long, the various abbreviating devices are made to do service for words, or the forms of words are changed, or words are omitted altogether, with the result that an unlimited number of facile and legible phraseograms may thus be formed. The principles of phrasing are considered under the following heads — (1) Circles, Loops and Hooks, (2) Halving, (3) Doubling, (4) Omissions. Circles. 208. (a) The small circle, besides being used for as, has, is, his, as in it has been, L it is not, may be used to represent us, as in /rom us, please let us know, (b) The initial large circle may be used to represent the following — (1) as we, as in as we think; (2) as and w, „ „ .6^. as well as; (3) as and s, „ ,, 3^. as soon as. (c) The medial and final large circle may be used to represent the following — (1) is and s, as in 189 (2) his and s, 55 for his sake ;

190 ADVANCED PHRASEOGRAPHY 209-210 (3) s and -s, as in ^ in this city ; (4) s and has, ,, this has been; (5) s and is, ,, this is. Loops. 209. (a) The st loop is used for first. as in at first cost, W ednesday first ; (b) the nst loop for next, as in Wednesday next. Hooks. 210. (a) The r and I hooks are used in representing a few miscellaneous words, as in in our view, it appears, by all means, it is only necessary, in the early part, (b) The n hook may be used for the following — (1) than, as in older than; (2) own, „ ,, ,y^2. our own; (3) been, „ ,, J... I had been. (c) The / or hook may be used for the following — t who have ; rate of interest ; (1) have, as in (2) of, „ „ (3) after, „ ,, Monday afternoon; (4) even, „ „ Monday evening; (5) in such phrases as .L?.. at all events, into effect.

211-213 ADVANCED PHRASEOGRAPHY 191 [d) The circle s and shun hook may be used for association^ as in ^ medical association^ 'political association. Halving. 211. The halving principle is used for indicating the following — (1) iU (2) to, (3) not, (4) would, (5) word, V if it ; \ able to ; rf 'you will not ; 0^ this would he ; this word ; (6) in such phrases as . from time to time. Doubling. 212. Besides strokes being doubled for there, their, in a few cases they may be doubled for other and dear, as in c? — ^ some other, my dear sir. Omissions. 213. These are arranged under (a) Consonants, (&) Syllables, (c) Logograms. " (a) Consonants may be omitted as indicated in the following phrases — mos[t) probably, in {f)act, in this {m)anner, animal {l)ife, in {r)eply. (b) The syllable con may be omitted, as in / will {con)sider, c/V we have {con)cluded.

192 ADVANCED PHRASEOGRAPHY •n 213 (c) The signs omitted are chiefly logograms : (1) a. as in for {a) time ; (2) the, >) 99 all {the) way; (3) of, 99 4.. difference (of) (4) of the. >5 i 9 opinion ; fact {of the) matter ; (5) to, 99 in {r)eply {to); (0) and, 99 again {and) again ; (7) or. ?» 99 more {or) less ; (8) with. 9! 99 in connection {with); (9) by. 99 99 -1 side {by) side; (10) in. 99 99 \ bear {in) mind; (11) have. 99 99 s, there mus{t) {have) been. The student should seek to understand thoroughly the principles on which the phraseograms in the following lists are formed without seeking necessarily to commit the lists to memory. The lists are by no means complete. As stated above, the examples given merely show the general lines on which the phrases are formed, and the student in the course of his practice will find many opportunities of phrasing if he will keep in mind the general principles as illustrated above, and in the pages which follow. The exercises which follow each list should be written from dictation until they can be taken down with ease and rapidity.

11213 ADVANCED PHRASEOGRAPHY 193 Advanced Phraseography : Section 1 agree with the ^ all circumstances and in all proba\ bility as fast as as it were as much as were as the matter V.. brought forward by and by --X... by the by by some means dealing with the I discuss the matter ■ ^ every circumstance - - - ^ I am certain that you are I am inclined to think I am persuaded 1 am very glad V I think it is Xcy' necessary I think that you are own opinion in the meantime in this country '"tf — \ in this matter 'tA f in this respect not wit hstandin g such notwithstanding . that ^ on either hand on either side on the other hand ^3 on the other side on these occasions (n on this occasion on this matter peculiar circumstances per annum per cent 'vV percentage .7^... quite agree quite agreeable so that v^e may take the liberty there were those which we are now those who are those who were through the wDrld j. to bring the matter ^ under all circumstances ^ ^ very satisfactorily ^ you will agree you will probably

I'Ji ADVANCED PHEASEOGEAPH Y •|1 213 Exercise 145 Read, copy and transcribe L ^ \ \ X - k . — ; U -~V^, ..c^„ .krrr ^ 'vr .< ..Vr3>. 1 V v^- • -\- ^ ■" Exercise 146 Write in Shorthand Dear-Sir, I -am -very -glad to notice-that by-some-means you-are hoping to -have -the new proposal brought -forward atthe-next meeting of-the-directors, and-I I -am -persuaded that in -the -meantime you-should-not discuss -the -matter with anyone, because-it-is-necessary to be very cautious under-all-circumstances as on-this-occasion. I You-willprobably do what-can-be-done to-make-the case complete, so -that -we -may -have every-circumstance detailed that-is in-our-favour. I-think-that-you-| are-aware 6f-the importance of -having ready a definite scheme if -we -would -be successful, but as -the -matter is of -such vital importance to-us, I-take-the- 1 liberty of-emphasizing-the point. Awaiting your-reply, we-are, | Yours- truly, (132 words)

11213 ADVANCED PHKASBOGRAPHY 195 Exercise 147 Read, copy and transcribe r X .X. ,r.. 1 .t!. j 20(^x ^ J .'... -X. 6, 1' v_S~° TTr^ -■- -\:3 . rx x> /X* ;./-x \ V' ““lx 5 f fi e~h .Ci-.a?. cj W >■ ^ -V 10 -"i■vWrite in Shorthand Dear- Sir, I-am-certain-that-you-are-not fully conversant withthe-matter, or you would-not urge those -who -were present on-these -occasions to-bring-the question | to-the notice of-the meeting. On -either -side there-are those-who-are always ready to hurry business as-fast-as they can, notwithstanding-that there-is-no-advantage I gained by unnecessary haste. By-and-by, I-am-inclined-to-think-that you-will-agree-with me on-this-matter, and-then you-will regret that-you unduly hastened- 1 the passing of-the rules with-which-we-are-now I dealing. Yours-truly, (103 words)

106 ADVANCED PIIRASEOGRAPHY 11213 Advanced Phraseography : Section 2 {Circles, Loops and Hooks) from us please inform us X) to us as we have Q_ as we can Q. as we cannot P as we do e as we think as we , shall as we may 6> as well as usual as well as can be as soon as we can as soon as they it is said for his sake > in this century > in this city 1 in this subject of this statement this has been at first cost Wednesday next in our view in our statement it appears it appears that Os by all means '^L 1 it is only necessary it can only be it may only be they will only be longer than more than any longer no longer than rather than smaller than at all your own at all our own have been expected have been informed have been returned who have not out -of doors rate of interest state of affairs Thursday afternoon Thursday evening at all events into effect incorporated association medical assocn. political assocn. traders’ assocn.

11213 ADVANCED PHRASBOGRAPHY 197 Exercise 149 Read^ copy and transcribe ^ . I. .nt..! A., ^ e, J? 1 , i ^ o .W. VJV^ ; ^ ^ ^ n vf L .e. ^ ^ A. s .\.x .:.. . .^.. ..i^^:?:::^.:. r>- t ".1. V.X \^ .^.. VExercise 150 Write in Shorthand We -have -been -informed of-the-proposed meeting ofyour countj^-association on-Wednesday-next, and tons it-appears-that as-soon-as-the-members realize the state-of-l affairs they-will-be only too-glad to postpone a definite decision. We-are of-the opinion that -there -are many who-have-not agreed-with-the attitude of-the 1 executive, and who do -not -wish the proposals to be carried into-effect. At-all-events, at-all-our-own recent county gatherings, which -have -been rather smaller -than usual, I there-has-been much objection to-several proposals on-this-subject, and as-soon-as-we-can, we-are having a postal vote as-we-cannot decide certain matters without I knowing-the opinion of -members who-have-not-been in 1 attendance to-express any views on-the-questions. (138 words)

198 ADVANCED PHRASEOGRAPHY H213 Exercise 151 Head^ copy and transcribe r. 0 ^ r> j.:.. ^ ^ ) .yT.^ .rTr^^.^C V ..|.. . 2ov^ I It-will-take longer-than we-expected to-finish the premises for-the political -association, but-we-shall-beable-to get all-the out-of-doors work finished before-! the winter sets in ; and-then it-can-only-be a matter of weeks for-the completion of -the interior. Any -way, weshall-be no-longer-than we-can | help. When finished, the building will-be one of -the I handsomest in-this-city. Exercise 152 Write in Shorthand (74 words)

II 213 ADVANCED PHRASEOGRAPKY 199 XExercise 153 Read, cojpy and transcribe r~t .L.>„ ^ .r. ^ -I > -Xe,. ^ ^ M U N. ) 5^X7. ^ u ^ ■ { ' ' r- >7.1,..-^ / .;....a ^ I _v>. ®

200 ADVANCED PHRASEOGRAPHY H213 Advanced Phraseography ; Section 3 (Halving Principles) as if it were by which it was if it is not if it be not if it were in which it is in which it has appeared of which it has been of which it must be able to make able to think I am able to think I am unable to think -we are able to make you will be able to I cannot be I cannot say I cannot see I hope you will not I may not be I shall not be ^ I trust not I was not you cannot ^ you may not you must not you should not be ^ you were not you are not I would V\ if it would be ^ they would they would be they would not be 6^^ we would few words - - in our words many words . . at any rate .TT?.. at all times at some time .kcTTh. at the same time Srrr_\ . for some time from time to time some time ago

H213 ADVANCED PHRASED GRAPHT 201 Exercise 155 Bead, copy and transcribe ^ \o, .r.. ^ u ^ c, .'TT. Ax r / — 1 . . r A -l-L.A. A ) k. _x A. ' A " ' A--- ^ > ' — - A — , A:>. \ . I v-x_p, .'. \ A o .A.'■'^ ..'. A .:...v„.,. A k . 9.^ _.k..T A. A r..9 n ;.. I .^.. L I V^'.l..).. V i S’ ^1Exercise 156 Write in Shorthand Dear Mr. Scott, For-some-time past I-have-been unable to-wite to-you as I -have desired and -as I -promised you when you- were here. I-hope-| you-will-not-be annoyed at-my apparent U— (i2)

202 ADVANCED PHRASEOGRAPHY TI213 neglect. You-should-not-be, and-I-am-sure you-will-notbe when you-are-aware of-the-reason for-my I silence. I -have-no -doubt you- will -remember that I-was-not well previous to-your visit, but I-am-sorry to-tell-you I-have"BeSfTunder-the care I of Dr. Brown ever -si n^e -the day you left. Indeed, you- were -not gone an hour when I -had tosend for-the physician. I-do-not-know w’hat-was-the i cause of -my illness ; I-cannot-say that I-am-aware of anything to-which-it-may-be due. I-know of nothing to-which-it-can-be traced. At- 1 all -events, it-has-been very severe, and, for-some-time, my recovery was considered hopeless. Of-course, I-am-not yet out-of-the wood, and-I-must-not I boast, but I-think I-am fairly on-the road to complete recovery. You-will-be-sorry to -learn that I-am-not yet strong enough to-leave my room, I but-you-must-not suppose that I-am in danger. I-trust I-shall-be-able-to-make an effort to visit you some-time during-the coming month. At- 1 any-rate, I-am hoping so. I-must leave off for-the -present, but will write again very -soon. Very-truly-yours, Thomas Makin. (264 words) Exercise 157 Read, copy and transcribe

H 213 ADVANCED PHRASEOGRAPHY 203 o ^ y ^ .o. ^ Dear Mr. Scott, Since I wrote-you last I-have-heard that-you-were injured slightly in a railway accident. Is-this true ? I-trust-not. If-it-is, you-! are-not likely to be improved by-my-letter. If-it-is-not you-will pardon my mentioning the report. In-any-case, you-might send me word, and-if-j you-can spare-the time, perhaps youwill come over on-Monday. If-you-cannot arrange this, please inform me from-time-to-time how you-are getting on with- 1 the new business, to-which-it-appears you-are devoting yourself. If-it-be as successful as you -were inclined -to -think you-will -be very fortunate, and-if-it-l be-not quite so profitable as you hoped, it-will still have proved an interesting experiment. At-allevents, it-was well worth a trial. At -the -same -time, you- 1 should-not work too hard. If -you do you-mustnot-be surprised to-find your health giving way. I-haveExercise 158 Write in Shorthand

204 ADVANCED PHRASEOGRAPHY H213 no -doubt of -the ultimate success of -your patent, I andif -it -were -necessary, I could arrange to invest a considerable amount in-the business. I-cannot-do anything in -the -matter of -the shares you spoke about until I Ihave -seen -you again. I -cannot -see that -there -is any hurry about-the affair. If-it-does happen that-the shares are all taken -up before I -make I application I -shall -not mind very-much. I -am -trusting, however, that-youwill-be-able-to pay me a visit on-Monday and explain matters. I -have staying with I me an old friend whohas-been out to South-America for three-years on business matters, and-I-am-sure you-will-be delighted with-his conversations on -the I customs and manners of -the natives. Yours -truly, Thomas Makin. (310 words) Advanced Phraseography : Section 4 (Dovbling Principle) . - - I know there will be above their e over their (or there) before there before there is from their has to be there has been there how can there be I am sure there is I believe there will be I have their I have been there I know there is I know there is not I see there is I think there wdll be I wish there were if there if there is if there is to be if it be there in their case in their opinion in their statement in which there is increasing their value making their way

H2i3 ADVANCED PHRASEOGRAPHY 205 more than their some other M pending their decision shall be there then there are they have been there though there is upon their we have their we have been there whenever there is by some other means some other way some other respects or some other in other words in order in order that in order to my dear sir dear madam my dear friend my dear fellow citizens Exercise 159 Read^ copy and transcribe i N b- ^ ^ : ■; u":.' ( O '"-' Ir^ - ^ ^ ^ A-1-V t" ^ . .. vp , 'Hs, .:\^....N>.

203 ADVANCED PHBASEOGB.APHY If 213 Exercise 160 Write in Shorthand I-know-there-has-been a great-deal said, as-well-as written, about-the interest attaching to-the study of phrase and-fable, but I-know-there-has-not- ! been sufficient said, in-view of-the importance of -the -matter, andI-know-there-will-be a great -deal -more both said and written before -the subject is exhausted. | Whenever -there is a subject of interest to-the general reader, and a desire expressed for information upon -it, there -will -be -found someone ready and willing to obtain-the I necessary knowledge and impart it to-others. As-we-have-seen, too, the work is from-time-to-time generally executed aswell-as-it-can-be, and -the -results I made known in-the very shortest time possible. This-is a great convenience to-most of-us, as-we-have-not-time to devote to-research in-thesesubjects. (149 words) Exercise 161 Read, copy and transcribe ^ ) (ri I, yi ( .A. ^ / .:rX. _ \ r L. { Q . ^ .^7^::^^.; M \ Iv /V L3.. -c:?. ^ A _ .V / > -A

H213 ADVANCED PHRASEOGRAPD Y 207 L .4. ) .< ) ^ . J ‘ . N. = uc/ Exercise 162 Write in Shorthand I-think-there-is room, indeed,' I-am-sure-there-is room for-something-more on-the-topic I -have -mentioned before it-can-be-said that-the public is | tired of-it. There-aresome -people, however, who know very -little of -the origin and meaning of -many peculiar expressions of -frequent occurrence. For-their-sake, for-their-satisfaction I andpleasure, as-well-as for-the educational advantage it-wouldbe to-them, I-wish-there-were some-means of-bringing before-their notice some of-the books already I published on -this -subject. (94 words) Exercise 163 Read, copy and transcribe v -S', r" 1 ^ ^ --O-- 

208 ADVANCED PHRASEOGRAPHY 11213 \ \ ir . u \ _> n L . I ..'. ■^- ^ .q..,.Srr■H^---4 ? ) ■- 1; ° -‘ -V -^-^- • -- V a ^ * y ^ 19 % -/-- Cp -\^. Q_0 X 1 ^.;>. Exercise 164 Write in Shorthand I-know-there-is a variety of opinion, however, on almost al] -questions, and -if -there -be any of-my-readers who doubt -the benefit to be derived from such | a study as I-have referred to, and-if-they assert that, in-theiropinion, it-would-be a waste of-time as-well-as money to-procure such books, | I-ask-them, for-their-own sake and-for-that of -other-people in-their -position, who-may look at-the matter from- their own view, to-weigh-the following- I points as carefully and as-soon-as-they can Hov/ often do we come across such phrases as “ toadeater,” “ salted accoimts,” etc., and-though-their meaning, from-their position | in-the-sentence, may-be pretty clear, should -we -not -have some difficulty in saying how they came to-have-their present signification ? Have-we-not all occasionally read some 1 phrase, or heard some allusion which-we-did-not-understand, and-have-v/e-not sometimes lost the beauty of a passage through our want of knowledge ? I-think-there-will- | be few who-will dissent from this. (187 words)

11213 ADVANCED PHRASEOGRAPHY 209 and in the same (m)anner as in this (m)anner nex(t mon)th this (mon)th as far as poss(ible) as much as --\q poss(ible) as soon as poss(ible) 6\> as well as poss(ible) as if it were poss(ible) Advanced Phraseography : Section 5 (OwAssions: Consonants and Syllables) I have (r)eceived in other (r)espects in (r)eply we have (r)eceived almos(t) certain just now jus(t) received las(t) week las(t) month last year mos(t) probably mus(t) be nex(t) week there mus(t) be you mus(t) be you mus(t) not be very please (d) indeed in (f)act in point (of f )act telegra(ph) office wor(th) while in the (m)anner and in like (m)anner and in the same (m)anner jus(t) poss(ible) betwee(n) them foundatio(n) stone o(n)e another towards o(n)e another ..'rrl... industrial (l)ife (h)ope v\y I (h)ope you are < ^ satisfied and the (con)trary cannot be (con)* sidered for (con)sideration fully (con)sidered ^ further (con)sidered further (con)sideration

10 ADVANCED PHRASEOGRAPHY 11213 /% % < I have (con)cluded in (con)clusion into (con)sideration it is (con)sidered it may be (con)sidered it will be (con)sidered little (con)sideration mus(t) be (con)sidered necessary (con)clnsion ought to be (con)sidered satisfactory (con)clusion shall be (con)sidered n 4 Ao... shall be (taken into con)sideration should be (con)sidered some (con)sideration take (or taken) (into con)sideration that (con)clusion unsatisfactory (con)clusion we have (con)cluded were (con)sidered which will be (con)sidered which will be (taken into con)sideration lo Exercise 165 Read, copy and transcribe L- N ^ V’ \.L. c

n 213 ADVANCED PHRASEOGRAPHY 211 A' -SA - ^ / ’ )' " A V,, r_. 1 -A1 u A - X' ^ ) \ ^ I 6j^K ..^'T7]..\> , ..^, .^...c^..7^. \ "t ..'n^...^....c:., ^ /X ..|.. ^ .::. \j,, .r.. A / ^ ----[^x y.^-. ^ \j:.y'''''~^>^ Exercise 166 Write in Shorthand Dear Mr. Brovim, I -have -received your communication of -the 12th-inst., and-I-am-very-pleased-indeed to inform-you that-youare almost -certain to -hear from -me I in -the affirmative next-week. Most-probably you-will-be asked to-come here the last-week in-the-last-month of-the-year, butyou-must-not-be surprised I if-you-are-requested to -give your lecture at an earlier date. Your lecture in -the autumn of -last-year was a great success ; in-fact, unparalleled in-the history | of -our literary organization. This-month and next-month we-are to -have a series of lectures on- the industrial -life of -our cities in-the nineteenth centuiy, and it- ! is -just -possible that-we-may-have a famous economist as chairman at-the opening gathering. We -have -concluded that-these problems ought-to-be-considered without -delay, especially as | economic questions are very -pressing just -now. Y ours - very - truly. (160 words)

212 ADVANCED PHBASEOGRAPHY If 213 Exercise 167 Read, copy and transcribe .R,. ^ .rrrr., ~r ^ o, .V.,, u/.''. ,.^.i L -b:r...M I .<..- o="" .17.="" ..v="" v="" .77="" .777:.="" _="" .tst="" y="" .="" .tf.="" lp="" .71.="" r..sc..="" ..7="" c="" v_="" ..="" lo="" s="" ..k-..="" .r..="" l="" .7="" p=""/>

ADVANCED PHRASED GJIAPHY 2i3 If 213 Exercise 168 Write in Shorthand My-dear-Sir, I-hope-you-will-think-it worth-while to-consider, asfar-as-possible, the alteration of-the date of-the laying of-the foundation-stone, and- I I-am-sure a little-consideration will lead you to a decision that will materially enhance the chances of a successful gathering. Is -it worth-while ignoring-the wishes of I a small but influential section of-your supporters in-this-manner when a slight alteration would-be of advantage ? In-other-respects 1 -think no-fault can-be-found with- I the arrangements. Very sincerely yours, (95 words) Exercise 169 Write in Shorthand Dear-Sirs, We -have -received your -letter of-the 9th-inst., respecting consignments, and your -requests shall -be -considered inthe-same-manner-as your previous communications onsuch-matters. I Our Mr. Burton is away at-present inthe-north of-Scotland. We-expect him back to-morrow, however, when-the whole -question shall-be-taken-intoconsideration, and an | early -reply forwarded to -you. Doubtless a satisfactory-conclusion can-be arrived at which-will- be -considered agreeable to all concerned. Yours -truly, (83 words) Exercise 170 Write in Shorthand In concluding my report, I-would point-out that-thereare many -circumstances which-will-be-taken-into-consideration on a future occasion, but of -which it-is-considered unwise I to-speak now. One necessary-conclusion, however, is-that only in-the-manner I-have indicated is-it possible to arrive at anything like a true estimate of-themotives | of -these men towards-one-another, and to judge impartially of-the letters which passed between-them. The incident at-the telegraph -office is-the-most-importanb. (87 words)

214 ADVANCED PHRASEOGRAPH Y H213 Advanced Phraseography : Section 6 -V: ( Omissions : as (a) rule at (a) loss in (a) few days in (a )great (m )easure in such (a) (m)anner as for (a) moment to (a) great extent about (the) matter all over (the) world all (the) circumstances at (the) present day at (the) present time by (the) way for (the) first time I will (con)sider (the) matter in (the) first instance in (the) first place in (the) sec(ond) place in (the ) th (ird ) place in (the) las(t) place in (the) nex(t) place into (the) matter notwithstanding (the) (f)act Logograms) V on (the) (con)trary K on (the) o(n)e hand on (the) subject imder (the) circumstances what is (the) matter as (a) matter (of) course as (a) matter (of) (f )act expression (of) opinion in (con)sequence (of) in (r)espect of necessary (con)sequence (of) on (the) part (of) s out (of) place short space (of) time do you mean (to ) say expect (to) receive face (to) face from first (to ) last having (r)egard (to) in (r)ef(eren)ce (to) in (r)ef(eren)ce (to) which

215 ^ 213 ADVANCED PIIRASEO GRAPH Y -in (r)elation (to) in (r)eply (to) in (r)espect (to) it appears (to) me it appears (to) have been it seems (to) me ought (to) have been ought (to) have known regret (to) say Exercise 171 regret (to) state we shall be glad (to ) hear we shall be glad (to) know wi(th) (r)ef(eren)ce (to) wi(th) (r)ef(eren)ce (to ) which wi(th) (r)egard (to) wi (th ) (r )elation (to ) wi(th) (r)espect (to) / ‘J Read, copy and transcribe <. .1="" .="" r="" .x="" _="" i="" t.="" n="" p="" rv=""/>

216 ADVANCED PHRASED GRAPH Y T[213 ^ ^ ^ ^ Exercise 172 Write in Shorthand In-consequence of -the short-space-of-time at our-own disposal, and-having-regard-to all -the -circumstances imderwhich-the order was-given, we-are at-a-loss | to understand-the reason for -the delay in -the delivery of -the-* machine which ought -to -have -been here a week ago. We-shall-expect-to-receive it in-a- | few-days without fail. We-are face-to-face with a difficulty which-appears-tohave - been in -a - great - measure and to - a - great - extent brought about by-those- I who ought-to-have-known better, and-we-shall-be-glad if-you-will look into-thematter for-us, notwithstanding-the-fact that-you-are so busy yourself. The I enclosed -statement gives you our position in -reference -to -the difficulty, and -we -shall -beglad-to-have your expression -of -opinion on-the-matter at an early date. (149 words) Exercise 173 Bead, copy and transcribe

11213 ADVANCED PHRASED GRAPH Y 217 ^ -kl., ^r"rr:' -^v, , uT.L i.4.>.v^v^-^--_ C- .“7^:, . \ .44, r- . «:!, .:..L .47^., . 1^, . \ , 7. ^ N-.L'- r—l, '.4., Exercise 174 Write in Shorthand Dear- Sirs, In -reply-to -yours of -the llth-inst., we-regret-to-state that under - the - circumstances we - cannot - accept - the mere apology on-the-part-of your-client. | This conduct ofyour-client has-been a source of annoyance for a considerable time, and-in-spite-of our requests that-such conduct should cease, and not withstanding- the -fact 1 that legal proceedings have-been threatened, the statements of -which- we complain have continued. Fromlirst-to-last we-have-been face-to-face with inconvenience in-consequence-of your- 1 client’s attitude. Under-thecircumstances, and having-regard- to what-has happened an apology is out -of -the -question. On-the-contrary, weshall-be compelled to -seek redress in-1 the law-courts in-respect-of your-client’s statements, and shall instruct our solicitors to-take action forthwith, unless your-client is prepared to pay -the amount of damages claimed. | Yours -truly, (152 words) 15— CR)

218 ADVANCED PHBASEOGRAPHY If 213 Exercise 175 Write in Shorthand The lecturer said : It-appears-to-me that at -the -presenttime many of -the changes taking-place all-over-theworld are-the outcome of inviolable laws working for- 1 the-progress of-mankind. As-a-rule, man is apt to overlook-the silent working of-the laws of-the universe in-reference-to-which he-appears, as-a-matter- | of-fact, very -little concerned, or his interest lasts but for-a-moment when some striking incident compels his attention. Generally speaking, he takes things as-a-matter-ofcourse, I and, as a necessary-consequence-of this attitude, at-the-present-day the beauties of nature are a closed book to a vast majority of-the inhabitants of-the globe, ! I-will-consider-the-matter and deal-with-the subject as briefly as-possible. In-the-first-place, it-seems-to-me that in-relation-to-the authorship there-is- I no-ground for supposing it to be doubtful. In-the-second-place, the statements in -the book are supported by contemporary^ accounts. In - the - third - place, all - the other Imown | works of-the author are of unimpeachable accuracy. Therefore, from-flrst-to-last, I-think-the criticisms are entirely out-of-place, and-I-cannot-understand what-isthe -matter | with- the reviewer that -he -should make such a violent attack, on-the-one-hand, upon-the probity of -our author, and-on-the-other, upon-the accuracy of -his I statements. (241 words) Exercise 176 Read, copy and transcribe P u ^ I c ^ \

H 213 ADVANCED PHRASED GRAPHY 219 Exercise 177 Write in Shorthand For -the -first -time in-the history of-the company, saidthe speaker, we -have to -report an adverse balance. In-the-first-instance, we-have-had a serious strike I at-the works, but-you-will-be-glad-to-know-that all disputes have-been amicably settled. In-the-next-place, we-have% had some very heavy law expenses with- | reference -to our existing patents, and-with-reference-to-which a statement appears in-the report. In -the -last -place, our annual turnover has-not-been up to expectations, though, | bythe-way, it slightly exceeds-the figures of -last-year. You-will-be-glad-to-hear that our new manager has introduced several excellent reforms which-will bear fruit | in-the-near-future. It-would-be out-of-place for-me in-the short-space-oftime at my disposal to-try to-go fully into-the details of- 1 the-accounts. Moreover, we-expect-to-receive, veryshortly, a further report from-the auditors. Having regard-to-the present state-of-affairs, and-in-consequenceof certain criticisms, we- 1 think-it best, under -the -circumstances, to-have an independent investigation, and-the auditors have-been asked to-give a frank expression-ofopinion in -reference -to -the affairs of- 1 the Company. The position is a difficult one. On-the-one-hand we-are-to!dthat as-a-matter-of -course the business ought -to be prosperous, yet as-a- I matter-of-fact, the contrary is-the case. What -is -the -matter we-hope to-hear from-the auditors, who-are looking into -the -matter, and who-are expected to- 1 report in-a-few-days. (275 words)

220 ADVANCED PHRASEOGRAPHY If 213 Advanced Pkraseography : Section 7 (Omissions: Logograms) again (and) again dee (per) (and) deeper higli(er) (and)higher lower (and) lower fast(er) (and) faster less (and) less more (and) more Mr. (and) Mrs. near(er) (and) nearer north (and) south east and west over (and) over again over (and) above here (and) there qui(cker) (and) quicker rates (and) taxes time (and) space ways (and) means side (by) side bear (in) mind borne (in) mind all parts (of the) world fact (of the) matter facts (of the) case 5:^.. for (the ) purpose (of ) history (of the) world out (of the) question peculiar circumstances (of the) case more (or) less one (or) two right (or) wrong six or seven sooner (or) later three or four two (or) three up (to the) present up (to the) present time in accordance (with) in accordance (with) the accordance (with) the matter in connection (with) in connection (with) the in connection (with) their

H 213 ADVANCED PHBASEOGRAPHY 221 Exercise 178 Read, copy and transcribe Exercise 179 Write in Shorthand Ships of immense proportions are nowadays found in -all -parts -of -the -world, and docks have -to -be -made dseper-and-deeper in-order-to accommodate the huge vessels which- I are -constructed to-carry more-and-more and to-travel faster-and -faster as time advances. Distance between-us and-foreign parts is becoming less-and-less, and north-and- 1 south, and east-and-west are being brought nearer-and-nearer, so-that-the desire long-since expressed has almost-been accomplished, and time-andspace have-been practically annihilated \ by-the progress of science and-the ingenuity of -man. (100 words)

222 ADVANCED PHBASEOGRAPHY 11213 Exercise 180 Write in Shorthand Owing to-the peculiar-circumstances-of-the-case such a course as you suggest is out-of -the -question, and youwill-have to -follow the procedure in-accordance -with I precedent. Further, you-must endeavour to secure Mr.and-Mrs. Brown as witnesses, as their evidence is absolutely-necessary. The fact -of -the -matter is that-you have failed to I bear-in-mind the really essential features in-connection-with-the case and-hav© chiefly borne- inmind one-or-two quite subsidiary points. Side-by-side with-this, you I have unfortimately displayed a more-orless vindictive spirit, which, in-our-opinion, can-only-be prejudicial to-the success of -your claim. (113 words) Exercise 181 Ready copy and transcribe

H213 ADVANCED PHRASEOGBAPHY 223 Exercise 182 Write in Shorthand Over-and-over-again we -ha, ve -complained of-the ratesand-taxes in -connection -with our concern, and sooner-orlater we-shall-have to-discuss ways-and-means of | a successful agitation for -their reduction. Up -to -the present-time we-have-been very heavily handicapped in-this-respect, and judging from-the present outlook our resources will-be-| called-upon more-and-more in-theimmediate future, unless -we -are -enabled to obtain-the relief we -think- we -are entitled to. Again-and-again, during- the -last six- | or-seven years there-have-been outcries against the upward tendency of -these local levies, and-in-connection-with-their collection many have urged that-the facts-of-the-case I required-the immediate attention of-the authorities. The history-of-the-world shows that -this -matter of-rates-and-taxes has alwaysbeen a sore point with people of -every- | clime and nation, and-whether right-or-wrong, it-is a fact that a great-many have suffered imprisonment rather -than pay what theyhave deemed unjust impositions. (178 words) Exercise 183 Read, copy and transcribe , ..s, ", ^ o K , ' \ .5., k.. if, .■ ..t.. -V? V..;. rX \ t .k

224 ADVANCED PHBASEOGRAPHY 1[213 Summary 1. Abbreviations are utilized in advanced phraseography, as follows — (a) The small circle for as, is, us, (b) The large circle initially for as we, as and w, as and s ; medially for is and s, his and s, s and s ; finally for s and has, s and is, (c) The loop st for first, the loop nst for next, (d) The r and I hooks for a few miscellaneous words. (e) The n hook for than, been and own, {/) The f or V hook for have, of, after, even, and in a few common phrases. (g) The circle s and shun hook for association, (h) The halving principle for it, to, not, would, word, and in a few common phrases. {i) The doubhng principle for there, their, other, dear. 2. The following may be omitted — (a) Consonants not essential to phraseograms. (&) The syllable con-, and a few other common syllables. (c) Any logogram or logograms providing the phraseogram is legible.

CHAPTER XXXV INTERSECTIONS The Use of Intersections. 214. The method of intersecting, or writing one stroke through another, is utilized for the brief, distinctive, and rapid indication of official titles, of persons or associations of various kinds, and of frequently-occurring colloquial phrases, etc. Where intersection is impracticable, the method of writing one stroke in close proximity to another is adopted instead ; thus, ...^\^ political party, party question. Labour Party, Party Bill. When the word to be indicated by an alphabetic stroke is to be read first, the stroke is struck first, and the rest of the outline is cut through, or written in close proximity to it. The examples which follow illustrate the manner in which similar phrases may be dealt with. P is employed to represent party, as in parliamentary party party government political party birthday party ...A. children’s party i garden party Pr is employed to represent professor, as in Professor Jackson Professor Morgan N.\. — Professor Peake Professor of Chemistry Professor of Commerce Professor of Music 225

226 INTERSECTIONS U214 B is employed to represent the following (a) bank, as in bank bills Bank of England bank pass book XI bank rate City Bank Mercantile Bank Penny Bank savings bank (6) -bankment, as in sea embankment (c) bill, as in — Einance Bill j T is employed to represent attention, as in best attention careful attention Thames Embankment Education Bill early attention . early attention to ^ the matter ^ my attention has been called necessary attention X special attention -K your attention “V D is employed to represent department, as in Department of Agriculture X [ electrical dept. engineering dept, foreign dept. Government department life department ...J. shipping dept, silk department CH is employed to represent Chancery, as in Chancery appeal Chancery proceedmgs ^ Chancery Judge into Chancery

227 ^ 214 INTERSECTIONS J is employed to represent Journal, as, School Journal Journal of Commerce X Journal of Education v^4 Pitman’s Journal I ^ Textile Journal Weekly Journal E is employed to represent the following(a) Company, as in Barber & Co. -f Carriage Co. Delivery Co. ..-rri... Gas Co., Ltd. ^Malleable Iron Co., Weaving Co., Ltd. (&) Council, as in Borough Council Cabinet Council Councils of the Party County Council Parish Council Party Councils Privy Council Town Council (c) Capital, as in authorized capital capital charge capital expenditure 4 capital punishment capital receipts share capital (cZ) Captain, as in — » Captain Cook Captain Dixon captain in the Army captain of the ship captain of the team ship’s captain

228 INTERSECTIONS II 214 Kr is employed to represent the following — (a) Colonel, as in "Colonel Anderson ...!^^^„..Colonel Jackson (b) Corporation, as in investment corporation Corporation of Leeds G is employed to represent government, as in English Government French Government government official municipal government F is employed to represent form, as in entry form form of acknow. ^ ledgment form of agreement ^ ^ form of bequest form of Government form of the report />> medical form ^S>K. necessary form V is employed to represent valuation, as in low valuation valuation of the property valuation of the site site valuation TH is employed to represent the following — (a) Authority, as in authority of the manager authority of the representative legal authority local authority military authorities sanitary authority well-known authority written authority

If 214 INTERSECTIONS 229 (b) Month, as in for a month ^ in a month’s time <1_ many months ago some months ago S is employed to represent society, as in dramatic society Hearts of Oak Society medical society Society of Compositors Society ofMusicians Temperance Society M is employed to represent the following — (a) Mark, as in auditor’s mark -.4 - high-water mark low-water mark mark of respect (b) Major, as in Major Anson Major General -7^ official mark private mark save the mark I to mark time Major Jones Serjeant Major Jones N is employed to represent national, as in -- national affair "V national bank HiCp national defence national desire ■1national disaster -tnational dividend . national finance national reserve national revenue national society

230 INTERSECTIONS 11214 L is employed to represent the following(a) liberal, as in Liberal Club Liberal Govt. )C Liberal Party Liberal policy (b) limited, as in Pears’ Limited ■ discount liberal manner liberal payment liberal view ...^4^>^....Lupin Limited R (dovm) is employed to represent arrange-d-ment in colloquial phrases like the following — \j^ better arrangement I shall arrange ..L. if you can arrange R (up) is employed to represent railway, as in kit was arranged please make arrangements ^ we will arrange the matter Cambrian Railway . difficulties of the railway Metropolitan Ry. railway company railway facilities railway officials railway rates railway ticket railway time railway time table Sr (up ) is employed to represent conservative, as in Conservative Club ^ Conservative Government oX Conservative Party Conservative policy

*u 214 INTERSECTIONS 231 t •t Exercise 184 Read, copy and transcribe ■ 'k^ 'W/ / ^ C-. \ t/ “% / . 4-f V, V 7 t o _. .r.. r-' / -a"..-^.., rx .Ap„ .;. ^ rfe..' .?.. oX, K. Exercise 185 Write in Shorthand Messrs. Barber-and-Co., the New Carriage-Company, and -the Dorset-Supply-Company, are to bo converted into limited-companies. The annual reports of -the Malleable-Iron-Co.,-Ltd., Smith,-! Brown-and Co., Ltd., and-the Weaving-Co.,-Ltd., all bear testimony to-the prosperity of -trade during-the past year. A Goverrmientofficial, a well-known railway -official, and I a clerk luanother Government-department have all advised me totake shares in Lee’s-Brewery-Company, but, as a member of a temperance-society, I-do-not like-the 1 idea. The local-authorities have invited the committee of-the Agricultural -Society to arrange a show here, and-the local Society -of -Musicians has undertaken -the charge of-the musical-! arrangements. It-is hoped the committee will -arrange -the -matter. PI ease -make -arrangements tocome over on-the first-day if -possible. (142 words)

232 INTERSECTIONS Tf 214 Exercise 186 Read, copy and transcribe . V ) 1694, )o ...X I 10^ 1^, S--7 V. :V .r.. Xi^x ..^.. ,V>.X ^y W/x X X -X-- V) ) -!;- ^ I . Af o> ' ^ ’ ' \ _ \. '' c/, ■ ), . !. ..■ \ , = - — . \ .r:'. cj. , . \+., .rrr.rAx, / \ ^ .;.. _ V..\ X i... .^. . .y...^. X y!., . .7X?>., C .^...^..N_P "X

H2U INTERSECTIONS 233 Exercise 187 Write in Shorthand We give a liberal -discount on all cash-orders. The committee treated him in a liberal -manner and allowed him a most liberal -payment for-his services at-the Liberal-1 Club. On-the-authority-of-the-representative we-arebound-to-say that-the valuation -of -the -site is a very unsatisfactory-one in-view of -the yearly-valuation which- 1 has-been made for -the last twelve years. Our national -society is very-much interested in nationalaffairs, and it-is desirous of securing the strengthening ofour nationa-l- defence. I The other evening Major-Jon< a opened a debate on capital -punishment, and-after an interesting discussion in- which Captain -Dixon, Colonel Beach and Professor-Peake took-part, we -regret -to -1 say that a majority voted for -its retention. (128 words) Summary An intersection is formed by allocating a definite word or words to an alphabetic stroke when intersecting, or written in close proximity to, another stroke, as follows : — p = party G Pr professor F 1 hank V — B bankment TH 1 (bill T = attention S D = department M Ch = Chancery J journal N 1 K ( company 1 council L 1 capital R.(down) 1 Kr = \ captain { colonel R (up) — t corporation 8r (up) 16— (ii) government form valuation i authority (month society j mark I major national j liberal I limited arrange-dment railway conservative

CHAPTER XXXVI BUSINESS PHRASES Phraseography in Business. 215. When the requirements of particular businesses have to be met, the principles of phrasing and intersecting may be given a special application according to the purpose for which they are required. Thus, while in a general sense \ p intersected indicates the word party, it may be used to represent the word policy in an insurance office, and the word pump in an engineer’s office. This allocation of a special meaning to an alphabetic stroke and a further application of the rules of phrasing are set out in the following lists. The following examples are intended to be suggestive of similar phrases to be met with in various branches of business. General Business -ke-Waccount sales additional cost additional expensci at your earliest convenience best of my ability best of our ability best of their ability best of your ability bill of exchange bill of lading board of directors by passenger train \x 4^by return of post declare a dividend directors’ report discount for cash early convenience enclose-d herewith faithfully yours from the last report goods not to hand I am directed to inform you I am directed to state 234

•0 215 BUSINESS PHRASES 235 V \_ V' V I am in receipt of your esteemed favour I am in receipt of your favour I am in receipt of your letter I am instructed I am instructed to inform you I am instructed to state I am requested to inform you I beg to acknowledge receipt of your favour I beg to acknowledge receipt of your letter I beg to call attention 1 beg to enclose herewith I enclose herewith I have to acknowledge receipt of your letter I have to call attention I regard I regret in reply to your esteemed favour V X in reply to your favour in reply to your letter in your reply to my letter not yet to hand ordinary rates postal order referring to our invoice referring to our letter referring to your favour referring to your letter referring to yours registered letter respectfully yours under bill of sale we beg to quote we respectfully request your esteemed favour your favour your obedient servant yours faithfully yours obediently yours respectfully yours sincerely

236 BUSINESS PHRASES T1 215 Exercise 188 Write in Shorthand Dear -Sir, In-reply-to-your-favour of-the 16th-inst, we-regret thatwe-cannot undertake-the responsibility of adopting your suggestions with-regard-to-the machine. We-are I willing to-execute the repairs to-the best-of-our-ability, and-on-the lowest-terms possible, but as we stated in-our last-letter, the methods you-propose would- 1 be attended with great risk to-the rider. If-you decide to -leave -the -matter to-us you-might inform-us by-return-of-post, and-we-will putthe I work in-hand at-once, so-as-to-be-able-to dispatchthe machine by-goods-train on-Saturday. We-need hardly-say that-we pay-the best-price for I all-the-materials we use, and -we guarantee them to be of-the best -quality obtainable. Referring-to-your -letter of-the 9th-inst., wehave-done our best to 1 induce-the carriers to-quote special -rates for -the -goods consigned to -you, but- they decline to-make any reduction on-the ordinary-rates unless-the traffic is considerably increased. I With-reference-to-our statement-of-account for last quarter, we-begto -call -attention to-the fact that- the balance due has-notyet-been received, and-l we-will -thank-you for a cheque or a postal -order for-the-amount at-your-earliest-convenience. We-shall-give early-consideration to-your inquiries for-the special tandem, and-will-| forward-the specification desired as-soon-as-convenient. Yours-faithfully, (250 words) Exercise 189 Write in Shorthand Dear -Sir, I-am-in-receipt-of-your-letter of-the 24th, and I-regretto-state that I-am-imable to-give you-the information you-require. I-! can -assure -you I should-be -pleased todo-so if-it-were-possible. I-am-surprised to-hear from-you that-the funds of -your society are in-such I a bad-way. I-regard-the objects of-the-society as most praiseworthy, and I-cannot-understand how it-is that public support should-be withheld. I-enclose-cheque for I ten-pounds as a subscription, and shall-be-glad to-give-the sameamount next year. I-am-much-obliged-to-you for-the copy of-the report. Yours-faithfully, I (120 words)

H215 BUSINESS PHRASES 237 Exercise 190 Write in Shorthand Dear-Sir, 1- brought your-letter before-the Board-of -Directors at-their-meeting yesterday, but after some discussion they-were-obliged to postpone further -consideration oftfie-matter until I the next Directors’ -meeting, which-willbe held on-the last Tuesday-afternoon of -this -month. 1-think-the Directors would-be-glad if-you would kindly set-forth your- | proposals more fully than is done in-yourletter. The first-cost of -the -material is very-low, but-the question of -the additional -cost of -preparing it for-sale, i and-the additional -expense which- will -probably be incurred in advertising it is sure to be taken-into-consideration by-the-Directors, and-if they-had your estimate of what- I the total expenditure is likely to amount to, it-would-nodoubt help them in coming to a decision. If -you- will make-an-appointment for-some day next-week | I-shallbe-glad to see-you, and it -is-just -possible that I-may-beable to-give-you some further-particulars. Meanwhile, I -have -the -pleasure to enclose I copy of-the-Directors’Report published last -month. Yours -faithfully, (190 words) Exercise 191 Write in Shorthand Dear-Sirs, In-reply-to-your-letter of -yesterday, we-beg-to-state that-the bill -of -lading and-the bill-of-exchange were forwarded to-you by-&st-post | on Tuesday-morning last, in registered -letter, addressed as-usual, and-we-are-surprised that-they-have-not reached you. We-will make inquiries here, and-in-the-meantime, if- 1 you-receive-the letter kindly inform-us by wire at-once. Referring -to -our letter of-the 27th ult., and your-reply to-same, we-have written-the works | pressing-them to-give early-attentionto-bhe-matter and to-make-the necessary-arrangements for forwarding-the goods to-the finishers as-soon-as-ready. We -have -instructed the I latter to -give -the -material the best-finish, and -we -have -no -doubt they-will-do-so. Wehave-also mentioned your complaint as -to -the finish of-the last I consignment, and-we -are -assured that special -care wiil-be taken to-prevent a repetition of -the -mistake in-the future. Yours -faithfully, (173 words)

CHAPTER XXXVII POLITICAL PHRASES Phraseography in Political Matter. 216. The following phrases are illustrative of the kind commonly met in taking notes of pohtical speeches, etc. The shorthand writer should keep himself informed in regard to the political questions of the day, and famiharize himself with the phrases which almost invariably accompany the introduction of any special legislation. The list of phraseogTams here given will serve as models for similar phrases. freedom of the people freedom of the press freedom of trade Home Rule Party hon. and learned member hon. gentleman hon. member hon. member for Preston Plouse of Commons House of Lords Houses of Parliament Political .rV" ru Act of Parliament at the first reading at the second reading at the third reading British Constitution British Empire Cabinet meeting Chairman of Committee Chancellor of the Exchequer colonial preference Commissioner of Works ConservativePart y -A238

1i 216 POLITICAL PHRASES 239 -t-::V-i-r\-r\K J;,2j2> Imperial Parliament in committee of supply in the House of Commons in the House of Lords Labour Party Leader of the House Leader of the Opposition Leader of the Party Liberal Party Liberal Unionist Liberal Unionist Party Local Government Board Lord of the Admiralty Lord of the Treasury member of Parliament my hon. and gallant friend my hon. friend National Insurance Act nationalization of railways naval estimates v;.. Parliamentary Committee -n\ > party leaders plenipotentiary PostmasterGeneral Prime Minister President of the Board of Agriculture President of the Board of Trade X President of the Local Government Board proportional representation ratepayers right honourable right hon. gentleman Secretary of State Secretary of State for the Colonies Secretary of State for the Home Department Secretary of State for War Secretary for War Tariff Reform United Kingdom United States

210 POLITICAL PHRASES Tl 216 Exercise 192 Write in Shorthand The right-hon. -gentleman, the member-for-Preston, speaking in-the-House-of-Commons, on Tuesday-evening, on -the -proposal to increase -the numerical strength of -the Army-and-Navy,| referred to-the extraordinary growth of -the British -Empire during -the -last fifty years. He asserted with-much vigour that freedom-of -trade, freedomof -the -people, and freedom-of- I the -Press, were -the rule in every -part of-His-Majesty’s dominions, and he declared that every free-trader was boimd to-give-the measure his support. His Majesty’s-Government I had given most careful-consideration to -this -matter, and Ministers in both Houses -of -Parliament were quite unanimous in -the conviction that-such a measure was-necessary for-the safeguarding I of -the vast interests committed to -their care. His right -honourable -friend, the Secretary -for- War, had shown exactly bow-the proposed increase would-be distributed, and -the Chancellor-of- 1 the -Exchequer, the FirstLord -of -the -Treasury, and-the First-Lord-of -the- Admiralty had each advanced weighty reasons for-the adoption of -theproposal. It-was-not a | party-question, and he trusted that-the right-honourable-gentleman, the leader-of-theOpposition, would-not attempt to -make party -capital outof-it. It-was true, as-the I President-of-the-Board-ofTrade and-the Secretary-of-State-for-the-Home-Department had both candidly admitted, there -were several minor details of -the -measure open to amendment, I butthey-would, no -doubt, be amended in-committee, whenthe Chairman-of-Committee would-give honourablemembers, and especially the honourable -and-learnedmember for Bath an opportunity of I debating thesepoints. The Leader-of-the-Opposition took exception tothe-manner in-which-the proposal had-been brought before -the House, and declared that sound reasons hadnot-l been advanced for-its adoption. As Leader-of-theParty in Opposition he claimed that fuller discussion should -be given to- the -measure before -the Government pressed it forward to I a division. The Secretary -of- Statefor-War replied for-the-Government, and-the ;motion was carried by a very large majority. (352 words)

1 21(5 POLITICAL PHRASES 241 Exercise 193 Write in Shorthand Topics of-considerable interest were discussed at-the district conference of-the Labour-Party. There-was much praise for-the National -Insurance -Act, The question ofthe nationalization-of -railways | in-the United-Kingdom raised a lengthy and -interesting discussion. Withregard-to proportional -representation it -was asserted that-it-was opposed by party-organizers because itwould open -the I way to -government by groups whichwould-be contrary to-the traditions of-the-British-Constitution. Much objection was -taken to-the increase inthe naval -estimates for-the- 1 current year, and-some speakers averred that our plenipotentiaries abroad might do more to-check-the desire for increased armaments. The condition of-the working-classes in-the United-States | and-Germany was-given as an argument against tariffreform, while it-was argued that-the whole question of colonial -preference could-only-be satisfactorily settled by an Imperial -Parliament. I (150 words) Exercise 194 Write in Shorthand The Treasury had consented to enlarge -the landdepartment. There-would-be one additional Sub-Commissioner and-four Assistant Sub-Commissioners. The Treasury had also sanctioned an additional clerical staff to-the I number of eleven persons. A matter of -great importance and difficulty at-the beginning of -this work had-been-the obtaining of -suitable land. A great-deal of -land was I expressly excluded by-the Act. In-someplaces there -was -not enough suitable land for all -the applicants, and -there -were cases in-which-the only remedy for congestion was- I the migration of -some of-the applicants to other-parts of-Scotland. There-were various causes which-made rapid progress impossible in-the-first year, but- these -would diminish a.s | time went on. He hoped the Board would -be- able -to bring into use for smallholders land which now was either not cultivated or not being used to-the I best-advantage. During-the past century a large area of arable cultivation had passed into permanent pasture, and he hoped it-would-be possible

242 POLITICAL PHRASES H 216 fco -place many small landholders on I land of -that kind — a process which-would increase-the number of -men maintained on-the soil. As-to deer forests, there-were two-cases in-which owners had offered I to negotiate for a settlement, and -there -were several other cases in-which negotiations were going on. The question of compensation might make -the taking of a small piece of- 1 land in-the-middle of a deer forest an extremely costly business. The first report showed that by -the end of-the-year, subject to-the decision of-the land I Court, arrangements had-been made to -provide for 500 applicants, and-sincethen a great-deal of work had-been-done. Many hundreds of-cases were in various stages 1 of development. The Board were anxious, not-only to -find land for small holdings, but also to assist their successful cultivation by giving the holders opportunities of -practical instruction and I demonstration, of -learning the best-methods ofcultivation, of keeping up-the quality of-their stock, andby encouraging poultry and everything which-wouldmake-the small holdings profitable. Co-operation I amongst small -holders was-making satisfactory progress, and -the -Board were at -present in communication with -the Scottish-banks for-the-purpose-of seeing whether-they could offer better credit 1 facilities. (391 words)

CHAPTER XXXVIII BANKING AND STOCKBROKING PHRASES Phraseography in Banking and Stockbroking. 217. The shorthand writer engaged in banking or stockbroking will meet with many terms pecuhar to these branches of business, and he should equip himself with suitable and easily written phraseo grams for iheir rapid representation. It will not be sufficient, however, for him to know the shortljand outlines for these phrases. He should make himself master of the meanings of the terms and their correct use. A study of the following lists will enable him to frame similar contractions for any phrase not included in the lists. Banking accepted for the honour of accepted payable j in London ad valorem stamp advance against a ^ life policy arbitration of exchange bank note bank post bill cable remittance • cancel the cheque ^ circular note clearing house — ^ country cheque Q jT course of exchange date of the I . ^ maturity of the bill h deed of transfer draft on demand English Government Securities form of indemnity in case of need Joint Stock Bank last indorser London clearing bankers long exchange 243

244 BANKING AND STOCKBROKING PHRASES H 217 memorandum of deposit metropolitan cheque negotiable instrument negotiable security nominal consideration not negotiable cheque orders to retire acceptances paying-in slip -hper procuration acceptance rate of exchange refer to drawer restrictive indorsement short exchange specially indorsed telegraphic transfer town cheque without recourse "1/ written authority of the drawer Exercise 195 Write in Shorthand My-brother and-I are in Joint- Stock-Banks in-London. Ho-is in-the foreign-department and consequently he-is fe}»ecially acquainted with-such expressions as arbitrationof -exchange, i course-of -exchange, rate-of -exchange, longexchange, short-exchange, cable -remittance and telegraphic-transfers, and a draft -on -demand. The phraseology used in-connection-with bills is very interesting | to-him, and-in dealing-with a bill he-has, . of -course, to note the date-of-the-rnaturity-of-the-bill, whether it-is specially -indorsed, or has a | restrictive -indorsement, or has on it the words without-recourse, or in-case-of-need Bills are sometimes accepted-for-the-honour-of any party thereon, or accepted -payable -in- | London, or they-have a per -procuration -acceptance. A bank may -receive orders-to-retire-acceptance. I-am specially concerned with cheques which-may-be town-cheques, metropolitancheques, or I country-cheques, paying-in-slips, various bank-notes and circular -notes. Our-bank occasionally consents to-grant an advance-against-a-life-policy and accepts deeds accompanied by a memorandum- 1 of-deposit. (182 words)

II 217 BANKING AND STOCKBROKING PHRASES 245 Exercise 196 Write in Shorthand I-understand-the significance of a nominal -consideration* which-is given for-the-purpose-of avoiding paying ad -valorem -stamp duty, a deed-of -transfer, a negotiableinstrument, and a | negotiable -security, among-which last English-Govemment-Securities take a premier place. A form-of -indemnity is used in-connection-with-the loss of documents, and-in other matters. Sometimes I I-have to -write on a cheque “ refer -to -drawer,” and occasionally a cheque is-not honoured without-the written-authorityof -the -drawer, or-the advice to “ cancel -the- 1 cheque ” is received. I-have to pay particular attention to a “ notnegotiable ’’-cheque. Without-the Clearing-House the London -clearing -bankers would-be unable to-cope withthe huge I number of cheques which pass daily throughtheir banks, the daily average being about £50,000,000. The amount of -labour, both physical and mental, represented by-this vast sum, I is indeed wonderful. There-are four clearings each day : Metropolitan, Town (morning). Country, Town (afternoon), at -each of -which -the respective -cheques are cleared. The busiest days are -the fourth 1 of-the-month when so-many bills are payable, and-the Stock-Exchange settlement days. (195 words) Stockbroking bearer shares blank transfer buying for control capital liabilities carry-over facilities concentrating plant ._Orq.. consolidated ° annuities S convertible gold bonds — -tcum dividend iU_. cumulative preference shares day to day mone;^ ’ demoralized markets directors’ qualification dwts. per ton -p ex-dividend first mortgage debentures

246 BANKING AND STOCKBROKING PHRASES H 217 funded debt guaranteed preference interim dividend letter of regret low yielding securities money a drug on the market non -cumulative preference shares professional bear account professional bull account proportion of reserve to liabilities prospectors’ rights reduction plant second preference A shares sinking fund sinking operations special settlement stock and share market stocks and shares Stock Exchange subscribed capital A surplus profits upward movement yield per cent yield per ton Exercise 197 Write in Shorthand The young investor is apt to be nonplussed by-the business vocabulary of -the stockbroker. If -he reads the financial articles on-the stock-and -share-markets he-will come I across such expressions as buying-for-control, carry-over-facilities, day -to -day -money, money-a-drugon-the -market, demoralized-markets, prof essional- bear account, professional -bull -account and upward- I movement. In-the-mining market section he-will read ofprospectors’ -rights, concentrating-plant, reduction -pi ant, sinking -operations, and-the report of a year’s working will mention dwts.-per-ton, I yield -per -ton, and yield-percent. He probably knows little of -directors’ -qualifications, and -is liable to be misled into buying low-yieldingsecurities. Among-the various investments there- I are consolidated-annuities or consols, a funded -debt, of -the 

217 BANKING AND STOCKBROKING PHRASES 247 government, cumuiative-preference-shares, non-curnulative -preference -shares, first-mortgage-debentures, secondpreference -shares, and so on. He -may come I across blank-transfers and bearer -shares, and-have to study the subscribed-capital, the capital -liabilities, the proportionof -reserve -to -liabilities and -the surplus-profits of going concerns. f 1 7 9 words ) Exercise 198 Write in Shorthand He-will-have to pay special -attention to-the sinkingfund, an amount which-is annually set aside out -of revenue and -invested with -the interest accruing toprovide, at | a future date, for-the redemption of a loan or a series of debentures, or for recouping the gradual shrinkage in value by exhausting the known profitbearing resources of [ a mine or similar undertaking. When taking-up stocks-and-shares he-will, of-course, be influenced by interim -dividends, and-whether-the stocks and -shares are cum-dividend or ex- | dividend, and-insome-cases after much trouble and-some worry he-mayreceive a letter -of -regret. In-tho-case-cf companies being floated he-must notice if-the I Stock-Exchange is giving a special -settlement. Certainly the investment of -money so-as-to produce a satisfactory return is-no easy-matter, and-whether convertible-gold-bonds or guaranteed- 1 preference shares are held, it -is -necessary to -exercise the greatest caution. Even -the most astute investor may-be deceived at-times by prospectuses, and balance-sheets may fail to- I reveal the true state -of -affairs of a company. (189 words)

CHAPTER XXXIX INSURANCE AND SHIPPING PHRASES Phraseography in Insurance and Shipping. 218. The following lists of phrases in common use in insurance and shipping are only a small selection of the total number of such-like phrases to be met with daily in either of these important branches of business. The shorthand -writer entering upon work in either an insurance or a shipping office should immediately set about familiarizing himself with the terms he will be called upon to write in shorthand and with their meanings. His value to his employers and his chances of promotion will depend largely upon his intelligent understanding of the terms employed and his unceasing efforts to extend his knowledge of the business. Insurance Accident Insurance Co. approximate rate ' of premium automatic sprinklers bonus year of the company casual employment claim for compensation combined accident and disease policy damage by fire damage to premises damage to tyres I ° date and term of insurance 1^ dislocation of the wrist fire insurance immediate benefit in full discharge of all claims incombustible materials Insurance Co. interim bonus 248

•J 218 INSURANCE AND SHIPPING PHRASES 249 life insurance life policy loan on the policy medical examinalion morale of the risk motor-car negligence of the chief engineer ordinary accident policy , Personal Accident insurance personal injury policy is declared void policies are de dared void proposal form received quinquennial valuation registered number of the car renewal of I he policy responsibility of the company situation of the crane situation of the lift Third Party indemnity Insurance Workmen’s Conipensation Act Exercise 199 Write in 'Shoi'thand The operations of insurance -companies now cover a very extended field and are continually growing consequent upon legislative enactments and improved methods oflocomotion. There-is-the Workmen’s-Compjensation-Act I which deals with accidents arising out-ofand-in-the-courseof employment, and -claims -for -compensation are made for minor-accidents such-as-the dislocation-of-the-wrist and I unhappily also for fatal accidents. Often this compensation is paid in a lump-sum in -full -discharge -ofall-claims. Evidence of a definite contract or arrangement must-be shown | in-the-case-of casual -employment before compensation can -be claimed. Third -PartyIndemnity -Insurance is concerned with-the liability of persons to -third -parties in -respect- of personal -injury I and damage-to -property. (124 words) 17— (A)

250 INSURANCE AND SHIPPING PHRASES ^218 Exercise 200 Write in Shorthand The rate -of -premium depends on-the mom^e-of-the-risk. In-the-matter of-motor-car insurance there-are-considerations of damage -by -fire and damage -to -tyres, and- | inall-cases the registered-number-of-the-car must-be given. Then there-is indemnity for accidents in-connection-with lifts, cranes and hoists in-which-the situabion-of- I thecranes, and-the situation-of-the-lifts are of-much importance. Personal-Accident-Insurance may-be covered by an ordinary -accident -policy or a combined-accident-anddisease -policy. I Fire-insurance covers damages -to -premises by fire, and among other precautions automatic sprinklers are insisted upon where there-are other-than incombustible -materials. Life-insurance is often associated with I a medical -examination and policies-are-declaredvoid and-the responsibility-of-the-company ceases if material facts are hidden by-the insured. (143 words) Exercise 201 W rite in Shorthand IMost insurance-companies have what-is termed-the bonus-year-of-the-company, and-some declare an interimbonus. A quinquennial -valuation is taken by life-offices when bonuses are I declared and -provisions made for shareholders’ -dividends where-the office is a proprietary one. It-is-true that-the holders of-life-policies payable with bonus pay a higher premium | than-the holders of life-insurance-policies payable without bonus, but it-isnot correct to assume that-the holders of bonus-policies merely receive back in-the form of ! bonus the excess premiums paid to-the Life-Insurance-Company. If a life-office could predict exactly its future mortality experience, rates of interest realizable, and rates ofexpense, it I could fix its premiums so-that it-would show neither profit nor loss. One-of-the-most attractive features of -life -insurance is-its simplicity. There-are-no legal costs I or charges to be faced, there-are-no trying and complicated investigations to be-made, requiring the iskill and experience on-the-part-of-the principal personally or by deputy, I and-the business of obtaining a life-policy can-be completed in -the -course -of a very-few liours, without incurring a single farthing of unproductive sexpense. (207 words)

^218 INSURANCE AND SHIPPING PHRASES 261 Shipping advances against shipment advances on acceptances bill of lading in set of four Board of Trade regulations cable exchange rate captain’s receipt for documents case of total loss cash against bill of lading Chamber of Commerce charter party constructive total loss of cargo . consular invoice cost, insurance and f reight(c.i./. ) . documents of title indorsed and confirmed errors and omissions excepted (e, A: 0. e,) foreign general average free of general average .-vf... free on rail (J.o.r,) .rr>?r?r.. free on board if.o.b,) London office of the bank Marine Insurance Act marine insurance policy Merchant Shipping Act p nature and cause of damage not responsible for the damage Port of London Authority remit draft on Paris remit proceeds of salvage charges shipping docup ments enclosed t telegraphic codes to be approved by the underwriters value to be declared voyage policy weight subject to correction York -Antwerp Rules

252 INSURANCE AND SHIPPING PHRASES H 218 Exercise 202 Write in Shorthand The Port-of-London-Authority extends its sway overthe greatest and richest highway of -commerce ever- known to history, and it-is continually improving the conditions of shipping on- I the Thames. In matters relating to shipping the Board-of-Trade-regulations have -to be carried-out, while-the various chambers-of-commerce seek to -improve and modify any enactments | affecting the interests of -their -members. The Merchant-ShippingAct, the York-Antwerp-Rules, and -the Marine- Ins urance Act have an important bearing on -the importation and exportation of-|)roduce. | When goods are exported various documents are used according-to -circumstances. Among-these documents may-be a bill-of-lading-in-set-offour, an invoice, marked e.- cb-o.-l e., a consular-invoice, and a marine -insurance -policy, which-may-be a voyagepolicy. (135 words) Exercise 203 Write in Shorthand These documents, which-are frequently accompanied with a bill-of -exchange, form-the documents-of -title. If an advance-against-shipment is required, the documents-of-title, including-the Consular -invoice, | are forwarded to-the London-office-of-the-bank. The advice should-be marked “ sliipping-documents-enclosed.” If a bill-of-exchange is sent through -the bank for-collection, any I special -instructions as to-the proceeds should-be given ; for-instance, rcmit-proceeds-of-biil to-London ; or, remit-draft-on-Paris. Sometimes a charter-party is employed, and for I all-these a captain’s-receipt-for-documents is given. A shipper’s prices may-be J.-o.~b., f.-o.-r., or c.-i.-f.j and insurance may-be free-of -general-average, or according-to foreign- I general -average. In-all-eases risks must-be approved-by-the-underwriters, or theywill-not-be responsible-for-the-damage which-may occur. In making a claim the nature- I and -cause-of -damage must-be given, and-there-may-be a case-of -total -loss or constructive-total-loss. If salvage is-necescary the ship, freight, and cargo must I each pay its-own share of -the salvage-charges. Consignees may-be written to by post with shipping-documents-enclosed. (207 words)

CHAPTER XL TECHNICAL AND RAILWAY PHRASES Phraseograpliy in Engineering and Railway Offices. 219. There is no more difficult form of note-taldng than that to be met with in the offices of electrical and mechanical engineers or certain departments of railway work. Special care is, therefore, necessary on the part of the shorthand writer undertaking such work. It is not, of course, to be expected that he should have a great deal of teclmical knowledge ; but it is very desirable that he should endeavour to acquire at least a general knowledge of the difference in meaning of terms which are more or less similar in Boimd. He will find that the terms used are dictated at a fairly rapid rate, and that his outhnes for them must be clearly and easily written. Very much more extensive hsts of phrases are given in the publishers’ series of Shorthand Writers’ Phrase Books, to which the shorthand writer entering for the first time the office of an engineering concern or a railway is referred. Electrical and Engineering apparatus Bessemer steel block signal civil engineer combustion eddy currents r electric current chamber current density discharge resist> energy resistance exhaust valve ance free charge 254

H219 TECHNICAL AND RAILWAY PHRASES 255 > heating apparatus high resistance high voltage induction coil lever and wei^ safety valve low pressure cylinder low voltage :ht v6<. mechanical="" stokers="" monophase="" generator="" no="" voltage="" attachment="" pressure="" gauge="" primary="" battery="" coil="" currents="" railway="" engineer="" residual="" charge="">2,^ resistance board resistance of • copper circuits rotary converter /UC rotary transformer secondary coil secondary current sight feed lubricator spring balance , >o safety valve vacuum brake water cooling plant Exercise 205 Write in Shorthand The history of engineering is a very fascinating subject, and-the remains of -remote antiquity, as exemplified in-the pyramids of Egypt, and-of Stonehenge in-our-own island, testify I to -the early skill of -men in matters relating to engineering. It-was about-the middle of -the 18thcentury that -the -profession of engineering originated, and to-day it- ! is-one of-the foremost in-the-world. There-are many subdivisions such-as military, mining, mechanical, civil, railway, sanitary and electrical, and-as electricity is-now so generally applied 1 it-is-necessary for-most engineers to be electricians a^so. Electricians must imderstand what-is-meant by earth-currents, eddycurrents, electric -currents, alternating-currents, residualcharge, resistance-board, rotary- | transformer, or rotaryconverter. (124 words)

25G TECHNICAL AND RAILWAY PHRASES 1[ 219 Exercise 206 Write in Shorthand The railway-engineer is concerned, more-or-less, with block-signals, heating-apparatus, Bessemer -steel, and vacuum -brakes, while-the mechanical -engineer pays special -attention to automatic -apparatus, combustionchambers, I exhaust -valves, low-pressure -cjdinders and high-pressure-cylinders, mechanical -stokers, sight-feedlubricators and water-cooling-plants. He-has to-considerthe advantages and disadvantages of-the lever-and- I weight-safety-valve and-the spring-balance -safety-valve, and also of-the surface-condenser, which -is a device employed for condensing exhaust-steam without mixing-it with cold-water. I The method is -now universally used in marine engines. (99 words) Exercise 207 Write in Shorthand Among other things, the electrical -engineer shouldknow-that power delivered from -the monophase -generator is pulsating, that from-the multiphase -generator is constant ; that current-density is-the amount | of current per unit of area of a cross-section of a conductor ; that an induction-coil is an apparatus used for obtaining a very -small -current at a very | high-voltage from a batterycurrent of low-voltage, and hence really a transformer especially adapted to work a continuous -current from a few cells ; that a primary-coil is- 1 that coil of an induction-coil, transformer, etc., through which flows a primarycurrent, with-the original -current, whose fluctuations are to be utilized in-order-to induce another or I secondarycurrent in-the secondary-coil of-the apparatus ; and-that copper-loss is-the waste of -energy through-the resistanceof-copper-circuits in electric -plant, the energy being I dissipated in-the form of heat. The dynamo is a reversible machine, that-is-to-say, it-may-be used either as a dynamo or as a motor, In-the- 1 first-case, the machine is driven by a steam-engine or gas-engine or turbine, and gives out electrical-em'rgy, In-the-second-case, electricalenergy is imparled to- the 1 maehine, (211 words)

U219 TECHNICAL AND RAILWAY PHRASES 257 -■nr Railway break down plant Caledonian Ry. Charing Cross Station chief mechanical engineer dining car district traffic manager fast passenger train general manager goods traffic committee Great Central Railway Great Eastern Railway Great Northern * Railway Great Western Railway King’s Cross Station Lancashire and Yorkshire Ry. locomotive and engineering committee locomotive superintendent L. & N.E. Ry. Co L. & N.W. Ry. Co. L. & S.W. Ry. Co. London, Midland and Scottish Ry. Midland Railway North British Railwa.y Paddington Station passenger brake van passenger traffic committee passengers’ luggage permanent way committee railway directors 1^ railway manager railway receiving station St. Pan eras Station second class compartment sleeping saloon Southern Railway suiDerintendent of the line telegraph superintendent traffic manager

258 TECHNICAL AND RAILWAY PHRASES ^219 Exercise 208 Write in Shorthand It-was in-the first half of -the 19th-century that-themajority of -the great railway undertakings in-this-country received parliamentary sanction. Commencing with-theyear 1834, I the following is-the-order in-which-the companies named received their Act : London-and-SouthWestern-Railway, Midland-Railway, Lancashire-andYorkshire -Railway, North-British-Railway, CaledonianRailway, Great- | Central -Railway, London-and-NorthWestern -Railway, Great-Northern-Railway, Great-Eastern-Railway, Cambrian-Railway, and Great -Western Railway. London is-the centre from which radiate allthe great English- I railways, and among-the well-known termini are King’s-Cross- Station, Paddington -Station, Charing-Cross-Station, and St. -Pancras- Station. Manyoftho railway-companies have-been amalgamated under new j names, as-follows : — the London-Midland-andScottish-Railway ; the London-and-North-Eastern-Railway ; the Southern-Railway, and-the Great- WesternRailway. (143 words) Exercise 209 Write in Shorthand For-purposes-of administration the work of a railway is divided into many-departments imder-the-control of -the general -manager, who ultimately settles all disputes. Then there -are-the | chief -mechanical -engineer, who -is -the head of -the locomotive -department which -has very complicated matters to negotiate, the traffic -manager, the locomotive-superintendent, the superintendent-of-the-line, the I telegraph -superintendent, and so on ; while various committees, such-as-the goods-traffic-committee, the locomotive-and -engineering-committee, the passengertraffic - committee and - the permanent - way - committee decide important- I matters concerning-the working of -the line. The settlement-of-claims made by-clients of-the railways is a very difficult problem, and often leads to actions in-the-law- I courts. (121 words)

Tf 219 TECHNICAI. AND RAILWAY PHRASES 259 Exercise 210 Write in Shorthand To cope with -these and other -matters, such -as -the rating of -the railway by public bodies, a staff of fully qualified solicitors is employed by-each-company. The very- I important and complicated work of -the equitable division of -receipts for-the carriage of passengers and goods, demurrage on wagons, etc., is performed at-the Railway - Clearing - House. Long - distance | passenger trains may-have sleeping-saloons and dining-cars, and many companies have discontinued second-class-compartments on all -trains. Nearly all passenger-trains have a passenger-brake- van for I passengers’ -luggage and merchandise and perishables for quick transit. (99 words)

CHAPTER XLI LEGAL PHRASES Phraseography in Legal Work. 220. The law has, to a large extent, a vocabulary and terminology of its own, and the shorthand writ er engaged upon legal work, whether in taking notes of correspondence and of documents, or as note -taker in courts, must have a fairly wide acquaintance with the pecuhar style of language employed. The court reporter must also be familiar with quite a number of leading cases, because reference to these is of everyday occurrence, and ignorance of them would make his work difficult, if not, indeed, impossible. Neatness of outhne formation in legal note -taking of any description is of the utmost importance, and absolute accuracy of transcription is essential. No pains, therefore, should be spared by the writer to make himself thoroughly efficient, both in general knowledge of the matter he will be sure to meet with in the course of his work, and in regard to the actual writing of his shorthand notes. Legal counsel for the defence counsel for the defendant counsel for the plaintiff counsel for the prisoner counsel for the prosecution Court of Criminal Appeal affidavit /"—a Articles of AssociaV tion , . _r^ - bankrupt b an krupt cy ^ breach of promise of marriage Central Criminal / ^ Court .STCf.. Chancery Division circumstantial evidence “U 200

H220 LEGAL PFTRASES 261 Court of Appeal deed of settlement deed of trust deed of assignment documentary evidence EcclesiasticalCouii employers’ liabil it y equity of redemption examination in chief executor executrix - ygrand jury Habeas Corpus heirs, executors, administrators and assigns heirs, executors, administrators or assigns High Court of Justice increment duty judgment summons jurisprudence justice of the peace . King’s Bench King’s Bench Division King’s Counsel learned counsel a Q V 'H -alearned counsel for the defence learned judge legal estate legal personal representative Lord Chancellor Lord Chief Justice marriage settlement may it please your honour memorandum of association my learned friend official receiver official writer originating summons power of attorney Probate, Divorce, and Admiralty Division real estate recognisance re versionary bonus trust funds verdict for the defendant verdict for the plaintiff warrant of attorney will and testament your worship

202 LEGAL PHRASES 1220 Exercise 211 Write in Shorthand Re Smith, a Bankrupt T. B. Gill, Esq. Dear- Sir, The action brought by-the Official -Receiver to -test the validity of -the Bill-of-Sale given to-you by I Mr. -Smith, came on for trial to-day in-the King’s-Bench-Division of -the High-Court-of- Justice, before Mr. Justice Bright. I -regret -to -say that-the learned -judge, I after hearing the arguments on both-sides, decided against you on -the ground that-the document is-not in-accordance-with-the form prescribed by-the Act-of-Parliament relating | to Bills -of -Sale. You- will -remember that I-have manytimes pointed out to-you that-the Bills-of-Sale Act is so obscurely worded that great-numbers of I Bills-of-Sale prepared by-the-most eminent conveyancers have-been set aside on -the r same -ground. It-is open to-you tp-carrythe matter to -the Court -of- I Appeal, but I -do -not advise that course. Yours-truly, (160 words) Exercise 212 Write in Shorthand Mr. Walter Morton’s progress at -the Bar has-been unusually rapid. He-was called in 1887. Before he had-been two-years at-the Bar 1 he had-been counselfor-the-plaintiff in an action for breach-of-promise-ofmarriage, coimsel-for-the-defendant in an action in-the Probate, -Divorce, -and- Admiralty -Division, I had appeared once in-the Ecclesiastical -Court, and-once before-the Lord -Chancel] or in a Habeas -Corpus case. In every instance he-was successful. If -he represented -the plaintiff the I result was a verdict-for-the-plaintifE, and-if-he represented -the defendant the result was a verdict-for-thedefendant. He-is respected in-the High-Court- of -Justice | for-his thorough-knowledge of-the Common-Law, and-is always heard with marked attention in-the DivisionalCourt. He argued with great ability a novel point raised on a I commercial -summons in-the King’s-Bench lastweek. He-has-been retained in an important action on a bill -of -lading, and also in-several assessment appeals

u 220 LEGAL PHRASES 203 arising out-of- I the recent quinquennial -valuation. He-is an authority on-the vexed question of employers’ -liability under-the Workmen’s-Compensation-Act, and-is as successful with a Common- Jury as with- I the Judges. (212 words) Exercise 213 Write in Shorthand Those-who heard his arguments the other-day as-to-the difference between-the meaning of -the two phrases, “ heirs, - executors, - administrators, - and - assigns,” and “ heirs, -executors, -administrators, -or-assigns,” 1 will -not soon forget his keenness. He -was equally brilliant lately when-the notary-public was sued on a warrant-of-attorney. As -he refuted the arguments of -the learned- I counsel for-the-defendant, “ my -learned-friend ” must-have felt overwhelmed. In-consequence-of the death of -his -father, under 'whose will-and-testament he inherits considerable personal -estate and I real-estate, he-is-not dependent upon his profession. People are already speculating as-to when-he-will-be-made a King’s -Counsel. He-has-been nominated as a Justice- I of-the-Peace for Surrey, his father’s county. He-is-the prospective candidate for a very large constituency in-the-North of England and he is in great demand as | a political speaker. There-isno-doubt that at-the first opportunity he-will-be elected to-represent-the constituency in -Parliament. His intimate friends are hopeful that in-due I time he- will fill the highest judicial position in-the land, and-they feel sure he- would-be an ornament to-the office. (203 words)

CHAPTER XLII THEOLOGICAL PHRASES Sermon Reporting. 221. Very many students of shorthand make an opportunity of practising the art by taking notes of the sermons delivered in the various places of worship in their neighbourhood. There are peculiar difficulties in this kind of notetaking, because of the necessity for taking notes without a firm rest for the note-book. A piece of stiff cardboard, or of thin wood, attached to the back of the note-book will be found to answer the purpose of a knee-rest very well, and practice will make the note-taking under these conditions a fairly easy task. The writer must guard against allowing the neatness of his notes to be affected by the unusual conditions under which they are taken. TllPJOLOGlCAL Almighty God archbishop atonement covenant ecclesiastic -al Episcopal Church ""A baptize-d-st-m Calvinism Catholic faith Children of Israel Christ Jesus Church and State Church of England 264 Episcopalian \/^ Epistle to the Corinthians Established Church evangelical everlasting life Feast of Tabernacles V"X

^ 221 THT50IX)GICAL PHRASES 205 fellow- creature fruits of the Spirit glad tidings goodness of God gospel of peace =7-Greek Church Heavenly Father Holy Scripture Holy Word n^“V= House of Israel in Jesus Christ in the presence of God in the providence of God in the sight of God in the words of the text Jewish dispensation kingdom of Christ kingdom of God kingdom of heaven knowledge of Christ Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ Lord Jesus minister of the gospel Methodism my beloved brethren my text New Testament Scriptures - . Nonconformist ...'S— .. Nonconformity ^ Old Testament ^ passage of Scripture Presbyterian resurrection of Christ Revised Version .X.. — Right Reverend Right Eev. Bishop Roman Catholic Roman Catholic ^ / Church .N... Sabbath day Sermon on the I Mount \ tabernacle 3^^ transubstantiation United Free Church of Scotland Virgin Mary Wesleyan Methodist world without end 1S—{R)

266 THEOLOGICAIi PHRASES If 221 Exercise 214 Write in Shorthand Humanity owes much to-the Church-of- Christ, inwhioh-the true children-of-God have-been animated by-the Holy-Spirit to Christian -faith and-practice, and to-the I advocacy of -the gospel -of -peace and-the promotion of a love of-our fellow-creatures in every child-of-God. Though-the relations of Church-and- State in various | lands have-not-been always what could-be desired, yet in -the -providence -of -God the fruits -of -the -Spirit havebeen revealed, so-that in-the-Church the knowledge- I of-Christ has increased, and -in -the- world in-the-providence-of-God there -has-been an extension of-the kingdom-of-Christ. The blessing of-the divine Head-of- ! theChurch, and-the outpouring of-the Holy- Spirit, have-been often asked on foreign-missions and home -missions, aswell-as on Sunday-school work, and other methods in- | which Christian activity has manifested itself to -bring into -the kingdom -of -God the ignorant and indifferent, by taking to-them a knowledge-of-Christ and-of-the HolyWord, I by bringing to-them the glad-tidings of-the goodness-of-God and a knowledge of-the kingdom-ofheaven, and of-Him who-is at -the -right -hand -of- 1 God. The minister-of -the- Gospel selected a passage in-theword-of-God from-the Revised -Version, and-said that in-the-words-of-the-text, or in m.y- | text, taken from St.-Paul’s-Epistle to-the Colossians, they-would-find authority for-his addressing-them not as my-belovedbrethren, my-brethren, or my-dear-friends, but as- I he proposed to-do in-the-sight-of-God, and feeling thatthey-were in-the-presence-of-God, as faithful brethren inChrist, accepting the Catholic-faith, looking to- I thesaine Heavenly-Father, having-the-same trust in AlmightyGod, and believing in an everlasting -God, world-withoutend, the ruler over heaven -and -earth for-ever-and-ever. I (330 words) Exercise 215 Write in Shorthand Christianity as represented in-the-Christian-Church isthe religion of-the European race, the principal bodies engaged in-its maintenance or dissemination being -the Roman-Catholic-Church, the Greek- | Church, the various

H221 THEOLOGICAL PHRASES 267 national Established-Churches, the Free-Churches, and many other organizations which find their faith and-practice in-the New-Testament-Scriptures. There-are, at-thesame-time, I scattered among-the nations-of-the-earth, descendants of -the Children -of -Israel who obey the Mosaiclaw, observe-the Sabbath-day, the Feast-of-Tabernacles, and -the Festival of- I the Passover, and-find spiritual guidance in-the Old -Testament. Our-Lord-Jesus-Christ was*born under-the Jewishdispensation, and-with-his parents visited Jerusalem in-his twelfth year. | Here he-was found by Joseph and-his mother, the Virgin-Mary, among-the great-ones of-the House-of-Israel. John the Baptist bore testimony thatthe Lord-Jesus- I Christ was-the Lamb-of~God, and at-the first call of-the disciples, testimony was-borne that-the Lord-Jesus was-the Son-of-God. At-the second call, 1 the first four in-the Apostolic College were chosen. Amongthe -words of-the Lord -and -Saviour recorded in-the Gospels, the Lord’s -Prayer is-the-most widely known and I used ; and-of our-Saviour’s teaching, the Sermon-on-theMount is perhaps I most generally quoted. The institution of-the Lord’s -Supper is recorded by three of-the Evangelists, and- I the-last discourses of-the Lord-andSaviour- Jesus -Christ by St. -John. (253 words)

CHAPTER XLIII SPECIAL LIST OF WORDS 222. (a) The fact that the English language contains very many words which have a similar consonantal structure was early recognized by the Inventor of Pitman’s Shorthand, and provision was accordingly made in the system for the easy differentiation of these words by distinguishing outlines, so that the writer would have no difficulty either in the writing or in the transcription of these similarly constructed words. It is, indeed, mainly this inherent power of readily distinguishing similar words that makes Pitman’s Shorthand at once legible and capable of being written with extreme rapidity. (6) It will be found that the application of the ordinary rules of the system provides distinguishing outlines in the great majority of cases, but where this is not so, distinction is obtained by the insertion of a vowel or, in a few cases, by placing the outhne out of position, or by writing a full outline instead of applying an abbreviating principle. In studying the following list of outlines, the student should seek to appreciate fully the reasons for the various forms and positions. Where a line contains more than one word, the first word is the root word, the others being derivatives. The list of words here given is not, of course, exhaustive. The student may easily compile further lists for himself and, proceeding upon the method here illustrated, he may at one and the same time test his vocabulary and enlarge it by starting with a few root words and from them building up lists of words formed from them by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. 268

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H222 SPECIAL LIST OP WORDS 209 Exercise 216 Ready copy and transcribe Compatible _X. Petrify ^ V ^ ^ Patron ^ ^ 1 Passion Patient V/^ \Jf Pure Purpose \/^o V/\ \/^\3 Perhaps

270 SPECIAL LIST OF WORDS T[222 Exercise 217 Write in Shorthand Is -it compatible with fairness to -call -the trader a useless member of society, one that stands between producers and takes toll of-the-goods that are exchanged ? Thatis I a proper question, for-we-have-seen-that, although money intervenes in-order -to facilitate exchange, the appropriate fact is-that commodities are exchanged for commodities, the pure wheat of I Canada for -the railwaymaterial of Warwickshire, the beef of-the Argentine forthe woollens made and-prepared in Bradford. The farmer of-the far-stretching fields beyond Winnipeg works, I perhaps, for-the-purpose-of feeding-the operatives in an engine-shop at Birmingham. Men tend cattle on-the great plains of-South-America so-that British workers may -be- 1 the better fed. And -the poorest worker here toils for-those separated from-him by wide areas of sea and land. It-is-not improper or inaccurate to say that- I we -are all exchanging services. We -may ask with perfect propriety, is a middleman, a trader, necessary ? We-areprepared to say that-he-is ; it needs little thought or I comparison of argument to -bring home to -ourselves how indispensable the trader’s work is. The proposition is almost self-evident. When, as happened occasionally during-tho pitiable days of-the war, I the Government felt constrained to-take into its-own-hands the distribution of-some commodity — ^petrol, or meat, or accommodation on-board steamers — it -was obliged to appoint armies of | officials who did, after a certain amount of -preparation and-training, what traders had done cheaply and smoothly before. The work was, of -course, incompatible with their intentions in | early-life, but it-was important, and required patience to-carry it through. There -is -no essential difference between -the work of -the -trader andthe work of another man. | The trader is helping tomove products — and to -move things is-the only act thatman is capable of ; the trader helps -the commodity along its lengthy journey from-| its production to-its consumption. The trader seeks to -place commodities where -they shall-be of -most service for-men. That is-his purpose or business in life. He-must- I know where-the best and cheapest commodities are to be had ; he -must -know also where-these commodities will satisfy-the keenest demand. (383 words)

11222 SPECIAI. LIST OF WORDS 271 Exercise 218 Read^ copy and transcribe V ^ V? 1. Operate 2. Porter 3. Proffer 4. Prefer V 5. Provide \j 6. Pervade \^ \ \ \ ^ 7. Persecute \J^ 8 . Prosecute .^r: "., a . 9. Person %5_p 1 0 . Parson . 11. Pursue \/\ 12. Perish 13. Prominent 14. Permanent 1 5 . Pr e -eminent 5\^_ 16. Prince 17. Beauty v .. ^ IS. Bribe 19. Birth VI V1| 20. Bury VI vv

272 SPECIAL LIST OP WORDS H222 Exercise 219 Write in Shorthand We-are all sellers and buyers. Parson or layman, prince or peasant, we are all either providers or consumers of things. We proffer services or offer goods to others and- I if -we -are keen we -prosecute a person who illegally tries to -prevent us from carrying-on our legitimate business. We live by exchanging, by bargaining ; andfor our-own | sakes it behoves us to acquire some skill in -the operation or making of bargains. This -is true whether-we-are exporters or importers, manufacturers or merely dealers. In-any-event, we I sell our services and so buy money. This money we change into those -things we -desire most — and which-are provided by-others — intothe necessaries and comforts of-existence, | a beautiful house, an extensive library of-permanent value, or whatever we-may prefer to add to-our reasonable enjoyment of-life. In agriculture itself, people are ceasing toproduce- I the things they consume : the farmer sells his rnilk-and-cream and buys butter, or contents himself withthe substitute that tropical Africa has lately added to-our tables ; he I sells his cattle and buys beef of -the butcher who ,carves an ox fed on-the pampas of -South -America ; he no-longer makes even his-own flour. The essential, j all -pervading fact of -our economic life is exchange. Apart from agriculture, we should-be unable to -produce sufficient to sustain-the simplest life, and-we should perish. Bymeans- I of exchange and-the co-operation it bringsabout, we-are-enabled to-produce enough to satisfy a very complex life. We go to -the -market with our goods, perishable or I imperishable. Our goods may -not -be embodied in commodities that can -be weighed or measured ; they-may-be, and usually are, merely proffered services. But -whether -we offer our services | for -the permanent or temporary accommodation of others — or whether-we-have visible and tangible commodities — pairs of boots, or pounds of bacon, or attractive ties, or succulent fruits — makes I no difference. It-is-our supply, and-this-is-the course to pursue if-we-would-be a seller of what we-have. In-our minds we attach a minimum I price to-it, what-the auctioneer calls a reserve price. Unless we get that -price we -shall withdraw from -the market, and-no briber can bribe us to-sell at I a figure below that -price. (395 words)

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^{222 SPECIAL LIST OP WOKDS 273 1. Abundant 2. Abandon 3. Tuition 4. Temporal 6. Temjier 6. Attend 7. Continue 8. Continent 9. Travel 10. Tri^dal 11. Iterate 12. Debt |13. Doubt 14. Audit 15. Edit j 16. Detriment 17. Determine 18. Differ 19. Defer 1 Exercise 220 Read, copy and transcribe UJ • ’* 1/" ' 1^' * ■ [ I] ^ vt' t S V s I L '■w V J- i -I ri- J . Vo V Cr20. Adverse

274 SPECIAL LIST OF WOBDS 222 Exercise 221 Write in Shorthand Unless a business man has an abundant knowledge of -the fundamental art of-calculating he-will-be hopelessly outclassed in -the keen competition of -modern -times, and might even have I to abandon a business-life. An apparently trivial amount, a tiny fraction may-make-the difference between profit -and -loss and turn a favourable amount into an adverse balance. In | no branch of commerce is-this more evident than in transactions withthe continent and other-parts-of -the -world. So-many factors have-to-be-taken-into-consideration that-the | middleman, by whose offices such transactions are settled, must calculate to a nicety. He-cannot afford to-make a rough estimate, or leave -the -matter to an inefficient man or I woman. Men or women inexperienced in figures would-be useless in-such offices. He carries on-his business of bill-broking — of buying from those -who -have credit abroad and selling I to-those-that seek credit — largely on borrowed money for-which he pays interest. He-cannot charge very high i or -his services for tworeasons. Other brokers are available ; and- I there-are other-ways of settling debts than-the buying of a draft to -send abroad. The debtor may procure gold and himself dispatch it, or he-may send a I security to -his foreign creditor — a railway-debenture, a municipal bond, a mortgage on-land, though he-would-not-be indifferent as-to-the choice. For in a sense we- I can, in-these-days, so closely identified is property with-the legal title to -it, export our fields and-factories, our railroads and canals, to pay for our imports. However, I a debtor resorts to -the export of-gold or securities only as a temporary measure, when-the bills-of-exchange are at-a-price he judges exorbitant. What-is this I exorbitant price which determines his choice ? It-is a price beyond that-which hewould- be -required to pay for gold and -for -the -expenses of -sending it to -his 1 creditors, or for-the security thatwould in-the foreign -coimtry command enough credit to cancel the debt. When-we-are guided, as normally weare, by economic considerations, we I elect the cheaper instrument for performing a necessary operation ; we-donot give good-money when poorer will suffice. Thatwould-be detrimental to-our business, as-the audited accoimts I would afterwards show. (393 words)

^ 222 SPECIAL LIST OP WORDS 275 Exercise 222 Read, copy and transcribe 1. Diverse 2. Decease ^ ^ 3. Disease ..I 4. Dear 1 ^ 5. Agent / ^ 0. Ad -'.z.. 7. Cause ^ . 8. Acods 9. Excise 10. Exercise — 11. Cultivate 12. Column 13. Culminate ^ c — 14. Calumny 15. Create ^ .

276 SPECIAL LIST OP WORDS If 222 Exercise 223 Write in Shorthand The view taken of- the very diverse changes and chances of -life varies with different people, and-with-the same people at different times. Some there -are who -would perform- | the same journey, work at -the -same desk, have lunch at-the-same table day after day, year in and year out. They-are, apparently, merely mechanical agents, and-nothing I short of sickness, dominating in chronic disease, would alter their habits. They cultivate a disinclination to-exercise their undoubted right to change. They prefer routine to-risk, and are appalled | when-they consider-the uncertainties that dog their paths from one cause or another. They carry-on, accordingly, in-thesame-way, year after year, until their decease. Our modern I trade facilities have, indeed, removed from tolerably civilized societies many of -the risks of famine or scarcity or sudden death or ruin that-men ran in ruder times. We -have I a security of -person and -property such-as was-not enjoyed in-the best days of -the Roman peace ; and -the cheapness and ease of -transport enablethe surplus of- I one area to-supply-the deficiency of another. Modern conditions have created a different atmosphere, and-we-are, in a sense, very different creatures. We-are freed from-the drawback | of-which Mill speaks : “ In poor and backward societies, as in-the-East, and -in Europe during-the Middle- Ages, extraordinary differences in-the-price of-the-same commodity might I exist inplaces not very distant from each-other, because-the want of-roads and canals, the imperfection of-marine navigation, and-the insecurity of communications generally, prevented things from I being transported from-the places where-they-were cheap to-those where-they-were dear. The things most liable to fluctuations in-value, those directly influenced by -the seasons, were 1 seldom carried to any great -distances. Each locality depended, as-a-general-rule, on its-own produce and -that of -its immediate neighbourhood. In-most years, accordingly, there-was, in- | some part or-other of any large country, a real dearth In modern-times there -is-only dearth where there formerly would -have -been famine, and sufficiency everywhere when anciently I there-wouldhave-been scarcity in-some-places and superfluity in others.” (372 words)

222 SPECIAL LIST OP WORDS 277 Exercise 224 Read, copy and transcribe Good _ — Guard r. . - , .Tl . . . .'n. . Grade =- ^ Grant ” Guarantee rrrr^CT^. . . Factor -VrrT^ — ' * * Favour F.1I Felon V/" Fortune Four 'v^ ^ CXI Far ;'^....'Ss^..CX_ Further ,.V C a. n. Av„id X

278 SPECIAI. LIST OP WORDS 1[222 Exercise 225 Write in Shorthand It-is evident that-we-shall hardly succeed in-our business -relations unless we-understand something of -the law that guards and guarantees our legal rights, and-inthe-last I resort enforces the performance of bargains. We-must in-our duties as ordinary-citizens have-some degree of knowledge in-the-laws in-order-that-we-may protect ourselves against I the felonious acts of felons or would-be felons. In matters of business we-need to-have a keener appreciation of -our rights-and-obligations, or we-shall-probably fall | into serious mistakes and, possibly, lose our whole fortune. Certainly we-are-not to-suppose that -men act honourably in business merely because they-are constrained by -the law. Merchants, I factors, agents and owners of factories perform their contracts without thinking about-the possibility of a law-suit, even as-they respect-the property of-their neighbours fromother motives I than a dread of punishment for thieving. Confidence in-the honesty of others there -must -be, or business would-be-impossible. Contracts were performed long-before there was a law I of contracts ; and numberless bargains are effected that-the law would-not-think of enforcing. Much of-our mercantile law is, in-fact, simply the custom of-merchants made authoritative | and applicable to all -grades of business. What men havefoimd convenient to-do, what-has conduced to -the smooth working of buying and selling, has-been adopted and made 1 effective, and few seek to-avoid their obligations. The merchants enjoyed special privileges and- were subject to special duties ; and -their usages were binding only upon them. These usages were I a body of customs bywhich trade was facilitated and-they-were more firmly established as time passed. Recognized as binding by-the merchants this body of customs was gradually | incorporated into -the law that-everyone, whether merchant or farmer, factor or agent, is constrained to observe. Such law is, as-was declared by a judge of a case in I 1875, “ neither more-nor-less than-the usages of-merchants andtraders. They -have -been ratified by-the decision ofcourts-of-law, which, upon such usage being I proved before them, have adopted them as settled law.” In-the-present tendency to consolidate the law, most of -the usages are contained in-the Sales-of-Goods-Act of I 1893. (393 words)

SPECIAL LIST OF WOKD3 279 ^ 222 Exercise 226 Read, copy and transcribe 1. Inevitable 2. Value ..S/?.. ^ 3. Avail 4. Convulse ^ i" V 6. Evolution 6. Violent . 7. Converse ^ ^ ^ ^ 8. Support \y \Z* 9. Separate ^ ^ ^ f 10. Situate 11. Station S' ^ Vr [r^ 12. Structure ^ ^ T 13. Consider 1 14. Secret n-

280 SPECIAL LIST OF WORDS IT 222 Exercise 227 Write in Shorthand The assuming of risks, the shouldering of responsibility for bearing losses that-may arise, is incident to all business and it-is inevitable. However far one pushes the invaluable ; practice I of insurance, this-will-not avail entirely, and something must needs be left to chance. Nor, on -the whole, would it-be good for-man if chance were altogether i eliminated I from-life and separated from business. Uncertainty adds considerable piquancy to a drab exist- ! ence though, of-course, nobody desires convulsive or violent changes for-the-sake-of variety. Though-we- 1 are, ■ taking-us all-round, a very cautious race there-are-never | wanting among -us those willing to -take -the chances ■ inseparable from business. And taking one with another ^ the I risk-takers profit because, since more are ready to devolve risk from themselves than are ready to assume’ it, they can put a premium upon-their services. Those services are I real. What people call “ remuneration for ^ risk ” is really earned. Unless plans were made for a \ more-or-less distant future, no progress would-be possible ; j but as-soon-as I futurity comes into-the account, chance enters too. The Time Element — “ the changes and j chances of-this mortal life,” as-it-is expressed — implies imcertainty. A natural instinct prompts us I to -consider * enjoyments now as more eligible than enjoyments that are to -come. Few future events are quite free from uncertainty ; gilt-edged securities of -the -most unblemished \ reputation fluctuate in- I value, as anyone with secretarial experience will-know. The man that sinks a mine, even ■ though-he acts upon -the advice of a geological expert, runs risks ; for geology itself I is-not-yet infallible. The , emigrant frequently risks a good-deal. The rubber planter in Ceylon takes risks of -political upheavals thatmight conceivably sweep away his property rights, I takes some risk that -the secret researches of scientists may devise a suitable substitute, takes risks of-market, ofweather, of any number-of factors that no foresight can predict. I Even when-we-take seats in-the luncheon car, signifying by-the act that-we accept-the offer of-the ' railway-company to-provide a good meal for five-shillings, | we run risk of not getting the meal we anticipate. The company, too, runs some risk ; for-we-may-be short of- ■ money, or we -may -have-no money to I pay, or having it, may evade payment. (397 words) ^

^ 222 spf:gial list op words 281 Exercise 228 Read, copy and transcribe 1. Immigrate rrs 2. Murder 3. Define ^ ^ ^ t— 4. End - T 6. Need ->:r|,....'rr|d;....'rr]X. 6. Ingenious -^----'r^.— -^^7. Ingenuous 8. Labo„ &. Elaborate 10. Learn 11. Write .-d. 12. Bet d..../!...^....d 4. 13. Regret 14. Regard 15. Refer ^ 16. Rough* 17. Revere 18. Human 19. Heart 20. Hard ...d.. ..^ .c:::^...:...^^::}^. i&— (iij

282 8f>ECIAt T.TRT OP WORD,^ 5(222 Exercise 229 Write in Shorthand By-iio-tneans the least of-the business-man’s many duties is-that of-finding such an outlet for-his goods as will enable him to continue at work. Indeed I this -is sometimes his hardest task. The weekly payments ofwages in-the factory are dependent upon-the profitable sale of-the calico or cutlery made in-the factory ; the I regular salaries of-clerks and-travellers, of warehouse workers, labourers, and-transport workers cease if-there-is a prolonged difficulty in-finding customers. Certainly the factory owner, whose overhead expenses | are -not much less when-the factory is idle than when-it-is working at full pressure, will work for stock even if sales fall off for awhile. But he- I cannot lay up stock indefinitely. An end must come to-that. There -comes a time when either work must stop or products be sold. The wholesale dealer willnot dislocate I his organization by dispensing with-his staff merely because of a brief period of slackness ; he -will hold on in hopes of better times coming when-he-will need them. I The retailer does-not discard his helpers when-the spring sales have given place to a dearth of visitors intohis shop. Any lengthy failure to dispose of-goods is, | however, inevitably accompanied by unemployment, unemployment of workers, of capital, and -of business ability. However regrettable it-may-be, we-must regard this as a fact. We -may elaborate the I argument, but labour it as-we-may, there-is-the fact, and-no ingenuity can get over-it. How then are markets to be -found ? The most effective method of increasing I sales is a cut in price, or a rise of-the quality or attractiveness of-the commodity. This method is at -times applicable ; and when-it-is, there-is a I benefit all-round. The consumer gains in-the quantity or -the quality of-the-goods ; the producer has-the advantages resulting from production on a larger scale. From -the customer I in-the retail shop ; through -the warehouseman, to-whom-the retailer offers bigger orders on condition of -more favourable terms ; tothe -manufacturer who looks to -the warehouseman for an | interpretation of-the -market, there-is exerted a constant pressure to -reduce prices. Neither-the ingenious manufacturer nor anyone else can fix these at-his whim or caprice. The material | incentives to increased purchases need only to be brought effectively to-the notice of prospective buyers. (406 words)

222 SPECIAL LIST OF WO^OS Exercise 230 Read, copy and transcribe 1. Hero 2. Assure ^ — 3. Found 4. Collect ' I ' ^ 283 s 5. Elect ^ ^ 6. Event ^ 7. History 8. Liberal 9. Patriot >^...>^1^.-^^---'^-. 10. Precise ^ % 11. System n ’i 12. Local 13. Matter 14. Sceptic 1.5. Sincere 16. Signature 17. Certain 18. Ascertain 20. Exist “P ~P "i" “tP

284 SPECIAL LIST OP WORDS 1(222 Exercise 231 W^'ite in Shorthand To an extraordinary extent the modern business -man is dependent upon-the banker and-the banking system. One enthusiastic writer, proud of -the dominating influence exercised by -the banks, insists I that -the cessation even for a day or-two of -the banker’s activities would certainly cause a complete paralysis of-the economic life of-the nation. Such a cessation would I assuredly be -found toproduce swifter and-more far-reaching effects than-the strike of-the-most effective Labour Union. The merchant works by -means -of -the credit facilities he enjoys, I and he-would-have-no facilities either to-collect or to pay his accounts. Unable -to discount-the bills h© held, unable to cash the cheques paid to -him, he-could- I not meet-the obligations constantly falling due, and must eventually become bankrupt. His signature on a cheque would-be useless. The manufacturer making for a market distant in-time-and- I place, depends upon-the support of-the banks ; and -that support failing he -must cease work, no matter how sincerely he -might desire to -carry-on. Whether money is scarce I or plentiful, whether over-drafts are hard or easy to obtain, is-a-matter of supreme importance to -the trader. The stock he-has bought is carried on credit ; if -the I banker, the interpreter of-the flnancial state-of-the country, restricts-the credit then-the trader is obliged to unload, to-sell his stock with as little sacrifice as-possible. I He-could-not exist without-the liberal help of-the banker. The picture drawn of-the banker’s work is little exaggerated. True, the banker is only a middleman ; he connects I the people who save with-the people who-are-able-to employ savings in-the creation of wealth. In-our-country, at-any-rate, people have a deep-rooted confidence in- I the security of -funds entrusted to others. They-are willing to deposit with bankers and content themselves with moderate-interest upon-their deposits, the rate -of -interest being precisely ascertainable 1 at-anytime. Unwilling or unable-to use their accumulated savings themselves, they provide-the means whereby-the banker meets the needs of -those -that work arid-trade on borrow^ed- 1 capital. This-is absolutely-certain. There-isno room for scepticism on -the -matter. “ Our people,” says Bagehot, “ are bolder in-dealing-with their money than any continental nation.” (389 words)

CHAPTER XLIV SHORTHAND IN PRACTICE In taking notes of a speech, the employment of certain significant marks will be found necessary or desirable, in order to facilitate the production of a correct verbatim transcript or a good condensed report, or to prevent misunderstanding. The use of these signs is described below — . Mishearings, etc. 223. When a word has not been heard distinctly, and the shorthand writer is uncertain whether he has written the right one or not, a circle should be drawn round the character, or a cross (x) placed under it. When the notetaker has failed to hear a word, the omission should be indicated by a caret ( ) placed under A the line. Should a portion of a sentence be so lost, the same sign should be employed, and a space left blank corresponding to the amount omitted. Or the longhand letters n 4 {not heard) may be written. Errors. 224. In cases where a reporter has failed to secure a correct note of a sentence, this may be indicated by an inclined oval, thus Q {nought or nothing). When it is noticed that the speaker has fallen into an error, the mark should be made on the margin of the note-book. Reference Marks. 225. When verbatim notes of a speech are taken, but only a condensed report is required, a perpendicular stroke should be made in the left-hand margin of the note-book to indicate an important sentence or passage which it is desirable to incorporate in the summary. The end of a speech or the completion of a portion of a 285

286 SHORTHAlsD IN PRACTICE % 226-227 discourse may be indicated by two strokes, thus 11 When the reporter suspends note-taking, but the speaker proceeds, the words continued speaking may be written. Quotations, etc. 226. Quotations from well-known sources, such as the Bible or Shakespeare, familiar to the reporter, need not be written fully if time presses. It will suffice to write the commencing and concluding words with quotation marks and a long dash between, thus “ The quality of mercy seasons justice,^ ^ A long dash may be used to denote the repetition of certain words by a speaker, instead of writing them each time, as in the familiar passage, “ Whatsoever things are true, honest, justf^ etc. Examination of Witnesses. 227. In reporting the examination of witnesses in questions and answers, the name of each witness should be written in longhand. The name of the examiner may be written in shorthand before the first question. If the judge, or other person, intervenes with questions during the examination, his name must be written before the first question ; it need not be repeated, but care must be taken to write the name of the original examiner when he resumes his questions. Various methods may be employed for dividing questions from answers, and the answer from the succeeding question, but, whatever plan is employed, it should be one which is absolutely distinctive. When a document is put in, write document between large parentheses. thus < • m a document is put in and read, w

% 228“230 SHORTPIAND IN PRACTICE 287 Applause, Dissent, etc. 228. The following words, descriptive of the approbation or dissent of an audience, should be enclosed between large parentheses : — hear, hear, hear, no, no, no, Q_e sensation, applause, 1 chair, cheers, laughter, uproar, hisses. The adjective, or adjectives, descriptive of the kind of applause must be written after the first word. For example, what would be described as loud and continued applause would be written [^. in reporting. Reference Books. 229. In most offices the shorthand writer will find some reference books. But he will soon discover that it is needful to have on his own bookshelf or in his desk certain books of reference for his own use. The most indispensable work is undoubtedly a good Enghsh Dictionary. Pitman's Shorthand and English Dictionary will be found to answer the purpose. Next in importance, if his work is of a literary character, will be a guide to all proper names in biography, geography, mythology, etc. Business Knowledge. 230. It may not be out of place to observe that the more thoroughly equipped the shorthand writer is in the matter of general knowledge the more accurate and rehable will his shorthand prove to be. If, in addition to the necessary dexterity in the writing of shorthand, he possesses a good knowledge of business and other matters, it is obvious that his work will be performed with much greater ease and satisfaction to iiimself and to his employers. He should consult Pitman's Commercial Catalogue for suitable books on business.

288 SHORTHAND IN PRACTICE ^ 230 Outlines for the Names op the Chief Cities and Towns of the Empire. Adelaide V\^ Belfast Birkenhead ^ Birmingham Blackburn Bombay ^ _ Bradford Brisbane ^ Bristol .4 1 -aCalcutta Cape Town Cardiff Cork Derby Dublin Dunedin Edinburgh Gateshead Gibraltar Glasgow Halifax Hong-Kong Huddersfield Hull Johannesburg Leeds Liverpool London -^7%. - Madras . Manchester Melbourne Middlesbrough Montreal Newcastle-onTyne Norwich Nottingham Ottawa Plymouth Portsmouth Preston Pretoria Sheffield Singapore V. A h-l Southampton Stoke-on-Trent Sunderland Swansea Sydney Wellington Winnipeg - Wolverhampton

GRAMMALOGUE3 289 GRAMMALOGUES Arranged alphabetically • a or an C“ i: accord-ing advantage ah ! \ all A.. and any are o as / aught awe A. aye balance be because \ been > .V behalf . behef-ve-d _r. beyond 1 build-ing but call e_ called can -3 cannot crcare crcared ; chair 9 ::i chaired cheer 9 cheered P J child circumstancp cold come _ could 1 dear f deliver-ed-y J deliverance difference-t I difficult r do . . 1 . doctor, Dr. during . eh? equal-ly equalled ^ first A- . for from J general-ly generalization y.. gentleman y gentlemen give-n ~ go gold e» great .T!. guard ...Lhad hand has have I he ^ him himself A 'l' I 7 '/ / 7 s r his hour how however imp or tance -ant impossible improve -d-ment in influence influenced information inscribe-d inscription instruction instructive is it itself justification language large largely larger liberty Lord me member mere more most Mr. much myself

r i^(| i' ^ C i-i'!-^ iC;CC C 290 GRAMMALOGUES near next nor northern number- ed O ! oh I of on opinion opportunity ought our ourselves over owe owing own particular people pleasure principal-ly principle put quite rather remark-ed remember-ed satisfaction school schooled selfish-ness sent several shall, shalt short / should significance significant signification signify -ied C southern speak \ special-ly o\ spirit subject-ed ^ subjection subjective ..J).. sure surprise surprised f tell ..L thank-ed .S., that . the !) their ( them 6 thernselves } there ) therefore thing ( think 5 third () this -.fc.. those ..(...though thus -P... thyself ..-r...till N to to be p told ^ too q toward ^ towards q trade T tried ] truth ^ two ^ under _J usual-ly ^ valuation very ) was we what c when whether /, which / who ...y.. whose •r.. why wish ^ wished ..S. with within < without wonderful-ly word D would writer yard year o you . young your

GRAMMALOGUES 291 GRAMMALOGUES. Arranged phonetically (Numbers refer to the position of the outline) \ 3 put \ 2 special -ly, 3 speak N 3 principle, principal-ly \ 3 people \ 1 surprise \ 1 surprised 1 particular, 2 opportu2 spirit [nity \ 2 be, 3 to be \ 2 subject-ed \ 2 subjective 2 subjection \ 1 liberty, 2 member, remember -ed, 3 number-ed \ 3 belief, believe-d \ 1 behalf \ 2 been % 1 balance 2 build-in g 1 2 it i, 3 itself 1 2 truth T 1 tried, 2 toward, trade X 2 towards f 2 tell, 3 till r 2 told / 2 circumstance ^ 2 satisfaction \ 2 instructive t, 2 instmction I 1 had, 2 do, 3 different-ence T 1 Dr., 2 dear, 3 during f 2 deliver-ed-y J 2 deliverance I 1 advantage, 3 difficult / 1 much, 2 which / 2 chair, 3 cheer ^ 1 chaired, 2 cheered P 1 child / 1 large 7 1 larger f 1 largely 7 2 general-ly 7 2 generalization 7 2 justification J 1 gentleman, 2 gentlemen _ 1 can, 2 come 1 because ^ 2 care =- 1 accord-ing, 2 cared 1 call, 2 equal- ly ^ 1 called, 2 equalled, cold a- 2 school e- 2 schooled - 1 quite, 2 could ^ 1 cannot ^ 1 inscribe- d a-:? 1 inscription _ 1 go, 2 give-n 1 signify-ied-ficant a-e 1 significance 1 signification 1 guard, 2 great 6- 2 gold 1 for ^ 2 from

292 GRAMMALOGUES 2 have ^ 2 several ^ 1 over, 3 however CL 1 valuation 2 very ^ 1 me, 2 him ^ 1 myself, 2 himself 1 most 1 more, remark-ed, 2 Mr., mere ( 1 thank- ed, 2 think *) 2 third ^ 1 important-ance, 2 improve- d-menfc ^ 1 impossible ( 1 though, 2 them C 1 those, thyself, 2 this, 3 thus () 2 themselves *) 2 there, their (, 3 within C 2 southern ^ 1 that, 2 without ^ 3 therefore ^ 1 in, any, 3 own 1 influence 1 influenced, 2 next 1 nor, 2 near ^ 2 opinion ^ 1 northern o 1 information ^ 1 hand, 2 under ^1 sent o 1 has, as, 2 his, is 2 first w 1 language, owing, 2 thing, 3 young ) 2 was, 3 whose r 2 Lord “A 2 your, 3 year 1 yard, 2 word 2 are, 3 our, hour ^ 5 ourselves rather, writer 2 shall, shalt, 3 wish y 2 wished ^ 2 selfish-ness J 3 sure ^ 1 shoi*t 2 we O" 2 whether wonderful- ly J 2 usual-ly J 2 pleasure Vowels Dots. a, an, . the; ah ! • aye, eh ? N S Dashes of, \ to; all, I \ two, too ; on, I but ; 1 / O, oh ! owe, I he ; and, / ^ should; awe, ought, aught ; z' who. Diphthongs A how ; c » with, c when; what, 3 would ; rx L beyond, you, why.

CONTRACTIONS 293 SPECIAL LIST OP CONTRACTIONS Arranged alphabetically A acknowledge administrator administratrix advertise-d-ment altogether amalgamate amalgamation anything arbitrary ^ arbitrate ^ electric ^ arbitration electrical U ^ arbitrator ^ electricity 1 B ^ England bankruptcy ^ English ^ c Englishman \ capable enlarge certificate . enlarger character enthusiastic -iasra ^ characteristic ^ especial-ly circumstantial ) esquire commercial-ly cross -examination cross-examine-d D defective deficient-ly-cy denomination -al description difficulty discharge-d distinguish-ed E efficient-ly-cy 'P u establish -ed -men t everything ~~f exchange-d

264 -A y executive executor executrix expediency expenditure expensive extinguish-ed F falsification familiar-ity familiarization familiarize February financial-ly G govern-ed government H C^ONTRACnONB howsoever irremovable-ly I irresponsible -ility ^ identical J '-J identification ^ January ^ immediate E imperturbable ^ knov/ledge incandescence L incandescent legislative inconsiderate n legislature inconvenience -t -ly incorporated independent-ly-ce indispensable-ly individual-ly infiuential-ly inform-ed informer inspect-ed-ion insurance intelligence intelligent-ly intelligible-ly interest investigation investment irrecoverable -ly irregular

OONtRACt'ION^ 295 M magnetic -ism manufacture - d manufacturer marconigram mathematical-ly mathematician mathematics maximum mechanical-ly metropolitan minimum misfortune mortgage-d N -Ac neglect-ed negligence never nevertheless nothing notwithstanding November organization organize-d “N / organizer \ N \ X p parliamentary peculiar-ity perform-ed performance performer perpendicular practicable practice practise -d prejudice -d -ial -ly preliminary probable -ly-ility proficient-ly-cy proportion- ed proportionate-ly prospectus public publication publish-ed publisher Q questionable-ly R ratepayers recoverable reform-ed

296 CONTRACTIONS A reformer regular relinquish-ed remarkable-ly removable represent- ed representation representative republic republican responsible -ility ...4. V 4 lU L satisfactory sensible-ly -ility something subscribe-d subscription substantial-ly sufficient-ly-cy sympathetic T telegram telegraphic thankful-ly together U unanimity unanimous -ly uniform-ity-ly universal-ly universality universe university unprincipled W whatever whenever whensoever whereinsoever wheresoever whithersoever Y yesterday

INDEX The figures refer to the paragraphs, except where the page is mentioned. Accent, how shown, 186 Adaptations of Phonography to foreign languages, page vi Additional signs for/r, vr, etc., 72 All, the logogram, joined initially , 172 Alphabet, the, 1 ; summary of, page 8 Analogy of sounds and signs, 2, 11 Angular sign, extended use of, 159 Applause, dissent, 228 Aspirate, the, 8 ; representation of, 100-104 ; downstroke h, 30, 101 ; upstroke h, 100 ; tick h, 103 ; tick h in phraseography, 103 (6) ; dot h, 104 ; h following another stroke, 102 ; summary of chapter on, page 81 Banking phrases, pages 243-4 Business phrases, page 234 Business Imowledge, 230 Ch and ray, 12 Circle s and z, 40 ; in phraseography, 208 {a) (see also s and z, small circle) Circles and loops to final hooks, 89-92 ; summary of chapter on, page 71 Circles and loops to initial hooks, 76, 77 ; summary of chapter on, page 61 Coalescents, 7 Compound consonants, 121-130 ; summary of chapter on, page 96 Compound words, vocalization of, 22 Concentration, importance of, 199 Consonants, table of, page 4 ; defined, 3 ; arrangement and representation of, 1 ; pairs of, 9 ; size of, 10 ; double, 61-71 ; compound, 121-130 ; compound consonants which cannot be halved, 140 {d) and (e) ; summary of chapter on, page 8 ; omitted in phraseography, 213 (a) Contents, page xv Continuants, 4 Contractions, 183 ; general contractions, 184; summary of chapter on, page 149 ; special, 203-206 ; arranged phonetically in sections, pages 170-185 ; summary of chapter on, page 188 ; alphabetical list, pages 293-6 Diphones, 156-8 ; defined, page 119 ; use of, 156-8 ; extended use of angular sign, 159 ; summary of chapter on, page 122 Diphthongs, defined, page 22 ; four common, 31 ; place of, 32 ; joined, 33 ; followed by a vowel, how represented, 35 ; and a vowel in proper names, 187 (a) ; summary of chapter on common, page 25 Directions to the student, xixiii Distinguishing outlines, provision for, 222 ; Special lists, pages 269-284 Double consonants, vocalization of, 70, 75 ; summary of chapter on vocalization of, page 57 Doubling principle, 145-155 ; applied to curves, 145 ; applied to straight strokes, 146 ; and stroke I, 150 ; and mp and ng, 147 ; and mpr and ng-gr, 148-9 ; -ture expressed by doubling, 145 ; and halving principle for verbs, 152 ; not used when vowel ends word, 153 ; and final circle s, 151 ; use of in phraseography, 155, 212 ; summary of chapter on, page 117 Electrical and Engineering phrases, pages 254-5 Emphasis, how marked, 186 (6) Errors, 224 Examination of witnesses, 227 Explodents, 3 20— (/)

298 INDEX F and n hooks, final, 78-85 ; medial, 86 ; not used finally, 84 ; not used medially, 87 ; use of in phraseography, 88, 210 ; summary of chapter on, page 66 F OTv hooks, not used to curves, 83 Figures, representation of, 185 Fl^ etc., alternative forms for, when used, 72, 74 Foreign consonants and vowels, 187 (c) Fr, etc., additional signs for, 72 Grammalogues, 25 ; defined, 25 ; alphabetically arranged, pages 289-90; phonetically arranged, pages 291-2 Halving principle, 132-144 ; t added to light strokes, 134 (a) ; d added to heavy strokes, 134 {b) ; vocalization of halved strokes, 135 (a) \ t oi d expressed when a final hook, or a finally-joined diphthong, 133 {b) ; in words of more than one syllable, 133 (a) ; and a final vowel, 138 (a) ; and a triphone immediately preceding, 138 {b) ; and distinguishing outlines, 138 (c) ; and h, 137 ; and rf, 138 {d) ; halved m, w, Z, r thickened to express d^ 140 (a) ; Id and rd^ when used, 140 (6), (c) ; halving of compound consonants, 140 \d) ; rt and W, use of, 141 {a) ; rt used for rd, 141 {b) ; contractions for wardy wart, wort, and yard, 181 ; st and the shun hook, 141 (c) ; joining of strokes of unequal length, 142 (a) ; disjoining of halfsized t or d, 142 (6) ; past tenses, representation of, 143 ; applied to phraseography, 144, 211 ; summary of rules on, pages 106 and 111 Here, there, where, compounds of, 182 -ing, get, how written, 68 Initial capital, to indicate an, 26 initial hooks in phraseography, 210 Initial hooks to straight strokes, 61-63 ; summary of chapter on, page 52 Initial hooks to curves, 64-71; summary of chapter on, page 52 ; alternative forms for initially-hooked curves, 72 ; summary of chapter on alternative forms, page 57 Initially hooked forms representing syllables, 75 (c) Insurance phrases, pages 248-9 Intersections, defined and illustrated, 214 ; list of, joag'es 22531 ; summary, page 233 Irish consonants and vowels, 187 (b) Left Motion, meaning of, 41 ; and sMoop, 54 ; and str loop, 57 ; and I hook, 63 ; and skr, sgr, 77 (5) ; and hook f or v, 81 ; and hooks I and f or v, 82 L as a vowel indicator, 202 (c) L hook, to straight strokes, 63 ; vocalization of, 70 ; to curves, 65 ; circles and loops prefixed to, 77 ; extended use of, 71 ; alternative forms for curves hooked for, 72, 74 L, blending with other consonants, 61, 65 ; upward and downward, 114-119 ; summary of chapter on, page 90 Legal phrases, pages 260-1 Liquids, 6 List of general contractions, pages 144-5 Ln and shn, direction for writing, 85 Logograms, 25 ; defined, 25 ; s added to, 44 ; used as prefixes or suffixes, 172 ; list of, pages 289-90 ; and phraseography 213 (c) Long vowels, 14 ; how represented, 16 ; places of, 17 ; between two strokes, 21 ; contrasted with short vowels, 15 ; summary of chapters on, pages 13 and 18 Max-Muller on Pitmanic alphabet, pages ix-x Medial h, 100, 101 (c), 102, 104 ; I, 119 ; n, f, or v, 86 ; ns, nz, 92; r, 113; s or 2, 42-45; ss, 50 ; st and str, 58 ; circle s and r or 1,77 ', shun, 98 ; com, con, cum, or cog, 164 ; dot -ing not used, 173 {e) ; omission of p, k, g, t, 183 ; n, r, 184 ; semicircle 160 (a), (b)

INDEX 299 Method of practice, 'pages xi-xiii Mishearings, 223 Monetary units, representation of, 185 Mp hooked, 130, 148 ; cannot be halved, 140 (e) N and / hooks, final, 78-86 ; not used finally, 84 ; used medially, 86 ; not used medially, 86-87 ; summary of chapter on, page 66 Nasals, 5 -ner, how represented, 87 New English BictionaTy, A, as standard of pronunciation, vii Ng, hooked, 68 Not, in phraseography, 144 Note-books, turning the leaves of, 190 Note-taking, 190-201 ; summary of chapter on, page 161 Ns, after a curve, 90 Ns, nz, after a straight stroke, 89 Ns, nz, after a curve, 90 Numbers,representation of round, 185 Omission of lightly-sounded vowels, 46 ; of p, k, g, t, 183 ; of n, T, -ect, -ective, action, etc., 184 ; in phraseography, 183 (c), 213 Ordinary spelling, irregularities and inconsistencies, page xi Organs of speech and phonographic alphabet, 2-8 Outlines, position of, 23 Pen, method of holding, page xii Pen or pencil, page xi Phonetic notation, advantages of, page viii ; names of consonants in, xi Phonography, or Writing by Sound, page v ; definition and illustration of, page vii, 1 ; standard of pronunciation in, page ix Phraseograms, advanced, pages 193-220 ; special, pages 234-65 Phraseography, 38 ; definition of, 38 ; the sign for % in, 38 (c) ; a first- position form in, 38 (6) ; advanced, how applied, 207 ; circles in, 208 ; loops in, 209 ; hooks in, 210 ; halving in, 211 ; doubling in, 212 ; omissions in, 213 ; lists in. Section 1, page 193 ; Section 2, page 196 ; Section 3, page 200 ; Section 4, pages 204-5 ; Section 5, pages 209-10 ; Section 6, pages 214-5 : Section 7, page 220 Pitman, Sir Isaac, first treatise by, page v Pitmanic alphabet, Max-Muller on, pages ix-x Plurals and possessives, 51 Political phrases, pages 238-9 Position of outlines, 23, 139, 154 Position-writing, 192 Practice, method of, xi-xii ; 196-7 Prefixes, 163-170 ; not used in negatives, 171 ; writing of il-, im-, in-, ir-, un-, 171 (b) ; logograms as, 172 ; summary of chapter on, page 131 Punctuation in note-taking, 26, 200 Quotations, 226 as a vowel indicator, 202 (c) R, its effect on vowel-sounds, page ix-x ; two forms, 27 ; blending with other consonants, 61 ; upward and downward, 105-113 ; summary of chapter on, page 86 R hook to straight strokes, 62 ; vocalization of, 70 ; to curves, 65 ; circles and loops prefixed to, 76-77 ; alternative forms for curves hooked for r, 72-74 Railway phrases, page 257 Reading of Shorthand, the value of, 193-4 Reference marks, 225 ; books, 229 Representative phrases, explanation of, 215 ; General Business, pages 234-5 ; Political, pages 238-9 ; Banking, pages 243-4 ; Stockbroking, pages 245-6 ; Insurance, pages 248-9 ; Shipping, page 251 ; Electrical and Engineering, pages 254-5 ; Railway, page 257 ; Legal, pages 260-1 ; Theological, pages 264-5 Right motion, meaning of, 41 ; and r hook, 62 ; and rightcurves, 72 ; and circles and loops to initial r hook, 76 ; and hook n, 78 ; and hooks r and n, 79 ; and circles and loops to final hooks, 89 Right semicircle, for w, 36; medially, 160 (b)

300 INDEX Romanic alphabet, cannot represent by distinct characters typical English sounds, vii S and z, small circle-sign for, 40 ; how written and read, 41-45 ; initial and final, 43 ; between two straight strokes, not forming an angle, 42 ; forming an angle, 42 ; joined to curves, 42 ; added to logograms, 44 ; followed by h, 102 (a) ; added to st or sir, 60 ; to initial hooks, 76-77 ; to final hooks, 89-92 ; to shun, 93 ; and halving principle, 136 ; and doubling principle, 151 ; summary of chapter on, page 34 S and z stroke, use of, 47, 48; summary of chapter on, page 38 Semicircle, initially for w, 36 ; medially, 160 (a), (b) Sh upward and downward, 120 Shipping phrases, page 251 Shi and shr, 67 Shn and In, 85 Shorthand, advantages of, page vi Shorthand in practice, page 285 Shorthand writer, advantage of general knowledge to, 230 Short vowels, how represented, 16 ; places of, 17 ; between two strokes, 21 ; contrasted with long vowels, 14 ; summary of chapter on, page 13 Shr and shl, 67 Shun hook, 93-99 ; various spellings, 93 ; to curves, 94 ; to straight strokes, with and without an initial attachment, 95-97 ; after t, d, j, 96 (c) ; following circle s or ns, 97 ; medially, 98 ; circle s added, 94 ; diphthong and a vowel before, 99 ; -uation, 99 ; halflength st following, 141 (c) ; summary of chapter on, page 77 ; in phraseography, 210 {d) Skr, sgr, how written, 77 (b) Special Contractions, rules on which formed, 203 ; adverbial forms for, 204 ; -ing added to, 205 ; aid to memorizing of, 206 ; lists of. Section 1, page 170 ; Section 2, page 173 ; Section 3, page 177 ; Section 4, page 181 ; Section 5, page 185 ; summary of chapter on, page 188 Special lists of words, pages 26884 Speed practice, method of, 196-8 Spelling by sound, illustration of, page viii Ss^ or Sz, large circle, 50 ; vocalization of, 50 ; when not used, 51 ; summary of, page 42 ; in phraseography, 208 (c) St and shun, 141 (c) St loop, initial and final, 54; medial, 58 ; cannot be employed, 59 ; circle s added, 60 ; summary of chapter on, page 47 ; in phraseography, 209 Stockbroking phrases, pages 245-6 Str loop, 57-60 ; circle s added, 60 ; summary of chapter on, page 47 Strokes, how to join, 13 ; of unequal length, 142 Suffix -ing after contractions, 205 Sw circle in phraseography, 208 (ft) Syllables omitted in phraseography, 213 (6) Suffixes and terminations, 17381 ; logograms used as, 172 ; summary of chapter on, page 138 Sw circle, 49 ; summary of, page 42 Table of consonants, page 11 Technical phrases, page 254 Technical reporting, necessary for, 201 The tick, 39 Theological phrases, pages 264-5 There, their in phraseography, 212 Triphones, 35 ; and the halving principle, 138 (6) ; not used in proper names, 187 (a) Two-vowel signs, 156-158 -uation, words in, 99 Unnecessary consonants in English alphabet, vii Unvocalized outlines, 191 Vocalization of double consonants 70, 75 ; dot vowels, 75 {a) ; dash vowels and diphthongs, 75 (a), (6); initial or final hook, 75 {a), (b) ; summary of chapter on, page 57 Vocalized outlines, 202

INDEX 301 Vowel, defined, page 9 ; effect of r on, pages ix-x ; intervening, 21, 75 ; more or less obscure, page ix ; omission of lightlysounded, 46 ; essential, pages 162-4 ; summary of, page 167 ; insertion of necessary, 202 (see also long vowels, short vowels) W, abbreviated, 36 W, medial, followed by a vowel, 160 (a) -162 -ward, contraction for, 181 -wart, contraction for, 181 Word, in phraseography, 144, 211 -wort, contraction for, 181 Would, in phraseography, 144, 211 Writing materials, page xi Writing, style of, 198 -yard, contraction for, 181 Z stroke, use of, 47-48 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN AT THE PITMAN PRESS, BATH BS-(4)

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